实验动物的解剖 Necropsy

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Descriptive Terminology
Size

Exact Measurements
– Metric (millimeters or centimeters) – Masses are in 3-D (height, width and depth)
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Descriptive Terminology
Fixatives

Davidson’s Fixative – Excellent for eyes and retina -
enhances nuclear staining
– Keeps retina intact – Requires optimal timing, then change to 70% alcohol – Long term storage limited
Fixatives

10% Neutral Buffered Formalin – Generally used – Simple to obtain and/or prepare – “Less Toxic” than most – Tissue storage indefinite – Relatively poor fixative
Color

Straight forward Think primary colors – not mauve or periwinkle
“The greenish-yellowish pea-shaped lump” should read “yellow nodule measuring 4 x 4 x 4 mm.”
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Good Necropsy Assures Good Histology
Clearly stated necropsy techniques have shown the least variation and the best retrieval results.
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Organ Weights


Absolute values Allows a fair comparison between large and small animals (% of body weight) Pathologist can use this info to correlate a compound-related increase in a pathologic change
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Thyroid – Unilateral, single, white, firm, mass, 0.9 x 0.5 x 0.5 cm
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Testes – Bilateral, multiple, firm, tan, masses, 0.2 to 0.5 cm in diameter
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Fixatives

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Bouin’s Solution – Generally used for testes or fetal tissue - enhances nuclear staining – Contains Picric Acid - explosive and disposal is difficult – Requires optimal timing, then change to 70% alcohol – Long term storage limited
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Descriptive Terminology
Color
Black Blue Brown Clear Cloudy Dark Green
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Grey Mottled Opaque Pale Pink Purple Red
Tan Transparent Translucent White Yellow
Location - Specific
Ventral Dorsal Lateral Medial Distal Proximal Deep Hilus
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Wall Lumen Mucosa Superficial Serosa Cortex Medulla Parenchyma
Necropsy
Not a simple dissection like anatomy class
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Objectives


To gather maximum information The critical link between in-life and pathology phase of a study Other Procedures: – Terminal Blood – Urine – Bone Marrow Smears – Samples for chemical or other analysis
Rubbery Scaly Soft Thin Viscous Watery
Descriptive Terminology
Distribution
Focal Multifocal Diffuse Patchy Symmetrical Confluent Unilateral All
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Tissue Retention


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Gathering Information Removal Order – Less important – Generally dependent of study type – Decide prior to necropsy – Create a consistent “style” for removal Proper Fixative
Peripheral Margin/Edge Anterior Posterior Right Left Cranial Caudal
Descriptive Terminology
Number
Single Two Four Greater Multiple Three Five
Biblioteka BaiduEPL
Description Criteria

Location – Number Size Color

General & Specific

Consistency Distribution Special Characteristics
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Descriptive Terminology
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Tissue Preservation

Fixative-to-tissue ratio – TEXT BOOK – 10:1 – REAL WORLD – 3:1 – 3:1 is OK as long as tissues are properly prepared for fixation – Formalin penetrates at a rate of 4mm per hour (DO THE MATH)
than five
Masses should be numbered to identify and/or correlate with in-life observations.
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Descriptive Terminology
Size

Small Enlarged Increased in size Decreased in size
Bilateral
Lobes Random
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Descriptive Terminology
Characteristics
Area Adhesion Circumscribed Depressed Distended Flat Irregular Layered Linear Lobulated Pitted Macule Plaque Mass Polypoid Nodule Prominent Oval Umbilicated Papillary Raised Papule Round Pedunculated Spherical Perforated
Location - General
Cutaneous Subcutaneous Peritoneal Abdominal Sacral Lumbar Cervical Axillary
Thoracic
Cranial
Inguinal
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Descriptive Terminology
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Gross Lesion Description
Describe each apparent abnormality without attempting a diagnosis
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Description Criteria
“The whitish-gray, cauliflower-like tumor was about the consistency of a cold dish of overcooked pasta.”
Descriptive Terminology
Consistency
Brittle Caseous Fibrinous Firm Friable Fluctuant Gelatinous
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Granular Greasy Gritty Hard Mucoid Oily Rough