英汉对比研究

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汉语的分句或流水句，译成英语时，常常要化简为繁，组合 成复合句或长句，
因为距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村社会是与外界隔绝的。 这种隔绝状态，由于通讯工具不足，就变得更加严重了。 The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.
前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。 While the prospects are bright, the road ahead has twists and turns.
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物称与人称 ( Impersonal vs. Personal )

源自文库
英语常用非人称主语， 汉语常用人称主语。
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过去我也常常有点胡思乱想。 I used to be a bit of a fancier myself.
他失业以后，就很不合群了。 Since he lost his job, he’s been a loner. 他是个聪明人，很好相处，可是学习不肯用功。 He was a clever man; a pleasant companion; a careless student.
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But for agriculture, man could not exist, nor could social production proceed.
没有农业，人类便不能生存，社会生产也就不能继续下去。
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静态与动态 ( Stative vs. Dynamic )
英语倾向于多用名词，介词，形容词等，因而叙述呈静态 （stative)；
英汉对比研究
1.繁复与简短 2.静态与动态 3.形合和意合 3.物称与人称 4.被动与主动
(Complex vs. Simplex) ( Static vs. Dynamic ) ( Hypotactic vs. Paratactic ) ( Impersonal vs. Personal ) ( Passive vs. Active )
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形合和意合 ( Hypotactic vs. Paratactic )
The present onslaught of vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and pedestrian peace of mind.
当前，车辆横冲直撞，严重地威胁着城市生活，路上行人无 不提心吊胆。
What has happened to you? 你出了什么事啦？ An idea suddenly struck me. 我突然想到了一个主意。 Excitement deprived me of all utterance. 我兴奋得什么话也说不出来。
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In the doorway lay at least 12 umbrellas of all sizes and colors.
门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色，大小不一的雨伞。 门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。
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There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.
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我们不知不觉地朝公园走去。公园就在人行桥那边，桥 下很深的地方，汹涌的河水滚滚流过。
Somehow our path took us toward the park, across the footbridge high above the rolling waters of the river.
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不进则退。 He who does not advance falls backward. Move forward, or you’ll fall behind. 物莫如新，友莫如故。 Everything is good when new, but friends when old.
打肿脸充胖子，吃亏是自己。 If you get beyond your depth, you will suffer.
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紧缩句与成语
墙倒众人推。 When a man is going down-hill, everyone will give him a push. 不到黄河心不死。 Until all is over, ambition never dies.
The doctor’s extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery.
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静态与动态 ( Static vs. Dynamic )
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再来看几个汉译英的例子
(因为）他不老实, 我不能信任他。 Because he is not honest, I can't trust him.
人（若）不犯我，我（则）不犯人。 We will not attack unless we are attacked.
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说是说了，没有结果。=（我虽然说了，但是没有结果） I’ve made proposals, but they proved futile.
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繁复与简短 (Complex vs. Simplex)
从属结构(subordination)是现代英语最重要的特点之一。
汉语常用散句、松句、紧缩句、省略句、流水句或并列形式 的复句（composite sentences），以中短句居多，最佳长 度为7至12字。 英译汉时常常要破句重组，化繁为简。
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形合和意合 ( Hypotactic vs. Paratactic )
This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting in a packed Town Hall, with Mr. Strong in the chair.
这是一次精心组织起来的会议。市政厅里济济一堂，热情洋 溢，主持会议的是斯特朗先生。
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形合和意合 ( Hypotactic vs. Paratactic )
英语注重结构完整,注重以形显义。 1. 连接词
If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天到了，春天还会远吗？ If I had known it would come to this, I would have acted differently. 早知今日, 何必当初。
I am afraid of your misunderstanding me. 我担心你会误解我。
Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. 火箭已经用来探索宇宙。
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我所认识的人当中，她最会记仇。 She is the best hater I’ve ever known. 他能吃能睡。 He is a good eater and a good sleeper.
汉语倾向于多用动词，因而叙述呈动态(dynamic)。
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试比较： The doctor arrived extremely quickly and examined the patient uncommonly carefully; the result was that he recovered very speedily.
关于我所访问的一些地方和遇见的不少人有许多奇妙的故事 可以讲。 我访问了一些地方，遇到了不少人。要谈起来，奇妙的事儿 可多着呢。
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Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?
你能回答一个使我弄不懂而又想问你的问题吗？ 我有一个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗？
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名词优势造成介词优势，使英语的静态倾向更为显著。 He is at his books. (He is reading books) 他在读书。 He has someone behind him. (Someone supports him) 有人给他撑腰。
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由于以上的特点，英汉互译的过程往往是静态与动态互相转换的过程。
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In Africa I met a boy, who was crying bitterly as if his heart would break, and said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry, because he had had no food for two days. 在非洲，我曾遇到一个小男孩，他伤心地哭着，似乎心都碎 了。我问起他时，他说他饿极了。已经两天没吃东西了。
His first pledge was, “ Mr. President, You have my support and loyalty.” 他一开始就保证说：“总统先生，我支持您，并效忠于您。”
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Harvard, despite its own estimate of itself, was ultimately an academic haven where an error of interpretation could result only in loss of face, not in extinction. 哈佛大学，不管它如何自命高明，终究还是个学府胜地，在 那里把问题看错了，无非丢脸而已，总不至于完蛋。
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If the man who was seen to take an umbrella from the City Church last Sunday evening does not wish to get into trouble, he will return the umbrella to No.10 Broad Street. He is well known. 上星期日傍晚，有人曾见某君在市教堂取走雨伞一把。取伞者如不 愿卷入纠纷，还是将伞送至布牢德街十号为妙。此君为谁，尽人皆 知。
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形合和意合 ( Hypotactic vs. Paratactic )
所谓形合,指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段(如关 联词)连接起来,表达语法意义和逻辑关系。
所谓意合，指的是词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接， 句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。 一般地说，英语形合句多，汉语意合句多，但其多少与文体 密切相关。
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形合和意合 ( Hypotactic vs. Paratactic )
2. 介词 (介词是英语里最活跃的词类之一,是连接词、语或从句的重要手段。 英语造句几乎离不开介词，汉语则常常不用或省略介词。）
The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside. 彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。 He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession. 他有一种令人难堪的习惯；一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变 化无常。