语音学第三章

Lexical change proper特有的词汇变 化
1. invention/ coinage 新创词汇 Since economic activities are the most important and dynamic in human life, many new lexical items come directly from the consumer items, their producers or their brand names: Kodak柯达，Coke可乐， Ford，Toyota, Nylon, Walkman.
Open class words==content words： words to which we can regularly add new words , such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, e.g. beatnik (a member of the Beat Generation), hacker….. Closed class words----new words are not usually added to them; grammatical or functional words, such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns
Inflectional morphemes 屈折词素---- the morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case时态，数，格 and so on; they never change their syntactic category, never add any lexical meaning, e.g. a) number: tables apples cars b) tense: talk/talks/talking/talked c) case: John/John’s
Morphemes are usually arbitrary: the is no natural connection between their sound and their meaning. Morph形素：词素的语音或拼写法的体现，是口 语中最小的意义载体。在不同的环境中一个词素 可以由若干个不同的形素体现。如英语中的复数 词素可表现为s, z, iz. 词素morpheme-----形素morph的关系就像 音位phoneme-----语音phone的关系
Prefix ---- morphemes that occur only before others, e.g. un-, dis, anti-, ir-, etc. Suffix ---- morphemes that occur only after others, e.g. -ful, -er, -ish, -ness, -able, -tive, tion, etc.
Compounds have different stress patterns from the non-compounded word sequence, e.g. red coat, green house… The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts Kate found a red coat in her aunt’s closet. Kate found a Redcoat in her aunt’s closet
Some points about compounds
When the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category, e.g. postbox, landlady, icy-cold, blue-black… When the two words fall into different categories, the class of the second or final word will be the grammatical category of the compound, e.g. head-strong, pickpocket… .
Free morpheme & bound morpheme
Free morpheme 自由词素----is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance, etc. Bound morpheme 黏着词素----is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme. They can not stand by themselves, such as “-s” in “dogs”, “al” in “national”, “dis-” in “disclose”, “ed” in “recorded”, etc.
Morphological rules构词的形态学规则
The rules that govern the formation of words, e.g. the “un- + ----” rule. unfair unthinkable unacceptable… Compounding is another way to form new words, e.g. landlady rainbow undertake…
Root : the core of the word Affix : always bound morphemes
Derivational morpheme & inflectional morpheme Derivational morphemes 派生词素---- are used to derive new words when they are added to other morphemes, in English derivatives and compounds are all form by such morphemes.
Morpheme--the minimal unit of meaning语素/词素---最小的意义单位
The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called Morpheme. ---Words are composed of morphemes. Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes, e.g. 1-morpheme boy, desire 2-morpheme boy + ish , desir (e) +ble 3-morpheme boy + ish + ness , desir(e)+bl(e)+ity 4-morpheme gentle+man+li+ness, un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity 5-morpheme un+gentle+man+li+ness 6-morpheme anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism
2. Blending 混成词
1) a blending is a word formed by combining parts of other words. 2) blending is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts if the two words. Smog---smoke + fog motel---motor + hotel Transistor---transfer+ resister brunch---breakfast+ lunch Digicom---digital +computer anacom ---analog+ computer
4. Acronym 首字母缩写词
Acronym is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization. WTO, WB, CEO, ABC, CIA,EEC, BBC, ATM, BC, ICBC, CBC.
Allomorphs 语素变体 An allomorph is a different variant form of a morpheme, differ in phonological and spelling form, but at the same in function. 语素变体是同一个语素的不同形式。 语素----语素变体的关系就像 音位----音位变体的关系 语素变体：1）语音变体：同一语素在不同的语 言环境中略有差异的语音形式； 2）语义变体ompounds daybreak (N+V) playboy (V+N) haircut (N+V) callgirl (V+N) windmill (N+N) Verb compounds brainwash (N+V) lipread (N+V) babysit(N+V) Adjective compounds maneating (N+Ving) heartfelt (N+Ved) dutyfree (N+adj.) Preposition compounds into (P+P) throughout (P+P)