ETHICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS
管理信息系统 ETHICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS
• Model for thinking about ethical, social, political issues:
– Society as a calm pond – IT as rock dropped in pond, creating ripples of new situations not covered by old rules – Social and political institutions cannot respond overnight to these ripples—it may take years to develop etiquette, expectations, laws
• Requires understanding of ethics to make choices in legally gray areas
6 © Pearson Education 2012
Management Information Systems
CHAPTER 4: ETHICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS
5 © Pearson Education 2012
Management Information Systems
CHAPTER 4: ETHICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Understanding Ethical and Social Issues Related to Systems
2 © Pearson Education 2012
Management Information Systems
CHAPTER 4: ETHICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS
信息系统Information Systems “课程资料 3
• Illustrates how the very same technology has the potential to threaten privacy and cause more harm than good.
• Evaluate the impact of contemporary information systems and the Internet on the protection of individual privacy and intellectual property.
• Assess how information systems have affected everyday life.
• Ethics • Principles of right and wrong that individuals, acting as free moral agents, use to make choices to guide their behavior
• Information systems and ethics • Information systems raise new ethical questions because they create opportunities for: • Intense social change, threatening existing distributions of power, money, rights, and obligations • New kinds of crime
管理信息系统题目带答案
Management Information System Review SummaryCONTENTSPART 1: Organizations, Management, and the Networked Enterprise 1rmation Systems in Global Business Today 11. How are information systems transforming business and what is their relationship toglobalization? 12. Why are information systems so essential for running and managing a business today? 13. What exactly is an information system? How does it work? What are its management,organization, and technology components? 14. What are complementary assets? Why are complementary assets essential for ensuring thatinformation systems provide genuine value for an organization? 15. What academic disciplines are used to study information systems? How does each contribute toan understanding of information systems? What is a sociotechnical systems perspective? 2II.Global E-business and Collaboration 21. What are business processes? How are they related to information systems? 22. How do systems serve the different management groups in a business? 23. How do systems that link the enterprise improve organizational performance? 24. Why are systems for collaboration and teamwork so important and what technologies do theyuse? 35. What is the role of the information systems function in a business? 3rmation Systems, Organizations, and Strategy 31. Which features of organizations do managers need to know about to build and use informationsystems successfully? What is the impact of information systems on organizations? 32. How does Porter’s competitive forces model help companies develop competitive strategiesusing information systems? 33. How do the value chain and value web models help businesses identify opportunities forstrategic information system applications? 44. How do information systems help businesses use synergies, core competencies, andnetwork-based strategies to achieve competitive advantage? 45. What are the challenges posed by strategic information systems and how should they beaddressed? 4IV.Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems 41. What ethical, social, and political issues are raised by information systems? 42. What specific principles for conduct can be used to guide ethical decisions? 53. Why do contemporary information systems technology and the Internet pose challenges to theprotection of individual privacy and intellectual property? 54. How have information systems affected everyday life? 5PART 2: Information Technology Infrastructure 5V.IT Infrastructure and Emerging Technologies 51. What is IT infrastructure and what are its components? 52. What are the stages and technology drivers of IT infrastructure evolution? 53. What are the current trends in computer hardware platforms? 64. What are the current trends in software platforms? 65. What are the challenges of managing IT infrastructure and management solutions? 6VI.Foundations of Business Intelligence: Databases and Information Management 71. What are the problems of managing data resources in a traditional file environment and how are7they solved by a database management system? 72. What are the major capabilities of DBMS and why is a relational DBMS so powerful? 73. What are some important database design principles? 74. What are the principal tools and technologies for accessing information from databases to 7improve business performance and decision making? 75. Why are information policy, data administration, and data quality assurance essential formanaging the firm’s data resources? 8VII.Telecommunications, the Internet, and Wireless Technology 81. What are the principal components of telecommunications networks and key networkingtechnologies? 82. What are the main telecommunications transmission media and types of networks? 83. How do the Internet and Internet technology work, and how do they support communication 9and e-business? 94. What are the principal technologies and standards for wireless networking, communication, 9and Internet access? 95. Why are radio frequency identification (RFID) and wireless sensor networks valuable forbusiness? 9VIII.Securing Information Systems 101. Why are information systems vulnerable to destruction, error, and abuse? 102. What is the business value of security and control? 103. What are the components of an organizational framework for security and control? 104. What are the most important tools and technologies for safeguarding information resources? 10 PART 3: Key System Applications for the Digital Age 11IX.Achieving Operational Excellence and Customer Intimacy: Enterprise Applications 111. How do enterprise systems help businesses achieve operational excellence? 112. How do supply chain management systems coordinate planning, production, and logistics withsuppliers? 113. How do customer relationship management systems help firms achieve customer intimacy? 114. What are the challenges posed by enterprise applications? 115. How are enterprise applications used in platforms for new cross-functional services? 12X.E-commerce: Digital Markets, Digital Goods 121. What are the unique features of e-commerce, digital markets, and digital goods? 122. What are the principal e-commerce business and revenue models? 123. How has e-commerce transformed marketing? 124. How has e-commerce affected business-to-business transactions? 125. What is the role of m-commerce in business, and what are the most important m-commerceapplications? 126. What issues must be addressed when building an e-commerce Web site? 13XI.Managing Knowledge 131. What is the role of knowledge management and knowledge management programs in business?132. What types of systems are used for enterprise-wide knowledge management and how do theyprovide value for businesses? 133. What are the major types of knowledge work systems and how do they provide value for firms?134. What are the business benefits of using intelligent techniques for knowledge management? 14XII.Enhancing Decision Making 141. What are the different types of decisions and how does the decision-making process work? 142. How do information systems support the activities of managers and management decisionmaking? 143. How do business intelligence and business analytics support decision making? 154. How do different decision-making constituencies in an organization use business intelligence?155. What is the role of information systems in helping people working in a group make decisionsmore efficiently? 15PART 4: Building and Managing Systems 15XIII.Building Information Systems 151. How does building new systems produce organizational change? 152. What are the core activities in the systems development process? 163. What are the principal methodologies for modeling and designing systems? 164. What are the alternative methods for building information systems? 165. What are new approaches for system building in the digital firm era? 17XIV.Managing Projects 171. What are the objectives of project management and why is it so essential in developinginformation 17systems? 172. What methods can be used for selecting and evaluating information systems projects andaligning them with the firm’s business goals? 173. How can firms assess the business value of information systems projects? 174. What are the principal risk factors in information systems projects? 175. What strategies are useful for managing project risk and system implementation? 18XV.Managing Global Systems 181. What major factors are driving the internationalization of business? 182. What are the alternative strategies for developing global businesses? 183. How can information systems support different global business strategies? 184. What are the challenges posed by global information systems and management solutions forthese challenges? 185. What are the issues and technical alternatives to be considered when developing internationalinformation systems? 18PART 1: Organizations, Management, and the Networked Enterprisermation Systems in Global Business Today1. How are information systems transforming business and what is their relationship to globalization?E-mail, online conferencing, and cell phones have become essential tools for conducting business. Information systems are the foundation of fast-paced supply chains. The Internet allows many businesses to buy, sell, advertise, and solicit customer feedback online. Organizations are trying to become more competitiveand efficient by digitally enabling their core business processes and evolving into digital firms. The Internet has stimulated globalization by dramatically reducing the costs of producing, buying, and selling goods on a global scale. New information system trends include the emerging mobile digital platform, online software as a service, and cloud computing.2. Why are information systems so essential for running and managing a business today?Information systems are a foundation for conducting business today. In many industries, survival and the ability to achieve strategic business goals are difficult without extensive use of information technology. Businesses today use information systems to achieve six major objectives: operational excellence; new products, services, and business models; customer/supplier intimacy; improved decision making; competitive advantage; and day-to-day survival.3. What exactly is an information system? How does it work? What are its management, organization, and technology components?From a technical perspective, an information system collects, stores, and disseminates information from an organization’s environment and internal operations to support organizational functions and decision making, communication, coordination, control, analysis, and visualization. Information systems transform raw data into useful information through three basic activities: input, processing, and output.From a business perspective, an information system provides a solution to a problem or challenge facing a firm and represents a combination of management, organization, and technology elements. The management dimension of information systems involves issues such as leadership, strategy, and management behavior. The technology dimension consists of computer hardware, software, data management technology, and networking/telecommunications technology (including the Internet). The organization dimension of information systems involves issues such as the organization’s hierarchy, functional specialties, business processes, culture, and political interest groups.4. What are complementary assets? Why are complementary assets essential for ensuring that information systems provide genuine value for an organization?In order to obtain meaningful value from information systems, organizations must support their technology investments with appropriate complementary investments in organizations and management. These complementary assets include new business models and business processes, supportive organizational culture and management behavior, appropriate technology standards, regulations, and laws. New information technology investments are unlikely to produce high returns unless businesses make the appropriate managerial and organizational changes to support the technology.5. What academic disciplines are used to study information systems? How does each contribute to an understanding of information systems? What is a sociotechnical systems perspective?The study of information systems deals with issues and insights contributed from technical and behavioral disciplines. The disciplines that contribute to the technical approach focusing on formal models and capabilities of systems are computer science, management science, and operations research. The disciplines contributing to the behavioral approach focusing on the design, implementation, management, and business impact of systems are psychology, sociology, and economics.A sociotechnical view of systems considers both technical and social features of systems and solutions that represent the best fit between them.II.Global E-business and Collaboration1. What are business processes? How are they related to information systems?A business process is a logically related set of activities that defines how specific business tasks are performed, and it represents a unique way in which an organization coordinates work, information, and knowledge. Managers need to pay attention to business processes because they determine how well the organization can execute its business, and they may be a source of strategic advantage. There are business processes specific to each of the major business functions, but many business processes are cross-functional. Information systems automate parts of business processes, and they can help organizations redesign and streamline these processes.2. How do systems serve the different management groups in a business?Systems serving operational management are transaction processing systems (TPS), such as payroll or order processing, that track the flow of the daily routine transactions necessary to conduct business. Management information systems (MIS) produce reports serving middle management by condensing information from TPS, and these are not highly analytical. Decision-support systems (DSS) support management decisions that are unique and rapidly changing using advanced analytical models. All of these types of systems provide business intelligence that helps managers and enterprise employees make more informed decisions. These systems for business intelligence serve multiple levels of management, and include executive support systems (ESS) for senior management that provide data in the form of graphs, charts, and dashboards delivered via portals using many sources of internal and external information.3. How do systems that link the enterprise improve organizational performance?Enterprise applications are designed to coordinate multiple functions and business processes.Enterprise systems integrate the key internal business processes of a firm into a single software system to improve coordination and decision making. Supply chain management systems help the firm manage its relationship with suppliers to optimize the planning, sourcing, manufacturing, and delivery of products and services. Customer relationship management (CRM) systems coordinate the business processes surrounding t he firm’s customers. Knowledge management systems enable firms to optimize the creation, sharing, and distribution of knowledge. Intranets and extranets are private corporate networks based on Internet technology that assemble information from disparate systems. Extranets make portions of private corporate intranets available to outsiders.4. Why are systems for collaboration and teamwork so important and what technologies do they use?Collaboration is working with others to achieve shared and explicit goals. Collaboration and teamwork have become increasingly important in business because of globalization, the decentralization of decision making, and growth in jobs where interaction is the primary value-adding activity. Collaboration is believed to enhance innovation, productivity, quality, and customer service. Effective collaboration today requires a supportive organizational culture as well as information systems and tools for collaborative work. Collaboration tools include and instant messaging, wikis, videoconferencing systems, virtual worlds, social networking systems, cell phones, and Internet collaboration platforms such as Google Apps/Sites, Microsoft SharePoint, and Lotus Notes.5. What is the role of the information systems function in a business?The information systems department is the formal organizational unit responsible for information technology services. It is responsible for maintaining the hardware, software, data storage, and networks that comprise the firm’s IT infrastructure. Th e department consists of specialists, such as programmers, systems analysts, project leaders, and information systems managers, and is often headed by a CIO.rmation Systems, Organizations, and Strategy1. Which features of organizations do managers need to know about to build and use information systemssuccessfully? What is the impact of information systems on organizations?All modern organizations are hierarchical, specialized, and impartial, using explicit routines to maximize efficiency. All organizations have their own cultures and politics arising from differences in interest groups, and they are affected by their surrounding environment. Organizations differ in goals, groups served, social roles, leadership styles, incentives, types of tasks performed, and type of structure. These features help explain differences in organizations’ use of information systems.Information systems and the organizations in which they are used interact with and influence each other. The introduction of a new information system will affect organizational structure, goals, work design, values, competition between interest groups, decision making, and day-to-day behavior. At the same time, information systems must be designed to serve the needs of important organizational groups and will be shaped by the organization’s structure, business processes, goals, culture, politics, and management. Information technology can reduce transaction and agency costs, and such changes have been accentuated in organizations using the Internet. New systems disrupt established patterns of work and power relationships, so there is often considerable resistance to them when they are introduced.2. How does Porter’s competitive forces model help companies develop competitive strategies usinginformation systems?In Porter’s competitive forces model, the strategic position of the firm, and its strategies, are determined by competition with its traditional direct competitors, but they are also greatly affected by new market entrants, substitute products and services, suppliers, and customers. Information systems help companies compete by maintaining low costs, differentiating products or services, focusing on market niche, strengthening ties with customers and suppliers, and increasing barriers to market entry with high levels of operational excellence. 3. How do the value chain and value web models help businesses identify opportunities for strategicinformation system applications?The value chain model highlights specific activities in the business where competitive strategies and information systems will have the greatest impact. The model views the firm as a series of primary and support activities that add value to a firm’s products or services. Primary activities are directly related to production and distribution, whereas support activities make the delivery of primary activities possible. A firm’s value chain can be linked to the value chains of its suppliers, distributors, and customers. A value web consists of information systems that enhance competitiveness at the industry level by promoting the use of standards and industry-wide consortia, and by enabling businesses to work more efficiently with their value partners.4. How do information systems help businesses use synergies, core competencies, and network-basedstrategies to achieve competitive advantage?Because firms consist of multiple business units, information systems achieve additional efficiencies or enhance services by tying together the operations of disparate business units. Information systems help businesses leverage their core competencies by promoting the sharing of knowledge across business units. Information systems facilitate business models based on large networks of users or subscribers that take advantage of network economics. A virtual company strategy uses networks to link to other firms so that a company can use the capabilities of other companies to build, market, and distribute products and services. In business ecosystems, multiple industries work together to deliver value to the customer. Information systems support a dense network of interactions among the participating firms.5. What are the challenges posed by strategic information systems and how should they be addressed?Implementing strategic systems often requires extensive organizational change and a transition from one sociotechnical level to another. Such changes are called strategic transitions and are often difficult and painful to achieve. Moreover, not all strategic systems are profitable, and they can be expensive to build. Many strategic information systems are easily copied by other firms so that strategic advantage is not always sustainable.IV.Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems1. What ethical, social, and political issues are raised by information systems?Information technology is introducing changes for which laws and rules of acceptable conduct have not yet been developed. Increasing computing power, storage, and networking capabilities—including the Internet—expand the reach of individual and organizational actions and magnify their impacts. The ease and anonymity with which information is now communicated, copied, and manipulated in online environments pose new challenges to the protection of privacy and intellectual property. The main ethical, social, and political issues raised by information systems center around information rights and obligations, property rights and obligations, accountability and control, system quality, and quality of life.2. What specific principles for conduct can be used to guide ethical decisions?Six ethical principles for judging conduct include the Golden Rule, Immanuel Kant’s Categorical Imperative, Descartes’ rule of change, the Utilitarian Principle, the Risk Aversion Principle, and the ethical “no free l unch” rule. These principles should be used in conjunction with an ethical analysis.3. Why do contemporary information systems technology and the Internet pose challenges to the protection of individual privacy and intellectual property?Contemporary data storage and data analysis technology enables companies to easily gather personal data about individuals from many different sources and analyze these data to create detailed electronic profiles about individuals and their behaviors. Data flowing over the Internet can be monitored at many points. Cookies and other Web monitoring tools closely track the activities of Web site visitors. Not all Web sites have strong privacy protection policies, and they do not always allow for informed consent regarding the use of personal information. Traditional copyright laws are insufficient to protect against software piracy because digital material can be copied so easily and transmitted to many different locations simultaneously over the Internet.4. How have information systems affected everyday life?Although computer systems have been sources of efficiency and wealth, they have some negative impacts. Computer errors can cause serious harm to individuals and organizations. Poor data quality is also responsible for disruptions and losses for businesses. Jobs can be lost when computers replace workers or tasks become unnecessary in reengineered business processes. The ability to own and use a computer may be exacerbating socioeconomic disparities among different racial groups and social classes. Widespread use of computers increases opportunities for computer crime and computer abuse. Computers can also create health problems, such as RSI, computer vision syndrome, and technostress.PART 2: Information Technology InfrastructureV.IT Infrastructure and Emerging Technologies1. What is IT infrastructure and what are its components?IT infrastructure is the shared technology resources that provide the platform for the firm’s specific information system applications. IT infrastructure includes hardware, software, and services that are shared across the entire firm. Major IT infrastructure components include computer hardware platforms, operating system platforms, enterprise software platforms, networking and telecommunications platforms, database management software, Internet platforms, and consulting services and systems integrators.2. What are the stages and technology drivers of IT infrastructure evolution?The five stages of IT infrastructure evolution are: the mainframe era, the personal computer era, the client/server era, the enterprise computing era, and the cloud and mobile computing era. Moore’s Law deals with the exponential increase in processing power and decline in the cost of computer technology, stating that every 18 months the power of microprocessors doubles and the price of computing falls in half. The Law of Mass Digital Storage deals with the exponential decrease in the cost of storing data, stating that the number of kilobytes of data that can be stored on magnetic media for $1 roughly doubles every 15 months. Metcalfe’s Law helps shows that a network’s value to participants grows exponentially as the network takes on more members. Also driving exploding computer use is the rapid decline in costs of communication and growing agreement in the technology industry to use computing and communications standards.3. What are the current trends in computer hardware platforms?Increasingly, computing is taking place on a mobile digital platform. Grid computing involves connecting geographically remote computers into a single network to create a computational grid that combines the computing power of all the computers on the network. Virtualization organizes computing resources so that their use is not restricted by physical configuration or geographic location. In cloud computing, firms and individuals obtain computing power and software as services over a network, including the Internet, rather than purchasing and installing the hardware and software on their own computers. A multicore processor is a microprocessor to which two or more processing cores have been attached for enhanced performance. Green computing includes practices and technologies for producing, using, and disposing of information technology hardware to minimize negative impact on the environment. In autonomic computing, computer systems have capabilities for automatically configuring and repairing themselves. Power-saving processors dramatically reduce power consumption in mobile digital devices.4. What are the current trends in software platforms?Open source software is produced and maintained by a global community of programmers and is often downloadable for free. Linux is a powerful, resilient open source operating system that can run on multiple hardware platforms and is used widely to run Web servers. Java is an operating-system– andhardware-independent programming language that is the leading interactive programming environment for the Web. Web services are loosely coupled software components based on open Web standards that work with any application software and operating system. They can be used as components of Web-based applications linking the systems of two different organizations or to link disparate systems of a single company. Companies are purchasing their new software applications from outside sources, including software packages, by outsourcing custom application development to an external vendor (that may be offshore), or by renting online software services (SaaS). Mashups combine two different software services to create new software applications and services. Apps are small pieces of software that run on the Internet, on a computer, or on a mobile phone and。
英语管理4形考任务单元测试1-8
英语管理4形考任务单元测试1-8The English management 4 exam unit test 1-8 is a comprehensive assessment of students' understanding and application of various management concepts and principles. The test covers a wide range of topics, including strategic management, organizational behavior, leadership, and decision-making. It requires students to demonstrate their ability to analyze and solve complex management problems, as well as their communication skills in English.One of the key requirements of the test is the ability to apply theoretical concepts to real-world management scenarios. This means that students need to have a deep understanding of the principles of management and be able to apply them to practical situations. They are expected to demonstrate critical thinking and problem-solving skills, as well as the ability to communicate their ideas effectively in English.In addition to theoretical knowledge, the test alsoassesses students' understanding of the importance of effective communication in management. This includes the ability to communicate clearly and persuasively, as well as the ability to work effectively in teams. Students are expected to demonstrate their communication skills through written responses to case studies and essay questions, as well as through verbal communication in group discussions and presentations.Furthermore, the test evaluates students' understanding of ethical and social responsibility issues in management. This includes the ability to identify and analyze ethical dilemmas, as well as the ability to make ethical decisions in a professional context. Students are expected to demonstrate their awareness of the impact of management decisions on society and the environment, as well as their commitment to ethical behavior in their future careers.Overall, the English management 4 exam unit test 1-8 is designed to assess students' readiness for careers in management and their ability to apply management conceptsin an English-speaking professional environment. Itrequires students to demonstrate a high level ofproficiency in English, as well as a deep understanding of management principles and their practical application. It also emphasizes the importance of effective communication, critical thinking, and ethical decision-making in the field of management.。
《管理信息系统》教学大纲 英文
《管理信息系统》教学大纲课程编号：MIS465课程类型：学科基础课总课时：72 讲课学时：72学分：4学分适用对象：信息管理专业先修课程：MIS241, MIS351,MIS3631.Course Learning OutcomesBy the end of this course, you should be able to:1. Demonstrate an understanding of the issues in systems use ofan Information system (e.g. SAP) to support businessoperations and decision-making.2.Understand the scope of common Enterprise Systems modules (e.g.,SCM, CRM, HRM, procurement).3.Discuss the challenges associated with implementing enterprisesystems and their impacts on organizations4.Develop models for selected business process in enterprisesystems.municate and assess an organization’s readiness forenterprise system implementation with a professional approachin written form, and Describe the selection, acquisition andimplementation of enterprise systems2.Mapping between the course learning and program learningoutcomes5. Teaching hours allocation：（72 Hours）4.Teaching Contents and relationshipto the graduation requirementsThe aims of this course are to gain understanding of variousEnterprise Systems modules and how they are able to be applied ina business context. The course will present the evolution,components and architecture of Enterprise Systems and help you to understand the benefits and drawbacks of implementing such systems and how they can assist organizations to improve their overall efficiency. This course will also help you to refine yourcommunication skills and group work skills, and assist you in the development of your research skills.5.Assessment Methods:6. Course resourcesThe required textbooks for this course are:Management Information Systems (ISBN:978-0-273-78997-0) Kennth udon, Jane uden。
2024哈工大博士英语考核大纲
2024哈工大博士英语考核大纲English Answer:Text: This text discusses the potential of advances in artificial intelligence (AI) to transform a wide range of fields, including healthcare, education, business, and transportation. It argues that AI could lead to significant breakthroughs in disease diagnosis, personalized learning, automation of tasks, and safer and more efficient travel. However, the text also acknowledges the ethical and social challenges that need to be considered as AI becomes more advanced.Questions:1. In what ways could artificial intelligencecontribute to the field of medicine?2. How might AI transform the educational experience?3. What are some of the potential benefits of AI for businesses?4. How could AI improve transportation systems?5. What ethical and social issues need to be addressed as AI advances?6. How can we ensure that AI is used for the benefit of society and not to the detriment?Answers:1. Artificial intelligence has the potential to revolutionize healthcare by automating routine tasks, enabling more precise disease diagnosis, facilitating personalized treatment plans, and expediting drug discovery.2. AI can personalize the learning experience, provide real-time feedback to students, and identify areas where additional support is needed. It can also make education more accessible to people who may not have traditionalaccess to schools or universities.3. AI can help businesses streamline operations, increase efficiency, and create new products and services.It can also assist with customer service, marketing, and supply chain management.4. AI can be used to develop safer and more efficient transportation systems. It can be applied to traffic management, vehicle safety, and route optimization. It can also contribute to the development of self-driving cars and other autonomous vehicles.5. Ethical and social issues that need to be addressed as AI advances include data privacy, algorithmic fairness, and the potential for job displacement.6. To ensure that AI is used for the benefit of society, it is essential to establish ethical guidelines, promote transparency, and invest in research on the social and economic impacts of AI.中文回答：文本，本文讨论了人工智能（AI）进步在医疗保健、教育、商业和运输等广泛领域的变革潜力。
营销专业英语精华考试版
市场营销专业英语复习资料Chapter1 Marketing Management [营销管理]1、Marketing Management Philosophies [营销管理基本原理] Define：as the analysis,planning,implementation,and control of programs designed to create,build,and maintain beneficial exchanges with target buyers for the purpose of achieving organizational objectives.2、Five alternative concepts：【五个发展过程（填空）及其中三个观念含义的翻译】1）the production concept[生产观念] It holds the philosophy that consumers will favor those products that are widely available and low in cost. 消费者喜欢那些可以随处买得到而且价格低廉的产品，企业应致力于提高生产效率和分销效率，扩大生产，降低成本以扩展市场。
2）the product concept[产品观念]consumers will favor products that offer the most quality,performance,and innovative features. 消费者喜欢高质量、多功能和具有某种特色的产品，企业应致力于生产高值产品，并不断加以改进。
3）the selling concept[销售观念]Many organizations follow the selling concept,which holds that consumers will not buy enough of the organization's products unless it undertakes a large-scale selling and promotion effort. 消费者具有购买惰性或抗衡心理，不会足量购买企业的产品，企业必须积极推销和大力促销，以刺激消费者大量购买本企业产品。
管理系统信息系统题目_带问题详解
Management Information System Review SummaryCONTENTSPART 1: Organizations, Management, and the Networked Enterprise iiirmation Systems in Global Business Today iii1. How are information systems transforming business and what is their relationship to globalization? iii2. Why are information systems so essential for running and managing a business today? iii3. What exactly is an information system? How does it work? What are its management, organization, andtechnology components? iii4. What are complementary assets? Why are complementary assets essential for ensuring that information systemsprovide genuine value for an organization? iv5. What academic disciplines are used to study information systems? How does each contribute to an understandingof information systems? What is a sociotechnical systems perspective? ivII.Global E-business and Collaboration iv1. What are business processes? How are they related to information systems? iv2. How do systems serve the different management groups in a business? iv3. How do systems that link the enterprise improve organizational performance? iv4. Why are systems for collaboration and teamwork so important and what technologies do they use? v5. What is the role of the information systems function in a business? vrmation Systems, Organizations, and Strategy v1. Which features of organizations do managers need to know about to build and use information systemssuccessfully? What is the impact of information systems on organizations? v2. How does Porter’s competitive forces model help companies develop competitive strategies using informationsystems? v3. How do the value chain and value web models help businesses identify opportunities for strategic informationsystem applications? v4. How do information systems help businesses use synergies, core competencies, and network-based strategies toachieve competitive advantage? vi5. What are the challenges posed by strategic information systems and how should they be addressed? viIV.Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems vi1. What ethical, social, and political issues are raised by information systems? vi2. What specific principles for conduct can be used to guide ethical decisions? vi3. Why do contemporary information systems technology and the Internet pose challenges to the protection ofindividual privacy and intellectual property? vi4. How have information systems affected everyday life? viPART 2: Information Technology Infrastructure viiV.IT Infrastructure and Emerging Technologies vii1. What is IT infrastructure and what are its components? vii2. What are the stages and technology drivers of IT infrastructure evolution? vii3. What are the current trends in computer hardware platforms? vii4. What are the current trends in software platforms? vii5. What are the challenges of managing IT infrastructure and management solutions? viiVI.Foundations of Business Intelligence: Databases and Information Management viii1. What are the problems of managing data resources in a traditional file environment and how are viiithey solved by a database management system? viii2. What are the major capabilities of DBMS and why is a relational DBMS so powerful? viii3. What are some important database design principles? viii4. What are the principal tools and technologies for accessing information from databases to viiiimprove business performance and decision making? viii5. Why are information policy, data administration, an d data quality assurance essential for managing the firm’s dataresources? viiiVII.Telecommunications, the Internet, and Wireless Technology ix1. What are the principal components of telecommunications networks and key networking technologies? ix2. What are the main telecommunications transmission media and types of networks? ix3. How do the Internet and Internet technology work, and how do they support communication ixand e-business? ix4. What are the principal technologies and standards for wireless networking, communication, xand Internet access? x5. Why are radio frequency identification (RFID) and wireless sensor networks valuable for business? xVIII.Securing Information Systems x1. Why are information systems vulnerable to destruction, error, and abuse? x2. What is the business value of security and control? x3. What are the components of an organizational framework for security and control? x4. What are the most important tools and technologies for safeguarding information resources? xPART 3: Key System Applications for the Digital Age xiIX.Achieving Operational Excellence and Customer Intimacy: Enterprise Applications xi1. How do enterprise systems help businesses achieve operational excellence? xi2. How do supply chain management systems coordinate planning, production, and logistics with suppliers? xi3. How do customer relationship management systems help firms achieve customer intimacy? xi4. What are the challenges posed by enterprise applications? xi5. How are enterprise applications used in platforms for new cross-functionals? xiX.E-commerce: Digital Markets, Digital Goods xii1. What are the unique features of e-commerce, digital markets, and digital goods? xii2. What are the principal e-commerce business and revenue models? xii3. How has e-commerce transformed marketing? xii4. How has e-commerce affected business-to-business transactions? xii5. What is the role of m-commerce in business, and what are the most important m-commerce applications? xii6. What issues must be addressed when building an e-commerce Web site? xiiXI.Managing Knowledge xii1. What is the role of knowledge management and knowledge management programs in business? xii2. What types of systems are used for enterprise-wide knowledge management and how do they provide value forbusinesses? xiii3. What are the major types of knowledge work systems and how do they provide value for firms? xiii4. What are the business benefits of using intelligent techniques for knowledge management? xiiiXII.Enhancing Decision Making xiii1. What are the different types of decisions and how does the decision-making process work? xiii2. How do information systems support the activities of managers and management decision making? xiii3. How do business intelligence and business analytics support decision making? xiv4. How do different decision-making constituencies in an organization use business intelligence? xiv5. What is the role of information systems in helping people working in a group make decisions more efficiently? xiv PART 4: Building and Managing Systems xivXIII.Building Information Systems xiv1. How does building new systems produce organizational change? xiv2. What are the core activities in the systems development process? xiv3. What are the principal methodologies for modeling and designing systems? xv4. What are the alternative methods for building information systems? xv5. What are new approaches for system building in the digital firm era? xvXIV.Managing Projects xv1. What are the objectives of project management and why is it so essential in developing information xvsystems? xv2. What methods can be used for selecting and evaluating information systems projects and aligning them with thefirm’s business goals? xvi3. How can firms assess the business value of information systems projects? xvi4. What are the principal risk factors in information systems projects? xvi5. What strategies are useful for managing project risk and system implementation? xviXV.Managing Global Systems xvi1. What major factors are driving the internationalization of business? xvi2. What are the alternative strategies for developing global businesses? xvi3. How can information systems support different global business strategies? xvi4. What are the challenges posed by global information systems and management solutions for these challenges? xvi5. What are the issues and technical alternatives to be considered when developing international informationsystems? xviiPART 1: Organizations, Management, and the Networked Enterprisermation Systems in Global Business Today1. How are information systems transforming business and what is their relationship to globalization?E-mail, online conferencing, and cell phones have become essential tools for conducting business. Information systems are the foundation of fast-paced supply chains. The Internet allows many businesses to buy, sell, advertise, and solicit customer feedback online. Organizations are trying to become more competitive and efficient by digitally enabling their core business processes and evolving into digital firms. The Internet has stimulated globalization by dramatically reducing the costs of producing, buying, and selling goods on a global scale. New information system trends include the emerging mobile digital platform, online software as a, and cloud computing.2. Why are information systems so essential for running and managing a business today?Information systems are a foundation for conducting business today. In many industries, survival and the ability to achieve strategic business goals are difficult without extensive use of information technology. Businesses today use information systems to achieve six major objectives: operational excellence; new products,s, and business models; customer/supplier intimacy; improved decision making; competitive advantage; and day-to-day survival.3. What exactly is an information system? How does it work? What are its management, organization, and technology components?From a technical perspective, an information system collects, stores, and disseminates information from an organization’s environment and internal operations to support organizational functions and decision making, communication, coordination, control, analysis, and visualization. Information systems transform raw data into useful information through three basic activities: input, processing, and output.From a business perspective, an information system provides a solution to a problem or challenge facing a firm and represents a combination of management, organization, and technology elements. The management dimension of information systems involves issues such as leadership, strategy, and management behavior. The technology dimension consists of computer hardware, software, data management technology, and networking/telecommunications technology (including the Internet). The organizationdimension of information systems involves issues such as the organization’s hierarchy, functional specialties, business processes, culture, and political interest groups.4. What are complementary assets? Why are complementary assets essential for ensuring that information systems provide genuine value for an organization?In order to obtain meaningful value from information systems, organizations must support their technology investments with appropriate complementary investments in organizations and management. These complementary assets include new business models and business processes, supportive organizational culture and management behavior, appropriate technology standards, regulations, and laws. New information technology investments are unlikely to produce high returns unless businesses make the appropriate managerial and organizational changes to support the technology.5. What academic disciplines are used to study information systems? How does each contribute to an understanding of information systems? What is a sociotechnical systems perspective?The study of information systems deals with issues and insights contributed from technical and behavioral disciplines. The disciplines that contribute to the technical approach focusing on formal models and capabilities of systems are computer science, management science, and operations research. The disciplines contributing to the behavioral approach focusing on the design, implementation, management, and business impact of systems are psychology, sociology, and economics.A sociotechnical view of systems considers both technical and social features of systems and solutions that represent the best fit between them.II.Gl obal E-business and Collaboration1. What are business processes? How are they related to information systems?A business process is a logically related set of activities that defines how specific business tasks are performed, and it represents a unique way in which an organization coordinates work, information, and knowledge. Managers need to pay attention to business processes because they determine how well the organization can execute its business, and they may be a source of strategic advantage. There are business processes specific to each of the major business functions, but many business processes are cross-functional. Information systems automate parts of business processes, and they can help organizations redesign and streamline these processes.2. How do systems serve the different management groups in a business?Systems serving operational management are transaction processing systems (TPS), such as payroll or order processing, that track the flow of the daily routine transactions necessary to conduct business. Management information systems (MIS) produce reports serving middle management by condensing information from TPS, and these are not highly analytical. Decision-support systems (DSS) support management decisions that are unique and rapidly changing using advanced analytical models. All of these types of systems provide business intelligence that helps managers and enterprise employees make more informed decisions. These systems for business intelligence serve multiple levels of management, and include executive support systems (ESS) for senior management that provide data in the form of graphs, charts, and dashboards delivered via portals using many sources of internal and external information.3. How do systems that link the enterprise improve organizational performance?Enterprise applications are designed to coordinate multiple functions and business processes.Enterprise systems integrate the key internal business processes of a firm into a single software system to improve coordination and decision making. Supply chain management systems help the firm manage its relationship with suppliers to optimize the planning, sourcing, manufacturing, and delivery of products ands. Customer relationship management (CRM) systems coordinate the bu siness processes surrounding the firm’s customers. Knowledge management systems enable firms to optimize the creation, sharing, and distribution of knowledge. Intranets and extranets are private corporate networks based on Internet technology that assemble information from disparate systems. Extranets make portions of private corporate intranets available to outsiders.4. Why are systems for collaboration and teamwork so important and what technologies do they use?Collaboration is working with others to achieve shared and explicit goals. Collaboration and teamwork have become increasingly important in business because of globalization, the decentralization of decision making, and growth in jobs where interaction is the primary value-adding activity. Collaboration is believed to enhance innovation, productivity, quality, and customer. Effective collaboration today requires a supportive organizational culture as well as information systems and tools for collaborative work. Collaboration tools include and instant messaging, wikis, videoconferencing systems, virtual worlds, social networking systems, cell phones, and Internet collaboration platforms such as Google Apps/Sites, Microsoft SharePoint, and Lotus Notes.5. What is the role of the information systems function in a business?The information systems department is the formal organizational unit responsible for information technologys. It is responsible for maintaining the hardware, software, data storage, and networks that comprise the firm’s IT infrastruc ture. The department consists of specialists, such as programmers, systems analysts, project leaders, and information systems managers, and is often headed by a CIO.rmation Systems, Organizations, and Strategy1. Which features of organizations do managers need to know about to build and use information systems successfully? What is the impact of information systems on organizations?All modern organizations are hierarchical, specialized, and impartial, using explicit routines to maximize efficiency. All organizations have their own cultures and politics arising from differences in interest groups, and they are affected by their surrounding environment. Organizations differ in goals, groups served, social roles, leadership styles, incentives, types of tasks performed, and type of structure. These features help explain differences in organizations’ use of information systems.Information systems and the organizations in which they are used interact with and influence each other. The introduction of a new information system will affect organizational structure, goals, work design, values, competition between interest groups, decision making, and day-to-day behavior. At the same time, information systems must be designed to serve the needs of important organizational groups and will be shaped by the organization’s structure, business processes, goals, culture, politics, and management. Information technology can reduce transaction and agency costs, and such changes have been accentuated in organizations using the Internet. New systems disrupt established patterns of work and power relationships, so there is often considerable resistance to them when they are introduced.2. How does Porter’s competitive forces model help companies develop competitive strategies using information systems?In Porter’s competitive forces model, the strategic position of the firm, and its strategies, are determined by competition with its traditional direct competitors, but they are also greatly affected by new market entrants, substitute products ands, suppliers, and customers. Information systems help companies compete by maintaining low costs, differentiating products ors, focusing on market niche, strengthening ties with customers and suppliers, and increasing barriers to market entry with high levels of operational excellence.3. How do the value chain and value web models help businesses identify opportunities for strategic information system applications?The value chain model highlights specific activities in the business where competitive strategies and information systems will have the greatest impact. The model views the firm as a series of primary and support activities that add value to a firm’s products ors. Primary activities are directly related to production and distribution, whereas support activities make the delivery of primary activities possible. A firm’s value chain can be linked to the value chains of its suppliers, distributors, and customers. A value web consists of information systems that enhance competitiveness at the industry level by promoting the use of standards and industry-wide consortia, and by enabling businesses to work more efficiently with their value partners.4. How do information systems help businesses use synergies, core competencies, and network-based strategies to achieve competitive advantage?Because firms consist of multiple business units, information systems achieve additional efficiencies or enhances by tying together the operations of disparate business units. Information systems help businesses leverage their core competencies by promoting the sharing of knowledge across business units. Information systems facilitate business models based on large networks of users or subscribers that take advantage of network economics. A virtual company strategy uses networks to link to other firms so that a company can use the capabilities of other companies to build, market, and distribute products ands. In business ecosystems, multiple industries work together to deliver value to the customer. Information systems support a dense network of interactions among the participating firms.5. What are the challenges posed by strategic information systems and how should they be addressed?Implementing strategic systems often requires extensive organizational change and a transition from one sociotechnical level to another. Such changes are called strategic transitions and are often difficult and painful to achieve. Moreover, not all strategic systems are profitable, and they can be expensive to build. Many strategic information systems are easily copied by other firms so that strategic advantage is not always sustainable.IV.Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems1. What ethical, social, and political issues are raised by information systems?Information technology is introducing changes for which laws and rules of acceptable conduct have not yet been developed. Increasing computing power, storage, and networking capabilities—including the Internet—expand the reach of individual and organizational actions and magnify their impacts. The ease and anonymity with which information is now communicated, copied, and manipulated in online environments pose new challenges to the protection of privacy and intellectual property. The main ethical, social, and political issues raised by information systems center around information rights and obligations, property rights and obligations, accountability and control, system quality, and quality of life.2. What specific principles for conduct can be used to guide ethical decisions?Six ethical principles for judging conduct include the Golden Rule, Immanuel Kant’s Categorical Imperative, Descartes’ rule of change, the Utilitarian Principle, the Risk Aversion Principle, and the ethical “no free lunch” rule. These principl es should be used in conjunction with an ethical analysis.3. Why do contemporary information systems technology and the Internet pose challenges to the protection of individual privacy and intellectual property?Contemporary data storage and data analysis technology enables companies to easily gather personal data about individuals from many different sources and analyze these data to create detailed electronic profiles about individuals and their behaviors. Data flowing over the Internet can be monitored at many points. Cookies and other Web monitoring tools closely track the activities of Web site visitors. Not all Web sites have strong privacy protection policies, and they do not always allow for informed consent regarding the use of personal information. Traditional copyright laws are insufficient to protect against software piracy because digital material can be copied so easily and transmitted to many different locations simultaneously over the Internet.4. How have information systems affected everyday life?Although computer systems have been sources of efficiency and wealth, they have some negative impacts. Computer errors can cause serious harm to individuals and organizations. Poor data quality is also responsible for disruptions and losses for businesses. Jobs can be lost when computers replace workers or tasks become unnecessary in reengineered business processes. The ability to own and use a computer may be exacerbating socioeconomic disparities among different racial groups and social classes. Widespread use of computers increases opportunities for computer crime and computer abuse. Computers can also create health problems, such as RSI, computer vision syndrome, and technostress.PART 2: Information Technology InfrastructureV.IT Infrastructure and Emerging Technologies1. What is IT infrastructure and what are its components?IT infrastructure is the shared technology resources that provide the platform for the firm’s specific information system applications. IT infrastructure includes hardware, software, ands that are shared across the entire firm. Major IT infrastructure components include computer hardware platforms, operating system platforms, enterprise software platforms, networking and telecommunications platforms, database management software, Internet platforms, and consultings and systems integrators.2. What are the stages and technology drivers of IT infrastructure evolution?The five stages of IT infrastructure evolution are: the mainframe era, the personal computer era, the client/server era, the enterprise computing era, and the cloud and mobile computing era. Moore’s Law deals with the exponential increase in processing power and decline in the cost of computer technology, stating that every 18 months the power of microprocessors doubles and the price of computing falls in half. The Law of Mass Digital Storage deals with the exponential decrease in the cost of storing data, stating that the number of kilobytes of data that can be stored on magnetic media for $1 roughly doubles every 15 months. Metcalfe’s Law helps shows that a network’s value to participants grows exponentially as the network takes on more members. Also driving exploding computer use is the rapid decline in costs of communication and growing agreement in the technology industry to use computing and communications standards.3. What are the current trends in computer hardware platforms?Increasingly, computing is taking place on a mobile digital platform. Grid computing involves connecting geographically remote computers into a single network to create a computational grid that combines the computing power of all the computers on the network. Virtualization organizes computing resources so that their use is not restricted by physical configuration or geographic location. In cloud computing, firms and individuals obtain computing power and software ass over a network, including the Internet, rather than purchasing and installing the hardware and software on their own computers. A multicore processor is a microprocessor to which two or more processing cores have been attached for enhanced performance. Green computing includes practices and technologies for producing, using, and disposing of information technology hardware to minimize negative impact on the environment. In autonomic computing, computer systems have capabilities for automatically configuring and repairing themselves. Power-saving processors dramatically reduce power consumption in mobile digital devices.4. What are the current trends in software platforms?Open source software is produced and maintained by a global community of programmers and is often downloadable for free. Linux is a powerful, resilient open source operating system that can run on multiple hardware platforms and is used widely to run Web servers. Java is an operating-system– and hardware-independent programming language that is the leading interactive programming environment for the Web. Webs are loosely coupled software components based on open Web standards that work with any application software and operating system. They can be used as components of Web-based applications linking the systems of two different organizations or to link disparate systems of a single company. Companies are purchasing their new software applications from outside sources, including software packages, by outsourcing custom application development to an external vendor (that may be offshore), or by renting online softwares (SaaS). Mashups combine two different softwares to create new software applications ands. Apps are small pieces of software that run on the Internet, on a computer, or on a mobile phone and are generally delivered over the Internet.5. What are the challenges of managing IT infrastructure and management solutions?Major challenges include dealing with platform and infrastructure change, infrastructure management and governance, and making wise infrastructure investments. Solution guidelines include using a competitive forces model to determine how much to spend on IT infrastructure and where to make strategic infrastructure investments, and establishing the total cost of ownership (TCO) of information technology assets. The total cost of owning technology resources includes not only the original cost of computer hardware and software but also costs for hardware and software upgrades, maintenance, technical support, and training.。
Legal, Ethical, and Professional Issues In Information Security法律,道德,和信息安全专业的问题
• Proper ethical training vital to creating informed, well prepared, and low-risk system user
Deterrence to Unethical and Illegal Behavior
• Deterrence: best method for preventing an illegal or unethical activity; e.g., laws, policies, technical controls • Laws and policies only deter if three conditions are present:
Legal, Ethical, and Professional Issues In Information Security
Objectives
• Differentiate between laws and ethics
• Identify major national laws that relate to the practice of information security • Understand the role of culture as it applies to ethics in information security
讨论对人工智能的看法英语口语作文100词
讨论对人工智能的看法英语口语作文100词全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Artificial intelligence (AI) has been a hot topic in recent years, with its development and applications rapidly expanding into various fields. Some people view AI as a revolutionary technology that can greatly benefit society, while others have concerns about its potential negative impacts.On one hand, AI has the potential to revolutionize industries such as healthcare, transportation, finance, and many others. It can automate repetitive tasks, improve efficiency, and enhance decision-making processes. For example, AI-powered systems can analyze vast amounts of medical data to help doctors diagnose diseases more accurately and develop personalized treatment plans for patients. In addition, AI technology has the potential to increase productivity and create new job opportunities in various sectors.On the other hand, there are concerns about the potential negative impacts of AI. One of the main concerns is the displacement of jobs due to automation. As AI technologiesbecome more advanced, they may replace human workers in various industries, leading to unemployment and income inequality. In addition, there are ethical concerns about the use of AI in areas such as surveillance, facial recognition, and autonomous weapons, which raise questions about privacy, security, and human rights.In conclusion, the development of AI has the potential to bring significant benefits to society, but it also raises important ethical and social issues that need to be carefully addressed. It is essential for policymakers, researchers, and industry leaders to work together to ensure that AI technologies are developed and used in a responsible and ethical manner. By promoting transparency, accountability, and inclusivity in the development and deployment of AI, we can harness the full potential of this technology while minimizing its negative impacts on society.篇2Artificial intelligence has become a hot topic in recent years, with advancements in technology paving the way for new possibilities. Some people view AI as a revolutionary tool that can improve efficiency, enhance productivity, and even save lives. Others, however, express concerns about the potential dangers and ethical implications of AI.Proponents of AI argue that the technology has the potential to revolutionize various industries, from healthcare to transportation. AI-powered systems can analyze vast amounts of data at speeds far beyond human capability, allowing for quicker and more accurate decision-making. In healthcare, AI can help diagnose diseases, predict outcomes, and even assist in surgery. In transportation, self-driving cars can potentially reduce accidents and congestion on the roads.On the other hand, critics of AI raise concerns about job displacement, privacy invasion, and ethical dilemmas. As AI systems become more advanced, there is a fear that they will replace human workers in various industries, leading to widespread unemployment. Moreover, AI-powered algorithms can intrude on personal privacy by collecting and analyzing user data without consent. The use of AI in autonomous weapons is another ethical concern, as it raises questions about accountability and the potential for misuse.In conclusion, the debate on artificial intelligence is complex and multifaceted. While AI has the potential to bring about significant advancements in various fields, it also poses challenges that must be addressed. It is essential for policymakers, researchers, and society as a whole to engage inthoughtful discussions and debates about the implications of AI and how it should be regulated to ensure that it benefits humanity as a whole.篇3Artificial intelligence, also known as AI, has become an increasingly popular topic of discussion in recent years. Some people believe that AI has the potential to revolutionize the way we live and work, while others are concerned about the ethical implications of creating machines that can think and learn like humans.One of the main arguments in favor of AI is its potential to make our lives easier and more efficient. AI has already been integrated into many aspects of our daily lives, from smartphones that can recognize our voices to self-driving cars that can navigate traffic on their own. In the workplace, AI can automate repetitive tasks, freeing up human workers to focus on more creative and complex problems.However, there are also valid concerns about the impact of AI on society. Some experts worry that AI could lead to widespread job losses, as machines are able to perform tasks more quickly and accurately than humans. There are also ethicalconcerns about the use of AI in areas such as healthcare, where decisions made by machines could have life-or-death consequences.Despite these concerns, many people believe that the benefits of AI outweigh the risks. By harnessing the power of artificial intelligence, we have the opportunity to solve some of the world's most pressing problems, from climate change to global poverty. With careful planning and regulation, AI has the potential to improve the quality of life for people around the world.In conclusion, the debate about artificial intelligence is far from over. While there are valid concerns about the ethical implications of creating machines that can think and learn like humans, AI also has the potential to revolutionize the way we live and work. As we continue to develop and deploy AI technologies, it is essential that we consider the potential risks and benefits of this powerful technology. Only by working together can we ensure that artificial intelligence is used responsibly and ethically for the benefit of all.。
自动驾驶的伦理和社会问题英语作文
自动驾驶的伦理和社会问题英语作文Ethical and Social Implications of Autonomous DrivingThe advent of autonomous driving technology has revolutionized the transportation industry, promising a future where cars can navigate without human intervention. This technological advancement has sparked a multitude of discussions surrounding the ethical and social implications of this transformative innovation. As we move closer to a world where self-driving vehicles become a reality, it is crucial to examine the complex issues that arise and consider the impact on individuals, communities, and society as a whole.One of the primary ethical concerns surrounding autonomous driving is the issue of liability and accountability. When a traditional, human-operated vehicle is involved in an accident, the responsibility can be clearly assigned to the driver. However, in the case of autonomous vehicles, the question of who is responsible becomes more complex. Is it the manufacturer of the vehicle, the software developer, the vehicle owner, or the passenger? This ambiguity raises concerns about the potential for legal battles and the need for clear policies and regulations to address liability in the event of an accident.Furthermore, the ethical dilemma of the "trolley problem" becomes particularly relevant in the context of autonomous driving. The trolley problem is a thought experiment that presents a scenario where a runaway trolley is headed towards a group of people, and the only way to save them is to divert the trolley onto a track where it will kill one person instead. In the case of autonomous vehicles, this scenario becomes more complex as the car's onboard systems may need to make split-second decisions that could result in the loss of life. Should the vehicle prioritize the safety of the passengers over pedestrians or vice versa? How should the vehicle's decision-making algorithm be programmed to address such ethical conundrums?Another significant concern is the potential impact of autonomous driving on employment. The transportation industry, particularly the taxi, ride-sharing, and trucking sectors, employs millions of people worldwide. The widespread adoption of autonomous vehicles could lead to the displacement of these workers, raising concerns about job loss and the need for retraining and reskilling programs to help those affected transition to new careers.Additionally, the implementation of autonomous driving technology raises questions about privacy and data security. Self-driving cars are equipped with a vast array of sensors and cameras that collect vast amounts of data about the vehicle's surroundings, the driver'sbehavior, and the passengers' movements. This data could be vulnerable to hacking or misuse, potentially compromising the privacy and security of individuals. Robust data protection policies and cybersecurity measures will be crucial to address these concerns.Furthermore, the deployment of autonomous vehicles may have significant implications for urban planning and infrastructure development. As the transportation landscape evolves, cities will need to adapt their infrastructure to accommodate self-driving cars, including the integration of dedicated lanes, traffic signals, and charging stations. This shift could also impact the design of public spaces, the allocation of parking spaces, and the overall flow of traffic within urban environments.Another important consideration is the potential impact of autonomous driving on social equity and accessibility. While self-driving technology has the potential to provide mobility options for individuals who may have difficulty driving, such as the elderly or those with disabilities, it also raises concerns about the accessibility and affordability of these vehicles, especially for marginalized communities. Ensuring that the benefits of autonomous driving are equitably distributed across all segments of society will be a crucial challenge.Finally, the widespread adoption of autonomous vehicles may havebroader societal implications, such as the impact on public transportation systems, the reduction of traffic congestion, and the environmental consequences of transportation. As self-driving cars become more prevalent, it will be essential to carefully consider these broader societal impacts and develop policies and strategies to address them.In conclusion, the emergence of autonomous driving technology presents a complex array of ethical and social challenges that must be carefully navigated. From issues of liability and accountability to the impact on employment and social equity, the successful integration of self-driving vehicles into our transportation system will require a comprehensive and collaborative approach involving policymakers, industry leaders, and the public. By addressing these concerns proactively, we can work towards a future where the benefits of autonomous driving are realized while mitigating the potential risks and ensuring a more equitable and sustainable transportation landscape.。
转基因食品的利与弊英语作文
转基因食品的利与弊英语作文Genetically modified (GM) foods have been a topic of intense debate for decades. As an English composition on this subject, let's delve into the advantages and disadvantages of GM foods without repeating the title or providing unrelated content.Pros of Genetically Modified Foods:1. Increased Crop Yield: GM crops are often engineered toresist pests, which can lead to a significant increase incrop yields. This can help address food scarcity in regions where traditional crops struggle to thrive.2. Pest Resistance: By incorporating genes from other organisms, GM crops can become resistant to common pests, reducing the need for chemical pesticides. This can have a positive impact on the environment and human health.3. Herbicide Tolerance: Some GM crops are designed towithstand certain herbicides, allowing farmers to control weeds without harming their crops. This can simplify weed management and reduce the labor involved in traditional weeding practices.4. Nutritional Enhancement: Genetic modification can be usedto enhance the nutritional value of crops. For example, the development of "Golden Rice" which is enriched with vitamin A to combat vitamin A deficiency in developing countries.5. Climate Change Resilience: GM technology can potentially be used to create crops that are more resistant to extreme weather conditions, helping to secure food supplies in the face of climate change.Cons of Genetically Modified Foods:1. Environmental Concerns: There are fears that GM crops could crossbreed with wild plants, leading to the spread of modified genes through the ecosystem with unknown consequences.2. Health Risks: Some critics argue that GM foods could pose health risks, although scientific consensus has not found evidence to support this claim. However, the long-termeffects of consuming GM foods are still not fully understood.3. Dependence on Seed Companies: Farmers who use GM seeds often must purchase new seeds each growing season, as many are engineered not to reproduce. This can lead to a reliance on seed companies and reduce the diversity of crops.4. Economic Impact: The high cost of GM seeds can be abarrier for small farmers, potentially leading to a loss of biodiversity as traditional crops are replaced by GM varieties.5. Ethical and Social Issues: There are ethical concerns about the manipulation of nature at the genetic level and the potential for misuse of technology. Additionally, there areconcerns about the socio-economic impacts on farming communities.In conclusion, while GM foods offer potential benefits suchas increased yields and improved nutritional content, theyalso come with significant concerns regarding environmental impact, health, and socio-economic effects. As the technology continues to evolve, it is crucial for the scientific community, policymakers, and the public to engage in a balanced and informed discussion about the future of GM foods.。
有关器官移植病例的英语作文
有关器官移植病例的英语作文Organ transplantation is a medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and transplanted into another body, which has either a damaged or a non-functioning organ. The transplantation of organs has become a lifesaving procedure for many people suffering from end-stage organ failure. However, the process of organ transplantation is not always straightforward, and there are several ethical, legal, and social issues associated with it. In this essay, I will discuss some of the most prominent cases of organ transplantation and the issuesthat arise from them.One of the most famous organ transplantation cases is that of Dr. Christiaan Barnard, who performed the first successful human heart transplant in 1967. The patient, Louis Washkansky, was a 54-year-old man suffering from heart failure. Dr. Barnard transplanted a heart from a 25-year-old woman who had died in a car accident. Although Washkansky initially showed improvement, he died 18 days later due to pneumonia. This case raised several ethical and legal issues, including the question of whether it wasethical to transplant organs from a deceased person without their consent and whether it was legal to perform such a procedure without the patient's informed consent.Another prominent case is that of Baby Fae, who received a heart transplant in 1984 when she was only 12 days old. Baby Fae was born with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, a condition in which the left side of the heart is underdeveloped. Dr. Leonard Bailey transplanted a heart from a baboon into Baby Fae in an attempt to save her life. Although Baby Fae initially showed improvement, she died 21 days later due to complications from the procedure. This case raised several ethical and legal issues, including the question of whether it was ethical to transplant organs from animals into humans and whether it was legal to perform such a procedure on a newborn without the parent's informed consent.Another case that brought attention to the issue of organ transplantation is that of Héctor Rodríguez, a Mexican immigrant who received a liver transplant in the United States in 1988. Rodríguez was initially denied a transplant by the University of Pittsburgh Medical Centerbecause he was an undocumented immigrant. However, after public outcry and legal action, Rodríguez received a transplant from a deceased donor. This case raised several ethical and social issues, including the question of whether it was ethical to deny a lifesaving procedure to someone based on their immigration status and whether it was ethical to prioritize wealthy patients over poor patients who may not have access to the same medical resources.One of the most recent cases of organ transplantation is that of Jahi McMath, a 13-year-old girl who suffered cardiac arrest after a tonsillectomy in 2013. McMath was declared brain dead by the hospital, but her family refused to accept this diagnosis and fought to keep her on life support. The family eventually moved McMath to a hospital in New Jersey, where she received a tracheostomy and a gastrostomy tube, and was declared alive. This case raised several ethical and legal issues, including the question of whether it was ethical to keep a brain-dead person on life support and whether it was legal to move a brain-dead patient across state lines.In conclusion, organ transplantation is a complex medical procedure that raises several ethical, legal, and social issues. The cases discussed above highlight the challenges associated with organ transplantation and the need for ethical guidelines and legal regulations to ensure that the procedure is performed in a fair and just manner. While organ transplantation has the potential to save many lives, it is important to consider the ethical and social implications of the procedure and to ensure that it is performed in a way that upholds the principles of justice and respect for human dignity.。
英语第五单元范文
英语第五单元范文Unit 5: Technology and societyTechnology plays a crucial role in shaping modern society. It has contributed to the development of many aspects of our lives, including communication, education, work, and entertainment. In this unit, we will explore the impact of technology on society, as well as the ethical and socialissues that accompany its advancement.One of the most significant influences of technology on society is in the realm of communication. With theproliferation of the internet and social media, people cannow connect and interact with each other on a global scale. This has revolutionized the way we share information, conduct business, and build relationships. However, this unprecedented level of connectivity also raises concernsabout privacy, cyberbullying, and the spread of misinformation.In the field of education, technology has transformed the way we learn and teach. Online courses and digital learning platforms have made education more accessible and flexible. Additionally, educational technology has enhanced personalized learning, allowing students to learn at their own pace and style. However, the digital divide remains a challenge, as not everyone has equal access to these educational resources.Technology has also redefined the nature of work and the economy. Automation and artificial intelligence have led to the creation of new industries and the transformation of traditional job roles. While technology has increased productivity and efficiency in many sectors, it has also resulted in job displacement and income inequality. The gig economy, enabled by technology, has created new opportunitiesfor freelancers and independent contractors, but it has also raised questions about job security and worker rights.Furthermore, technology has had a profound impact on entertainment and media. Streaming services and digital content platforms have changed the way we consume media, leading to a shift in the entertainment industry's business model. Social media influencers and online content creators have also emerged as influential figures in shaping popular culture. However, this digital landscape has brought about challenges such as online and digital addiction, as well as the spread of fake news and online harassment.In addition to these developments, the integration of technology into society raises ethical and social questions that require careful consideration. Issues such as data privacy, surveillance, and the ethical use of emerging technologies like biotechnology and artificial intelligence are becoming increasingly pertinent. Furthermore, the digitaldivide continues to exacerbate social inequalities, as those without access to technology are left behind in an increasingly digital world.In conclusion, technology has had a profound impact on modern society, affecting communication, education, work, and entertainment. While it has brought about many benefits, it also poses ethical and social challenges that need to be addressed. As technology continues to advance, it isessential for society to critically evaluate its impact and ensure that it serves the collective good.。
怎样看待科技发展英语作文
怎样看待科技发展英语作文Technology development is a topic that sparks widespread debate and interest across the globe. In this essay, I will discuss various perspectives on technology development and its impacts.Firstly, technology development is often viewed as a positive force driving progress and innovation. Advancements in fields like information technology, biotechnology, and renewable energy have revolutionized the way we live, work, and communicate. For example, the internet has facilitated instant global communication and access to vast amounts of information, while breakthroughs in medical technology have extended human lifespans and improved quality of life.Moreover, technology development has the potential to address pressing global challenges, such as climate change, food security, and healthcare access. Innovations like clean energy technologies, precision agriculture, andtelemedicine offer promising solutions to these complex issues. For instance, renewable energy sources such assolar and wind power can reduce carbon emissions andmitigate the impacts of climate change, while telemedicine enables remote communities to access healthcare services more conveniently.However, technology development also raises concernsand challenges that need to be addressed. One major concern is the widening gap between those who have access to technology and those who do not, often referred to as the "digital divide." This gap exacerbates existing inequalities, as those without access to technology areleft behind in terms of education, employment opportunities, and social participation. Bridging this divide requires concerted efforts to ensure equitable access to technology and digital literacy skills for all.Another concern is the potential negative impact of technology on employment. While technological advancements have created new job opportunities, they have also led to the automation of many tasks, resulting in job displacementfor certain sectors of the workforce. This phenomenon raises questions about the future of work and the need for policies to support displaced workers through retraining programs and social safety nets.Furthermore, technology development raises ethical and social issues, particularly in areas such as artificial intelligence (AI), biotechnology, and privacy. The rapid advancement of AI raises concerns about job displacement, algorithmic bias, and the potential for autonomous weapons. Biotechnological innovations like gene editing raiseethical questions about the manipulation of human DNA and the implications for future generations. Additionally, the collection and use of personal data by technology companies raise concerns about privacy and data security.In conclusion, technology development is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon with both positive and negative implications. While it has the potential to drive progress and address global challenges, it also poses challenges related to inequality, employment, and ethics. To maximize the benefits of technology development and mitigate itsrisks, it is essential for policymakers, businesses, and society as a whole to adopt a responsible and inclusive approach to innovation. This includes promoting equitable access to technology, addressing the impact on employment, and ensuring that technological advancements are guided by ethical principles and respect for human rights.。
信息时代面临的严重问题英语作文
信息时代面临的严重问题英语作文英文回答：The information age has brought about unprecedented advancements in communication, technology, and access to knowledge. However, alongside these benefits, it has also posed several serious challenges that require careful consideration and mitigation.1. Information Overload:The internet and social media platforms have flooded us with a vast amount of information, making it difficult to filter and discern what is reliable and relevant. This information overload can lead to cognitive overload, anxiety, and difficulties in making informed decisions.2. Privacy Concerns:With the rise of big data analytics and social mediatracking, there are growing concerns about the privacy and security of personal information. Companies and governments can collect and use our data without our consent, leading to potential surveillance, discrimination, and identity theft.3. Spread of Misinformation and Propaganda:The ease of spreading information online has also created a challenge in combating misinformation and propaganda. False and misleading information can spread quickly through social media and other platforms, influencing public opinion and potentially undermining democratic processes.4. Digital Divide:The information age has also exacerbated the digital divide, creating a gap between those with access to technology and those without. This can lead to social inequality, educational disparities, and limited opportunities for economic advancement.5. Addiction and Mental Health:Excessive use of digital devices and social media can lead to addiction and negative mental health impacts. Constant notifications, fear of missing out, and cyberbullying can contribute to anxiety, depression, and decreased attention spans.6. Ethical and Legal Challenges:The rapid pace of technological advancements in the information age is outpacing existing ethical and legal frameworks. Issues such as data ownership, intellectual property rights, and online harassment require careful consideration and regulation to ensure a fair and equitable digital society.中文回答：信息时代面临的严重问题。
人工智能初中英语作文
人工智能初中英语作文The Development of Artificial Intelligence。
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been a hot topic in recent years. With the rapid development of technology, AI has made great progress and has been applied in many fields. As a middle school student, I am also very interested in AI and its impact on our lives.First of all, AI has greatly improved our daily lives. For example, AI technology has been widely used in smart home devices, such as smart speakers and smart appliances. With the help of AI, we can control our home devices with voice commands and make our lives more convenient. In addition, AI has also been applied in the medical field, helping doctors to diagnose diseases more accurately and develop better treatment plans. This has greatly improved the quality of medical care and saved many lives.Furthermore, AI has also brought about changes in theway we work. Many repetitive and tedious tasks can now be automated with the help of AI, allowing workers to focus on more creative and complex tasks. This has increased efficiency and productivity in many industries. However, some people worry that AI will replace human workers and lead to unemployment. It is important for us to find a balance between the benefits of AI and the impact on employment.In addition to its practical applications, AI has also raised ethical and social issues. For example, as AI becomes more advanced, there are concerns about privacy and data security. The collection and use of personal data by AI systems have raised concerns about the protection of individual rights. Moreover, there are also concerns about the potential misuse of AI, such as the development of autonomous weapons. It is important for us to consider the ethical implications of AI and develop regulations to ensure its safe and responsible use.In conclusion, AI has brought about significant changes in our lives and will continue to have a profound impact onour future. It is important for us to embrace the opportunities that AI brings, while also addressing the challenges and ethical issues it presents. As a middle school student, I am excited to see how AI will continue to develop and how it will shape our world in the years to come.。
(肯尼斯 劳顿)第4章-信息系统中的道德和社会问题
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© 2010 by Prentice Hall
管理信息系统 第4章 信息系统中的伦理和社会问题 信息社会的伦理
• 候选人的伦理原则（续） • 功利原则 • 采取行动获得较高价值 • • 风险规避原则 • 采取行动，产生最少的损害或最少的潜在成本 伦理“没有免费的午餐”的规则 • 假设，几乎所有的有形和无形的对象被某人所持有，否 则除非有特别声明
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© 2010 by Prentice Hall
管理信息系统 第4章 信息系统中的伦理和社会问题 信息社会的伦理
• 伦理分析：5个步骤 1. 确定并清楚地描述事实 2. 定义冲突或矛盾，并确定较高的价值 3. 确定利益相关者 4. 确定您可以合理地采取选项 5. 确定您的选择可能产生后果
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© 2010 by Prentice Hall
管理信息系统 第4章 信息系统中的伦理和社会问题 理解与系统相关的伦理和社会问题
信息社会中，伦理、社会和政治文的相互关系
信息的权利和义务 财产权利和义务
Hale Waihona Puke 政治问题新信息技术的引入有涟 漪效应，提出新的伦理、 社会、政治问题，必须 在个人、社会和政治层 面上处理问题。这些问 题有五个方面的道德： 信息的权利和义务，财 产权利和义务，系统质 量，生活质量，问责制 和控制。
法律是众所周知和很好理解的是吸引更高权威机构的一种能力信息社会的伦理管理信息系统信息系统中的伦理和社会问题414prenticehall确定您的选择可能产生后果管理信息系统信息系统中的伦理和社会问题信息社会的伦理415prenticehall如果一个动作不能被重复采用它根本不适合采用管理信息系统信息系统中的伦理和社会问题信息社会的伦理416prenticehall假设几乎所有的有形和无形的对象被某人所持有否则除非有特别声明管理信息系统信息系统中的伦理和社会问题信息社会的伦理417prenticehall使用因特网的工人权利来缩短个人任务管理信息系统信息系统中的伦理和社会问题信息社会的伦理418prenticehall个人债权独处免受其他个人组织或国家的干预或监视
The Ethics of Social Media and Online Privacy
The Ethics of Social Media and OnlinePrivacyThe ethics of social media and online privacy is a complex and contentious issue that has garnered significant attention in recent years. With theproliferation of social media platforms and the increasing amount of personal information shared online, questions about the ethical implications of social media use and the protection of online privacy have become more pressing than ever. In this response, I will explore the various perspectives on this topic, including the importance of online privacy, the ethical responsibilities of social media companies, and the impact of social media on society. One of the most important perspectives to consider when discussing the ethics of social media and online privacy is the value of protecting personal information in the digital age. With the advent of social media, individuals are sharing more personal information online than ever before, from their daily activities to their most intimate thoughts and feelings. This has raised concerns about the potential misuse of this information, including the risk of identity theft, data breaches, and the exploitation of personal data for targeted advertising. As a result, many people believe that it is essential to uphold the ethical principle of privacy in the online sphere, and that social media companies have a responsibility to safeguard the personal information of their users. Another key perspective to consider is the ethical responsibilities of social media companies in relation to thecollection and use of personal data. In recent years, there has been growing scrutiny of social media companies' data practices, particularly in light of high-profile data scandals such as the Cambridge Analytica scandal involving Facebook. Many critics argue that social media companies have a moral obligation to be transparent about their data collection and usage practices, and to prioritize the privacy and security of their users' information. Additionally, there is a growing call for greater regulation of social media companies to ensure that they adhereto ethical standards in their handling of personal data. Furthermore, it is important to consider the impact of social media on society and the ethical implications of its widespread use. While social media has undoubtedlyrevolutionized the way we communicate and connect with others, it has also given rise to a range of ethical concerns, including the spread of misinformation, cyberbullying, and the erosion of privacy. The pervasive nature of social media means that these issues can have far-reaching consequences, affecting individuals, communities, and even entire societies. As such, it is crucial to critically examine the ethical dimensions of social media use and consider how it can be used in a way that upholds ethical principles and promotes the well-being ofindividuals and society as a whole. In addition to these perspectives, it is important to recognize the role of individual users in shaping the ethical landscape of social media and online privacy. While social media companies have a responsibility to protect the privacy of their users, individuals also have a role to play in safeguarding their own online privacy. This includes being mindful of the information they share online, understanding the privacy settings of social media platforms, and being critical of the content they encounter online. By empowering individuals to take an active role in protecting their online privacy, we can work towards creating a more ethical and responsible online environment. Ultimately, the ethics of social media and online privacy is a multifaceted issue that requires careful consideration from multiple perspectives. By recognizing the value of online privacy, holding social media companies accountable for their data practices, examining the impact of social media on society, and empowering individual users to take responsibility for their online privacy, we can work towards creating a more ethical and responsible online environment. As we navigate the ever-evolving landscape of social media and online privacy, it is essential to prioritize ethical considerations and work towards a digital world that respects and upholds the rights of individuals.。
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Understanding Ethical and Social Issues Related to Systems
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHICAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL ISSUES IN AN INFORMATION SOCIETY
• Problem: Balance to be built in between the monitoring aged communities and invading their privacy • Keep in touch with the rest of the world • Allow doctors and carers providing fast help to the old people • Invasion of privacy • Lack of personal care
– Lehman Brothers, Minerals Management Service, Pfizer – In many, information systems used to bury decisions from public scrutiny
• Ethics
– Principles of right and wrong that individuals, acting as free moral agents, use to make choices to guide their behaviors
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Management Information Systems
CHAPTER 4: ETHICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Understanding Ethical and Social Issues Related to Systems
• Information systems and ethics
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CHAPTER 4: ETHICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Ethical Issues Facing the Use of Technologies for the Aged Community
ETHICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Management Information Systems
CHAPTER 4: ETHICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Learning Objectives
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ManagementICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Understanding Ethical and Social Issues Related to Systems
• Model for thinking about ethical, social, political issues:
– Society as a calm pond – IT as rock dropped in pond, creating ripples of new situations not covered by old rules – Social and political institutions cannot respond overnight to these ripples—it may take years to develop etiquette, expectations, laws
• Requires understanding of ethics to make choices in legally gray areas
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CHAPTER 4: ETHICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS
• What ethical, social, and political issues are raised by information systems?
• What specific principles for conduct can be used to guide ethical decisions? • Why do contemporary information systems technology and the Internet pose challenges to the protection of individual privacy and intellectual property? • How have information systems affected everyday life?
– Information systems raise new ethical questions because they create opportunities for: • Intense social change, threatening existing distributions of power, money, rights, and obligations • New kinds of crime
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CHAPTER 4: ETHICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Understanding Ethical and Social Issues Related to Systems
• Recent cases of failed ethical judgment in business