绪论骨学Osteology
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process (7):
spinous process 棘突 transverse process 横突 sup. and inf. articular processes
上、下关节突
Vertebral foramen 椎孔 Vertebral canal 椎管 Intervertebral foramen 椎间孔
医学ppt
10
Anatomical axes and planes (轴与面)
Axis 轴:
Vertical axis 垂直轴 Sagittal axis 矢状轴 Coronal axis 冠状轴
Plane面:
Sagittal plane 矢状面 Coronal plane 冠状面 Horizontal plane 水平面
long, point obliquely downward
两宋时代《五脏六腑》、《存真图》描述了解 剖学知识。
王清任(1768~1831)编著的《医林改错》 更为详细的描述了解剖学知识。
1949~2003年我国解剖学工作者队伍迅速成 长,编写了多套具有我国特色的解剖学教材和 解剖学图谱,对我国解剖学事业的发展做出了 巨大的贡献。
医学ppt
7
人体解剖教学特点
医学ppt
19
General features of vertebrae
Vertebral body 椎体 Vertebral arch 椎弓
pedicle of vertebral arch 椎弓根: sup. and inf. Vertebral notch 椎上、下切迹
lamina of vertebral arch 椎弓板
或transverse plane 横切面
医学ppt
11
The Locomotor System 运动系统
运动系统由bone 骨、joints关节 和muscles 骨骼肌组成,占成人 体重60% 骨起杠杆作用 关节是运动的枢纽 骨骼肌是动力器官
功能:
support 支持 Protection 保护 Locomotion 运动
医学ppt
8
Descriptive anatomical terms
The anatomical position: (解剖学姿势)
The body is upright, legs together, and directed forwards. The palms are turned forward, with the thumbs laterally.
Galen-------- 伽林 (130~200)古希腊名医、
解剖学家,著《医经》,对 血液流动、神经分支和脑、 心等器官有具体描述。
医学ppt
4
Vesalius
Vesalius------(1514~1564) 现代解剖学的 奠基人,1543年出版了《人体构造》这 一划时代的解剖学巨著。
医学ppt
Cervical vertebrae 颈椎 C.7 Thoracic vertebrae 胸椎 T.12 Lumbar vertebrae 腰椎 L.5 Sacral vertebrae 骶椎 S.5 sacrum 骶骨 Coccygeal vertebrae 尾椎 Co.3~4 coccyx尾骨
人体解剖学的教学包括讲授和实地解剖。主要讲授各 系统的总论和各解剖操作区的重点内容。实地解剖采 取分组形式,在教师指导下,按照解剖操作指导,参 照图谱由学生亲自动手解剖尸体,部分内容观察标本 和模型。同时,密切结合活体的观察和触摸,并适当 的结合一些临床病例讨论以增强对解剖学内容的理解 和记忆。
教学大纲所列教学内容按要求程度的不同,分为“掌 握内容”和“了解内容”两级。掌握内容为重点内容, 学生必须通过反复学习与思考达到牢固掌握、熟练描 述、准确指认和联系实际应用的程度。了解内容则要 求学生达到一般的认识和了解。
医学ppt
13
Long bones (found in limbs):
Diaphysis or shaft 骨干,
which is hollow (called medullary cavity 骨髓腔), filled with bone marrow Two ends-epiphysis 骺 articular surface 关节面, metaphysis干骺端, epiphysial cartilage 骺软骨, and epiphysial line 骺线
医学ppt
9
The terms of the direction (方位术语)
superior 上, inferior 下 anterior (ventral) 前 ( 腹侧 )
posterior (dorsal) 后 ( 背侧 ) medial 内侧, lateral 外侧 internal 内, external 外 superficial 浅, profound 深 proximal 近侧, distal 远侧 ulnar 尺侧, radial 桡侧 tibial 胫侧,fibular 腓侧
医学ppt
16
Periosteum 骨膜:
Outer or fibrous layer
Inner layer is vascular and provides the underlying bone with nutrition. It also contains osteoblasts(成骨细胞)
systematic anatomy regional anatomy
Applied anatomy Clinical anatomy
医学ppt
2
人体解剖学发展简史
Hippcrates
Hippocrates----希波克拉底 (公元前460~377)古 希腊名医、解剖学鼻祖。
医学ppt
3
Galen
Vertebra prominens 隆椎(C7):contains long and non-bifid spinous process, it is visible with neck flexed, used as clinical landmark in counting cervical and thoracic spinous processes
Endosteum骨内膜 is a single-cellular osteogenic layer lining the inner surface of bone. Bone marrow 骨髓
Red marrow 红骨髓: haematopoietic 造血
Yellow marrow黄骨髓: fatty
医学ppt
21
Atlas寰椎 (C1)
Body and spinous process absent, consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral masses
Groo来自百度文库e for vertebral artery 椎动脉沟
医学ppt
24
Thoracic vertebrae
Vertebrae Body :
heart-shape, superior and inferior costal fovea 上、下肋凹
Vertebral foramen:
smaller, rounder
Spinous processes:
※In the flat bones of the skull, the layers of compact bone are called the outer plate and inner plate外板 和内板, while the layer of spongy bone is called the diploë 板障
Short bones: cuboidal in shape,
e.g. carpal bones
医学ppt
14
Flat bones: thin,
Irregular bones: have any irregular or mixed shape, e.g. vertebrae, pneumatic bones含气骨
医学ppt
22
Axis枢椎 (C2): distinguished by dens齿突 which articulates with dental fovea of anterior arch of atlas
医学ppt
23
Carotid tubercle: 颈动脉 结节: anterior tubercle of transverse process of C6
Human anatomy
医学ppt
1
Basic Concepts of
Anatomy Definition: human
anatomy, the oldest science dealing with the structures and functions of body
Gross anatomy:
医学ppt
17
Chemical composition and physical properties化学成分和物理性质
Organic material有机质: 主要是骨胶原纤维束和粘多糖蛋白。构成支架,赋予骨的弹 性和韧性。
Inorganic salts无机质: 主要是碱性磷酸钙。赋予骨硬度和脆性
Organic material Inorganic salts
Children
1
1
Adult
3
7
Old
1
4
医学ppt
18
Bones of trunk 躯干骨
Composition: vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum and ribs
Vertebrae 椎骨
There are 33 vertebrae in children, arranged as follows:
医学ppt
12
Introduction of the osteology 骨学总 论 Bones in adult are 206 in number.
Classification of bone Bones are classified according to their position and shape
The position can be:
skull 颅骨 bones of trunk 躯干骨 appendicular skeleton 四肢骨
Types of shape include:
long bone 长骨 short bone 短骨 flat bone 扁骨 irregular bone不规则骨
5
Harvey
Harvey------(1578~1657) 解剖生理学家,发现了血液循 环的原理,确定血液是在一个 封闭的管道内循环。著有《血 液循环论》、《动物的发生》 两书。开创了动物实验研究的 道路。
医学ppt
6
我国人体解剖学的发展历程
公元前300~200《黄帝内经》已有对人体解 剖的记载。
医学ppt
20
Regional variations of vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae Vertebrae Body: small Vertebral foramen: larger and
triangular Spinous processes:
short and bifid in C3 to C5, long in C6,and longer in C7 Transverse processes: short and bifid, transverse foramen横突孔 Articular processes: horizontal
* Sesamoid bones籽骨: develop within tendon
医学ppt
15
General structures of bone骨的构造
Bone substance 骨质
compact bone 骨密质
spongy bone 骨松质
呈海绵状,由trabeculae骨小梁 构成
spinous process 棘突 transverse process 横突 sup. and inf. articular processes
上、下关节突
Vertebral foramen 椎孔 Vertebral canal 椎管 Intervertebral foramen 椎间孔
医学ppt
10
Anatomical axes and planes (轴与面)
Axis 轴:
Vertical axis 垂直轴 Sagittal axis 矢状轴 Coronal axis 冠状轴
Plane面:
Sagittal plane 矢状面 Coronal plane 冠状面 Horizontal plane 水平面
long, point obliquely downward
两宋时代《五脏六腑》、《存真图》描述了解 剖学知识。
王清任(1768~1831)编著的《医林改错》 更为详细的描述了解剖学知识。
1949~2003年我国解剖学工作者队伍迅速成 长,编写了多套具有我国特色的解剖学教材和 解剖学图谱,对我国解剖学事业的发展做出了 巨大的贡献。
医学ppt
7
人体解剖教学特点
医学ppt
19
General features of vertebrae
Vertebral body 椎体 Vertebral arch 椎弓
pedicle of vertebral arch 椎弓根: sup. and inf. Vertebral notch 椎上、下切迹
lamina of vertebral arch 椎弓板
或transverse plane 横切面
医学ppt
11
The Locomotor System 运动系统
运动系统由bone 骨、joints关节 和muscles 骨骼肌组成,占成人 体重60% 骨起杠杆作用 关节是运动的枢纽 骨骼肌是动力器官
功能:
support 支持 Protection 保护 Locomotion 运动
医学ppt
8
Descriptive anatomical terms
The anatomical position: (解剖学姿势)
The body is upright, legs together, and directed forwards. The palms are turned forward, with the thumbs laterally.
Galen-------- 伽林 (130~200)古希腊名医、
解剖学家,著《医经》,对 血液流动、神经分支和脑、 心等器官有具体描述。
医学ppt
4
Vesalius
Vesalius------(1514~1564) 现代解剖学的 奠基人,1543年出版了《人体构造》这 一划时代的解剖学巨著。
医学ppt
Cervical vertebrae 颈椎 C.7 Thoracic vertebrae 胸椎 T.12 Lumbar vertebrae 腰椎 L.5 Sacral vertebrae 骶椎 S.5 sacrum 骶骨 Coccygeal vertebrae 尾椎 Co.3~4 coccyx尾骨
人体解剖学的教学包括讲授和实地解剖。主要讲授各 系统的总论和各解剖操作区的重点内容。实地解剖采 取分组形式,在教师指导下,按照解剖操作指导,参 照图谱由学生亲自动手解剖尸体,部分内容观察标本 和模型。同时,密切结合活体的观察和触摸,并适当 的结合一些临床病例讨论以增强对解剖学内容的理解 和记忆。
教学大纲所列教学内容按要求程度的不同,分为“掌 握内容”和“了解内容”两级。掌握内容为重点内容, 学生必须通过反复学习与思考达到牢固掌握、熟练描 述、准确指认和联系实际应用的程度。了解内容则要 求学生达到一般的认识和了解。
医学ppt
13
Long bones (found in limbs):
Diaphysis or shaft 骨干,
which is hollow (called medullary cavity 骨髓腔), filled with bone marrow Two ends-epiphysis 骺 articular surface 关节面, metaphysis干骺端, epiphysial cartilage 骺软骨, and epiphysial line 骺线
医学ppt
9
The terms of the direction (方位术语)
superior 上, inferior 下 anterior (ventral) 前 ( 腹侧 )
posterior (dorsal) 后 ( 背侧 ) medial 内侧, lateral 外侧 internal 内, external 外 superficial 浅, profound 深 proximal 近侧, distal 远侧 ulnar 尺侧, radial 桡侧 tibial 胫侧,fibular 腓侧
医学ppt
16
Periosteum 骨膜:
Outer or fibrous layer
Inner layer is vascular and provides the underlying bone with nutrition. It also contains osteoblasts(成骨细胞)
systematic anatomy regional anatomy
Applied anatomy Clinical anatomy
医学ppt
2
人体解剖学发展简史
Hippcrates
Hippocrates----希波克拉底 (公元前460~377)古 希腊名医、解剖学鼻祖。
医学ppt
3
Galen
Vertebra prominens 隆椎(C7):contains long and non-bifid spinous process, it is visible with neck flexed, used as clinical landmark in counting cervical and thoracic spinous processes
Endosteum骨内膜 is a single-cellular osteogenic layer lining the inner surface of bone. Bone marrow 骨髓
Red marrow 红骨髓: haematopoietic 造血
Yellow marrow黄骨髓: fatty
医学ppt
21
Atlas寰椎 (C1)
Body and spinous process absent, consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral masses
Groo来自百度文库e for vertebral artery 椎动脉沟
医学ppt
24
Thoracic vertebrae
Vertebrae Body :
heart-shape, superior and inferior costal fovea 上、下肋凹
Vertebral foramen:
smaller, rounder
Spinous processes:
※In the flat bones of the skull, the layers of compact bone are called the outer plate and inner plate外板 和内板, while the layer of spongy bone is called the diploë 板障
Short bones: cuboidal in shape,
e.g. carpal bones
医学ppt
14
Flat bones: thin,
Irregular bones: have any irregular or mixed shape, e.g. vertebrae, pneumatic bones含气骨
医学ppt
22
Axis枢椎 (C2): distinguished by dens齿突 which articulates with dental fovea of anterior arch of atlas
医学ppt
23
Carotid tubercle: 颈动脉 结节: anterior tubercle of transverse process of C6
Human anatomy
医学ppt
1
Basic Concepts of
Anatomy Definition: human
anatomy, the oldest science dealing with the structures and functions of body
Gross anatomy:
医学ppt
17
Chemical composition and physical properties化学成分和物理性质
Organic material有机质: 主要是骨胶原纤维束和粘多糖蛋白。构成支架,赋予骨的弹 性和韧性。
Inorganic salts无机质: 主要是碱性磷酸钙。赋予骨硬度和脆性
Organic material Inorganic salts
Children
1
1
Adult
3
7
Old
1
4
医学ppt
18
Bones of trunk 躯干骨
Composition: vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum and ribs
Vertebrae 椎骨
There are 33 vertebrae in children, arranged as follows:
医学ppt
12
Introduction of the osteology 骨学总 论 Bones in adult are 206 in number.
Classification of bone Bones are classified according to their position and shape
The position can be:
skull 颅骨 bones of trunk 躯干骨 appendicular skeleton 四肢骨
Types of shape include:
long bone 长骨 short bone 短骨 flat bone 扁骨 irregular bone不规则骨
5
Harvey
Harvey------(1578~1657) 解剖生理学家,发现了血液循 环的原理,确定血液是在一个 封闭的管道内循环。著有《血 液循环论》、《动物的发生》 两书。开创了动物实验研究的 道路。
医学ppt
6
我国人体解剖学的发展历程
公元前300~200《黄帝内经》已有对人体解 剖的记载。
医学ppt
20
Regional variations of vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae Vertebrae Body: small Vertebral foramen: larger and
triangular Spinous processes:
short and bifid in C3 to C5, long in C6,and longer in C7 Transverse processes: short and bifid, transverse foramen横突孔 Articular processes: horizontal
* Sesamoid bones籽骨: develop within tendon
医学ppt
15
General structures of bone骨的构造
Bone substance 骨质
compact bone 骨密质
spongy bone 骨松质
呈海绵状,由trabeculae骨小梁 构成