素食主义英文版

Vegetarian Diet Planning
• The more restricted the vegetarian diet is the greater the challenge is to achieve a nutritionally adequate diet.
• The goal for the vegetarian in diet planning is the same as the omnivore: consume a variety of foods to obtain all of the needed nutrients.
– Important for infants, children, elderly
• Calcium
– Lacto-ovo vegetarians similar to omnivores – Vegans need fortified juices, soy milk, and
breakfast cereals – Important for children
More Definitions
• Meat replacements: products made to look and taste like meat, fish, poultry
• Textured vegetable protein: processed soybeans used to make soy burgers, etc
but possible iodine toxicity
• Omega-3 Fatty Acids
– Found in fatty fish – Need flaxseed, walnuts
Nutrition Concerns
• Vitamin D
– Need fortified foods if inadequate exposure to sunlight
• Zinc
– Plant zinc not well absorbed – Soy interferes with absorption
Baidu Nhomakorabea
Nutrition Concerns
• Protein
– Vegetarian diets are low in high quality proteins (those containing all of the essential amino acids)
• Loacto-ovo: vegetarians who consume eggs, milk, and milk products
• Pesco: vegetarians who eat fish
• Vegans: vegetarians who rely exclusively on plant foods
Leitzmann, Forum of Nutrition, 57:147; 2005
Nutrition Concerns
• Vitamin B12 • Omega-3 Fatty Acids • Vitamin D • Calcium • Iron • Zinc • Protein
Nutrition Concerns
• Osteoporosis • Diverticular Disease • Gallstones • Rheumatoid Arthritis
Sabate, Forum of Nutrition, 56:218; 2003 Winston, Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 25:613; 2010
p. 378
Other Definitions
• Omnivores: people who have no formal restriction on the eating of any foods
• Macrobiotic diet: extremely restrictive diet limited to a few grains (brown rice, miso soup) and vegetables based on metaphysical beliefs
• Use the same diet planning principles.
Use a Vegetarian Pyramid
Visit Vegetarian Resource Group www.vrg.org
www.oldwayspt.org
Summary
• Vegetarians described by what is omitted from the diet.
• Tempeh: a fermented soybean food • Tofu: a curd made from
soybean; used in Asian & vegetarian dishes
Benefits of Vegetarianism
• Obesity • Hypertension • Heart Disease • Cancer • Diabetes
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 81:1267;2005
• Hypertension
– Vegetarians have lower blood pressure and lower rates of hypertension
– Other factors impact hypertension
• Economics – plant foods less expensive • Ethics – killing/confinement
of animals • Religious Beliefs
p. 378
Will discuss only nutrition.
Types of Vegetarians
Nutrition Reviews, 63:1;2005
Benefits of Vegetarianism
• Heart Disease
– Incidence of heart disease much lower – Higher intakes of fiber, antioxidants,
vitamins, phytochemicals, and fats
• Vegetarianism dates to ancient history where philosophers and religious gurus asked followers to avoid a flesh diet to acknowledge the sacredness of life.
– Use fortified meat replacements and textured vegetable proteins
– Use complementary proteins
Complementary Proteins
• Definition: The combination of plant protein foods which when eaten together provide all the essential amino acids.
Vegetarianism
THE END!
History of Vegetarian
• “Vegetarian” was coined in 1847 by Vegetarian Society of United Kingdom.
• The word “vegetarian” was derived from the Latin word “vegetari” which means enliven.
Vegetarianism
A Brief Overview
Objectives
• Define vegetarianism and associated terms
• Describe benefits of vegetarian diet • Discuss nutrients of concern in
Benefits of Vegetarianism
• Obesity
– Vegetarians maintain lower, healthier body weight than non-vegetarians
– Lower weight correlates with high intakes of fiber and low intakes of fat
Public Health Nutrition, 87:871;2004
• Cancer
– Significantly lower rates of cancer – Ratio of vegetables to meat may be most
relevant dietary factor in prevention
Forum of Nutrition, 59:130;2006
Other Possible Benefits
• Vegetarianism may help in the prevention of the following:
• Diabetes • Osteoporosis • Diverticular Disease • Gallstones • Rheumatoid Arthritis
Nutrition Concerns
• Iron
– RDA for iron higher for vegetarians because plant iron (non-heme iron) is not as well absorbed
– Body adjusts to absorb more plant iron – No more iron deficiency than omnivores?
vegetarian diets
Vegetarian
• A general term used to describe people who exclude meat, poultry, fish, or other animal-derived foods from their diets.
• Vegetarians exhibit a wide diversity of dietary practices.
• Wide diversity of dietary practices.
• Several benefits to vegetarianism.
• Some nutrient concerns.
• Adequate dietary intake requires diet planning.
• Same diet planning principles as omnivores used.
• Vitamin B12
– Found only in animal-derived foods – Need fortified sources (soy milk, cereal) – Small amount in tempeh but inactive form – Small amount in seaweeds (nori, chlorella)
www.fda.gov
Why Vegetarianism?
• Ecology – animal proteins require more land, energy, and water
– Enough grain/soybean to feed 1.3 billion – 2500 gal of water/# vs. 25 gal/# of wheat