语法层次与结构

What is Grammar?


比如语素组合成词，是按照一定规则构成的， “桌子、氧化、木头、扒手”不能说“子桌、 化氧、头木、手扒”，英语单词 “necessary”，可以变化出unnecessary、 necessarily、unnecessarily、necessity、 necessitate，其中语素un要位于词的前面， -ly和-ate要位于词的后面，这些都不能随 意改变。 词与词组合成句子，也是要遵循语法规则的， 比如“风吹走了草帽”，不能说“草帽吹走 了风”，也不能说“吹风走了草帽”。

Descriptive VS. Prescriptive
描写性VS.规定性


Descriptive grammar refers to the structure of a language as it is actually used by speakers and writers. Prescriptive grammar refers to the structure of a language as certain people think it should be used.
Various opinions on English grammar from many notable writers:



Grammar teaches the laws of language, and the right method of using it in speaking and writing.—Patterson Grammar is the science of letter; hence the science of using words correctly.— Abbott The English word grammar relates only to the laws which govern the significant forms of words, and the construction of the sentence.—Richard Grant White
end weight Hamlet was written by Shakespeare, one of the greatest English playwrights in both British history and the whole world’s history.
Shakespeare, one of the greatest English playwrights in both British history and the whole world’s history, wrote Hamlet.
The Value of Studying Grammar


to deepen your understanding of the ways that the English language operates to serve as a practical guide as you work to become a more confident and effective writer
Descriptive VS. Prescriptive

Grammar is a field of linguistics that involves all the various things that make up the rules of language. Subfields of linguistics that are considered a part of grammar include syntax, phonetics, morphology, and semantics.
Various opinions on English grammar from many notable writers:

Grammar is the structural foundation of our ability to express ourselves. The more we are aware of how it works, the more we can monitor the meaning and effectiveness of the way we and others use language. It can help foster precision, detect ambiguity, and exploit the richness of expression available in English. And it can help everyone--not only teachers of English, but a teacher of anything, for all teaching is ultimately a matter of getting to grips with meaning. (David Crystal, "In Word and Deed," TES Teacher, April 30, 2004)
Descriptive VS. Prescriptive
描写性VS.规定性



语言学研究，如果是对观察到的事实进行描 写和分析，那它便是描写性的；如果它致力 于为“正确的”行为制定规则，那它便是规 定性的。 换一种说法，如果一个语言学家讨论的是 “语言的内容是什么”或者“人们实际说的 是什么话”，那他就是描写派。而如果他讨பைடு நூலகம்论人们讲“语言的内容应该是什么”或者 “人们应该怎样说话”，那他便是规定派。 20世纪以前的语言学研究多半是规定性的， 因为许多早期的语法都以“高雅的”（文学、 宗教的）文字语言为依据。现代语言学家多 半是描写性的。
Do we need to study grammar to learn a language?

The short answer is "no". Very many people in the world speak their own, native language without having studied its grammar. Children start to speak before they even know the word "grammar".
end focus
Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
Hamlet has attracted generations of people. It was written by Shakespeare.
Hamlet has attracted generations of people. Shakespeare wrote it.
第1讲
语法层次和句子结构
What is Grammar?

a set of rules of a language a field of linguistics the system of a language
Various opinions on English grammar from many notable writers:
Various opinions on English grammar from many notable writers:

It is necessary to know grammar, and it is better to write grammatically than not, but it is well to remember that grammar is common speech formulated. Usage is the only test. (William Somerset Maugham, The Summing Up, 1938)


English grammar is a description of the usages of the English language by good speakers and writers of the present day.—Whitney A description of account of the nature, build, constitution, or make of a language is called its grammar—Meiklejohn
Descriptive VS. Prescriptive

In our Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms, you’ll find two definitions of grammar:
The systematic study and description of a language. A set of rules and examples dealing with the syntax and word structures of a language, usually intended as an aid to the learning of that language.
Do we need to study grammar to learn a language?

But if you are serious about learning a foreign language, the long answer is "yes, grammar can help you to learn a language more quickly and more efficiently." It's important to think of grammar as something that can help you, like a friend. When you understand the grammar (or system) of a language, you can understand many things yourself, without having to ask a teacher or look in a book.
What is Grammar?

简单地说语法就是用词造句的规 则系统，它是词的构成规则、变 化规则、组合规则的总和。
What is Grammar?

语言是由音位层和符号层构成的。 在音位层，音位与音位组合成音 节，是有规则的，比如普通话舌 面前音只能同齐齿呼和撮口呼韵 母组合成音节，舌面后音只能同 开口呼、合口呼韵母相拼，二者 完全不能互换。在符号层，音节 与意义联系构成符号，符号与符 号组成成序列，同样也有一定的 规则。
What is Grammar?

所以，学习一种语言不是记几个 单词就完事，还必须了解有关的 语法规则，这样才能把散乱的单 词借助语法这根红线串成表达思 想的句子。
What is Grammar?


语法是语言学的一个分支，研究按确 定用法来运用的词类、词的屈折变化 或表示相互关系的其他手段以及词在 句中的功能和关系。语法是语言表达 的规则。各种语言都有不同的语法， 包括人类语言和计算机语言等。语法 学是语言学的一部分。 现代语法学包括语音学、音系学、形 态学（词法学）、句法学、语义学。
Do we need to study grammar to learn a language?

So think of grammar as something good, something positive, something that you can use to find your way - like a signpost or a map.