Writing Introductions

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介绍;指南;手册的英文

介绍;指南;手册的英文In the world of communication, introductions, guides, and manuals play a pivotal role in conveying information and ensuring clarity. They are the first points of contact for readers, whether they are new to a subject or seeking clarification on a specific aspect. When it comes to the English language, mastering the art of writing these types of documents is crucial for effective communication.**Introductions**An introduction is often the first impression you make on your reader. It should be concise, informative, and engaging. The goal is to capture the reader's interest and provide a clear overview of what the document will cover. When writing an introduction in English, it's important to use active voice, avoid jargon or technical language, and keep the tone friendly and inviting.Here's an example of a well-constructed English introduction:"Welcome to this comprehensive guide on the basics of cooking Italian cuisine. In this document, we will explorethe essential ingredients, techniques, and recipes that form the backbone of Italian cooking. Whether you're a beginner or an experienced chef, you'll find useful tips and insights that will enhance your cooking skills. Let's dive in and discover the delicious world of Italian cuisine together!"**Guides**Guides are similar to introductions but tend to be more detailed and focused on specific topics or tasks. They aim to provide step-by-step instructions or explanations to help readers achieve a particular goal or understand a complex concept. When writing a guide in English, it's essential to use clear and concise language, avoid assumptions, and provide ample examples and illustrations. Here's an example of an English guide on how to make coffee:"Making coffee at home can be a rewarding experience, but it's important to follow the right steps to ensure a delicious cup. In this guide, we'll walk you through the basics of making coffee using an espresso machine. First, we'll discuss the different types of coffee beans and theirunique flavors. Then, we'll provide step-by-step instructions on how to grind the beans, tamp them into the portafilter, and extract the espresso. Finally, we'll offer tips on how to steam milk and create delicious coffee drinks like cappuccinos and lattes. Let's get started on your journey to becoming a coffee expert!"**Manuals**Manuals are typically thicker and more comprehensive documents that provide detailed instructions and information on how to use a product or perform a task. They are often used for technical products or processes and require a high level of accuracy and detail. When writing a manual in English, it's crucial to use a consistent style and tone, include detailed illustrations and screenshots, and provide clear, step-by-step instructions.Here's an example of an English manual for setting up a home wireless network:"Setting up a home wireless network can be a challenging task, but with this manual, you'll have the tools and knowledge to get the job done. In this guide,we'll cover everything from choosing the right equipment toconfiguring your router and connecting devices. We'll provide detailed instructions on how to set up a secure network, troubleshoot common issues, and optimize your network for the best performance. Whether you're a tech-savvy individual or a beginner, this manual will provide you with the information you need to set up and maintain a reliable home wireless network."Writing introductions, guides, and manuals in English requires a balance of clarity, detail, and engagement. By using active voice, avoiding jargon, and providing ample examples and illustrations, you can create documents that are both informative and enjoyable to read. With practice and attention to detail, you can master the art of writing these types of documents and effectively communicate your ideas and information to a wide audience.。

writing introduction

Content
*Teacher –led discussion about “Writing” *Lecture: language learning and teaching theories and practice * Need analysis survey *Preliminary plan of the term

1. On

writing
character like the ripping of fruit or the mellowing of good wine, and the gradual acquiring of a more tolerant, more cynical and at the same time ,more kindlier view of life; then, in the sunset of our life, it is for us the age of peace and security and leisure and contentment; finally, life flickers out and one goes into eternal sleep, never to wake up again. One should be able to sense the beauty of this rhythm of life, to appreciate its main theme, its strains of conflict and the final resolution. The movement of these cycles are very much the same in a normal life, but the music must be provided by the individual himself.

Writing session 8 writing introductions

2.Beginning with an unnecessary, overused phrase such as "in conclusion," "in summary," Although these phrases can work in speeches, they come across as wooden and trite in writing. 3. Stating the thesis for the very first time in the conclusion. 4. Introducing a new idea or subtopic in your conclusion 5. Making sentimental, emotional appeals that are out of character with the rest of an analytical paper. 6. Including evidence (quotations, statistics, etc.) that should be in the body of the paper
Ending
Restate key points Demonstrate importance A new way of looking at things, extensions from your discussion Avoid 1. Ending with a rephrased thesis statement without substantive changes
Avoid errors in writing introductions
1. Writing a vague introduction, leaving the thesis unclear 2. Failing to define unfamiliar terms 3. Writing an introduction that is too long, too broad and too far off, crowding too many details into it. 4. Starting the introduction with a dictionary definition

学术英语writingintroduction

What belongs in the introductory section(s) of your paper?
A statement of the goal of the paper: why the study was undertaken, or why the paper was written. Do not repeat the abstract.
Structural Layout of Introduction
The first layer 1.1 Introducing the general research area including its background,
Frequently asked questions
What is an introduction for? Is it a summary?
An introduction is not a summary. A summary repeats the main ideas of an essay. An introduction introduces the reader to the topic of the
What is Introduction?
Introduction is the first section of a scientific paper, including the background information of the research, the nature and scope of the problem investigated.
An essay introduction does not need to do more than tell the reader the topic of the essay, describe how the body of the essay is organized, and explain the thesis that you argue for in the essay.

英语作文写作之Introductions开头介绍

invasions of our privacy.
Summery: Ways to Introduce Thesis
General to Narrow Starting with the opposite Stating the importance of your topic Incident or story Questions Quotation
Writing Survey #4
3.) How did you choose to organize your essay in Assignment #3?
4.) Did you find the suggestions for introductions useful? Do you have any other ideas that could work for an introduction?
Assignment #4
Choose one of the topics below and form a thesis. (400-500 words)
- The Victory of the Beijing Ducks - Spreading rumors online - A character from Romance of the Three
Bookstore shelves today are crammed with dozens of different diet books. The American public seems willing to try any sort of diet, especially the ones promising instant, miraculous results. Diet book authors are more than willing to invent new fad diets to cash in on this craze. Unfortunately some of these fad diets are ineffective or even unsafe. One of the worst fad diets is the “Palm Beach” plan. It is impractical, does not achieve the results it claims and is a sure route to poor nutrition.

写论文要用到的英语Academic Phase Bank

Academic Phase BankWriting IntroductionsThere are many ways to introduce an academic essay or assignment. Most academic writers, however, appear to do one or more of the following in their introductions:∙establish the context, background and/or importance of the topic∙indicate a problem, controversy or a gap in the field of study∙define the topic or key terms∙state of the purpose of the essay/writing∙provide an overview of the coverage and/or structure of the writingExamples of phrases which are commonly employed to realise these functions are listed below. Note that there may be a certain amount of overlap between some of the categories under which the phrases are listed.Introductory sections for research dissertations, are normally much more complex than this and, as well as the elements above, may include the following: a synopsis of key literature/current state of knowledge, synopsis of methods, lists of research questions or hypotheses to be tested, significance of the study, recognition of the limitations of the study, reasons for personal interest in the topic.Establishing the importance of the topic:One of the most significant current discussions in legal and moral philosophy is ......It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the .....X is the leading cause of death in western industrialised countries.X is a common disorder characterised by ......X is an important component in the climate system, and plays a key role in Y.In the new global economy, X has become a central issue for ......In the history of development economics, X has been thought of as a key factor in .......Xs are one of the most widely used groups of antibacterial agents and ......Xs are the most potent anti-inflammatory agents known.X is a major public health problem, and the cause of about 4% of the global burden of disease. X is an increasingly important area in applied linguistics.Central to the entire discipline of X is the concept of .......X is at the heart of our understanding of ......Establishing the importance of the topic (time frame given):Recent developments in X have heightened the need for ......In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in ......Recent developments in the field of X have led to a renewed interest in ......Recently, researchers have shown an increased interest in ......The past decade has seen the rapid development of X in many .......The past thirty years have seen increasingly rapid advances in the field of......Over the past century there has been a dramatic increase in ......One of the most important events of the 1970s was ......Traditionally, X s have subscribed to the belief that ......X proved an important literary genre in the early Y community.The changes experienced by X s over the past decade remain unprecedented.Xs are one of the most widely used groups of antibacterial agents and have been extensivel y used for decades to .......Highlighting a problem in the field of study:However, these rapid changes are having a serious effect ......However, a major problem with this kind of application is ......Lack of X has existed as a health problem for many years.Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks:However, research has consistently shown that first year students have not attained an adequate understanding of ......There is increasing concern that some X s are being disadvantaged ......Despite its long clinical success, X has a number of problems in use.Questions have been raised about the safety of prolonged use of ......Highlighting a controversy in the field of study:To date there has been little agreement on what ......More recently, literature has emerged that offers contradictory findings about .....One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in ......In many X s a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning ......The controversy about scientific evidence for X has raged unabated for over a century. Debate continues about the best strategies for the management of ……This concept has recently been challenged by ……. studies demonstrating …….One of the most significant current discussions in legal and moral philosophy is ......One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in ......In many X s a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning ......The controversy about scientific evidence for X has raged unabated for over a century. Questions have been raised about the safety of prolonged use of ......The issue of X has been a controversial and much disputed subject within the field of ....... The issue has grown in importance in light of recent ......One major theoretical issue that has dominated the field for many years concerns ......One major issue in early X research concerned.......Highlighting a knowledge gap in the field of study (for research):So far, however, there has been little discussion about ......However, far too little attention has been paid to ......Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.In addition, no research has been found that surveyed .......So far this method has only been applied to ......Several studies have produced estimates of X (Smith, 2002; Jones, 2003), but there is still insufficient data for .....However, there have been no controlled studies which compare differences in ......The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about ...... However, there is no reliable evidence that ......X's analysis does not take account of ..... nor does he examine ......Focus, aim, argument:This paper will focus on/examine/give an account of ......This essay seeks to remedy these problems by analyisng the literature of ......The objectives of this research are to determine whether ......This paper seeks to address the following questions:This essay critically examines/discusses/traces ......The purpose of this paper is to review recent research into the ......This paper will review the research conducted on ......This chapter reviews the literature concerning the usefulness of using ......The aim of this paper is to determine/examine ......The aim of this study was to evaluate and validate .....In this paper I argue that .....In the pages that follow, it will be argued that ……This paper attempts to show that ......In this essay, I attempt to defend the view that ......Outline of structure:The main questions/issues addressed in this paper are: a), b and c).This paper has been divided into four parts. The first part deals with ......The essay has been organised in the following way.This paper first gives a brief overview of the recent history of X.This paper reviews the evidence for .....This paper begins by ...... It will then go on to ......The first section of this paper will examine ......Finally, .......Chapter 2 begins by laying out the theoretical dimensions of the research, and looks athow ......Chapter 3 describes the design, synthesis, characterization and evaluation of ......The last chapter assesses the ......Explaining KeywordsWhile a variety of definitions of the term X have been suggested, this paper will use the definition first suggested by Smith (1968) who saw it as .......Throughout this paper the term X will refer to/will be used to refer to .......In this article the acronym/abbreviation XYZ will be used.Referring to LiteratureOne important characteristic of academic writing is that all the sources of information that the writer has used need to be indicated, not just as a bibliography or list of references, but also in or alongside the text. In some cases the source will be the main subject of the sentence, in others the sources may be mentioned parenthetically (in brackets) or via a notation system (eg. footnotes). The more common verbs and verb phrases used in academic writing for referring to sources are given below. Note that different referencing systems are used in different disciplines. In the examples, the Harvard in-text referencing system has been used. Also note that the "author as subject" style is less common in the sciences."Ideally, your review should be evaluative and critical of the studies which have a particular bearing on your own. For example, you may think a particular study did not investigate some necessary aspect of the area, or that the authors failed to notice some problem with their results."Taken from the Manchester Good Practice Guide:/goodpractice/General descriptions of the relevant literature:A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies ...... There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of ……The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with ...... The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigatehow ......During the past 30 years much more information has become available on ......In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of literature on .......A large and growing body of literature has investigated ......General reference to previous research/scholarly activity (usually more than one author)Many historians have argued that ...... (eg. Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994) Numerous studies have attempted to explain ..... (for example, Smith , 1996; Kelly, 1998; Johnson, 2002)Recent evidence suggests that ....... (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001) Recently, in vitro studies have show n that T.thermophylus EFTu can ...... (Patel et al., 1997; Jones et al., 1998).Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) have show n that ......Several attempts have been made to ....... (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001) Several studies have revealed that it is not just X that acts on ...... (Smith, 1996; Jones .......Several biographies of Harris have been published. Smith presents an ........ account, whilst Jones .....Several studies investigating X have been carried out on ......Data from several sources have identified the increased morbidity and mortality associated with obesityPrevious studies have reported ...... (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1992). Previous research findings into X have been inconsistent and contradictory (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999, ......A number of studies have found that ...... (Smith , 2003; Jones, 2004).Twenty cohort study analyses have examined the relationship between .......At least 152 case-control studies worldwide have examined the relationship between......Other studies have considered the relationship ......The relationship between X and Y has been widely investigated (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987, .......The causes of X have been widely investigated (Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994).The geology of X has been addressed in several smallscale investigations and .......Xs have been identified as major contributing factors for the decline of many species (1).X has also been shown to reverse the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids in murine-induced arthritis (11).I t has been suggested that levels of X are independent of the size of the Y (Smith et al., 1995)It has conclusively been show n that X and Y increase Z (Smith et al., 1999; Jones, 2001 ......It has been demonstrated that a high intake of X results in damage to ...... (Smith, 1998; ......Reference to current state of knowledgeA relationship exists between an individual's working memory and their ability to ...... (Jones et al.,1998).GM varieties of maize are able to cross-pollinate with non-GM varieties (Smith, 1998; Jones, 1999).There is an unambiguous relationship between spending on education and economic development (Rao, 1998).X is one of the most intense reactions following CHD (Lane, 2003).MIF has been found to oppose the anti-infammatory actions of X on Y (Alourfi, 2004).Reference to single investigations in the past: researcher(s) as sentence subjectWang et al. (2004) have recently developed a methodology for the selective introduction of ......Reference to single investigations or publications in the past: time frame prominentIn 1975, Smith et al. published a paper in which they described .....In 1990 Patel et al. demonstrated that replacement of H2O with heavy water led to ...... Thirty years later, Smith (1974) reported three cases of Candida Albicans which ....... In the 1950s Gunnar Myrdal pointed to some of the ways in which …………… (Myrdal, 1957)In 1981, Smith and co workers demonstrated that X induced in vitro resistance to ....... In 1990, El-Guerrouj et al. reported a new and convenient synthetic procedure to obtain ......In 1984 Jones et al. made several amino acid esters of X and evaluated them as water-soluble pro-drugs.Reference to single publication: no time frameSmith has written the most complete synthesis to date of ......Reference to single investigations in the past: investigation prominentPreliminary work on X was undertaken by AbdulKarim (1992).The first systematic study of X was reported by Patel et al. in 1986.The study of the structural behavior of X was first carried out by Rao et al. (1986)...... Analysis of the genes involved in X was first carried out by Smith et al (1983).A recent study by Smith and Jones (2001) involved ......A longitiudinal study of X by Smith (2002) reports that ......A small scale study by Smith (2002) reaches different conclusions, finding no increase in ......Smith's cross-country analysis (2002) show ed that ......Smith's comparative study (2002) found that ......Detailed examination of X by Smith and Patel (1961) showed that ......In another major study, Zhao (1974) found that just over half of the ......In a radomised controlled study of X, Smith (2004) reported that ......In a large longitudinal study, Boucahy et al. 2004) investigated the incidence of X in Y.Reference to single investigations in the past: research topic as subjectClassical conditioning was first demonstrated experimentally by Pavlov (Smith, 2002). In his seminal study ......The electronic spectroscopy of X was first studied by Smith and Douglas 1 in 1970 The acid-catalyzed condensation reaction between X and Y w as first reported by Baeyer in 1872X formed the central focus of a study by Smith (2002) in which the author found ...... X was originally isolated from Y in a soil sample from ...... (Wang et al., 1952).The way in which the X gene is regulated was studied extensively by Ho and colleagues (Ho et al. 1995 and 1998).To determine the effects of X, Zhao et al (2005) compared ......Reference to what other writers do in their text (author as subject)Smith (2003) identifies poor food, bad housing, inadequate hygiene and large families as the major causes of ......Rao (2003) lists three reasons why the English language has become so dominant. These are: ......Smith (2003) traces the development of Japanese history and philosophy during the 19th century.Jones(2003) provides in-depth analysis of the work of Aristotle showing its relevance to contemporary times.Smith (2003) draw s our attention to distinctive categories of motivational beliefs often observed in .......Smith (2003) defines evidence based medicine as the conscious, explicit and judicious use of .....Rao (2003) highlights the need to break the link between economic growth and transport growth ......Smith (2003) discusses the challenges and strategies for facilitating andpromoting ......Toh (2003) mentions the special situation of Singapore as an example of .....Smith (2003) questions whether mainstream schools are the best environment for ...... Smith (2003) considers whether countries work well on cross-border issues suchas ......Smith (2003) uses examples of these various techniques as evidence that ......Some analysts (eg Carnoy, 2002) have attempted to draw fine distinctionsbetween ........Other authors ( see Harbison, 2003; Kaplan, 2004) question the usefulness of such an approach.Reference to other writers' ideas (author as subject)According to Smith (2003), preventative medicine is far more cost effective, and therefore better adapted to the developing world.This view is supported by Jones (2000) who writes ......Smith argues that her data support O'Brien's (1988) view that ......As Smith reminds us, ..............Elsewhere, Smith has argued that ......Some ways of introducing quotationsIn the final part of the Theses, Marx writes: "Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways; the point ......."Sachs concludes: "The idea of development stands today like a ruin in the intellectual landscape…" (Sachs, 1992a: 156).As Smith argues: "In the past, the purpose of education was to ......" (Smith ,2000:150).As Carnoy (2004: 215) states: "there are many good reasons to be sceptical".Being CriticalAs an academic writer, you are expected to be critical of the sources that you use. This essentially means questioning what you read and not necessarily agreeing with it just because the information has been published. Being critical can also mean looking for reasons why we should not just accept something as being correct or true. This can require you to identify problems with a writer's arguments or methods, or perhaps to refer to other people's criticisms of these. Constructive criticism goes beyond this by suggesting ways in which a piece of research or writing could be improved....... being against is not enough. We also need to develop habits of constructive thinking. Edw ard de BonoIntroducing questions, problems and limitations (theory)One question that needs to be asked, however, is whether ......A serious weakness with this argument, however, is that ......One of the limitations with this explanation is that it does not explain why... .One criticism of much of the literature on X is that ......The key problem with this explanation is that ......The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y.However, there is an inconsistency with this argument.Smith's argument relies too heavily on qualitative analysis of ......It seems that Jones' understanding of the X framework is questionable.Smith's interpretation overlooks much of the historical research ......One major criticism of Smith's work is that .....Many writers have challenged Jones' claim on the grounds that .......X's analysis does not take account of ..... nor does he examine ......Introducing questions, problems and limitations(method/practice)Another problem with this approach is that it fails to take X into account.Perhaps the most serious disadvantage of this method is that .....Difficulties arise, however, when an attempt is made to implement the policy. Nevertheless, the strategy has not escaped criticism from governments, agencies and academics.One major drawback of this approach is that ......The main limitation of biosynthetic incorporation, however, is ......However, this method of analysis has a number of limitations.However, approaches of this kind carry with them various well known limitations.All the studies reviewed so far, however, suffer from the fact that .......However, there are limits to how far the idea of/concept of X can be taken. However, such explanations tend to overlook the fact that......However, one of the problems with the instrument the researchers used to measure X was ......Identifying a study's weaknessOffering constructive suggestionsA better study would examine a large, randomly selected sample of societies with ......A much more systematic study would identify how X interacts with other variables that are believed to be linked to ......Highlighting inadequacies of previous studiesMost studies in the field of X have only focussed on ......Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about ......Such expositions are unsatisfactory because they .....However, few writers have been able to draw on any structured research into the opinions and attitudes of ......The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y. Researchers have not treated X in much detail.Previous studies of X have not dealt with ......However, these studies used non-validated methods to measure .....Half of the studies evaluated failed to specify whether ......However, much of the research up to now has been descriptive in nature …. Although extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study exists which adequately covers ......However, these results were based upon data from over 30 years ago and it is unclear if these differences still persist.Introducing other people's criticismsHowever, Jones (2003) points out that .....Many analysts now argue that the strategy of X has not been successful. Jones (2003), for example, argues that .....Non-government agencies are also very critical of the new policies.The X theory has been / vigorously / strongly challenged in recent years by a number of writers.Smith's analysis has been criticised by a number of writers. Jones (1993), for example, points out that ……Smith's meta-analysis has been subjected to considerable criticism.The most important of these criticisms is that Smith failed to note that ......Jones (2003) is probably the best known critic of the X theory. He argues that .….The latter point has been devastatingly critiqued by Jones (2003).Critics have also argued that not only do social surveys provide an inaccurate measure of X, but the......Critics question the ability of poststructuralist theory to provide ......More recent arguments against X have been summarised by Smith and Jones (1982): Jones (2003) is critical of the conclusions that Smith draws from his findings. Describing MethodsIn the Methods section of a dissertation or research article, writers give an account of how they carried out their research.The Materials and Methods section should be clear and detailed enough for another experienced person to repeat the research and reproduce the results. Typical features with examples of this language are listed below.Describing different methodsTo date various methods have been developed and introduced to measure X:In most recent studies, X is measured in four different ways.Radiographic techniques are the main non-invasive method used to determine .... Different authors have measured X in a variety of ways.Previous studies have based their criteria for selection on ......A variety of methods are used to assess X. Each has its advantages and drawbacks. Data were gathered from multiple sources at various time points during the2007–2008 academic year.Giving reasons why a particular method was adoptedThe semi-structured approach was chosen because ......Smith et al (1994) identify several advantages of the case study, .......It was decided that the best method to adopt for this investigation was to ......A case study approach was chosen to allow a ......The design of the questionnaires was based on ......The X method is one of the more practical ways of ......It was considered that quantitative measures would usefully supplement and extend the qualitative analysis.Many of the distributions were not normal so non-parametric signed rank tests were run.The X approach has a number of attractive features: ......Indicating a specific methodArticle references were searched further for additional relevant publications.Articles were searched from January 1965 until April 2008.Publications were only included if …….X was prepared according to the procedure used by Patel et al. (1957).The synthesis of X was done according to the procedure of Smith (1973).X was synthesised using the same method that was detailed for Y, using ......This compound was prepared by adapting the procedure used by Zhao et al. (1990). For this study the X was used to explore the subsurface ……An alternative method for making scales homogenous is by using …..Describing the characterisitics of the sampleThe initial sample consisted of 200 students of whom 13 did not complete all of the interviewsAll studies described as using some sort of X procedure w ere included in the analysis.A systematic literature review was conducted of studies that .....All of the participants were aged between 18 and 19 at the beginning of the study..... Two groups of subjects w ere interview ed, namely X and Y. The first group were ......A random sample of patients with ...... was recruited from .......Forty-seven students studying X were recruited for this study.The students were divided into two groups based on their performance on ......The project used a convenience sample of 32 first year modern languages students. Just over half the sample (53%) was female, of whom 69% were ......Participants were recruited from 15 clinics across ......, covering urban and rural areas ……Eligibility criteria required individuals to have received ….Five individuals were excluded form the study on the basis of ….Eligible women who matched the selection criteria were identified by ……Semi structured interviews were conducted with 17 male offenders with a mean age of 38 yearsA comparison group of 12 male subjects without any history of X was drawn from a pool of …….Indicating reasons for sample characteristicsA small sample was chosen because of the expected difficulty of obtaining ......The subjects were selected on the basis of a degree of homogeneity of their ....... Criteria for selecting the subjects were as follows:Describing the process: infinitive of purposeIn order to identify the T10 and T11 spinous processes, the subjects w ere askedto ......In order to understand how X regulates Y, a series of transfections was performed..To enable the subjects to see the computer screen clearly, the laptop was configured with ......To see if the two methods gave the same measurement, the data was plotted and ...... To control for bias, measurements were carried out by another person.To measure X, a question asking ...... was used.To determine w hether ......, KG-1 cells were incubated for ......To establish w hether ......,To increase the reliability of measures, each X was tested twice with a 4-min break between .......To compare the scores three weeks after initial screening, a global ANOVA F-test was usedThe vials were capped with ..... to prevent volatisation.In an attempt to make each interviewee feel as comfortable as possible, the interviewer ......Describing the process: other phrases expressing purposeFor the purpose of height measurement, subjects were asked to stand .....For the purpose of analysis, 2 segments were extracted from each ......For the estimation of protein concentration, 100 µL of protein sample was mixedwith ......Describing the process: typical verbs (note use of passive form)Data management and analysis w as performed using SPSS 8.0 (1999).Published studies w ere identified using a search startegy developed in .....The experiments w ere carried out over the course of the growing period from ....... Injection solutions w ere coded by a colleague to reduce experimenter bias.Drugs w ere administered by icv injection under brief CO2 narcosis;The mean score for the two trials w as subjected to multivariate analysis of variance to determine ......The subjects w ere asked to pay close attention to the characters whenever ...... Prompts w ere used as an aid to question two so that ......The pilot interviews w ere conducted informally by the trained interviewer ......Blood samples w ere obtained with consent, from 256 caucasian male patients ...... Independent tests were carried out on the x and y scores for the four years from ...... This experiment w as repeated under conditions in which the poor signal/noise ratio was improved.Significance levels were set at the 1% level using the student t-test.A total of 256 samples w ere taken from 52 boreholes (Figure 11).Describing the process: sequence words/phrases。

Academic_writing_Introduction 引言的写作

Writing An Introduction of A Research PaperI. Some conventions(一些规则)Every professional paper should have at least one or two introductory paragraphs. In the Introduction the writer sets the stage for the main topic. It provides information for the reader about the paper, without giving the details of the work and conclusions. Often the Introduction is used to put the research into perspective, by stating how it relates to other technical and institutional work. The Introduction can range from half of a page to two pages.The purpose of the Introduction is to supply sufficient background information to allow the reader to understand and evaluate the results of the present study without referring to previous publications on the topic. The introduction should also provide the rationale for the present study. The writer should state briefly and clearly his purpose in writing the paper. Much of the Introduction should be written in the present tense because the writer will be referring primarily to the problem and the related established know-ledge at the beginning of the work.(i) It should present the nature and scope of the problem investigated. Since there might be many perspectives from which the writer can approach the problem, narrowing down the scope of work and de-limiting the boundary of the study becomes necessary.(ii) The Introduction is the proper place to define any specialized terms or abbreviations intended to be used.(iii) The Introduction should also inform the reader of the general purpose of the paper and illustrate the primary objectives of the research.(iv) It should review the pertinent literature to orient the reader. In science and engineering studies the literature is reviewed for several reasons, for example, to learn from the work of others, to give credit to similar and relevant studies, to help the reader in further study to the topic, problem or theory. In professional work it is essential to make it clear what contributions have been made by others, and what the cur-rent work has achieved and contributed to further understanding. The reader must never be in doubt what has already been established in the literature before, and what the reported study has contributed. (v) The Introduction may also talk of the arrangement of the writing at the end of the Introduction. In long papers, the mention of the arrangement of the writing enables the reader to understand the pa-per more easily, and can make the reader feel convenient in further reading.II. Stabilized structure(固定的结构)1．Establishing the scope of research(表示研究／讨论范围)Step l Claiming centrality(表明讨论中心话题)and／orStep 2 Making topic generalization(s)(总括所研究话题的现状)and／orStep 3 Reviewing previous research(综述前人研究)2．Establishing a niche(确立研究／讨论话题)Step l A Counter—claiming(反驳前人观点)OrStep l B Indicating a gap(表明前人研究空白)OrStep l C Question—raising(提出问题)OrStep l D Continuing a tradition(继续前人研究)3．Occupying the niche(研究／讨论具体切人点)Step l A Outlining purposes(表明研究目的)OrStep l B Announcing present research(表明当前研究重点)Step 2 Announcing principal findings(表明主要发现)Step 3 Indicating the research article structure(表明文章结构)1．Establishing the scope of research(确定研究／讨论范围)Step 1 centrality claims: In the introduction, centrality claims are typically expressed in one sentence, but can also be in two or more sentences. Typically, they are put at the beginning of the Introduction. The author can introduce centrality claims by claiming interest or importance, referring to the main character of the issue, or claiming that there are many other investigators active in the area.Some typical examples are:~ Recently, there has been a spate of interest in how to...~ In recent years, applied researchers have become increasingly interested in...~ The possibility...has generated interest in...~ Recently, there has been wide interest in...~ The time development ...is a classic problem in fluid mechanics.~ The well-known...phenomena...have been favorite topics for analysis both in...~ Knowledge of ...has a great importance for...~ The study of...has become an important aspect of...~ The effect of...has been studied extensively in recent years.~ Many investigators have recently turned to...~ The relationship between ...has been studied by many authors.~ A central issue in...is the validity of...The Introduction can also begins with step 2Step 2: making a topic generalization. Statements of topic generalizations generally fall into two categories: statements about knowledge or practice, or statements about phenomena. Typical examples of the first group are:~ There is now much evidence to support the hypothesis that...~ The ...properties of...are still not completely understood.~ A standard procedure for assessing has been...~ Education core courses are often criticized for...Typically these statements express in general terms the current state of knowledge, of technique, or of current requirements for further progress.The second group of topic generalizations refers to phenomena:~ ...is a common finding in patients with...~ An elaborate system of...is found in the ...~ English is rich in related words exhibiting "stress shifts".~ There are many situations where examination scripts are marked and then re-marked by another examiner.Step 3 Reviewing previous researchWhen reviewing previous research, the author needs to relate what has been found (claimed) with who has found it (claimed it). There are generally two forms of citation: integral and non-integral. In the text of a report, integral citation usually names the author in text and the year of publication in parentheses. Non-integral citation puts references at the end of a sentence or paragraph inside parentheses. If there is just one author, the integral citation form is Jones (1987), and the non-integral citation form is (Halliday, 1987). If there are two authors the citation should be Jones and Smith (1987) or (Jones and Smith 1987). And when there are three or more authors, the citation should be Jones et al. (1987) or (Jones et al., 1987). It should be noted that there is no period after the word "et". If there are two or more references by the same authors and from the same year, they are marked with an "a" and "b" etc. (Jones, et al., 1987a; Jones, et al., 1987b). A semicolon (;) is used between references when you refer to more than one at the same time.A literature review should not be a laundry list, meaning that it should not be listing of unrelated items.A literature review should be a coherent review of the main ideas and results of published materials, as they relate to the topic or problem of the report being written. The length of Literature Review is highly variable, from a paragraph to a few pages.The main patterns are illustrated with the following examples: Examples of integral citation forms (直接引用方式)~ Bile (1988) showed/shows that the moon is made of cheese.~ The moon's cheesy composition is established by Bile (1988).~ Brie's theory (1988) claims/claimed that the moon is made of cheese.~ Brie's (1988) theory of lunar composition has general support.~ According to Brie (1988), the moon is made of cheese.Examples of indirect citation forms (间接引用方式) ..~ Previous research has shown that the moon is made of cheese (Brie, 1988).~ It has been shown that the moon is made of cheese (Brie, 1988).~ It has been established that the moon is made of cheese (Brie, 1988).~ The moon is probably made of cheese (Bile, 1988).~ The moon may be made of cheese (of. Rock, 1989).2. Establishing a niche (确定研究/讨论话题)To establish a niche, the author usually starts with an adversative sentence-connector, most commonly with however but also with such signals as but, nevertheless, yet, and unfortunately. Step l A Counter-claiming e.g. However, the use of... results in such a degree of ... that ... has become necessary.OrStep 1B Indicating a gap e.g. However, the use of...results in a significant amount ofOrStep 1C Question-raising e.g. However, it is not clear whether the use of...can be modified to OrStep 1D Continuing a tradition e.g. The remaining issue is to find a way of better controlling In this part, the author most typically starts with step 1B, indicating a gap. The author does not counter-claim that the previous work is hopelessly misguided, but rather "suffers from some limitations". Typical sentence patterns used to indicate a gap are listed below:~ No research has been done on ...~ Little effort has been spent on the study of...~ (Very) few researchers have investigated...~ The nature of...is overlooked.~ Researchers have failed to notice that...~ The result is misleading/questionable/inconclusive/limited.~ The result off. _has several limitations.~ The research can rarely cover...3. Occupying the niche (研究/ 讨论具体切入点)Step 1A outlining purposesOrStep 1B Announcing present researchStep 2 Announcing principal findingsStep 3 indicating the research article structureIn this part, step 1 is the obligatory element. In other words, either Step 1A or Step 1B must occur in the Introduction. Step 1A indicates the author's main purpose or purposes. Step 1B describes what the author considers to be the main features of his research.Typical examples are:~ This paper reports on the results obtained...~ The aim of the present paper is to give...~ The main purpose of the experiment reported here was to...~ This study was designed to evaluate...~ This paper aims to report the interaction of...Most research article introductions end with Step 1. However, some may also end with Step 2 or Step 3. If Step 3 occurs, it always occurs at the end of the introduction.Examples are:~ We have organized the rest of this paper in the following way...~ This paper is structured as follows...~ The remainder of this paper is divided into five sections. Section II describes...III. Example outline structures (结构范例)Outline structure 1Recently, there has been a considerable interest in...Yet, there is a dearth of information. (2 direct questions) Recent studies have begun to explore these questions at...level. The existence of... may be inferred from recent studies by ...The work of these researchers sheds light on ...However, understanding ...in the context of... is as yet unexplored territory. This study attempts to enter this territory by...Our focus will be on...The changes that...show a skilled novice learning of...Outline structure 2Recently, the relationships between ...have been explored by scholars from a number of disciplines. However, the precise nature of...has not been delineated a considerable amount of research has been made into.., but little research...As a result, no comprehensive theory appears to exist. (review previous researches) Taken together, these studies indicate...The purposes of the present study were two-fold: one is...; the other is... The study thus extends the findings of previous work by examining...Outline structure 3Despite the announced importance of... few researchers have experimentally tested... Many studies have examined...No study, however, has used an experimental design. In the light of this absence of experimental work, we conducted a pilot study (Rosen, 1985)...We subsequently designed the present study,an experiment to test... Our two research questions were...IV. Distinction of Abstract and Introduction (摘要和引言的区别)Generally there are three distinctions between Abstract and Introduction:(1) Discussions of previous research are rarely found in abstracts, whereas it is an important part of the research article introductions.(2) Indication of methodology, experimental procedures, data collection, etc. used for present research is considered crucial in research abstracts, but rare in article introductions.(3) Reporting of results or findings of research is considered as an important part of abstracts, but it is rare in article introductions.V. An example introduction (引言范例)During the past 50 years, the United States has experienced the integration of the computer into society. Progress has been made to the point that small, inexpensive computers with expanded capabilities are available for innumerable uses. Many schools have purchased and are purchasing microcomputers for infusion into their directed learning programs.Most individuals seem to agree that the microcomputer will continue to hold an important role in education. Gubser (1980) and Hinton (1980) suggested phenomenal increases in the numbers of computers both in the school and the home in the near future. There are always problems with a sudden onslaught of new technology. Like any new tool that has not been fully tried and tested, the role of the computer is in question. How should the computer be used in the classroom? Should the computer be the teacher or a tool in the classroom in the same way as an overhead projector? Can teachers do a better job of teaching certain types of materials with the microcomputer than with conventional teaching methods? Will the microcomputer have different effects on students with varying levels of experience? Schmidt (1982) identified three types of microcomputer use in classrooms: the object of a course, a support tool and a means of providing instruction. Foster and Kleene (1982) cite four uses of microcomputers in vocational agriculture: drill and practice, tutorial, simulation and problem solving.The findings of studies examining the use of various forms of computer-assisted instruction (CAI have been mixed. Studies by Hickey (1968) and Honeycutt (1974) indicated superior results with CAI while studied by Ellis (1978), Caldwell (1980) and Belzer (1976) indicated little or no significant effect. Although much work has been done to date, more studies need to be conducted to ascertain the effects of microcomputer-assisted instruction in teaching various subjects in a variety of learning situations.The purpose of this study was to ascertain the effect of using micro-computer-assisted instruction as compared to a lecture-discussion technique in teaching principles and methods of cost recovery and investment credit on agriculture assets to graduate students in agricultural education (Rohrbach, 1983). This topic was identified as being of importance to teachers in providing them the necessary background to teach lessons in farm records.ExerciseThe following two excerpts are taken from the same academic article. Which is the Abstract and which is the Introduction? Why?Excerpt 1The continental terrace of Israel consists of a 1-2-km-thick Pliocene-Quaternary sediment wedge that narrows (from 60 to 16 km), steepens (2.5-3 to 6-8 ) and deepens (900-1200m) from south to north. Thecontinental terrace is the combined product of Nile-derived sedimentation whose bulk and rate of deposition decrease with increasing distance from the Nile Delta, and vertical tectonic uplift of Israel and Lebanon vs the subsidence of the adjacent submarine Levantine Basin. The tectonic influence increases while the sedimentary influence decreases from south to north (Neev et al., 1976; Almagor & Hall, 1984). Halokinetic slumping caused by extensive mass movement over deep strata of Messinian (Late Miocene) evaporites scarred and steepened the entire continental terrace of northern Israel and southern Lebanon (Almagor& Garfunkel, 1979; Garfunkel & Almagor 1985, 1987; Almagor 1993). In the south, a balance between continuous hemipelagic sedimentation and episodic dispersal of sediment, mostly by earthquake-induced slumping, creates a smooth gentle bathymetry (Almagor, 1980, 1984, 1986; Almagor & Michaeli, 1985). Along the steep slope north of Mount Carmel promontory mass transport processes have shaped a scarred and canyon-fur-rowed morphology. These processes were described in detail by Almagor(1992, 1993).The present study deals with the small-scale sedimentary structures as found in more than 60 sediment cores taken along the entire continental margin of Israel (Fig. 1) with special emphasis and greater sampling density on the more dynamic northern continental slope (Fig. 2)Excerpt 2The continental terrace of Israel consists of Nile-derived sediments. They are classified into three major groups, according to their structures: (1) irregularly too wavy laminated, coarse-grained sediments (quartz and skeletal debris) of the flat outer shelf and upper bend of the slope (10-20% of the bulk) which are influenced by currents. These sediments are bioturbated to various degrees. Smectitic silty clays (80-90%) form two structural groups: (2) laminated, turbiditic sediments which accumulate on the slope, particularly in the canyons of the northern slope. Irregular, wavy, thickly laminated, coarse-grained sediments of the up-per slope and canyon heads merge down-slope with parallel, thinly laminated, fine-grained sediments. Toward the foot of the slope and on the adjacent deep-sea floor lamination becomes indistinct and sediment is visually homogeneous. (3) Slump-generated mud lumps of various sizes, which accumulate on the lower slope, and along the transport axes of the canyons. These are the most visible evidence for large-scale slumping mass movement.Transportational and depositional processes are far more intensive over the steep northern continental slope of Israel, and especially in its canyons than over the gentle southern slope.Very stiff over-consolidated sediments unconformably overlain by the ubiquitous recent silty-clayey sediment were cored on steep sections of the middle continental slope and along the canyon walls. Their pre-consolidation stress values suggest that these sections were formerly overlain by more than 40m of sediment and now are exposed by slumping. The down-sliding slabs usually disintegrated into small fragments although several huge fragments could be indentified along the canyon axes.。

英语作文的introduction

英语作文的introductionThe introduction of an English essay is a crucial component that sets the tone and direction for the entire piece. It serves as the first impression for the reader, and it must be engaging, informative, and well-structured. The introduction should provide the reader with a clear understanding of the essay's purpose, the main argument or thesis, and the overall structure of the essay.One of the primary functions of the introduction is to grab the reader's attention. This can be achieved through a variety of techniques, such as using a thought-provoking quote, a relevant anecdote, or a surprising statistic. The goal is to pique the reader's interest and encourage them to continue reading. Additionally, the introduction should provide some context or background information about the topic, helping the reader understand the significance or relevance of the essay.Another essential element of the introduction is the thesis statement. The thesis statement is a concise and clear statement that outlines the main argument or focus of the essay. It should be positionedtowards the end of the introduction, typically in the last sentence or two. The thesis statement serves as a roadmap for the reader, guiding them through the rest of the essay and providing a clear understanding of the essay's central idea.The structure of the introduction can vary, but a common approach is the "funnel" structure. This structure begins with a broad, general statement about the topic and then gradually narrows down to the specific thesis statement. This approach helps to provide context and set the stage for the rest of the essay.In addition to the thesis statement, the introduction should also outline the main points or arguments that will be explored in the body of the essay. This can be done through the use of topic sentences or a brief overview of the key ideas that will be discussed. By providing this information upfront, the reader is better prepared to follow the flow of the essay and understand the overall structure.One common mistake that students make in the introduction is to include too much information or to try to cover too many points. The introduction should be concise and focused, providing only the essential information needed to set the stage for the rest of the essay. Overloading the introduction with too many details can overwhelm the reader and detract from the clarity of the essay.Another important consideration in the introduction is the tone and style of the writing. The introduction should be formal and academic in nature, using appropriate language and avoiding overly casual or colloquial expressions. The tone should be confident and authoritative, conveying the writer's expertise and understanding of the topic.In conclusion, the introduction of an English essay is a crucial component that sets the tone and direction for the entire piece. It should be engaging, informative, and well-structured, providing the reader with a clear understanding of the essay's purpose, the main argument or thesis, and the overall structure of the essay. By crafting a strong introduction, the writer can effectively capture the reader's attention and set the stage for a successful and compelling essay.。

学术英语writing introduction

The second layer
Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previous research, raising a relevant question
The third layer
Specifying the purpose of your research
available on X”。
Your company slogan
Present Perfect Tense
When describing recent advances in a certain research field, or aiming to emphasize the impact of something happening recently on the present, you are suggested to use present perfect tense.
Your company slogan
Frequently asked questions
What should I put in my introduction?
Do not try to pack everything into the introduction. It would then not be an introduction at all!
This is a general introduction to what the thesis is all about. It is not just a description of the contents of each section. Briefly summarize the question (you will be stating the question in detail later), some of the reasons why it is a worthwhile question, and perhaps give a brief overview of your main results.

学术英语writing introduction

Your company slogan
Simple Future Tense
Sometimes, in the sentence including the objective of the research, Simple Future Tense is recommended.
e.g. “In summary, previous methods are all extremely inefficient. Hence a new approach is developed to process the data more efficiently.” The later sentence should be — “In this paper, a new approach will be developed to process the data more efficiently” or “This paper will present a new approach that process the data more efficiently”.
Your company slogan
ould I put in my introduction?
Do not try to pack everything into the introduction. It would then not be an introduction at all! An essay introduction does not need to do more than tell the reader the topic of the essay, describe how the body of the essay is organized, and explain the thesis that you argue for in the essay.

学术英语writing introduction ppt课件

Your company slogan
精品资料
你怎么称呼老师？如果老师最后没有总结一节课的重点的难点，你是否会认为老师的教学方法需要改进？你所经历的课堂，是讲座式还是讨论式？教师的教鞭 “不怕太阳晒，也不怕那风雨狂，只怕先生骂我笨，没有学问无颜见爹娘 ……” “太阳当空照，花儿对我笑，小鸟说早早早……”
This is a general introduction to what the thesis is all about. It is not just a description of the contents of each section. Briefly summarize the question (you will be stating the question in detail later), some of the reasons why it is a worthwhile question, and perhaps give a brief overview of your main results.
An essay introduction does not need to do more than tell the reader the topic of the essay, describe how the body of the essay is organized, and explain the thesis that you argue for in the essay.
Your company slogan
Frequently asked questions
What is an introduction for? Is it a summary?

学术英语writing introduction.ppt

Your company slogan
Structural Layout of Introduction
The first layer 1.1 Introducing the general research area including its background,
importance, and present level of development 1.2 Reviewing previous research in this area
Conclusion
Your company slogan
A good introduction
indicates the topic that the essay is about describes how the body of the essay is organized explains the point of writing the essay (the point of writing an essay is usually to argue for a thesis, so you will need to explain what thesis you argue for and how you argue for it – this is called a thesis-statement, and most essay introductions include one.)
The fourth layer
4.1 Announcing your major findings 4.2 Outlining the contents of your paper
Your company slogan
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怎样做一个前言英语作文

Writing an introduction for an English essay is a crucial step that sets the tone for the entire piece.Here are some steps and tips to help you craft a compelling introduction:1.Start with a Hook:Begin your essay with a sentence that grabs the readers attention. This could be a question,a quote,a surprising fact,or a bold statement.2.Provide Background Information:Briefly introduce the topic and provide necessary context for your essay.This helps the reader understand the significance of the subject you are about to discuss.3.State the Thesis Statement:Your introduction should end with a clear and concise thesis statement that outlines the main argument or point of your essay.This tells the reader what to expect in the rest of the paper.e Transition Words:Use transition words and phrases to smoothly guide the reader from one point to the next within your introduction.5.Keep It Brief:While its important to set the stage,avoid making the introduction too long.It should be concise and to the point.6.Avoid Clichés and General Statements:Try to be specific and original in your introduction to make a strong first impression.7.Preview the Main Points:If your essay is structured around several main points,you can briefly mention them in the introduction to give the reader an idea of the direction your essay will take.e Active Voice:Writing in the active voice can make your introduction more engaging and direct.9.Edit for Clarity and Grammar:Make sure your introduction is free of grammatical errors and is clear in its message.Heres an example of how you might structure an introduction for an essay on the impact of technology on education:In todays fastpaced digital age,the integration of technology in classrooms has become ubiquitous.From interactive whiteboards to online learning platforms,technology has revolutionized the way we teach and learn.However,this transformation is not without its challenges and debates.This essay will explore the positive and negative impacts oftechnology on education,focusing on how it has changed teaching methods,student engagement,and learning outcomes.The thesis of this paper is that while technology has the potential to enhance educational experiences,it also presents significant obstacles that must be addressed to ensure equitable access and effective integration. Remember,the introduction is your opportunity to make a strong first impression and engage your reader,so take the time to craft it thoughtfully.。

英语作文介绍信三段式模板

探索英语介绍信的三段式模板In the realm of business communication, theintroduction letter holds a pivotal position. It is often the first point of contact between two parties, and therefore, its importance cannot be overstated. A well-written introduction letter can pave the way for successful collaborations, while a poorly crafted one might hinder future prospects. To ensure maximum effectiveness, many experts recommend adhering to a three-paragraph template when writing introduction letters in English. This article explores this template, discussing its key components and offering examples of how it can be effectively utilized.The first paragraph of an introduction letter should serve as a brief introduction to the writer and their purpose for writing. It is essential to establish a clear and professional tone, while also maintaining a friendly and approachable demeanor. This paragraph should also contain a brief overview of the writer's qualifications or credentials, if applicable, to establish credibility and establish a foundation for future collaboration.For instance, an introduction letter for a potential business partnership might begin with a sentence like, "Dear [Recipient's Name], my name is [Your Name], and I am the CEO of [Your Company]. I am writing to explore the possibility of a business partnership between our two organizations." This sentence introduces the writer, their position, and their company, while also clearly stating the purpose of the letter.The second paragraph should focus on highlighting the benefits of the proposed partnership or collaboration. It is crucial to tailor this section to the specific needs and goals of the recipient, showing how your offering aligns with their interests and objectives. Use specific examples and evidence to support your claims, and avoid using vague or generic language.Continuing with the previous example, the second paragraph might read, "Our company has a strong presence in the [industry], and we have developed innovative solutions that have helped numerous businesses achieve their objectives. By partnering with us, your organization could gain access to these solutions, as well as our extensivenetwork of industry professionals. Together, we could create valuable synergies that would benefit both our organizations." This paragraph highlights the benefits of the proposed partnership, focusing on how it would benefit the recipient's organization.The final paragraph should serve as a conclusion, summing up the main points of the letter and restating your interest in the proposed partnership. It is also a good opportunity to express gratitude for the recipient's time and attention, as well as to provide contact informationfor further discussion.The conclusion of the letter might read, "Thank you for considering my proposal. I am confident that our organizations could benefit greatly from a partnership. If you are interested in discussing this opportunity further, please feel free to contact me at [Your Contact Information]. I look forward to the possibility of working with you." This paragraph neatly wraps up the letter, expressing interest in further discussion while also maintaining a professional and polite tone.In conclusion, the three-paragraph template for English introduction letters provides a structured and effective way to introduce yourself, your organization, and the proposed partnership. By adhering to this template and paying attention to the key components discussed above, you can ensure that your introduction letter is impactful, professional, and tailored to the specific needs of the recipient. With a well-written introduction letter, you can pave the way for successful collaborations and build bridges that could lead to future opportunities.。

Writing Introductions

Writing IntroductionsThe introduction is the first sentence of your essay and it plays the dual role of setting the theme of your essay and engaging the reader. The introduction should not be overly formal. You do not want an admissions officer to start reading your essay and think, "here we go again." Although admissions officers will try to give the entire essay a fair reading, they are only human -- if you lose them after the first sentence, the rest of your essay will not get the attention it deserves.General TipsDon’t Say Too Much. Just tell the story! Your introduction should not be so complex and so lengthy that it loses the reader before they even start. You have the rest of the essay to say what you want. There’s no need to pack it all into the first sentence. This leads to the next tip…温馨提示：专业的事情，交给专业的机构来完成。

031_Writing Introductions

C o l l e g e E n g l i s h f o r A c a d e m i c W r i t i n gWriting IntroductionsIntroduction•Lead-in: importance of your introduction •Tasks of your introduction•How to write an effective introduction •ConclusionLead-in •Importance of introductionsTasks of an Introduction•Grab attention•Narrow focus•Present thesis (main idea)How to Write an Effective Introduction? • A common way to construct an introduction is to use a funnelapproach.•At the beginning, you grab the readers’ attention to create the excitement about the topic.•Second, the introduction should narrow the focus and provide the connection to the last and the most important part of theintroduction: your thesis.•At last, put forward your thesis.How to: Funnel strategy•Grab attention•Narrow subject•State thesisMouth of funnelGrab attention Strategies Surprising statistic Strong quote Interesting anecdoteMiddle of funnel•Narrow subject•Background info •Organization of the body part •Connect opening to thesisTip of funnel•Thesis statement–Fulfills assignment requirement–Point of view–Main ideaSample introHere is how someone new to academic essays may write the introduction (the topic-sentence is in red, essay structure in blue, thesis in yellow):This essay is about the issue of body-checking in junior ice-hockey.First, arguments for a ban on body-checking are examined. Second, arguments against a ban are discussed. It is shown that pro-ban arguments are stronger than anti-ban arguments. Therefore, the thesis of this essay is that body-checking in junior ice-hockey should be banned.Body-checking has always been a controversial issue.However, the recent decision of Hockey Canada to allow some hockey associations to permit body-checking among players as young as nine years of age,on an experimental basis,has aggravated the controversy quite considerably in recent months.Perspectives fall into three main categories:viewpoints of fans,the official standpoint of Hockey Canada,and positions held by the scientific community.Evaluation of the main arguments shows quite clearly that Hockey Canada’s decision to allow body-checking in some junior games,even on an experimental basis,is a serious mistake.•This second introduction gives the reader the impression that you are knowledgeable on the topic, and that doing the research has led you to an intelligent, informed thesis.Writing practice•Tips to remember1.Be specific and confident in tone2.Avoid first person (“I am going to argue…”)3.Eliminate announcement style (“the topic ofthis essay is…”)Frequently Asked Questions•If you have any further questions about how to write an introduction, you can refer to the frequently asked questions session here.• 1. How long should my introduction be?•One common mistake is to write an introduction that is too long; the introduction is so detailed that it is indistinguishable from the body of the essay! As a rule, an introduction should not be longer than about 8% of the length of the essay. For example, the introduction of a ten, fifteen, and twenty-page essay should be a maximum of about a page, a page and a quarter, and one and a half pages respectively.• 2. How detailed should the introduction be?•Another common mistake is that the introduction is so detailed that it fails to indicate the topic of the essay in a clear way! The introduction only needs to state the topic, general structure, and thesis of the essay. The longer the essay is supposed to be, the more detailed your topic, structure and thesis-sentences can be.• 3. Why am I finding it hard to write the introduction?•The introduction must indicate the topic, structure and thesis of the essay. If you are not completely sure about any of these things, you will find it hard or even impossible to write an introduction. Writer’s block can happen when you try to write the introduction before you have done sufficient reading and research on the topic.有缘学习更多＋谓•4. What is an introduction for? Is it a summary?•An introduction is not a summary. A summary repeats the main ideas of an essay. An introduction introduces the reader to the topic of the essay, describes the organizational structure of the essay, and explains the point of the essay (the thesis argued for).• 5. What should I put in my introduction?•Do not try to pack everything into the introduction. It would then not be an introduction at all! An essay introduction does not need to do more than tell the reader the topic of the essay, describe how the body of the essay is organized, and explain the thesis that you argue for in the essay.• 6. How many paragraphs should I use for the introduction?•The introduction needs to indicate the topic, structure, and thesis of the essay for the reader. In a short ten page essay, all of these things should be easy to include in one or twoparagraphs. In longer essays, your topic, structure, and thesis-sentences will be more detailed, and so more paragraphs may be required to complete the introduction.Thank you for your attention!。

writing_introductions_thesis_sentence

5. Should motorcycles be outlawed on public streets?
Copyright © 2015 . All Rights Reserved. Free for educational use at home or in classrooms.
Name: ___________________________
Writing Introductions: Thesis Sentence
A thesis sentence is the main topic sentence of an essay or other written piece. It states the main opinion and often forecasts the principle sections of the piece. It is usually placed at the end of the introduction.
Example: Topic: Should students be allowed to eat during class? Possible thesis sentence: Students should not eat during class as students would not be paying attention while they eat, they may leave trash in the classroom, and other students might be distracted while their neighbor eats. Write a thesis sentence for each topic below. Answers: Student’s choice. 1. Discuss who was the greater president of the United States: George Washington or Abraham Lincoln.

20-21版：Writing—An introduction to a city or town（步

Writing—An introduction to a city or town写作指导本单元的写作任务是介绍地点。

写此类文章需要注意以下几点：1．描写某地的景色或景观时，一般要遵循的原则是：从总体到局部，从外到内。

要弄清时间的立足点是“过去”“现在”还是“将来”。

2．一般包括三段：开头是总体介绍，引出主题；中间是正文，具体介绍此地的特色，如著名的建筑、风景名胜等；第三部分是结尾。

3．表达方式要有所变化。

景物描写用词容易重复、单调，因此写作时应选用不同的句式来描述事物，使表达方式多样化。

常用表达1．位置(location)：(1)lies in/to/on...(2)there stands/lies...(3)is located/situated in...(4)stretches along...2．面积(area)：(1)covers an area of...(2)takes up...(3)has an area of...(4)with an area of...(5)the size of our city is...3．周边环境(surroundings)：(1)faces...(2)is surrounded by...(3)there stands...4．交通(transportation)：(1)It is very convenient for...(2)The best/nearest way to...is...(3)It takes...to take a taxi from...to...(4)It is only a few bus stops from...5．人口(population)：(1)has a population of...(2)with a population of...(3)The population of...is...(4)Forty percent of the population are...6．历史(history)：(1)has a history of...(2)with a history of...(3)．..has witnessed too much...in history7．名胜(places of interest)：(1)is rich in...(2)is known as...(3)is famous for...(4)is home to...(5)attracts...(6)...is a feast for the mind as well as the eyes8．特色(something special)：(1)The place is famous for...(2)The special character of the place is...(3)Something special of the place is...假设你是某旅行社的一名导游，请根据下表内容用80词左右的英语向外宾介绍海南岛的基本情况。

introduction的写作方法

各个Move的写作要点
Move one 关键点：热点，难点，急需时态一般为现在完成时 Move two 关键点：引用时态运用涉及到某项具体研究—过去式涉及到研究的问题和领域—现在完成时陈述现在的认识（当前成果）—现在时 Move three 关键点：否定的起始指出前人研究的不足、不尽之处。比如对于……，我们的认识还十分有限；然而对于……，已报道的数据十分有限等。 Move four 关键点：研究目的和意义填补空白，完成任务，解决问题
Move one 说明研究领域 I.指明中心
1.兴趣 2.重要性 3.重要论题 4.标准程序（方法、工艺）
II.陈述现有知识 III.描述重要特征 Move two 总结前人研究 Move three 本研究的必要性 I. 指出差距 II.提出问题（任务） III. 延伸认识 Move four 介绍本研究 I. 研究用途（效果） II. 描述与介绍 introduction至少包括前三个部分 By John swales
以研究者为受众的文章introduction
这类文章的introduction对问题的阐述方式有详有略。
对于一些共识性的假说、方法和知识，往往不会详加阐述。
但是会包括一些技术细节，和在这一问题上对前人的工作做一个总结。在此基础上，作者对前人理论和方法做出评述，或者指出不足。
Article introduction 的结构
OVER
Introduction of writing an “introduction”
He weihua
The beginning is half of the whole
—好的开始是成功的一半
“Introduction”是论文写作中非常棘手的部分