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Microclimates (微气候)
• Macroclimate: Large scale weather variation. (大尺度 的气象变化) • Microclimate: Small scale (小尺度)weather variation, usually measured over shorter time period. • Altitude (高度) • Higher altitude - lower temperature. • Aspect (坡向) • Offers contrasting environments. • Vegetation (植被) • Ecologically important microclimates.
Energy Sources
• Organisms can be classified by trophic levels. • Autotrophs use inorganic sources of carbon and energy. • Photosynthetic: Use CO2 as carbon source, and sunlight as energy. • Chemosynthetic: Use inorganic molecules as source of carbon and energy. • Heterotrophs use organic molecules as sources of carbon and energy.
Kangaroo Distributions and Climate
Kangaroo Distributions and Climate
• Limited distributions may not be directly determined by climate. • Climate often influences species distributions via: • Food production • Water supply • Habitat • Incidence of parasites, pathogens and competitors.
Chemical Composition and Nutrient Requirements
• Five elements make up 93-97% of biomass of plants, animals, fungi and bacteria: • Carbon • Oxygen • Hydrogen • Nitrogen • Phosphorus
Water Movement Between Soils and Plants
• Water moving between soil and plants flows down a water potential gradient. • Water potential is the capacity to perform work. • Dependent on free energy content. • Pure Water = 0. • in nature generally negative. • solute measures the reduction in due to dissolved substances.
Using Organic Molecules
• • • • Three Feeding Methods of Heterotrophs: Herbivores: Feed on plants. Carnivores: Feed on animal flesh. Detritivores: Feed on non-living organic matter.
Essential Plant Nutrients
• Potassium[pə'tæ sjəm]1 9 • Calcium['kæ lsiəm]20 • Magnesium[mæ ɡ'ni:zjə m]12 • Sulfur['sʌlfə]16 • Chlorine['klɔ:ri:n]17 • Iron['aiən]26 • Manganese[͵mæŋɡə'ni: z,'mæŋɡəni:z]25 • Boron['bɔ:rən]5 • Zinc[ziŋk]30 • Copper['kɔpə]29 • Molybdenum[mə'libdin əm]42
Solar - Powered Biosphere
• • • • • • • • Light propagates through space as a wave. Photon: Particle of light bears energy. Infrared (IR) Long-wavelength, low energy. Interacts with matter, increasing motion. Ultraviolet (UV) Short wavelength, high energy. Can destroy biological machinery. Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) Between two extremes.
Tiger Beetle of Cold Climates
Distribution Pattern of Individuals on Small Scales
• • • • • • • • Random: Equal chance of being anywhere. Uniform distribution of resources. Regular: Uniformly spaced. Exclusive use of areas. Individuals avoid one another. Clumped: Unequal chance of being anywhere. Mutual attraction between individuals. Patchy resource distribution.
Water Content of Air
• • • • • • Total Atmospheric Pressure (大气压) Pressure exerted by all gases in the air. Water Vapor Pressure (水气压) Partial pressure due to water vapor. Saturation Water Vapor Pressure (饱和水气压) Pressure exerted by water vapor in air saturated by water. • Vapor Pressure ‘Deficit (水气压赤字) • Difference between WVP and SWVP at a particular temperature.
Water Regulation on Land - Plants
• Wip= Wr + Wa - Wt - Ws
• • • • • Wip= Plant’s internal water Wr = Roots Wa = Air Wt = Transpiration Ws = Secretions
• PAR • Quantified as photon flux density. • Number of photons striking square meter surface each second. • Chlorophyll absorbs light as photons. • Landscapes, water, and organisms can all change the amount and quality of light reaching an area.
Distribution of Individuals on Small Scales
wenku.baidu.com Metapopulations
• A metapopulation is made up of a group of subpopulations living on patches of habitat connected by an exchange of individuals. • Alpine Butterfly - Roland et.al. • Lesser Kestrels - Serrano and Tella.
Water Regulation on Land - Animals
• Wia= Wd + Wf + Wa - We - Ws
• • • • • • Wia= Animal’s internal water Wd = Drinking Wf = Food Wa = Absorbed by air We = Evaporation Ws = Secretion / Excretion
Balancing Heat Gain Against Heat Loss
• HS = Hm + Hcd + Hcv + Hr - He
• • • • • • HS = Total heat stored in an organism Hm = Gained via metabolism Hcd = Gained / lost via conduction Hcv = Gained / lost via convection Hr = Gained / lost via electromag. radiation He = Lost via evaporation
Tiger Beetle of Cold Climates
• Tiger Beetle (Cicindela longilabris) lives at higher latitudes and elevations than most other species in NA. • Schultz et. al. found metabolic rates of C. longilabris are higher and preferred temperatures lower than most other species. • Supports generalization that the physical environment limits species distributions.
• Ecologists usually define a population as a group of individuals of a single species inhabiting a specific area. • Characterized by the number of individuals and their density. • Additional characteristics of a population include age distributions, growth rates, distribution, and abundance.
Water Conservation by Plants and Animals
• Many terrestrial organisms equipped with waterproof (不透水) outer covering. • Concentrated urine / feces['fi:si:z]. • Condensing water vapor in breath. • Behavioral modifications to avoid stress times. • Drop leaves in response to drought. • Thick leaves • Few stomata • Periodic dormancy
• Macroclimate: Large scale weather variation. (大尺度 的气象变化) • Microclimate: Small scale (小尺度)weather variation, usually measured over shorter time period. • Altitude (高度) • Higher altitude - lower temperature. • Aspect (坡向) • Offers contrasting environments. • Vegetation (植被) • Ecologically important microclimates.
Energy Sources
• Organisms can be classified by trophic levels. • Autotrophs use inorganic sources of carbon and energy. • Photosynthetic: Use CO2 as carbon source, and sunlight as energy. • Chemosynthetic: Use inorganic molecules as source of carbon and energy. • Heterotrophs use organic molecules as sources of carbon and energy.
Kangaroo Distributions and Climate
Kangaroo Distributions and Climate
• Limited distributions may not be directly determined by climate. • Climate often influences species distributions via: • Food production • Water supply • Habitat • Incidence of parasites, pathogens and competitors.
Chemical Composition and Nutrient Requirements
• Five elements make up 93-97% of biomass of plants, animals, fungi and bacteria: • Carbon • Oxygen • Hydrogen • Nitrogen • Phosphorus
Water Movement Between Soils and Plants
• Water moving between soil and plants flows down a water potential gradient. • Water potential is the capacity to perform work. • Dependent on free energy content. • Pure Water = 0. • in nature generally negative. • solute measures the reduction in due to dissolved substances.
Using Organic Molecules
• • • • Three Feeding Methods of Heterotrophs: Herbivores: Feed on plants. Carnivores: Feed on animal flesh. Detritivores: Feed on non-living organic matter.
Essential Plant Nutrients
• Potassium[pə'tæ sjəm]1 9 • Calcium['kæ lsiəm]20 • Magnesium[mæ ɡ'ni:zjə m]12 • Sulfur['sʌlfə]16 • Chlorine['klɔ:ri:n]17 • Iron['aiən]26 • Manganese[͵mæŋɡə'ni: z,'mæŋɡəni:z]25 • Boron['bɔ:rən]5 • Zinc[ziŋk]30 • Copper['kɔpə]29 • Molybdenum[mə'libdin əm]42
Solar - Powered Biosphere
• • • • • • • • Light propagates through space as a wave. Photon: Particle of light bears energy. Infrared (IR) Long-wavelength, low energy. Interacts with matter, increasing motion. Ultraviolet (UV) Short wavelength, high energy. Can destroy biological machinery. Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) Between two extremes.
Tiger Beetle of Cold Climates
Distribution Pattern of Individuals on Small Scales
• • • • • • • • Random: Equal chance of being anywhere. Uniform distribution of resources. Regular: Uniformly spaced. Exclusive use of areas. Individuals avoid one another. Clumped: Unequal chance of being anywhere. Mutual attraction between individuals. Patchy resource distribution.
Water Content of Air
• • • • • • Total Atmospheric Pressure (大气压) Pressure exerted by all gases in the air. Water Vapor Pressure (水气压) Partial pressure due to water vapor. Saturation Water Vapor Pressure (饱和水气压) Pressure exerted by water vapor in air saturated by water. • Vapor Pressure ‘Deficit (水气压赤字) • Difference between WVP and SWVP at a particular temperature.
Water Regulation on Land - Plants
• Wip= Wr + Wa - Wt - Ws
• • • • • Wip= Plant’s internal water Wr = Roots Wa = Air Wt = Transpiration Ws = Secretions
• PAR • Quantified as photon flux density. • Number of photons striking square meter surface each second. • Chlorophyll absorbs light as photons. • Landscapes, water, and organisms can all change the amount and quality of light reaching an area.
Distribution of Individuals on Small Scales
wenku.baidu.com Metapopulations
• A metapopulation is made up of a group of subpopulations living on patches of habitat connected by an exchange of individuals. • Alpine Butterfly - Roland et.al. • Lesser Kestrels - Serrano and Tella.
Water Regulation on Land - Animals
• Wia= Wd + Wf + Wa - We - Ws
• • • • • • Wia= Animal’s internal water Wd = Drinking Wf = Food Wa = Absorbed by air We = Evaporation Ws = Secretion / Excretion
Balancing Heat Gain Against Heat Loss
• HS = Hm + Hcd + Hcv + Hr - He
• • • • • • HS = Total heat stored in an organism Hm = Gained via metabolism Hcd = Gained / lost via conduction Hcv = Gained / lost via convection Hr = Gained / lost via electromag. radiation He = Lost via evaporation
Tiger Beetle of Cold Climates
• Tiger Beetle (Cicindela longilabris) lives at higher latitudes and elevations than most other species in NA. • Schultz et. al. found metabolic rates of C. longilabris are higher and preferred temperatures lower than most other species. • Supports generalization that the physical environment limits species distributions.
• Ecologists usually define a population as a group of individuals of a single species inhabiting a specific area. • Characterized by the number of individuals and their density. • Additional characteristics of a population include age distributions, growth rates, distribution, and abundance.
Water Conservation by Plants and Animals
• Many terrestrial organisms equipped with waterproof (不透水) outer covering. • Concentrated urine / feces['fi:si:z]. • Condensing water vapor in breath. • Behavioral modifications to avoid stress times. • Drop leaves in response to drought. • Thick leaves • Few stomata • Periodic dormancy