英语词汇学7.ppt
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It is obvious that words are synonymous or similar in meaning only in a certain sense, not in all their meanings.
7.1.2 Patterns of synonymous sets in Modern English
Chapter Seven
Sense Relations between Words
Words are related to one another in a variety of ways. These relationships have words to describe them that often end in the bound morpheme –nym
very rare. Two words are totally synonyms only if they are fully identical• in •meaning •and interchangeable •in •any •context •without •the •slightest •alternation ••in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings. e.g. fatherland—motherland word-formation--word-building breathed consonant--voiceless consonant scarlet fever – scarlatina composition -compounding Strict synonyms is uneconomical; it creates unnecessary redundancy in a language.
It may be more accurate to think of the lexicon as network, rather than a listing of words as in a published dictionary.
Words are in different relations with each other, so they can be grouped in terms of their relationship to each other. Synonymy, antonymy , hyponymy and taxonomy are commonly accepted as the major possible relationships between words.
rise
mount
time
age
Latin interrogate secure conflagration trepidation probity consecrated ascend epoch
7.1.3 kinds of synonyms
1.Perfect synonyms or complete synonyms or absolute or strict synonyms are
Latin amity aid interior exterior acute universe
2) The triple scale pattern:
Native
French
ask
question
fast
firm
fire
flame
fear
terror
goodness virtue
holy
scared
1) The double scale pattern:
Native
Latin
bodily
corporal
hearty
cordial
hide
conceal
Biblioteka Baidu
motherly maternal
same
identical
to tire
to fatigue
Native friendship
help inner outer sharp world
Why so many synonyms?
English is a language particularly rich in pairs of synonyms. The primary reason for this has to do with the history of language and especially with the wholesome borrowing from other languages.
7.1 Synonymy
Synonymy refers the exact sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.
Synonyms are traditionally defined as words different in sound and spelling but identical or similar in meaning.
"The richness of •English •in synonyms is largely due to the happy mingling of Latin, French and Native elements".
Generally speaking, the native words are the simplest and most ordinary and tends to belong to the ordinary colloquial language; The Greek or Latin borrowings are the most learned, most formal and most technical and they tend to be used in the most formal context; French borrowings stands between the native words and the Latin and Greek borrowings.
7.1.2 Patterns of synonymous sets in Modern English
Chapter Seven
Sense Relations between Words
Words are related to one another in a variety of ways. These relationships have words to describe them that often end in the bound morpheme –nym
very rare. Two words are totally synonyms only if they are fully identical• in •meaning •and interchangeable •in •any •context •without •the •slightest •alternation ••in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings. e.g. fatherland—motherland word-formation--word-building breathed consonant--voiceless consonant scarlet fever – scarlatina composition -compounding Strict synonyms is uneconomical; it creates unnecessary redundancy in a language.
It may be more accurate to think of the lexicon as network, rather than a listing of words as in a published dictionary.
Words are in different relations with each other, so they can be grouped in terms of their relationship to each other. Synonymy, antonymy , hyponymy and taxonomy are commonly accepted as the major possible relationships between words.
rise
mount
time
age
Latin interrogate secure conflagration trepidation probity consecrated ascend epoch
7.1.3 kinds of synonyms
1.Perfect synonyms or complete synonyms or absolute or strict synonyms are
Latin amity aid interior exterior acute universe
2) The triple scale pattern:
Native
French
ask
question
fast
firm
fire
flame
fear
terror
goodness virtue
holy
scared
1) The double scale pattern:
Native
Latin
bodily
corporal
hearty
cordial
hide
conceal
Biblioteka Baidu
motherly maternal
same
identical
to tire
to fatigue
Native friendship
help inner outer sharp world
Why so many synonyms?
English is a language particularly rich in pairs of synonyms. The primary reason for this has to do with the history of language and especially with the wholesome borrowing from other languages.
7.1 Synonymy
Synonymy refers the exact sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.
Synonyms are traditionally defined as words different in sound and spelling but identical or similar in meaning.
"The richness of •English •in synonyms is largely due to the happy mingling of Latin, French and Native elements".
Generally speaking, the native words are the simplest and most ordinary and tends to belong to the ordinary colloquial language; The Greek or Latin borrowings are the most learned, most formal and most technical and they tend to be used in the most formal context; French borrowings stands between the native words and the Latin and Greek borrowings.