Family, work, work-family spillover, and problem drinking during midlife
人大考研-商学院研究生导师简介-刘军
爱考机构-人大考研-商学院研究生导师简介-刘军姓名：刘军系别：组织与人力资源系职称：教授院内行政职务：硕博项目主任电话：8610-82500496,传真：8610-82509169邮箱：junliu@个人简介研究方向及讲授课程研究成果社会兼职及荣誉主要教育经历2005年香港中文大学，管理学博士2001年清华大学，企业管理硕士1997年浙江大学，环境工程学士主要工作经历2005.09至今中国人民大学商学院任教2002.01-2002.07中国核工业集团公司1997.07-1999.02中国核工业集团公司主要研究方向领导、雇佣关系、组织政治、战略人力资源管理、管理研究方法主要讲授课程组织行为学、人力资源管理、管理学研究设计、管理学高级统计研讨论文中文发表《管（1）刘军，廖振宇，高中华．高校导师辱虐型指导方式对研究生自我效能的影响机制研究．理学报》，2013，待发表．（2）刘小禹，刘军．公平与领导理论视角的团队创新绩效研究．《科研管理》，2013，待发表．（3）刘军，王未，吴维库．关于恶意归因倾向与组织自尊的作用机制研究．《管理学报》，2013年第2期(Vol.10)，199-205．（4）刘小禹，刘军，关浩光．顾客性骚扰对员工服务绩效影响机制的追踪研究．《管理世界》，2012年第10期，107-118．（5）刘小禹，刘军．团队情绪氛围对团队创新绩效的影响机制．《心理学报》，2012年第4期(V ol.44)，546-557．（6）刘军，王未，吴隆增，许浚，李锦堃．拒绝职场边缘化：模型与检验．《南开管理评论》，2012年第1期(Vol.15)，84-92．（7）吴维库，王未，刘军，吴隆增．辱虐管理、心理安全感知与员工建言．《管理学报》，2012年第1期(Vol.9)，57-63．（8）刘军，吴隆增，许浚．政治技能的前因与后果：一项追踪实证研究．《管理世界》，2010年第11期，94-104．（9）刘军，刘小禹，刘松博．组织中的公权与私权领导研究思路探讨．《外国经济与管理》，2010年第3期，46-51．（10）吴隆增，刘军，许浚．职场排斥与员工组织公民行为：组织认同与集体主义倾向的作用．《南开管理评论》，2010年第3期，36-43．（11）刘军，章凯，仲理峰．工作团队差序氛围的形成与影响：基于追踪数据的实证分析．《管理世界》，2009年第8期，92-101．（12）吴隆增，刘军，刘刚．辱虐管理与员工表现：传统性与信任的作用．《心理学报》，2009年第6期(Vol.41)，510-518．（13）刘军,富萍萍,吴隆增．信心领导：来自95家企业的证据，《管理学报》，2009年第04期(V ol.6)，464-471．（14）刘军，吴隆增，林雨．应对辱虐管理:下属逢迎与政治技能的作用机制研究．《南开管理评论》，2009第2期(V ol.12)，52-58．（15）刘军，宋继文，吴隆增．政治与关系视角的员工职业发展影响因素探讨．《心理学报》，2008年第2期(Vol.40)，201-209．（16）刘军，富萍萍，张海娜．下属权威崇拜观念对信心领导过程的影响：来自保险业的证据．《管理评论》，2008年第1期(V ol.19)，26-31．（17）刘小禹，刘军，于广涛．初始信念、组织诱引对员工心理契约变化的影响．《心理学报》，2008年第1期(V ol.40)，64-73．（18）刘军，刘小禹，任兵．员工离职：雇佣关系框架下的追踪研究．《管理世界》，2007年第12期，88-95,105．（19）刘军，李永娟，富萍萍．高层管理团队(TMT)价值观共享、冲突与绩效：一项实证检验．《管理学报》，2007年第5期(V ol.4)，644-653．（20）刘军，富萍萍．结构方程模型应用陷阱分析．《数理统计与管理》，2007年第2期(Vol.26)，268-272．（21）刘益，刘军，宋继文，吴维库．不同情商水平下领导行为与员工组织承诺关系的实证研究．《南开管理评论》，2007年第2期(V ol.10)，12-18,24．（22）刘军，吴维库，刘益．我国企业领导价值观传递模式研究．《管理工程学报》，2006年第4期(Vol.20)，1-8．（23）刘军，富萍萍，吴维库．企业环境、领导行为、领导绩效互动影响分析．《管理科学学报》，2005年第5期(V ol.8)，61-68．英文发表（1）Liu,J.,Hui,C.,Lee,C.,&Chen,Z.X.(2013).WhydoIfeelvaluedandwhydoIcontribute?Arelationalappro achtoemployee’sorganization-basedself-esteemandjobperformance.JournalofManagementStudies,Inpress.（2）Wu,L.Z.,Kwan,H.K.,Wei,L.Q.,&Liu,J.(2013).Ingratiationintheworkplace:Theroleofsubordinateand supervisorpoliticalskill.JournalofManagementStudies,Inpress.（3）Liu,J.,Lee,C.,Hui,C.,Kwan,H.K.,&Wu,L.Z.(2013).Idiosyncraticdealsandemployeeoutcomes:Them ediatingrolesofsocialexchangeandself-enhancementandthemoderatingroleofindividualism.Journalo fAppliedPsychology,Inpress.（4）Liu,J.,Kwan,H.K.,Lee,C.,&Hui,C.(2013).Work-to-familyspillovereffectsofworkplaceostracism:Th eroleofwork–homesegmentationpreferences.HumanResourceManagement,52(1),75-93.（5）Liu,J.,Kwan,H.K.,&Mao,Y.N.(2012).Mentorshipqualityandprotégés’work-to-familypositivespillover,careersatisfaction,andvoicebehaviorinChina.InternationalJournalo fHumanResourceManagement,23(19),4110-4128.（6）Liu,Y.M.,Liu,J.,&Wu,L.Z.(2012).Strategicemotionaldisplay:Anexaminationofitsinterpersonalandc areeroutcomes.CareerDevelopmentInternational,17(6),518-536.（7）Wu,L.Z.,Kwan,H.K.,Liu,J.,&Resick,C.J.(2012).Work-to-familyspillovereffectsofabusivesupervisi on.JournalofManagerialPsychology,27(7),714-731.（8）Liu,J.,Wang,H.,Hui,C.,&Lee,C.(2012).Psychologicalownership:Howhavingcontrolmatters.Journal ofManagementStudies,49(5),869-895.（9）Liu,J.,Hui,C.,Lee,C.,&Chen,Z.X.(2012).Fulfillingobligations:WhyChineseemployeesstay.Internati onalJournalofHumanResourceManagement,23(1),35-51.（10）Wang,W.,Mao,J.Y.,Wu,W.K.,&Liu,J.(2012).Abusivesupervisionandworkplacedeviance:Themediat PacificJournalofHumanRe sources,50(1),43-60.（11）Liu,J.,Liu,X.,&Zeng,X.(2011).Doestransactionalleadershipcountforteaminnovativeness?Themoder atingroleofemotionallaborandthemediatingroleofteamefficacy.JournalofOrganizationChangeMana gement,22(3),282-298.（12）Lee,C.,Liu,J.,Rousseau,D.M.,Hui,C,&Chen,Z.X.(2011).Inducements,contributionsandfulfillmentin newemployeepsychologicalcontracts.HumanResourceManagement,50(2),201-216.（13）Kwan,H.K.,Liu,J.,&Yim,F.H.(2011).Effectsofmentoringfunctionsonreceivers’organizationalcitizenshipbehaviorinaChinesecontext:Atwo-studyinvestigation.JournalofBusinessR esearch,64(4),363-370.（14）Wei,L.Q.,Liu,J.,&Herndon,N.C.(2011).SHRMandproductinnovation:testingthemoderatingeffectsof organizationalcultureandstructureinChinesefirms.InternationalJournalofHumanResourceManagem ent,22(1),19-33.（15）Liu,J.,Kwan,H.K.,Wu,L.Z.,&Wu,W.K.(2010).Abusivesupervisionandsubordinatesupervisor-direct eddeviance:Themoderatingroleoftraditionalvaluesandthemediatingroleofrevengecognitions.Journal 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y,82(4),871-895.（21）Liu,J.,Fu,P.P.,&Liu,S.B.(2009).Conflictsintopmanagementteamsandteam/firmoutcomes:Themoder atingeffectsofconflict-handlingapproaches.InternationalJournalofConflictManagement,20(3),228-2 50.（22）Wei,L.Q.,Liu,J.,Zhang,Y.C.,&Chiu,R.K.(2008).TheroleofcorporatecultureintheprocessofSHRM:E videncefromChineseenterprises.HumanResourceManagement,47(4),777-794.（23）Lau,D.,Liu,J.,&Fu,P.P.(2007).FeelingtrustedbybusinessleadersinChina:Antecedentsandthemediatin PacificJournalofManagement,24(3),321-340.著作（1）刘军，孙玥璠（著）．强价值观组织的打造．北京：兵器工业出版社，2011年．（2）刘军（主编）．《管理研究方法：原理与应用》，北京：中国人民大学出版社，2008年．课题-作为负责人，承担了两项国家自然科学研究基金项目、两项教育部人文社科项目以及四项中国人民大学科学研究基金项目-作为主要参与人，参加了三项香港政府研究基金项目以及三项国家自然科学研究基金项目-承担了中海油以及中华通信等企业的管理咨询项目主要社会兼职中国人民大学企业创新与竞争力研究中心研究员、执行主任西安交通大学基于价值观的领导研究中心研究员荣誉、奖励2011年中国人民大学教学优秀奖2011年首届创业与创新研究暨青年学术研讨会优秀论文奖2010年中国人民大学商学院最佳科研成果奖2010年TheOutstandingPaperAwardWinnerattheLiteratiNetworkAwardsforExcellence2010(Liu,J.,Fu,P.P., &Liu,S.B.Conflictsintopmanagementteamsandteam/firmoutcomes:Themoderatingeffectsofconflict -handlingapproaches.InternationalJournalofConflictManagement,2009,20(3),228-250.)2010年教育部新世纪优秀人才入选者2009年中国人民大学先进工作者2009年中国人民大学商学院最佳研究生教师2009年第十届中国人民大学优秀科研成果论文类优秀奖（刘军，刘小禹，任兵．员工离职：雇佣关系框架下的追踪研究．管理世界，2007年第12期，88-95,105）2009年北京市教学成果二等奖（伊志宏，宋远方，宋华，刘刚，刘军．MBA教育“双结合工程”的推进与创新）2009年中国人民大学“大学生创新试验计划”2007项目优秀指导教师2008年TheBestMicro-paperAwardWinnerofManagementatthe8thInternationalBusinessResearchConferen ce(Liu,J.,Hui,C.,&Lee,C.Takingonobligations:Whyemployeesstay?)。
社会工作专业英语讲义
社会⼯作专业英语讲义Introduction to social work and social welfareChapter2Social work values and ethicsChapter3Empowerment and human diversityChapter4The process of generalist practiceChapter5Practice settingsChapter6An overview of social welfare and social work history Chapter7Policy and policy advocacyChapter8Poverty problemsChapter9Social work and social services for children and families Chapter10Social work and social services for older adultsChapter11Social work and social services for people with disabilities Chapter12Social work and social services in health careChapter13Social work and social services in mental healthChapter14Social work and substance use, abuse, and dependence Chapter15Social work and social services for youth and in the schools Chapter16Social work and social services in the criminal justice systemIntroduction to social work and social welfareCase AKeywords: adopt, family service, paperwork, family life planningCase B:Keywords: group session and group work; mental health; self-help group; mutual-help group Case C:Keywords: Sexual Assault, match, funding-raisingWhat is Social work?Social work is the professional activity of help individuals, groups, or communities enhance or restore their capacity for social functioning and creating societal conditions favorable to this goal. Social work practice consists of the professional application of social work values, principles, and techniques to one or more of the following ends:Helping people obtain tangible servicesProviding counseling and psychotherapy with individuals, families and groups. Helping communities or groups provide or improve social and health services Participating in relevant legislative processesFive themes:Social work concerns helping individuals, groups, or communities.Social work entails a solid foundation of values and principles.A firm basis of techniques and skills provides directions.Social works need to link people to recourses or advocate for service development for clients.Social workers participate legislative process to promote positive social changes.What is social welfare?Social welfare is a nation's system of programs, benefits, and services that help people meet those social, economic, educational, and health needs that are fundamental to the maintenance of society.Two Dimensions:What people get from society (programs, benefits and services?)How well their needs (social, economic, educational, and health) are being met How are social welfare and social work related?Debates on social welfare:Individual responsibility: you get you deserveSociety responsibilityWho should assume responsibility for people's social welfare?Residual, institutional, and developmental perspectives on social welfare.1. Residual ModelSocial welfare benefit and service should be supplied only when people fail to provide adequately for themselves.Blame the victim (fault and failure)For instance: social assistanceFamilies in need receive limited and temporary financial assistance until they can get back on their feet.2. Institutional modelPeople have a right to get benefit and service.For instance: public education, fire and police protectionEvery one can get these services.3. Developmental modelThis approach seeks to identify social interventions that have a positive impact on economic development.(1) Invest in education, nutrition and health care(2) In vest in physical facilities(3) help people in need engage in productive employment and self-employment.Political ideology: conservatives, liberalism and radicalismConservatism is the philosophy that individuals are responsible for themselves, government should provide minimal interference in people's lives, and change is generally unnecessary.Liberalism is the philosophy that government should be involved in the social, political and economic structure so that all people's rights and privileges are protected in the name of social justice.Radicalism is the philosophy that the social and political system as it stands is not structurally capable of truly providing social justice. The fundamental changes are necessary in the basic social and political structure to achieve truly fair and equal treatment.Fields of practice in social workWork with people in needs (children, youth, old people, the disable etc.)Work with some occupationThe continuum of social work careersDegree in social workBSW: prepare for the entry-level social workMSW: receive more specialized trainingDSW: teach at the college level or conduct researchSocial work builds on many disciplinespsychologysociologypolitical scienceeconomicsbiologypsychiatrycouncilcultural anthropologysocial workSocial workers demonstrate competenciesCompetencies are measurable practice behaviors that are comprised ofsufficient knowledge, skills, and values" and have the goal of practicing effective social work.Competency 1: identification as a professional social workerCompetency 2: the application of social work ethical principles to guide practice Competency 3: the application of critical thinking to inform professional judgmentsCompetency 4: engagement of diversity in practiceCompetency 5: the advancement of human rights and social economic justice. Competency 6: engagement in research-informed practiceEvidence-based practiceCompetency 7: application of knowledge of human behavior and the social environmentCompetency 8: engagement in policy proactive to advance social and economic well-beingCompetency 9: responsiveness to contexts that shape practiceCompetency 10: engagement, assessment, intervention, and evaluation with individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities.Chapter 2 social work values and ethics1. Value and ethicsSocial worker is value-based profession.What is value?Value involves what you do and do not consider important and worthwhile, and also involve judgments and decisions about relative worth.What is Ethics?Ethics involve principles that specify what is good and what is bad. They clarify what should and should not be done Difference between value and ethics:Value determine what beliefs are appropriate. Ethics address what to do with or how to apply those beliefs to do the right thing.The importance of ethics2. Value and ethics for social workersSix core values for social workers:(1) Service(2) Social justice(3) Dignity and worth of the person(4) Importance of human relationships(5) Integrity(6) CompetenceSocial workers' ethical responsibilities to clients:(1) Self-determinationPractitioners should nurture and support client self-extermination ：each individual's right to make his or her own decisions.(2)Privacy and confidentiality(3) Conflict of interest and Dual relationshipsThe clients' best interests must be protected to the maximum extent possible.(4) Sexual relationshipSocial workers’ Ethical responsibilities to colleagues(1) Respect(2) Referral for servicesSocial Workers’ Ethical responsibilities in Practice settingsSocial workers' ethical responsibilities as professionalscompetenceagainst discriminationhonestnot solicit clients for the purpose of personal gainsSocial workers' ethical responsibilities to the social work profession.IntegrityResearchEvaluationSocial workers' ethical responsibilities to the broader society(1) Advocate for people's welfare(2) Ensure fair and equal access to resources and opportunities.(3) Respect cultural diversity.(4) Prevent discrimination against or exploiting peopleTranslation exercisesSocial workers must uphold client privacy and confidentiality. Privacy is the condition of being free from unauthorized observation or intrusion.We have established that confidentiality is the ethical principle that workers should not share information provided by a client or about a client unless they have the client's explicit permission to do so. There is more to confidentiality than may be immediately apparent.Confidentiality means more that not revealing information about clients to others. It also involves not asking for more information than is necessary, as well as informing clients about the limitations of confidentiality within the agency setting. Chapter 3 Empowerment and Human DiversityStereotype!Women are too emotional to make good supervisorsElderly people can't think well.Gay and lesbian people really want to be opposite gender.People with physical disabilities are unemployable.Discrimination, oppression, marginalization, alienation, stereotypes, and prejudiceDiscrimination is the act of treating people differently based on the fact that they belong to some group rather than on merit. Oppression involves putting extreme limitations and constraints on some person, group, or larger system. Marginalization is the condition of having less power and being viewed as less important than others in the society because of belonging to some group or having some characteristic.Alienation, related to marginalization, is the feeling that you don't fit in or aren't treated as well as others in the mainstream of society.A stereotype is a fixed mental picture of member of some specified group based on some attribute or attributes that reflect an overly simplified view of that group, without consideration or appreciation of individual differences.Prejudice is an opinion or prejudgment about an individual, group, or issue that is not based on fact.A major social work value involves the importance of people being treated fairly and equally.Populations-at-risk and social economic justiceDiversity emphasizes the similarity and dissimilarity between numerousgroups in society that have distinguishing characteristics.Populations-at-risk are people at greater risk of deprivation and unfair treatment because they share some identifiable characteristic that places them in diverse group.Factors: gender, age, religion, culture, disability, class, immigration statusSocial and economic justiceEmpowerment and a Strengths perspectiveEmpowerment is the process of increasing personal, interpersonal, or political power so that individuals can take action to improve their life situations.A strengths perspective:1. Every individual, group, family and community has strengths.2. Trauma and abuse, illness and struggle may be injurious but they may also be sources of challenge and opportunity.3. Social workers should assume that they do not know the upper limits of the capacity to grow and change and take individual, group, and community aspirations seriously.4. Social workers best serve clients by collaborating with when.5. Every environment is full of resources.Resiliency: seeking strength amid adversityThe ability of an individual, family, group, community, or organization to recover from adversity and resume functioning even when suffering serious trouble, confusion, or hardship.Resiliency involves two dimensions: risk factors and protective factors.Risk factors involve stressful life events or adverse environmental conditions that increase the vulnerability of individuals or other systems.Protective factors involve buffer, moderate, and protect against those vulnerabilities.Human DiversityRace and EthnicityRace implies a greater genetic determinant, whereas ethnicity often relates to cultural or national heritage.Culture and cultural competenceCulture is the sum total of life patterns passed on from generation to generation within a group of people and includes institutions, language, religious ideals, habits of thinking, and patterns of social and interpersonal relationships. Social workers need to have cultural competence to address the cultural needs of individuals, families, groups, and communities.叮叮⼩⽂库National Origin and immigration statusFour experiences which newcomer faced:Social isolationCultural shockCultural changeGoal-strivingclass or social classpolitical ideologygender, gender identity, and gender expressionSexual orientationHomosexual or heterosexual (bisexual)AgeDisabilityReligion and spiritualityChapter 4: Generalist practiceConcepts in the definition of generalist practice1. Acquiring an eclectic knowledge baseA. systems theoryB. ecological perspectiveC. Curriculum content areas1) Values and ethics2) Diversity3) populations-at-risk and social and economic justice4) Human behavior and the social environment5) Social welfare policy and services6) Social work practice7) Research8) Field educationD. Fields of practice2. Emphasizing client empowerment3. Using professional valuesA. social works code of ethicsB. application of professional values to solve ethical dilemma4. Applying a wide range of skillsA. microB. mezzoC. macro5. T argeting any size systemA. microB. mezzoC. Marco6. Working in an organizational structure7. Using supervision appropriately8. Assuming a wide range of professional roles9. Following the principles of evidence-based practice10. Employing critical thinking skills11. Using a planned-change processA. engagementB. assessmentC. planningD. implementationE. evaluationF. terminationG. follow-upWorking in an organizational structure under supervisionWhat is organizational structureOrganizational structure is the formal or informal manner in which tasks and responsibilities, lines of authority, channels of communication, and dimensions of power are established and coordinated within an organization.What is supervisionSupervision is the process by which a designated supervisor watches over a workers’ performance.A wide range of rolescounseloreducatorbrokercase managermobilizermediatorfacilitatoradvocatesupervisorsmanagers3 skills (technical, people and conceptual)Evidence-based practiceEvidence-based practice is a process in which practitioners make practice decisions in light of the best research evidence available.Tools, models, methods and policies must be validated by research and consequence evaluation also should use scientific research methodsCritical thinking skillsAvoiding the fallacy trap1. Relying on case examples2. being vague3. Being biased or not objective4. Believing that if it’s writ ten down it must be rightasking questionsassessing factasserting a conclusionPlanned-change processPlanned change and problem-solvingStep1 engagementStep2 assessmentStep3 planningStep4 implementationStep5 evaluationStep6 terminationEngagement: social workers begin to establish communication and a relationship with others and orient themselves to the problems.skillsVerbal communication and nonverbal communication (cultural variations) Conveying warmth, empathy, and genuineness Alleviating initial client anxiety and introducing the worker's purpose and roleAssessment: gather and analyze information to provide a concise picture of the client and his or her needs and strengths. skillsLooking beyond individual and examine other factors in their environment Finding strengthsPaying attention human diversityPlanning: what should be doneAlternatives and consequencesimplementation: following the plans to achieve the goalsEvaluation: determine whether a given change effort was worthwhile.termination: the end of the professional social work-client relationship types:Natural, forced, and unplannedskillsAppropriate timingChapter 5: Practice SettingSetting in Social Work Practice: Organizations and Communities ?Organizations are entities made up of people that have rules and structure to achieve specified goals.Social services in the context of social agencies.Social services include the wide range of activities that social workers perform to help people solve problems and improve their personal well-being.A social agency is an organization providing social services that typically employs social workers in addition to office staff, and sometimes volunteers. Forms:Public or private;Nonprofit or proprietary (for profit)Social work practice in the context of communitiesA community is “a number of people who have something in summon with one another that connects them in some way and that distinguishes them from others.Some mutual characteristic, such as "location, interest, identification, culture, and activities"Types:Locality-based community;Non geographic communityThe special circumstances of social work practice in rural communities.Low population densitySocial problems faced by rural residents:poverty, lack of transportation, inadequate child care, unemployment, substandard housing, and insufficient health care and so on.Four special issues for rural social workers:(1)true gene lists(work with different level case systems and use a wide of skills)(2) Interagency cooperation.(3) The importance of understanding the community, knowing its values and developing relationships with rural residents (informal relationship)(4) Emphasizing strengths inherent in rural communities. (Informal supporting system)Urban social workUrban social work is practice within the context of large cities, with their vast array of social problems, exceptional diversity, and potential range of resources. Five problems in urban areas:(1)Social problems occur with greater frequency and therefore are more visible(2) Widespread occurrence of discriminatory behavior.(3) Migration problems.(4) Financial shortfalls or unavailability of resources.(5)Greater amount of psychological stressSkills necessary for urban social work(1) Paying attention to human diversity(2) Understanding their agency environment(3) Seeking resources in the external urban environment(4) Using advocacyMicro practice: social work with individualscounseloreducatorbrokerfacilitatoradvocateMicro/mezzo practice: social work with familiesThe primary purpose of family social work is to help families learn to function more competently while meeting the development and emotional needs of all members.The task of family social workers(1) Be responsive to the styles and values of families from other special populations.(2) Break complex tasks into smaller specific steps.(3) Assess the key skills needed for less stressful family interaction.(4) Explain and model appropriate skills.(5) Assess individual learning styles and ways to teach adults and children(6) Establish homework and other means of ensuring generalization of skills from one setting to another.(7) Promote and reward skill acquisition.(8) Emphasize strategies that help develop the strengths of family members(9) Motivate the family to stay involved even when faced with challenges and setback.The importance of social networks for families.Social network: the structure and number of people and groups with whom you have contact or consider yourself to be in contact.Emotional support, instrumental support, informational support and appraisal supportMezzo practice: social work with groupTreatment groupMacro practice: social work with organizations and communities ?social actionsocial planninglocality developmentMacro skills(1) Agency or public social policies may require change.(2) Entail initiating and conducting projects within agency or community contexts(3) Planning and implementing new social service programs within an agency or community.Chapter 6: An overview of social welfare and social work historyEarly European Approaches to Social WelfareFeudalismLands owner vs. landless serfMedieval hospitalChurchPeople have little mobility, free choice, potential for change.Judeo-Christian thought: "Good deeds, love of one's enemies, and entry into heaven through mercy and charity". England after feudalism's demisePeople gained mobility and independence but lost much of the safety and security the old feudal system had provided. Government regains social control by passing some statute, such as: Keeping people from moving;Forbidding able-bodied people from begging.The English Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601Recipients are categorized into:1. Dependent children2. Impotent poor3. The able-bodied poor1662 Law of settlement established a new principle of social welfare provision: residency requirement.The Speenhamland SystemThe first Minimum income maintenance systemThe English Poor Law reforms of 1834Government would not provide outdoor relief for able-bodied people.Blame the victimU. S. Social welfare History: Early Colonization to the mid-1800s ?Services reflected a mix of public and private collaboration.Government assumed responsibility of administration aid but often called upon local churches for help.Residency requirement was established.Focus on Mental Health and Mental illnessMoral treatment: humane treatment in structured institutional settingsThe Civil War EraFreeman Bureau: the first federal welfare agency1870-1900Two trends:Industrialization;UrbanizationFocus on children: early policiesInstitutional care: almshouse and orphanageFoster careSettlement House, Charity Organization Societies, and Generalist social workSettlement House were places where ministers, students, or humanitarians 'settle' to interact with poor slum dwellers with the purpose of alleviating the condition of capitalism.Characters1. Settle house approach address the problems in the context of environment.2. Emphasize on advocacy3. Emphasize on empowerment of peopleCharity Organization SocietiesFriendly visitorEstablish a base of scientific knowledge and apply it to the helping process Focus on curing individualThe Progressive period: 1900 to 1930The Great Depression and the 1930sThe Great Depression and New DealCash reliefShort-term work relief,Expansion of employmentThe Social Security Act of 1935Social insurance (for old age, disability, death of a breadwinner, unemployment, and work-related injury and sickness) Public Assistance (old people, children and blind people)The 1960s and the War on PovertyMore people of color are in poverty than white people.Public assistance roll were escalating even unemployment decreased.the public welfare amendments of 1962Supportive social service to help welfare recipients to self-supporting.War on povertyHead Start; Volunteers in Service to AmericaA Return to Conservatism in the 1970sConservative extremes in the 1980s and early 1990s.TranslationSocial Workers have difficulties with empowerment strategies because their agencies are part of a social system which routinely devalues certain minority groups. Making equal responses to all people who come to an agency may reduce discrimination. Since negative valuations are so widespread, agencies may unthinkingly implement them. Consequently, we discourage potential clients from using the agency and they do not receive the equal treatment available.Chapter 7: Policy, Policy Analysis, Policy Practice, and Policy Advocacy Social welfare policyPolicy: rules that govern people's lives and dictate expectations for behavior.Social Welfare Policy: Laws and regulations that govern which social welfare programs exist, what categories of clients are served, and who qualifies for a given program.Agency Policy: standards adopted by organizations and programs that provide services.Social Welfare Policy Developmentphase 1Recognizing society's values about what is considered important or worthwhile.Phase 2Identifying problems and needs that require attention.Phase 3Identification of public opinion about an identified problem and people's related needs.Normative orientationphase 4Legislators confronted with a problem or need and swamped with public opinion undertake the complicated formulation of social welfare policy to address the issues.Phase 5Implementation through a social welfare program.Phase 6Social services are delivered by social workers and other staff in the context of social services agencies.Structural components of social welfare programs1. What are people's needs and program goals?I.e. the food stamp program2. What kinds of benefits are provided?Cash and in-kind3. What are the eligibility criteria for the program?Means test4. Who pays for the programs?General tax, state lottery, social security tax; private agency; client5. How is the program administered and run?National, state, or local?Value perspectives and political ideology: effects on social responsibility and social welfare program developmentThe conservative-liberal continuumradicalismresidual and institutional perspectives on social welfare policy and program developmentuniversal versus selective service provisionFive-E ApproachHow effective is the policyHow efficient is the policyIs the policy ethically soundWhat does evaluation of potential alternative policies revealWhat recommendations can be established for positive changes Policy Practice and Policy AdvocacyChapter 8: Social work and services in health careHealth problemsFactors causing health problems:1. Unhealthful lifestyles2. Physical injured3. Enviromental factors4. Poverty5. ContagiousSocial Work Roles in Health Care：medical social workerSocial work roles in direct health care practice1. Hospital, medical clinics and so on(1) Help patients understand and interpret technical medical jargon(2) Offer emotional support(3) Help terminally ill people deal with their feelings and make end-of-life plans.(4) Help patient’s adjust their lives and lifestyles to accommodate to new conditions when they return home after medical treatment(5) Help parents of children who have serious illnesses or disabilities cope with these conditions and respond to children's needs.(6) Serve as brokers who link patients with necessary supportive resources andservices after leaving the medical facility.(7) Help patients make financial arrangements to pay hospital and other medical bills.(8) Provide health education aimed at establishing a healthful lifestyle and preventing illness.2. Public Health Departments and other health care contexts(1) Preventing diseases(2) Prolonging life(3) Promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort3. Managed care settingsTraditional healthy insurance (fee-for-service basis)Assessment to determine whether patients are eligible for benefits and which are most appropriate.Macro Practice in Health care: seeking empowermentAdvocating for health coverage and health care legislation, policies and resourcesHealth Care policy and problems in the macro environmentThe escalating cost of health care1. The rapid acceleration of technological advances has increased the types of services, drugs, and testing available.2. The population is aging.Unequal access to health careNational health insurance vs. contribution-based health insuranceProblems in managed careCapitationCost and health-care outcomeCultural competenceAPI cultural:Filial pietyCollective versus individual decision makingEmphasis on Harmony versus conflictNonverbal communicationsFatalismShame at asking for helpInternational perspectives: AIDS-A Global CrisisAIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndromeHIV: human immunodeficiency virusEmpowerment for people living with AIDS victims vs. People living with AIDS Social work roles and empowerment for people living with AIDS Counseling;Educator;Crisis intervention;Empowerment and reconnection (support system);Family counseling;。
2015年考研英语二真题及答案精选全文完整版
精选全文完整版2015年考研英语二真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) In our contemporary culture, the prospect of communicating with -- or even looking at — a stranger is virtually unbearable. Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they fiddle with their phones, even without a 1 underground.It's a sad reality — our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings —because there's 2 to be gained from talking to the stranger standing by you. But you wouldn't know it, 3 into your phone. This universal armor sends the 4 : "Please don't approach me."What is it that makes us feel we need to hide 5 our screens?One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, executive mental coach. We fear rejection, or that our innocent social advances will be 6 as "creepy,” We fear we'll be 7 . We fear we'll be disruptive. Strangers are inherently 8 to us, so we are more likely to feel 9 when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances. To avoid this anxiety, we 10 to our phones. "Phones become our security blanket," Wortmann says. "They are our happy glasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more 11 .”But once we rip off the Band-Aid, tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up, it doesn't 12 so bad. In one 2011 experiment, behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a 13 . They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow 14 . "When Dr. Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to 15 how they would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their 16 would be more pleasant if they sat on their own," the New York Times summarizes. Though the participants didn't expect a positive experience, after they 17 with the experiment, "not a single person reported having been snubbed."18 , these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those sans communication, which makes absolute sense, 19 human beings thrive off of social connections. It's that 20 : Talking to strangers can make you feel connected.1. [A] ticket [B] permit [C] signal [D] record2. [A] nothing [B] link [C] another [D] much3. [A] beaten [B] guided [C] plugged [D] brought4. [A] message [B] cede [C] notice [D] sign5. [A] under [B] beyond [C] behind [D] from6. [A] misinterpret [B] misapplied [C] misadjusted [D] mismatched7. [A] fired [B] judged [C] replaced [D] delayed8. [A] unreasonable [B] ungrateful [C] unconventional [D] unfamiliar9. [A] comfortable [B] anxious [C] confident [D] angry10. [A] attend [B] point [C] take [D] turn11. [A] dangerous [B] mysterious [C] violent [D] boring12. [A] hurt [B] resist [C] bend [D] decay13. [A] lecture [B] conversation [C] debate [D] negotiation14. [A] trainees [B] employees [C] researchers [D] passengers15. [A] reveal [B] choose [C] predict [D] design16. [A] voyage [B] flight [C] walk [D] ride17. [A] went through [B] did away [C] caught up [D] put up18. [A] In turn [B] In particular [C] In fact [D] In consequence19. [A] unless [B] since [C] if [D] whereas20. [A] funny [B] simple [C] logical [D] rareSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40points)Text 1A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys, people are actually more stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people’s cortisol, which is a stress marker, while they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge.“Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower leve ls of stress at work than at home, ”writes one of the researchers, Sarah Damske. In fact women even say they feel better at work, she notes.“ It is men, not women, who report being happier at home than at work. ”Another surprise is that findings hold true for both those with children and without, but more so for nonparents. This is why people who work outside the home have better health.What the study doesn’t measure is whether people are still doing work when they’re at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace a making adjustments for working women, it’s not surprising that women are more stressed at home.But it’s not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what they’re supposed to be doing: working, marking money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola.On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues-your family-have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they’re teenagers, threatened with complete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, they’re your family. You cannot fire your family. You never really get to go home from home.So it’s not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate.21.According to Paragraph 1, most previous surveys found that home_____[A] offered greater relaxation than the workplace[B] was an ideal place for stress measurement[C] generated more stress than the workplace[D] was an unrealistic place for relaxation22. According to Damaske, who are likely to be the happiest at home?[A] Childless wives[B] Working mothers[C] Childless husbands[D] Working fathers23.The blurring of working women's roles refers to the fact that_____[A] it is difficult for them to leave their office[B] their home is also a place for kicking back[C] there is often much housework left behind[D] they are both bread winners and housewives24.The word“moola”(Line4,Para4)most probably means_____[A] skills[B] energy[C] earnings[D] nutrition25.The home front differs from the workplace in that_____[A] division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut[B] home is hardly a cozier working environment[C] household tasks are generally more motivating[D] family labor is often adequately rewardedText 2For years, studies have found that first-generation college students- those who do not have a parent with a college degree- lag other students on a range of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created “a paradox” in that recruiting first- generation students, but then watching many o f them fail, means that higher education has “continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close” ab achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach (which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap (measured by such factors as grades) between first-generation and other students.The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study involving 147 students ( who completed the project) at an unnamed private university. First generation was defined as not having a parent with a four-year college degree. Most of the first-generation students(59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need, while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students wit at least one parent with a four-year degree.Their thesis- that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact- was based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. They cite past research by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be narrowed to close the achievement gap.Many first- generation students “struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher e ducation, learn the ‘rules of the game,’ and take advantage of college resources,” they write. And this becomes more of a problem when collages don’t talk about the class advantage and disadvantages of different groups of students. Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students ’educational experience, many first-generation students lack sight about why they are struggling and do not understand how students’ like them can improve.26. Recruiting more first- generation students has_______[A] reduced their dropout rates[B] narrowed the achievement gap[C] missed its original purpose[D] depressed college students27. The author of the research article are optimistic because_______[A] the problem is solvable[B] their approach is costless[C] the recruiting rate has increased[D] their finding appeal to students28. The study suggests that most first- generation students______[A] study at private universities[B] are from single-parent families[C] are in need of financial support[D] have failed their collage29. The author of the paper believe that first-generation students_______[A] are actually indifferent to the achievement gap[B] can have a potential influence on other students[C] may lack opportunities to apply for research projects[D] are inexperienced in handling their issues at college30. We may infer from the last paragraph that_______[A] universities often reject the culture of the middle-class[B] students are usually to blame for their lack of resources[C] social class greatly helps enrich educational experiences[D]colleges are partly responsible for the problem in questionText 3Even in traditional offices, “the lingu a franca of corporate America has gotten much more emotional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago,” said Harvard Business School professor Nancy Koehn. She started spinning off examples. “If you and I parachuted back to Fortune 500 companie s in 1990, we would see much less frequent use of terms like journey, mission, passion. There were goals, there were strategies, there were objectives, but we didn’t talk about energy; we didn’t talk about passion.”Koehn pointed out that this new era of corporate vocabulary is very “team”-oriented—and not by coincidence.“Let’s not forget sports—in male-dominated corporate America, it’s still a big deal. It’s not explicitly conscious; it’s the idea that I’m a coach, and you’re my team, and we’re in this tog ether. There are lots and lots of CEOs in very different companies, but most think of themselves as coaches and this is their team and they want to win.”These terms are also intended to infuse work with meaning—and, as Khurana points out, increase allegia nce to the firm. “You have the importation of terminology that historically used to be associated with non-profit organizations and religious organizations: Terms like vision, values, passion, and purpose,” said Khurana.This new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep employees motivated amid increasingly loud debates over work-life balance. The “mommy wars” of the 1990s are still going on today, prompting arguments about why women still can’t have it all and books like Sheryl Sandberg’s Lean In, whose title has become a buzzword in its own right. Terms like unplug, offline, life-hack, bandwidth, and capacity are all about setting boundaries between the office and the home. But if your work is your “passion,” you’ll be more likely to devote yourself to it, even if that means going home for dinner and then working long after the kids are in bed.But this seems to be the irony of office speak: Everyone makes fun of it, but managers love it, companies depend on it, and regular people willingly absorb it. As Nunberg said, “You can get people to think it’s nonsense at the same time that you buy into it.” In a workplace that’s fundamentally indifferent to your life and its meaning, office speak can help you figure out how you relate to your work—and how your work defines who you are.31. According to Nancy Koehn, office language has become_____[A] more emotional[B] more objective[C] less energetic[D] less strategic32. “Team”-oriented corporate vocabulary is closely related to_______[A] historical incidents[B] gender difference[C] sports culture[D] athletic executives33. Khurana believes that the importation of terminology aims to______[A] revive historical terms[B] promote company image[C] foster corporate cooperation[D] strengthen employee loyalty34. It can be inferred that Lean In________[A] voices for working women[B] appeals to passionate workaholics[C] triggers debates among mommies[D] praises motivated employees35. Which of the following statements is true about office speak?[A] Managers admire it but avoid it[B] Linguists believe it to be nonsense[C] Companies find it to be fundamental[D] Regular people mock it but accept itText 4Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reported for June, along with the drop in the unemployment rate to 6.1 percent, as good news. And they were right. For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace. We still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace.However, there is another important part of the jobs picture that was largely overlooked. There was a big jump in the number of people who repot voluntarily working part-time. This figure is now 830,000(4.4 percent) above its year ago level.Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an important distinction. Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time jobs. They take part-time work because this is all they can get. An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor market and it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet.There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction has been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession,but it is down by 640,000(7.9percent)from is year ago level.We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us. The survey used by the Labor Department asks people is they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is“yes”, they are classified as worked less than 35hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice .They are only classified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare because one of the main purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment. For manypeople ,especially those with serious health conditions or family members with serious health conditions ,before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance.However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges. These are people who may previously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no longer a link between employment and insurance.36. Which part of the jobs picture are neglected?[A] The prospect of a thriving job market.[B] The increase of voluntary part-time market.[C] The possibility of full employment.[D] The acceleration of job creation.37. Many people work part-time because they_____.[A] prefer part-time jobs to full-time jobs.[B] feel that is enough to make ends meet.[C] cannot get their hands on full-time jobs.[D] haven’t seen the weakness of the market.38. Involuntary part-time employment is the US_____.[A] is harder to acquire than one year ago.[B] shows a general tendency of decline.[C] satisfies the real need of the jobless.[D] is lower than before the recession.39. It can be learned that with Obamacare,_____.[A] it is no longer easy for part-timers to get insurance[B] employment is no longer a precondition to get insurance[C] it is still challenging to get insurance for family members[D] full-time employment is still essential for insurance40. The text mainly discusses_______.[A] employment in the US[B] part-timer classification[C] insurance though Medicaid[D] Obamacare’s troublePart BDirections: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list [A]-[G] tofit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, whichdo not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.[A] You are not alone[B] Don’t fear responsibility for your life[C] Pave your own unique path[D] Most of your fears are unreal[E] Think about the present moment[F] Experience helps you grow[G] There are many things to be grateful forUnfortunately, life is not a bed of roses. We are going through life facing sad experiences. Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, a romantic relationship or a house. Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time, but you should remember that they won’t last forever.When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater understanding and respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and eventually move us toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these ten old truths I’ve learned along the way.41._____________________________Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor Will Smith once said, “Fear is not real. It i s a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very real. But fear is a choice.” I do completely agree that fears are just the product of our luxuriant imagination.42_____________________________If you are surrounded by problems and cannot stop thinking about the past, try to focus on the present moment. Many of us are weighed down by the past or anxious about the future. You may feel guilt over your past, but you are poisoning the present with the things and circumstances you cannot change. Value the present moment and remember how fortunate you are to be alive. Enjoy the beauty of the world around and keep the eyes open to see the possibilities before you. Happiness is not a point of future and not a moment from the past, but a mindset that can be designed into the present.43______________________________Sometimes it is easy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things you have. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something.44________________________________No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is, you should always remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make a good change in your life, especially your dearest and nearest people. You may have a circle of friends who provide constant good humor, help and companionship. If you have no friends or relatives, try to participate in several online communities, full of people who are always willing to share advice and encouragement.45________________________________Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gaining objectivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and show that you are incapable of managing your own life. When you are struggling toachieve something important you should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin, think your own thoughts, have your own values and make your own choices.Section III TranslationDirections: Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Think about driving a route that’s very familiar. It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home. Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand. On these sorts of trips it’s easy to zone out from the actual driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery. The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.This is the well-travelled road effect: people tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention. When we travel down a well-known route, because we don’t have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly. And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can’t remember the journey well because we didn’t pay much attention to it. So we assume it was shorter.Section IV WritingPart ADirections: Suppose your university is going to host a summer camp for high school students. Write a notice to1) briefly introduce the camp activities, and2) call for volunteers.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your name or the name of your university.Do not write your address. (10 points)Part BDirections: Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)【参考答案】【1-5】CDCAC 【6-10】ABDBD 【11-15】AABDC 【16-20】DADBB【21-25】ACDCCA 【26-30】CACDD 【31-35】ACDAC 【36-40】BCBBA【41-45】DEGAC【翻译参考译文】想想在一条你非常熟悉的路线上开车是什么感觉。
自考英语(二)课文(第六单元)
Unit 7T ext AFamilies“Family”_ the word has different meanings f or different people, and even the di ctionary gives us sev eral definitions: “a group of people related by blood or marriage,’’“two adults and their children,’’“ all those people descended f rom a common ancestor,’’“ a household,’’ and so on. Some people think of a family as a mother, a father, and their children; others include grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins. For some of us, family means the group of relatives living far away from home. For others, having a family simply means having children. Some f amilies have long histories, while others know very little about their ancestors. No matter if it is young or old, large or small, traditional or modern, every f amily has a sense of what a f amily is. It is that f eeling of belonging, of love and security that comes f rom living together, helping and sharing.There are basically two types of families: nuclear families and extended f amilies. The nuclear family usually consists of two parents (mother and f ather) and thei r children. The mother and f ather f orm the nucleus, or cent er, of the nuclear family. The children stay in the nuclear f amily until they grow up and marry. Then they f orm new nuclear families.The extended f amily is very large. There are of t en many nuclear families in one extended f amily. An extended f amily includes children, parents, grand-parents, uncles, aunts, and cousins. The members of an extended f amily are related by blood (grandparents, parents, children, brothers, sisters, etc.) or by marriage (husbands, wives, mothers-in-law, etc.). They are all related, so the members of an extended f amily are called relatives.Traditionally, all the members of an extended family lived in the same area. However, with the change from an agricultural to an industrial society, many nuclear families moved away from the f amily home in order to f ind work. In industrial societies today, the members of most nuclear families live together, but most extended f amilies do not live together. Theref ore we can say that the nuclear family becomes more important than the extended f amily as the society industrializ es: In post-industrial societies like the United States, even the nuclear f amily is changing. The nuclear family is becoming smaller as parents want f ewer children, and the number of childless families is increasing. Traditionally, the f ather of a nucl ear family earned money f or the family while the mother cared for house and the children. Today, more than 50% of the nuclear f amilies in the United States are two-earner families_ both the f ather and the mother earn money f or the f amily_ and in a f ew families the mother earns the money while the f ather takes care of the house and the children. Many nuclear f amilies are also “splitting up’’ _ more and more parents are getting divorced.What will be the result of this “ splitting”of the nuclear f amily? Social scientists now talk of two new f amily f orms: the single parent f amily and the remarried f amil y. Almost 20% of all American f amilies are single parent f amilies, and in 85% of these f amilies the single parent is the mother.Most single parents f ind it very dif f i cult to take care of a f amily alone, so they soon marry again and f orm remarried f amilies. As social scientists study these two new f amily f orms, they will be able to tell us more about the f uture of the nuclear family in the post-industrial age. (565 words) (3) (23)T ext BThe Changing American FamilyThe f amily is important to people all over the world although the structure of the family is quite different from one count ry to another. In the United States, as in many countries in the world, the f amily is changing. A generation or two ago, the traditional f amily, in which the f ather was boss, was customary. Now the modern f amily, in which both the f ather and the mother are equal partners, is more common. Although there are several similarities between the traditional and the modern f amily, there are also some very important diff erences.The traditional f amily of yesterday and the modern f amily of today have several similarities. The traditional f amily was a nuclear f amily, and the modern f amily is, too. The role of the father in the traditional f amily was to provide f or his f amily. Similarly, the f ather in the modern family is expected to do so, also. The mother in the traditional family took care of the children’s physical and emotional needs just as the modern mother does.On the other hand, there are some great diff erences between the traditional f amily and the modern f amily. The f irst important dif ference is in the man’s role. The traditional husband was the head of the household, because he was the only one who worked outside the home. If the wi f e worked f or pay, then the husband was not considered to be a good provider. In many f amilies today, both husband and wif e work f or pay. Theref ore, they share the role of head of household. In addition, the traditional husband usually made the big decisions about spending money. However, the modern husband shares these decisions with his working wi fe. Also, the traditional husband did not help his wif e with the housework or m eal preparation. Dinner was ready when he cam e home. In contrast, the modern husband helps his working wife at home. He may do some of the household jobs, and it is not unusual f or him to cook.The second diff erence is in the woman’s role. In the traditional f amily, the woman may have worked f or pay during her f irst years of marriage. However, af ter she becam e pregnant, she would usually give up her job. Her primary role was to take care of her family and home. In contrast, in many f amilies today, the modern woman works outside the home even af ter she has children. She’s doing two jobs instead of one, so she is busier than the traditional mother was. The traditional wif e learned to live within her husband’s income. On the other hand, the modern wif e does not have to because the f amily has two incomes.The f inal difference is in the role of the children. In the traditional f amily, the children were taken care of by the mother because she did not work outside the home. However, today preschool children may go to a child care center or to a baby-sitter regularly because the mother works. The school-age children of a traditional f amily were more dependent. Their mother was there to help them to get ready f or school and to make their breakfast. In contrast, modern children are more independent. They have to get up early in the morning and get ready f or school. Their mother is busy getting ready f or work, so they may even have to make their own breakfast.In conclusion, the American family of today is diff erent f rom the f amily of f i f ty years ago. In the modern f amily, the roles of the f ather, mother, and children have changed as more and more women work outside the home. The next century may bring more important changes to the American f amily structure. In should be interesting to see.(614 words) (6)(17)。
《英美报刊选读》重点词汇整理
一，who we are now1.But the president was openly ambivalent, too.2.Because who we are now-a country in which traditional barriers of race, age and gender are crumbling-flows in many ways from what LBJ did then.3.Why exhume the long-dead Johnson on the occasion of one of the most engaging inaugural since George Washington took the oath at Federal Hall…4.His conflicting language underscores the nation’s occasionally wary view of the changes wrought by immigration.5.There is something quintessentially American about a lumbering white man from Texas…6.In the understandable thrill of the inaugural season, all eyes are turned to this single man, all ears attuned to his voice.7.Whatever your politics, the election of the 44th president represents a kind of redemption from the long and tragic history of blacks…8.If you count a generation as roughly 21 years, he was off the mark, since the rapidly inspired backlash shaped politics for more than 40 years9.In 1909,…proposed a literary test to restrict the influx of the “Italians, Russians,Poles,Hungarians”…10.Then,in1952,Congress passed the…Act,which essentially made naturalization colorblind.(平等的对待不同肤色的人)11.The tension between assimilation and separation is eternal, but there is no doubt that this flood of immigration and the breaking down of barriers between previously estranged (疏远的，隔离的)groups within the country has created a much more fluid culture than…12.The key cohort is the 75 million-strong generation known as the millennials(1980-2000)13.perennial:lasting for a long time or forever14.The disparity between older and younger voters was greater in 2008 than at any other time…15.The younger cohort is more diverse than the general population, more female, more secular, less socially conservative and more willing to describe themselves as liberals.16.In the wake of a possible terrorist attack, fear could easily lead to tension, resent and discord.17.witch hunts: an attempt to find and punish people with different opinions18.allude to: mention sth. in an indirect way19.momentous:very important20.mythic:very famousndslide竞选中压倒多数性的选票二，The lost generation1.The most enduring harm is being done to young people who cannot grab onto the first rung of the career ladder.2.Affected are a range of young people,from high school dropouts,to college grades,to newly minted lawyers and…3.Studies suggest that an extended period of young joblessness can significantly depress lifetime income as people get sunk (unable to move)in jobs that are beneath their capabilities, or come to be seen by employers as damaged goods.研究表明，青年人长期失业会大大压低其一生的薪金水平，因为这些人难以摆脱无法发挥自己能力的工作，被雇主视为有缺陷的员工。
考研英语往年真题阅读理解精读笔记
考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记众所周知，考研是人生的一次重新洗牌和重大机遇，而在考研的四门课程中，英语成了许多考生前进征途上的一只凶猛拦路虎和十分困难的羁跘与障碍。
详细分析历年考研英语试卷，又可以发现主要矛盾在于阅读（占60%的分数），故可谓：得阅读者得天下。
阅读的60分细分为Part A、Part B 和Part C，其中Part A为四篇阅读理解，占40分，是阅读理解考试中的主战场。
那么，阅读Part A有没有什么技巧呢？技巧一：看懂阅读理解其实主要考的是“阅读”之后的“理解”，所以，看得懂乃是第一项技巧。
任何一篇文章，若要能看懂它，至少需要两个条件：认识单词和看明白句子。
单词就像盖房的砖瓦，考研词汇大约为5500个，这不是一个小数字，也并非三两天时间可以记住的，所以，考生必须先买一本考研英语词汇书进行系统、长期的学习和记忆。
（推荐《考研英语词汇真题词频语境记忆》，该书打破了传统考研词汇书按字母顺序排序的做法，而是采用历年真题作为单词出现频率的统计依据，将所有大纲单词及超纲单词按照历年真题出现的频率从高到低排列，而且全部按照考过的不同词义配不同的真题例句，可以使学生用最少的时间获得最好的学习效率）.拿到词汇书之后，首先用大约一周的时间把这些单词中你根本不认识的挑出来，如rear, tedious, deteriorate, plausible, jargon, isotope, ……, （因为这些单词你可能完全不认识，看到之后两眼漆黑，所以称之为“黑”字）. “黑”字是阅读的头一个障碍，单词不认识，句子当然看不懂，所以，消灭“黑”字是当务之急。
（争取用一个月左右的时间消灭它们！)考研词汇中，除“黑”字外，还有大量意思非常明白的所谓“白”字，如：able, benefit, culture, space, topic, ……。
此类单词可一掠而过，除“黑”（完全不认识）和“白”（完全明白）字两类外，还有许多似会不会的“灰”字，如：treaty, tutor, sample, saddle, fuss, ……。
Unit+3+Reading+课件高中英语牛津译林版(2020)选择性必修第四册+
_c_o_n_t_r_ib__u_t_e_s_t_o__th__e_h__e_a_lt_h__o_f_s_o_c_i_e_t_y_.All
jobs
are
__e_q_u__a_ll_y__im__p__o_r_t_a_n_t____and no one is _s_u_p__e_r_io_r__t_o__a_n_o_t_h_e_r_, so we
To conclude, hard work is essential for _____________ as well as for _______________________________. I hope all can do the work we are fond of and benefit from it.
Read for supporting information（para. 3）
examples
quotes
Argument 2: develop our skills
before vs now
Susmimmilaer(比y: 喻）
Work can also __h_e_lp__d_e_v_e_lo_p__o_u_r_cs_ok_mi_ll_ps_a_r_i_s_o_n, thus providing
Thanks for your listening!
Good morning, everyone! I’m Li Hua. I’m honored to give you a speech
with the topic “Why do people need to work?”
There are many reasons motivating us to enter the world of work. Through the work we do, we can ____(达成目标)and ____(实现梦想). Besides, work can give us ___(成就感和满足感). Furthermore, Work can also ____(提升技能), thus providing ____(拓展我们的个人成长空间). Last but not least, not only _____(在个人层面上对我们有益), it also ____(促进社会的健康发展). No matter what kind of job we take, the work we do can ____(推动社会进步和和 民族振兴).
新职业英语2 unit two
新职业英语2 unit twoUnit 2Reading AMeetings Are a Matter of Precious Time SpillDon't spill water on your suit.The water is so full that it might spill over(溢出).I try not to let my work spill over into my life outside the office. 我不想让工作影响到我办公室以外的生活。
Job stress can easily spill over into personal and family life. ProductivityThis increases productivity and reduces errors.这一功能提高了生产率并且减少了错误的发生。
Productive; productively InitiativeAt the end of this week, the government will issue a new initiative to fight air pollution. The European governments strongly support our initiative. TalkativeHe is not as talkative as his mother. She is talkative and confident. SolutionThe analysis of a problem is the starting point for its solution. 分析问题是解决问题的基点。
Have you found the solution to the problem? propose, proposalThe government proposed changes to the voting system.She proposed that the books written by the author should be banned. He proposed to her last week.Your proposal will be put into consideration. Contribute; contribution Contribute toMake contribution toWe hope everyone will contribute to the discussion. He contributed a number of articles to the magazine. Everyone should contribute to our environment.Everyone should make contribution to protect our environment. DriftWe drifted on the river by bamboo raft in Yangshuo. People are drifting towards the cities nowadays. AgendaThere are three items on the agenda of the meeting. What’s on your agenda next week?1Assign, assignmentThe teacher assigned a different task to each of the students. We can assign him an important mission. I was assigned a pleasant room to work in. Written assignmentYou have got your first assignment. Resource ; sourceShe is working in human resource department. We should protect our limited natural resource. PerishableSuch kinds of flowers are perishable.There perishable foods must be kept in a refrigerator. NonethelessBut , however, neverthelessShe doesn’t know anything against him, nonetheless she doesn’t trust him. She doesn’t know anything against him, nevertheless she doesn’t trust him. Vague, vaguelyThe final letter is very vague, possibly an r or a k. They were vagueabout their backgrounds. I vaguely remember their house. 我依稀记得他们的房子。
人力资本的代际外溢性来自“别人家的父母”的证据
人力资本的代际外溢性来自“别人家的父母”的证据一、本文概述Overview of this article本文旨在探讨人力资本的代际外溢性，特别是通过“别人家的父母”这一现象进行实证分析。
我们将首先定义人力资本的概念，并阐述其在经济发展和社会进步中的重要性。
接着，我们将深入探讨代际外溢性的理论背景，以及它如何影响个体和社区的发展。
在此基础上，我们将引入“别人家的父母”这一概念，分析其在人力资本代际传递中的作用。
This article aims to explore the intergenerational spillover of human capital, particularly through empirical analysis of the phenomenon of "parents from other families.". We will first define the concept of human capital and explain its importance in economic development and social progress. Next, we will delve into the theoretical background of intergenerational spillover and how it affects the development of individuals and communities. On this basis, we willintroduce the concept of "parents of others" and analyze its role in intergenerational transmission of human capital.本文的研究方法将包括文献回顾、实证分析以及案例研究等。
新职业英语2 unit two
Unit 2Reading AMeetings Are a Matter of Precious TimeSpillDon't spill water on your suit.The water is so full that it might spill over(溢出).I try not to let my work spill over into my life outside the office.我不想让工作到我办公室以外的生活。
Job stress can easily spill over into personal and family life.ProductivityThis increases productivity and reduces errors.这一功能提高了生产率并且减少了错误的发生。
Productive; productivelyInitiativeAt the end of this week, the government will issue a new initiative to fight air pollution. The European governments strongly support our initiative.TalkativeHe is not as talkative as his mother.She is talkative and confident.SolutionThe analysis of a problem is the starting point for its solution.分析问题是解决问题的基点。
Have you found the solution to the problem?propose, proposalThe government proposed changes to the voting system.She proposed that the books written by the author should be banned.He proposed to her last week.Your proposal will be put into consideration.Contribute; contributionContribute toMake contribution toWe hope everyone will contribute to the discussion.He contributed a number of articles to the magazine.Everyone should contribute to our environment.Everyone should make contribution to protect our environment.DriftWe drifted on the river by bamboo raft in Yangshuo.People are drifting towards the cities nowadays.AgendaThere are three items on the agenda of the meeting.What’s on your agenda next week?—Assign, assignmentThe teacher assigned a different task to each of the students.We can assign him an important mission.I was assigned a pleasant room to work in.Written assignmentYou have got your first assignment.Resource ; sourceShe is working in human resource department.We should protect our limited natural resource.PerishableSuch kinds of flowers are perishable.There perishable foods must be kept in a refrigerator.NonethelessBut , however, neverthelessShe doesn’t know anything against him, nonetheless she doesn’t trust him.She doesn’t know anything against him, nevertheless she doesn’t trust him.Vague, vaguelyThe final letter is very vague, possibly an r or a k.They were vague about their backgrounds.I vaguely remember their house.我依稀记得他们的房子。
新职业英语第二册通用版Unit1-Unit5课后习题答案
一、词组符合fit in with利与弊pros and cons依赖rely on讨论中的in question例如for instence超过，溢出spill over插话、协调，一致chime in with打断别人，插话cut in结束争论或争吵in quits主管in charge归属感sense of belonging竭力找出seek out将……排入旅程，接受take in非常乐意more than happy报销经费expense account money免费for free有……的资格，有权享受…be entitled to把……放在一边，（暂时）丢下，省下put aside赊购账户charge account为了in an effort to使人感到难堪的是to one's emrarrassment现有，在手头on hand生根，被牢固树立take root从……开始start with来自……，来源于……derive form品牌异国化foreign branding销售行业marketing industry诸如此类……，等等to name just a few二、填空1.We will incorporate(吸收；吸纳)your suggestion in this new plan.2.The heavy rain hampered(妨碍；阻碍) the flow of traffic yesterday.3.She displayed(展示；表现) no emotion on the witness stand.4.The restaurant has a good reputation(名声；美名).5.I promise I will handle the matter impartially(公平地).6.Williams abused(滥用；妄用) his position as mayor to give jobs to his friends.7.She thought they would approve(批准，核准；认可) of the idea.8.We say that this was a(n) violation(违反；违背) of the agreement between us.9.We will also visit some museums, for instance(例如), the Forbidden City.10.This is the basic principle that underlies(构成…的基础；作为…的原因) all of the party’s policies.11.They proposed(提议，建议) making arrangements beforehand.12.If you assign(指派；分配) this task to somebody inexperienced, the results will most likely be less than satisfactory.13.The coffee is so full that it might spill(超过；溢出) over.14.Both his parents are vague(模糊的，不明确的) about where he is at the moment.15.The first item on the agenda(议程) was how to cut down the cost in production.16.He said that a few people were injured in the accident, but without specifying(明确说明；具体指定) how many.17.The thief has apparently(显然的，明显的) fled without taking any money.18.Repetition is one of the most effectively(有效的；生效的) ways for remembering new words.19.The two companies signed an agreement to renew(恢复；重新开始；续借) their partnership for another five years.20.The instructions in the manual should be made explicit(清楚明白的，直率的) so as to avoid any misunderstanding.21.Full-time employees are entitled(给…权利) to receive health insurance.22.They have made amazing(令人惊异的) achievements in the past few years.23.The Temple of Heaven is a tourist attraction(景点；吸引；吸引力) in Beijing.24.Leave your itinerary(行程，旅程；旅行指南) so that we can reach you in case of emergency.25.For relaxation(放松；消遣) nothing compares with a day on the beach.26.This is a restaurant where the locals(当地人，本地人) go to eat.27.We believe that this organization will serve regional(地域性的；地方性的) and world peace.28.The thin shirt is transparent(透明的) in the sunlight.29.This is the only country in Europe to deny(拒绝给予或允许) cancer screening to its citizens.30.Please tell me the procedure(程序，步骤；手续) for opening a savings account in your bank.31.Cable television companies have launched major campaigns to increase their number of subscribers(用户；订阅者).32.The big company merged(结合；融合) various small businesses.33.The ideas of parents usually take root(生根；被牢固树立) in their children.34.We've discussed all the marketing options(选择权；可选择的用户) and decided to go for television advertising.35.The original (起初的，原先的)settlers in North America are the Indians.36.The company's new car is based on an environmentally friendly concept(概念；观念；想法).37.She has her own individual(个别的；单独的；个人的) style of doing things.38.The company is out to capture(夺得，获得) the European market.39.We use the hall for multiple(许多的；多种多样的) purposes.40.In order to conclude the transaction(交易；业务),we accept your price.41.What is your favorite brand(品牌的) of electronic dictionary?42.California has many immigrants(移民) from other states.43.We need to write dedicated(专门的；专业的) computer programs specifically designed for the task.44. Our company's philosophy(理念；哲学) is to listen to our customers and make them satisfied.45.Weigh out all the ingredients(成分；原料) before you start making the cake.46.He runs his sandwich chain as a franchise operation.47.The new trade figures have just been released(推出，发行)48.From his earliest years he showed exceptional ability in mechanics(特别的；优秀的).49.The radio program has many distinctive(有特色的，与众不同的) features highly appreciated by the audience.50.The work is demanding(过分苛求的，要求严格的),but he finished it with great success.三、翻译1.公司所有规章制度都应严格遵守。
2024年全新七年级英语上册模拟试卷及答案(人教版)
一、选择题（每题1分，共5分）1. What is the meaning of the word "family"?A. A group of people who are related to each otherB. A group of friendsC. A group of animalsD. A group of plants2. Which of the following is a proper way to greet someone in English?A. "How are you?"B. "What's your name?"C. "Where are you from?"D. "How old are you?"3. What is the correct order of the days of the week in English?A. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, SundayB. Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, SaturdayC. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, SundayD. Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday4. Which of the following is a correct way to say "I like apples" in English?A. "I like apple"B. "I like apples"C. "I like an apple"D. "I like the apple"5. What is the meaning of the word "weather"?A. The condition of the atmosphere at a particular place and timeB. The condition of the ground at a particular place and timeC. The condition of the water at a particular place and timeD. The condition of the sky at a particular place and time二、判断题（每题1分，共5分）1. The word "family" always refers to a group of people who are related to each other. (T/F)3. The days of the week in English are always in the same order. (T/F)4. "I like apples" is a correct way to say "I like apples" in English. (T/F)5. The word "weather" refers to the condition of the atmosphere at a particular place and time. (T/F)三、填空题（每题1分，共5分）1. The word "family" means a group of people who are______ to each other.3. The days of the week in English are always in the order of ______, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday.4. To say "I like apples" in English, you can say"______".5. The word "weather" refers to the condition of the______ at a particular place and time.四、简答题（每题2分，共10分）1. What are the different members of a family?3. Can you list the days of the week in English in order?4. How do you say "I like apples" in English?5. What is the meaning of the word "weather"?五、应用题（每题2分，共10分）1. If you want to greet someone in English, what would you say?2. If you want to say "I like apples" in English, how would you say it?3. If you want to ask someone how they are feeling in English, what would you ask?4. If you want to say "I have a big family" in English, how would you say it?5. If you want to ask someone about the weather in English, what would you ask?六、分析题（每题5分，共10分）1. Compare and contrast the meanings of the words "family" and "friends".2. Analyze the different ways to greet someone in English and their appropriate situations.七、实践操作题（每题5分，共10分）1. Write a short conversation between two people greeting each other in English.2. Write a short paragraph about your family in English.八、专业设计题（每题2分，共10分）1. 设计一个英语单词拼写游戏，包括规则和示例。
工作压力英文怎么说英语是什么
工作压力英文怎么说英语是什么工作压力是当前全球性的热点话题，压力既是一种强大的推动力，下面店铺为大家带来工作压力的英文说法，供大家参考学习。
工作压力的英文说法：Working pressure英 [ˈwɜ:kɪŋˈpreʃə]美 [ˈwə:kɪŋˈprɛʃɚ]工作压力相关英文表达：额定工作压力 rated working pressure最低工作压力 Minimum operating pressure最高工作压力 Maximum operating pressure正常工作压力 normal operating pressure能适应工作压力 Ability to work under pressure工作压力英文说法例句：1. She had a stressful job as a sales representative.作为一名销售代表，她的工作压力很大。
2. Exercise is a good safety valve for the tension that builds up at work.锻炼身体是排解工作压力的好办法。
3. Remember, it's also a high - stress job.记住, 我的工作压力也很大.4. I was doing Yoga exercises to relieve my work - related stress.我刚才正在练习瑜枷,缓解工作压力.5. Working pressure and heated competition are the major factors behind the phenomenon.工作压力和激烈的竞争是导致这一现象的主要因素.6. Check the working pressure of No.1 cylinder of the main engine.检查主机第一缸的工作压力.7. Due to time difference with night - shift rotation is required for this position.身体健康,适应较强的工作压力和超时工作;由于时差问题,该职位需要轮班工作.8. Meticulous ; hands on; able to work under pressure and meet deadlines.工作态度缜密, 能承受工作压力.9. He is under a lot of strain at work.他承受着很大的工作压力.10. Working pressure Tendency to leave a positive impact . 3.而工作压力对离职倾向具正向的影响.11. Self - motivated, can bear working pressure and team work heart.自我激励, 能承受工作压力,团队合作精神.12. Business circles weekly The actuating pressure of which phase is greater?商界周刊:哪一个阶段的工作压力更大?13. She complain to him about the pressure of her job.她向他抱怨工作压力沉重.14. Job stress can easily spill over into personal and family life.工作压力很容易就渗透进个人及家庭生活中.15. Good responsibility and team work sprite, can work under pressure.具有团队合作和敬业精神, 能够承受一定的工作压力.。
(完整word版)人教版八年级英语下册第三单元教案
Unit 3 Could you please clean your room?教材解读本单元的话题是Chores，主要是关于家庭生活，谈论家务琐事及家庭互助，要求学生学会用Could you please ...？和Could I please ...？来委婉地提出请求或征求别人的许可以及如何有礼貌地拒绝别人并表达自己的理由，陈述自己的好恶。
家庭生活及家务劳动是社会家庭和学生生活中的重要方面，对学生生活习惯的养成、社会行为习惯及家庭责任感的建立起着重要的作用。
通过学习本单元，学生应当能认识到家庭亲情及家庭义务的重要性，应对参加及帮助父母做适当的家务持有积极的态度。
通过单元学习，学生还将了解中西方在这方面的文化差异，增强他们在日常生活中的沟通和交流能力。
单元目标一、知识与技能1. 掌握重点单词和短语。
2. 掌握请求帮助和请求允许及应答的句型：Could you please clean your room? CouldI please use the car? Yes，you can. No，you can’t. I have to go out.3. 培养听说读写四项基本技能。
二、过程与方法采用个人独立思考，两人或多人小组合作、交流的学习策略，积极创设较真实的语言环境，利用教学图片、录音机或多媒体课件来展开课堂的听力和口语交际活动。
三、情感态度与价值观明确“家务人人有责”的思想，能积极主动地参加家务劳动。
认识到父母照顾家庭的辛劳，养成爱父母、爱家庭、爱家务的好习惯。
学习照顾家庭同时也是照顾自己，培养独立能力，为自己的将来奠定基础。
教法导航采用直观教学法，遵循以学生为主体的原则。
学法导航采用Using contest guessing和Role playing的学习策略，课时支配第1课时：Section A 1a-2d第2课时：Section A 3a-4c第3课时：Section B 1a-2e第4课时：Section B 3a-Self Check1课时教案第1课时Section A 1a-2c教学目标一、知识与技能1. 掌握重点词汇和短语：do the dishes，take out the rubbish，fold your clothes，sweep the floor，make your bed，clean the living room2. 理解并掌握重点句型：Could you please…? Could I …?3. 能听懂有关做家务和日常活动的对话。
工作家庭冲突量表英文
工作家庭冲突量表英文Title: The Work-Family Conflict Scale: Measuring the Complex Interplay Between Professional and Personal Obligations.Introduction.In the modern era, the boundaries between work and home have become increasingly blurred. The demands ofprofessional life often spill over into the domestic sphere, and vice versa. This overlap can lead to conflicts that impact individuals' well-being and overall satisfactionwith life. The Work-Family Conflict Scale (WFCS) is a tool designed to measure the extent of these conflicts and provide a basis for understanding and addressing them.Background.The concept of work-family conflict (WFC) emerged inthe 1980s as a way to understand the negative spillovereffects of work on family life and vice versa. Since then, it has become a key area of research in organizational psychology, family studies, and related fields. The WFCS is a critical instrument in this research, enabling the quantification and analysis of WFC across various populations and contexts.Scale Development.The WFCS typically consists of multiple items designed to capture different aspects of work-family conflict. These items may include statements such as "My work schedule interferes with my family life" or "Family responsibilities often affect my work performance." Respondents are asked to rate the extent to which they agree or disagree with each statement, typically on a Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).The scale is designed to measure two types of work-family conflict: work-to-family conflict (WFC) and family-to-work conflict (FWC). WFC refers to the difficulties experienced when work-related demands and pressuresinterfere with family life. Conversely, FWC occurs when family responsibilities and expectations hinder work performance or satisfaction.Applications.The WFCS has a wide range of applications in research and practice. In research settings, it is used to explore the correlates and consequences of work-family conflict, such as job satisfaction, mental health, and work-life balance. It has also been employed in cross-cultural studies to compare patterns of work-family conflict across different cultures and countries.In practical settings, the WFCS can be used by organizations to assess the level of work-family conflict among their employees. This information can be used to design effective interventions that promote work-life balance and improve employee well-being. For example, organizations may offer flexible work schedules, telecommuting options, or on-site childcare facilities to mitigate the negative effects of work-family conflict.Limitations and Future Directions.Although the WFCS is a valuable tool for measuringwork-family conflict, it has some limitations. Firstly, the scale relies on self-reporting, which may be subject to biases such as social desirability or recall bias. Secondly, the WFCS is typically administered as a cross-sectional survey, limiting its ability to capture dynamic changes in work-family conflict over time.Future research could address these limitations by exploring alternative methods of data collection, such as objective measures of work-family conflict (e.g., through work logs or diaries) or the use of multiple informants (e.g., both employees and their spouses or partners). Additionally, longitudinal studies that track changes in work-family conflict over time would provide a more comprehensive understanding of its development and consequences.Conclusion.The Work-Family Conflict Scale is a critical tool for measuring and understanding the complex interplay between professional and personal obligations. By quantifying work-family conflict, researchers and practitioners can gain insights into its correlates and consequences and develop effective interventions to promote work-life balance and employee well-being. While the scale has limitations, its continued use and refinement will further advance our understanding of this important aspect of modern life.。
高考英语应用文写作语料清单(10)家庭关系
一、亮点句型：1.Only children often relate well to adults.独生子女往往容易与成年人相处。
2.Many of the elderly are on medication.许多老年人都需按时服药。
3.Spare the rod, spoil the child孩子不打不成器。
4.With the social transformation and the aging population increases ceaselessly, how to support the elderly has bee a real problem.随着我国社会转型和老龄人口不断增加，如何赡养老人成为一大现实问题5.The older generation, on the other hand, should show solicitude for the young.另一方面，老一辈应该关心年轻人。
6.Promoting the Culture of Filial Piety and Constructing a Harmonious Family and a Harmonious Society弘扬孝道文化，构建和谐家庭、和谐社会7.Due Consideration Given to Population Aging in Economical and Functional Housing Design经济适用房设计应关注老龄化问题8.With a large population and as aging process speeds up, China is beginning to face the serious problem of aging society.我国人口基数庞大并且老龄化速度加快，导致目前面临的老龄化问题异常严峻。
9.Generation gap is the very reason that creates the conflicts and tension between family members.代沟是形成家庭矛盾和冲突的主要原因之一.10.She nurtured the child as if he had been her own.她把那孩子当作自己的来养育。
高考英语真题分项解读：专题02 阅读理解B篇真题变式题(甲卷) (解析版)
高考真题变式题分类汇编专题02 阅读理解B篇真题变式题（全国甲卷）养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。
做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。
总之，在最后的复习阶段，学生们不要加大练习量。
在这个时候，学生要尽快找到适合自己的答题方式，最重要的是以平常心去面对考试。
英语最后的复习要树立信心，考试的时候遇到难题要想“别人也难”，遇到容易的则要想“细心审题”。
越到最后，考生越要回归基础，单词最好再梳理一遍，这样有利于提高阅读理解的效率。
另附高考复习方法和考前30天冲刺复习方法。
【2023年高考真题】Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY (do-it-yourself). Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself.She credits these skills to her late grandfather and builder Derek Lloyd. From the age of six, Terri, now 26, accompanied Derek to work during her school holidays. A day’s work was rewarded with £5 in pocket money. She says: “I’m sure I wasn’t much of a help to start with, painting the rooms and putting down the flooring throughout the house. It took weeks and it was backbreaking work, but I know he was proud of my skills.”Terri, who now rents a house with friends in Wandsworth, South West London, says DIY also saves her from losing any deposit when a tenancy (租期) comes to an end. She adds: “I’ve moved house many times and I always like to personalise my room and put up pictures, so, it’s been useful to know how to cover up holes and repaint a room to avoid any charges when I’ve moved out.”With millions of people likely to take on DIY projects over that coming weeks, new research shows that more than half of people are planning to make the most of the long, warm summer days to get jobs done. The average spend per project will be around £823. Two thirds of people aim to improve their comfort while at home. Two fifthswish to increase the value of their house. Though DIY has traditionally been seen as male hobby, the research shows it is women now leading the charge.1．Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in paragraph 1?A．An artist.B．A winner.C．A specialist.D．A pioneer.2．Why did Terri’s grandfather give her £5 a day?A．For a birthday gift.B．As a treat for her work.C．To support her DIY projects.D．To encourage her to take up a hobby.3．How did Terri avoid losing the deposit on the house she rented?A．By making it look like before.B．By furnishing it herself.C．By splitting the rent with a roommate.D．By cancelling the rental agreement.4．What trend in DIY does the research show?A．It is becoming more costly.B．It is getting more time-consuming.C．It is turning into a seasonal industry.D．It is gaining popularity among females.【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．D【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，文章主要讲述了一位DIY高手Terri Boltonis的技能以及DIY项目可能会在女性群体中变成一种潮流趋势。
接亲英语测试题及答案
接亲英语测试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. What does the word "family" mean?A. A group of people who are related by blood or marriageB. A group of people who live togetherC. A group of people who work togetherD. A group of people who study together2. Which of the following is NOT a type of family?A. Nuclear familyB. Extended familyC. Single-parent familyD. Workplace family3. What is the term for a family consisting of two adults and their children?A. Joint familyB. Nuclear familyC. Extended familyD. Blended family4. In which type of family does a child live with one parent and the other parent is absent?A. Nuclear familyB. Single-parent familyC. Extended familyD. Stepfamily5. What is the term for a family where the parents are divorced and the children live with one parent and visit the other?A. Nuclear familyB. Single-parent familyC. StepfamilyD. Blended family6. Which of the following is a characteristic of a joint family?A. It consists of only two generations.B. It includes multiple generations living together.C. It is a family with only one child.D. It is a family where the parents are divorced.7. Who is the head of a family in a traditional Chinese family structure?A. The eldest sonB. The eldest daughterC. The eldest maleD. The eldest female8. What is the term for a family where the parents are not married but live together with their children?A. Cohabitation familyB. Common-law familyC. Nuclear familyD. Extended family9. In which type of family does a child live with both biological parents and the parents' new spouses after theyremarry?A. Nuclear familyB. Single-parent familyC. StepfamilyD. Blended family10. What is the term for a family where the parents are divorced and the children split their time between the two households?A. Joint familyB. Nuclear familyC. Single-parent familyD. Shared custody family二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）11. The family is the most basic unit of ________.12. A family can provide emotional, financial, and ________ support.13. The term "nuclear family" refers to a family consisting of parents and their ________.14. In a ________ family, multiple generations live under the same roof.15. A family where the parents are divorced and one parent has custody of the children is called a ________ family.16. A family where the parents are not married but live together is known as a ________ family.17. The head of a traditional Chinese family is usually the ________ male.18. A family where the parents are divorced and the children live with one parent and visit the other is called a ________ family.19. A family consisting of two adults who are not married but have a child together is known as a ________ family.20. A family where the parents are divorced and the children split their time between the two households is referred to as a ________ family.三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）21. Define the term "family" and explain its importance in society.22. Describe the characteristics of a blended family and how it differs from a stepfamily.23. Explain the concept of a joint family and itssignificance in some cultures.24. Discuss the challenges faced by single-parent families and the support they may need.四、论述题（共20分）25. Analyze the impact of family structure on children's development and discuss the role of different family members in nurturing a child's growth.五、翻译题（每题5分，共30分）26. Translate the following sentence into English: “家庭是社会的基本单元，对孩子的成长有着深远的影响。
英语讲义【41】同族词都是一家人
在《前缀⼀加，词义转变》中提到同族词（见1⽉17⽇《中英合谈》）。
所谓同族词（family words）便是由同个词根衍⽣出来的⼀群实词。
例如：“art”（艺术）名词是“art”和“artist”，形容词是“artistic”，副词是“artistically”。
虽然这四个字的语⾳、词形、词类和词义都不同，但都来⾃共同的词根。
同族词既然是由同⼀词根派⽣⽽成，它们之间便有“⾎脉”关系，⽽且在词义上，也常有相似之处。
学习英语词汇时，可以利⽤同族词这特⾊把每组词集中起来，⽤对⽐⽅式，辨别每个词的词义和不同⽤法，然后加以记忆和运⽤，假以时⽇，不难⽔到渠成，词汇丰富。
下⾯便是两组同族词的意思及其⽤法： Ⅰauthorise（动词）授权、批准 authorisation（名词）授权、委任 authoritative（形容词）权威的、命令式的 authority（名词）权⼒、职权、权威 authorities（名词）* ① Dr Li has authorised David to act for him in his absence. ② The Ministry for Finance authorised the payment of annual increments. ③ One needs special authorisation to enter such a building. ④ This news came from an authoritative source, so it must be reliable. ⑤ The Commander-in-chief spoke in an authoritative tone. ⑥ As a senior officer, Jason is entitled to have authority over the clerical staff. ⑦ Who gave you authority to implement the new salary scheme? ⑧ Dr Wong is an authority on language teaching. ⑨ The authorities concerned must see to it that the same thing will not recur. Ⅱclear（形容词）清楚的、明⽩的、⽆嫌疑的、债务已清的； （副词）远离的 （动词）清除、解除。