云南财经大学 英语思辨 复习资料

Unit1

Part 1

1. Critical thinking involves thinking about thinking

2. The availability heuristic involves unconsciously assigning a probability to a type of event based on how often one thinks of events of that type.

3. An issue simply raises a question.

4. The part of an argument that provides a reason for accepting the other part is called the premise.

5. A general rule we unconsciously follow in estimating probabilities is called a heuristic.

Part 2

1.The conclusion of an argument is what the premise supposedly supports

or demonstrates.

2.The tendency to weigh negative evidence more heavily than positive

evidence is called a negativity bias.

3. A(n) argument presents a consideration for accepting a claim.

4. Assuming that society in general shares the views held by us and the people we know is the falseconsensus effect.

Part 3

1.“President Lincoln was the finest U. S. President in history” is an

objective claim. (F)

2.Whether an objective claim is true or false depends on whether people

think it is true or false. (F)

3.Critical thinking should include biases or emotions. (F)

4.Experienced philosophers or other specialists in their fields rarely make

mistakes in reasoning. (F)

Part 4

cated guesses or rules of thumb are often called heuristics

2.Emotion, greed, and bias are all factors that can undermine critical

thinking.

3.What are the ultimate objectives of thinking critically? (Check all that

apply.) (C, D)

A. To make vise decisions

B. To come to correct conclusions

C. To make hasty generalization

D. To develop adversary thinking

4. All Dobermans are dogs. Some dogs like to bark. Therefore some Dobermans like to bark. The tendency to accept this argument at first glance may be due to.

(D)

A. self-serving bias

B. negativity bias

C. confirmation bias

D. belief bias

5. This bias is present when most members of a group think they are better at something than most other members of the group. (A)

A. Better-than-average illusion

B. Fundamental attribution error

C. Belief bias

D. Bandwagon effect

6. What bias is in effect when you assume that the candidate whose name you see the most often is probably the most popular candidate? (B)

A. Obedience to authority

B. Availability heuristic

C. Majority rules

D. Bandwagon effect

Part 5

1. An argument consists of, at minimum, _____B______.

A. a conclusion

B. one premise and a conclusion

C. two or more premises and conclusion

D. a premise

2. What are the ultimate objectives of thinking critically? (Check all that apply.) (A, D)

A. To come to correct conclusions

B. To develop adversary thinking

C. To make hasty generalizations

D. To make wise decisions

3. Suzanne is 99% certain most of her test answers are correct. In reality, most of her answers are not correct. What type of bias might Suzanne be demonstrating?

(A)

A. Overconfidence effect

B. Poor estimation

C. Belief bias

4. Charles and his colleague Mike’s children attend classes at the same school. Charles believes that his children's exceptional performance at school is due to their superior intelligence. He always attributes their occasional failures to bad luck. On the other hand, he believes that Mike's children achieve high test scores due to sheer luck and tends to attribute their failures to a possible lack of hard work and dedication. Which of the following is illustrated in this scenario? (A)

A. In-group bias

B. Availability heuristic

C. Bandwagon effect

D. Selection bias

5. A critical thinker tries to ____B____.

A. overstate conclusions

B. evaluate arguments

C. understate conclusions

D. persuade an audience

6. After seeing a number of reports concerning shark attacks, you decide not to visit the beach for spring break. Which cognitive bias is at play? (C)

A. In-group bias

B. Bandwagon effect

C. Availability heuristic

Part 6

1. This is the tendency to carry out orders from a superior without question.

A. Negativity Bias

B. Bandwagon effect

C. Fundamental attribution error

D. Obedience to authority

2. The method used to come to correct conclusions is to evaluate our thinking by standards of ____B__.

A. informational theory

B. logic and common sense

C. statistics, history, and research

3. What types of arguments should you avoid? (A)

A. Weak, invalid and irrelevant

B. Strong, invalid, and relevant

C. Weak, valid, and relevant

D. Strong, valid, and relevant

4.____C_____ is the idea that if a person thinks something is morally wrong, then it is morally wrong for that person and he/she does not need to consider any further truth. A. Moral absolutism B. Moral objectivism

C. Moral subjectivism

5. What is the result of expressing a belief, judgment, or opinion in a declarative