最新水利水电工程专业英语教材--迟道才
水利水电工程专业英语教材翻译
P71 2-1混凝土重力坝类型基本上，重力水坝保持其对设计载荷从几何形状和混凝土的质量和强度稳定坚固的混凝土结构。
一般情况下，它们在一条直线轴构成，但也可以稍微弯曲或成角度，以适应特定的现场条件。
重力坝通常由非溢流坝段（S）和溢出部分或溢洪道。
这两个一般混凝土的施工方法，混凝土重力坝是常规放置大体积混凝土和碾压。
Conventional concrete dams.传统的混凝土大坝。
（1）传统上放置大体积混凝土坝的特点是建筑施工中用的材料和配料使用的技术，混匀，放置，固化和大体积混凝土的温度控制（美国混凝土学会（ACI）207.1 R-87）。
典型溢出和非溢出部分示于图2-1和图2-2。
建筑采用已开发和完善了多年设计和建造大体积混凝土大坝的方法。
普通混凝土的水泥水化过程限制大小和混凝土浇筑的速度和建设就必须在巨石满足裂缝控制要求。
通常采用大尺寸的粗集料，混合比例被选择为产生低坍落度混凝土，使经济，在放置期间保持良好的加工性，水化过程中发育的最低温度上升，并产生重要性能如强度，抗渗性和耐久性。
大坝建设与传统的混凝土容易便于安装管道，压力管道，画廊等，在结构内。
（2）施工过程包括配料和混合，运输，安置，振动，冷却，固化，并准备电梯间的水平施工缝。
在重力坝大体积混凝土通常证明一个现场搅拌站，并需要足够的质量和数量，位于或项目的经济范围内的总根源。
一般是在水桶由卡车，铁路，起重机，索道，或这些方法的组合进行4至12立方码大小不等，从批次厂坝运输。
最大桶大小通常是通过有效地扩散和振动混凝土桩后它被从桶倾倒的能力受到限制。
混凝土被放置在5-升降机至10英尺的深度。
每部电梯由连续层不超过18至20英寸。
振动一般由大的人，气动，开钻式振动器进行。
保洁水平施工缝固化过程中去除表面上的薄弱浮浆薄膜的方法包括绿色切削，湿喷砂和高压气水射流。
传统的混凝土安置的其他详情载于EM 1110-2-2000。
（3）由于水泥水化产生的热量，需要在大体积混凝土的放置和放置几天后仔细的温度控制。
水利水电工程专业英语英文词汇
strain meter 应变计set out 放线、放样stake-line temperature sensor 温度传感器测桩线state plane coordinate system 国家平面坐标集线站terminal station其他（Others）系survey point 测点check hole 检查孔theoretical point 灌区理论点compartmenttraverse(polygon) 导线（测dense mix 浓浆量）、横断error of traverse 导线闭合差foundation uplift 基础隆起lattice traverse 网格状导线灌浆孔grout holelong side traverse instrument hole 仪器孔长导线open traverse 非闭合primary/secondary and tertiary grout holes 一导线short side traverse 短导线序、二序、三序灌浆孔traverse closure 导线闭合加密灌浆孔距spilt spacingtraverse station 导线点waste mix 弃浆traverse survey 导线测量Survey◆测量（）triangulation 测量方法及术语（Methods and Terms）三角测量triangulation network 三角网调整校正adjust 、triangulation of high order 高等级三角网adjustment 平差triangulation point 容许误差allowance 三角点三边测量backsight point 后视点trilateration程控制网basic point 基础点vertical-control net 高bench mark 水准点木桩wood pile Angular Measure）角度测量（compass 罗盘azimuth 方位角chainage(station number) 桩号象限角bearing 方位三角锁chain of triangulation 、器、水准buddle 、check 校核对照气泡圆盘circle 度盘、控制control point 点器圆水坐标点coordinate point 准circular bubbledatum 基础面轴视准collimation axis点基datum point 准十字丝cross-line(cross-hair)偏差depression angle 俯角deviationeasily identifiable point elevation angle 仰角点容易识别eyepiece(ocular) error 误差目镜量field pole(staff) 标杆一等三角测first order triangulationgeodetic foot-screw 学的大地测量脚螺栓量geodetic surveying 大地测水平角horizontal angle量合联测）mark 标志（明joint survey已知点known point 物镜objective lens面水level surface 准垂线铅垂、plumb(plummet)局local triangulation networks 准、观测sight 瞄部三角网准瞄target 国national coordination system 家坐标网目标、监视观测observe 、纬仪theodolite 经point to be located 待定点横轴tranverse axistripod 三脚架置位、定位position踏勘、选点reconnaissance 竖直角vertical angle参考点reference point vertical axis 竖轴量二等三角测second order triangulation Telescope望远镜（）1centering 对中reduced level 归化高差run back 返测盘左face leftrun out 往测face right 盘右three-wire leveling 三丝法水准focus 集中、焦点测量地形测量（Topographic Survey focusing 调焦）boundary 边界、界线index error 指标误差inverted position of telescope(reverse construction stake 施工标桩contour 等高线盘右telescope)倒镜、normal position of telescope(direct telescope)contour interval 等高距contouring 绘等高线、正镜盘右contour-length method 光学垂准器等高线延长法optical plummetcontour line 等高线round 测回control network 控制网set 套、组detail 细部、详图station 测站draw 绘图距离测量（Distance Measure）field 外业气barometer 压计fix 固定、确定base line(basic line/datum line) 基线form line 地形图电battery 池EDM(electromagnetic distance measurement) grid 格网information 注记、资料、情报电磁波测距marginal information 轮廓注记滤波器滤光片filter 、large-scale 大比例尺的laser alignment system 激光准直系统latitude 纬度、范围laser beam 激光束latitude circle 纬圈prism 棱镜latitude line range 纬线距离测程、legend 图例long range 远程location 定线、程medium range 中定位longitude 经short range 短程度longitude line 测距仪经线range findermap signal 地图、制图信号mapping 制图、测spring balance 弹簧称图、地质素描match line 拼接线卷尺tapemonument 标石invar tape 铟瓦钢卷尺、石柱object 高程测量（Height Measurement地物、目标）plan 程、高海拔平面图、略图altitude/elevationplot 近似approximate leveling 置绘图粗平平、profile 断面（图）、纵剖图准自动定平水automatic level 仪difference in altitude(difference of record 记录、资料setup 定置elevation ,height difference) 高差仪器site location error of closure in leveling 差合闭准定位水stake out 放样、定线平置、精平exact leveling 确、立桩symbol 仪（测点）准水level 符号、记号topographic detail 水level circuit 地形细部环合准闭topographic map 地形图尺垫准水level shoe◆原形观测观测仪器和设施线路准水line of level {Instrumentationand Facilities）国national geodetic vertical datum 家大地高air-entraining meter 面准基程掺气剂2Carlson-type piezometer 卡尔逊式渗压计component 零部件coordinator 坐标仪concrete strain meter 砼应变计damping box 阻尼角convergent point 收敛测点differential resistance direct plumb line 正垂线差动电阻double layer rubber sleeve earth pressure cell 土压力盒双层保护forced centering plate 强制embankment piezometer 坝体渗压计对中盘instrument lead 仪器电堤应变计缆embankment strain meterinvar wire 铟瓦丝extended wire 引张线metal ring 计金属环foundation piezometer 基础渗压plumb coordinate meter horizontal inclinometer 水平测斜仪垂线坐标仪pulley 滑轮hydraulic instrument 水力学仪器regulator 调节器水听器hydrophoneriser 立管inclinometer casing 测斜管sensor interface joint meter 界面变位传感器计spool inverted plumb line 倒垂线绕轴steel socket 钢micro piezometer 微压计底座tablet 多点位移计药片multiple position extensometertensioning weight 张拉重锤observation point 观测标点thermistor 热敏电observation well 观测井阻tip 测头视optical alignment line 准线安装过程（Procession of Installation）plate strain meter 钢板计assemble 组装pneumatic piezometer 气压式渗压计couple 连接脉动压力pressure fluctuation meter 计prestressed tendon anchorage 埋设embed安装install 索dynamometer 预应力锚测力计绝缘insulate rock bolt extensometer 锚杆测力计维护计single point extensometer 单点位移maintenancespiral sensor 测扭仪监测monitor测压standpipe 管仪器保护protection of instrumentation归纳reduce 强震仪strong-motion seismograghsurface monument 表密封seal 面标点拼接temperature sensor 温度传感器splice提供终端房terminal house supplyterminal station 终端站测试testInformation资料（倾角tilt meter 计）简图计时均压力time average pressure cell assemble schematic 装配合格证书总压力盒total pressure cell certificate书说计velometer 流速使用明descriptionvertical inclinometer 垂直测斜仪维护指南maintenace guideline书震旋式渗压vibrating wire piezometer 计manual 说明振旋式沉降vibrating wire settlement sensor 理工作原operating principle作仪范围operating restraint 操序procedure 水堰量的带微压weir with micro piezometer 计程程基点工作working base point 序分trouble shooting procedure 鼓掌析zerostress-strain meter 其他（Others）计砼无应力间）Acessories and Spare Parts附件及配件（行annular space 环空coil data acquisition 盘绕数据采集 3cement mark(strength of cement /cement 数据记录data recordinggrade) 水泥标号leas drilling hole 引线孔consumptive use of water normal consistance 永久记录permanent record标准稠度用水readout device 读数设备量degree of mobilization 流动性saturated 饱和的dissolution heat ( solution heat ) 溶解热seepage isolation dike 截渗堤final set trapezoidal 梯形终凝flexural strength 抗弯强度◆水工常规试验flyash 粉煤灰砼原材料试验（Test of Raw and Processedhydration heat 水化热Material of Concrete）initial set Aggregate）初凝骨料（abrasion volume by Los Angeles rattler loss on ignition(ignition loss) 烧矢量setting time 凝结时量间洛杉机磨耗silica fume 计accumulated retained percentage 累筛余百硅粉soundness 水泥的安定性分率specific surface area 比表acicular and flaky grain in aggregate 针状与面积specific heat 量片状颗粒含比热water demand ratio 吸水alkali-aggregate reaction 碱骨料反应量比外加剂（Admixture）视密度apparent densitybubble stability 泡沫稳定性bulk density (unity weight) 容重clay lumps and friable particles in aggregate bubbling ability 起泡能力chloride content 氯化物含量块及易碎颗粒含土量黏compressive strength rate 抗压强度比软化系数coefficient of softeningcontract with dry rate crush index 压碎指标干缩率dispersing coefficient 干燥状态dry state 分散系数dispersing ability of waterexceeding and inferior grain in-reducing agent 减水剂aggregate 超逊径颗粒含量分散能力loss of slump 塌落度损失细度模数fineness modulussulphate content 硫酸盐含空隙率量gaping place ratesolid content 分计grader retained percentage 筛余百固体含分率量surface tension 颗粒级grain composition 配表面张力water-reducing rate 减水率粒径grain size水（Water）量lightweight matter in aggregate 轻物质含alkalinity 碱度量云母含mica contentcalcion 含水率钙离子moisture content(water rate)carbonic acid mud content 钙酸含泥量chlorion 有机质含organic content 量氯离子equivalent concentration 骨料潜在活性potential reactivity of aggregate 当量浓度oxygen consumption saturation 饱和的耗氧量normal solution (standard 曲线筛sieving curve 分solution) 量soft grain in aggregate 软弱骨料含标准溶液PH value PH坚固性值soundnesswater analysis 水值面含水率表surface moisture content 分析砼（水溶性硫化物water-soluble sulphide Concrete）砼拌和物（水硬性胶凝材料Mixture(Hydraulicity cementitious ）material) assurance strength of concrete 砼保证强度bleeding rate age 泌水率龄期4cement-sand ration 灰砂比砂浆（Cement）cement lime mortar 标号水泥石灰砂浆design strength of concrete 砼设计cement mortar 水泥砂浆flowability of concrete 砼的流动性cement-clay mortar 水泥黏土mix proportion (proportion of mixture) 砼配合砂浆epoxy mortar 环氧砂浆比lime mortar 石灰砂浆mixture uniformity 拌和物的均匀性plastering mortar 抹面砂浆penetration-obstruction method 贯入阻力法pointing joint mortar probability of ensuring strength of concrete 砼勾缝砂浆土（Soil强度保证率）accumulation curve (cumulative curve) 累砂率sand rate 计曲线单位用水量unit consumption of wateractivity index 活性指标water retention (water retentiveness) 保水性angle of frictionwater-cement ratio 摩擦角水灰比Atterberg limits(water content as limit) Hardened concrete 阿）硬化砼（太堡界限（界限含水量axial tensile strength 轴向抗拉强度）California bearing ratio 导热系数载重比coefficient of thermal conductivitycoarse-grained soil cooling rate 冷却率粗粒土coefficient of compressibility 压缩系数砼芯样core of concretecoefficient of cubical徐变变creep deformation (time deformation )compressibility 体积压缩系数形coefficient of curvature 曲率系数form coefficient(form factor) 形状系数compression 压缩freezing -melting circulation 冻融循环compression index frost-resistance mark 抗冻标号压缩指数compression modulus 压缩模数砼热学性能heat property of concreteconsolidated-undrained (quick) shear test height-diameter ration 高径比固结不排水剪（固结快剪）试验linear expansion coefficient 线膨胀系数consolidated-drained (slow) shear test loss of weight 重量损失固结不排水剪（慢剪）试验自振频率natural frequencyconsolidation 固结permeate 渗透consolidation coefficient 透permeated height 渗高度固结系数consolidation settlement 固结沉降permeated-resisting mark 抗渗标号consolidation stress 系固结应力透relative coefficient of permeability 相对渗continuous grading/gradation 连接级配数contraction test(shrinkage test) 收缩试验振频率共resonance frequencycore cutter method sample 试环刀法件creep curve self-grown volume deformation（砼）蠕变曲线自生体积critical slope 变形逸出坡降（临界坡降）Darcy's law 达西定律劈裂抗拉强度splitting tensile strengthdegree of consolidation 固结度static compressive modulus of elasticity 静力degree of free swelling 自由膨胀率抗压弹数direct shear test 导温系数直接剪切试验temperature conductivitydirect shear test of reiteration 反复直剪强度试抗拉弹性模tensile modulus of elasticity 量验绝热温升thermal insulation warmingdistribution curve 分极限拉应变ultimate tensile strain 布曲线drift soil (shifting soil/mass flow) 极限抗拉强度ultimate tensile strength 流土effective angle of inner friction 有效内摩擦角磨损率wear rateeffective strength envelope 有效强度抗冲磨强度wear-resisting strength 包线5expansion force 膨胀力剪（快剪）试验variable head method 变水头法expansion ration(specific expansion) 膨胀率void(pore) ratio 孔隙比渗流filtering flow(seepage flow)water replacement method 灌水法fine-grained soil 细粒土wet density 湿密度flow net(drift net) 流网其它建筑材料hydraulic slope 水力坡降钢筋（steel hydrometer method 比重计法）bending and unbending 反常水头法复弯曲hydrostatic head methodcold bending test 冷弯试验limit equilibrium state 极限平衡状态elongation test 拉伸试验liquefaction 液化nominal diameter 公称直径liquid limit 液限ratio of elongation liquidity index 液化指标伸长率relaxation test maximum dry density 最大干密度松弛试验steel strand 钢绞线method of sieving 筛分法tensile yield strength 拉伸屈服强度Mohr's stress circle 莫力应力圆ultimate tensile strength 极限抗拉强度库伦破坏Mohr-coulomb failure criteria 莫尔-Wood）准则木材（curshing strength paralled to the normal stress 法向应力（正应力）oedometer curve 顺纹抗压强度grain 压缩曲线tensile strength paralled to the 量optimum moisture content 最优含水顺纹抗拉强度涌piping 管graincrushing strength across th e plastic limit 塑限横纹抗压强度grain plasticity index 塑性指标tensile strength across to the 空隙水压力pore water pressure空隙率porosity 横纹抗拉强度grainprincipal stress 主）沥青（应力Asphalt脆化点试验Proctor compaction test 普氏击实试验brittle temperature test相对密度relative density 延伸度试验expansion testsand replacement method 灌砂法针入式试验penetration testsaturability (saturation degree/percent 软化点试验softening point testtest of aging saturation) 饱和度老化试验viscosity test 饱和容重saturated unit weight 粘滞性试验Quality Management透seepage deformation 渗变形）质量管理（average 力渗seepage force(seepage pressure) 透平均值deviation standard(error of mean 透渗seepage line 线均方差squares) 速度渗seepage speed 透deviationcoefficient(dispersion shear stress 切向应力（剪应力）离差系数缩限shrinkage limit coefficient)断级间skip(gap/jump) grading 配相关系数index of correlation土specific gravity of soil particle 粒比重界限management limit 管理steady seepage field 统计数稳定渗流场mathematic statistics 理maximum 应力路径stress path 最大值值minimum 最线包总强度total strength envelope 小布三轴压缩试验triaxial compression test 正态分normal distributionunconfined compression strength 保证量quality assurance 无侧限抗压质量强度检测质quality examinationunconsolidated undrained test regression curve 不固结不排水回归曲线 6relative dampness 相对湿度mud crack 泥痕rain print 雨痕本容量sample capacity 样orientation of bedrock 岩层产状sampling frequency 取样频率strike specimen 样品走向dip 倾向统计分析statistical analysisangle of dip (dip angle ) 倾角technical specification 技术规范fold technical standard 褶皱技术标准anticline testing circumstance 试验环境背斜syncline 向斜testing error 试验误差Monocline (homocline) 单斜testing regulation 试验规程dome 穹隆析variance analysis 方差分soft stratum ◆地质(Geology)软弱岩层zone of fracture(broken zone ) 破碎带地质年代（Geochronology of Geologicaffected zone Ages）影响带platy structure 板状构造Archaeozoic era (erathem) 太古代（界）解理cleavage Proterozoic era (erathem) 元古代（界）fracture(rupture) 断裂古生代（界）Palaeozoic era (erathem)fissure(crack/fracture) 裂隙Mesozoic era (erathem) 中生代（界））岩石类型（Rock typeCenozoic era (erathem) 新生代（界）岩石学petrology Sinian period (system) 震旦纪（系）岩igneous rock 火成寒武纪（系）Cambrian period (system)Ordovician period (system) 奥陶纪（系）岩浆岩magmatic rock火山岩lava(vocanic rock) 志留纪（系）Silurian period (system)侵入岩intrusive (invade) rock Devonian period (system) 泥盘纪（系）成石碳纪（系）Carboniferous period (system) 岩effusive rock 深成岩pypabussal rock 二叠纪（系）Permian period (system) 浅三叠纪（系）acid rock 酸性岩Triassic period (system) 侏罗纪（系）Jurassic period (system) 中性岩inter-mediate rock基性岩basic rock Cretaceous period (system) 白垩纪（系）第Tertiary period (system) 三纪（系）超基性岩ultrabasic rock第Quaternary period (system) 四纪（系）花岗岩granite斑岩Geologic Structural地质构造（）porphyryrhyolite 玢岩断层faultsyenite normal fault 正断层流纹岩逆断层reversed fault trachyte 粗面岩diorite parallel fault 平移断层闪长岩andesite 安山岩断层泥gouge擦痕stria 辉长岩gabbrojoint 理节玄武岩basaltprimary joint 理原生节细晶岩aplitesecondary joint 理次生节pegmatite 伟晶岩tension joint lamprophyre 煌斑岩理张节diabase 理卸荷节unloading joint 辉绿岩理片schistosity 橄榄岩dunite理层bedding pumice 浮岩）理（叶理板foliation 沉积岩sedimentary rock波痕ripple mark clastic rock 碎屑岩7clay rock 黏土岩quartz 石英topaz 黄玉chemical rock 化学岩corundum 刚玉biolith 生物岩diamand 金刚石砾岩conglomerateorthoclase 正长石siltstone 粉砂岩plagloclase 斜长石mudstone 泥岩biotite shale 页岩黑云母muscovite saline rock 盐岩白云母amphibole 角闪石limestone 石灰岩phroxene 辉石白云岩dolomiteolivine marl 泥灰岩橄榄石dolomite 白云石volcanic breccia 火山角砾岩kaolinite 高岭石火山块集岩volcanic agglomeratemontmorillonite 蒙脱石tuff 凝灰岩膨润土bentonite metamorphic rock 变质岩斑脱石、illite 板岩slate 伊力石garnet 石榴子石phyllite 千枚岩chlorite 绿泥石schist 片岩serpentine 蛇纹石gneiss 片麻岩pyrite 岩黄铁矿石quartzite 英marble 大理岩hematite 赤铁矿糜棱岩magnetite 磁铁矿mylonitemigmatite 混褐铁矿limonite 合岩）工程地质（cataclasite 碎裂岩Engineering Geology 技土工eotechnics ( geotechnique) 土工学（sediment(deposit) 沉积物（层）G）岩石工程术、漂石boulder 、顽石cobble 卵石岩石力学rock mechanics砾石gravel 力学soil mechanics 土岩石力学地质力学sand 砂、geomechanics engineering geological 粉siltstone 土clay 黏土地质条件conditons 工程砂质黏sandy clay 土问题engineering geological problem 工程地质clayey sand 岩体结构粘质砂土rock mass structure地形黏壤sandy loam 土、亚土geographic and geomorphic conditions土、表土浮regolith ( topsoil ) 地貌条件物理黄loess 土地质现象geophysical phenomenon 土红laterite 水文地质条件hydrogeological conditionsnatural materials 泥炭peat 天然材料海泥、ooze 软泥水库reservoir沉降Rock-forming 造岩矿物（settlement位移Minerals）displacementdeformation 变形滑石talctectonic stress 石膏gypsum 构造应力残余应力residual stress 方解石calcite内摩擦角萤石fluorite angle of internal friction凝聚力）磷灰石apatite 、cohesion 内聚力（粘聚力feldspar pressure tunnel 长石压力隧洞8underground cavern/cavity 地下洞室alluvium 冲积物（层）proluvium(diluvium) 洪积物（层）overburden 覆盖物deluvium 坡积物（层）bed rock(base rock/foundation rock) 基岩eluvium 残积物（层）firm/sound rock 坚硬岩石eolian deposit weak/soft rock 软弱岩石风积物（层）lake deposit 湖积物（层）interbed 夹层marine deposit 海积物（层）zone of fracture (broken zones ) 破碎带glacial (drift) deposit 冰川沉积物（层）homogeneity 均质性colluvial deposit (colluvium)nonhomogeneity/heterogeneity 非均质性崩积物（层）isotropy 各向同性cross-bedding 交错层geologic structure 地质构造anisotropy 各向异性geotectonics 矿物质的物理性质(Physical Character of 大地构造学graben Minerals)地堑horst 地垒hardness 硬度cordance(conformity) 整合光泽lusterdiscordance(unconformity) color 颜色非整合deceptive cordance /conformity 假整合transparencey/pellucidity 透明度地质作用(Physical Geology Action) 条痕streakweathering 风化rent/fracture 断口erosion 侵蚀crystal form 晶形transportation 搬运(Petrology) 岩石学deposition/sediment 类沉积classification 分denudation structure 构造应力剥蚀corrasion 磨蚀texture 结构corrosion fabric 腐蚀组构dissolution 成mineral composition 矿物组溶蚀landslide 滑坡crystalline 结晶质collapse(rock fall) 崩塌非晶质amorphous substance mud flow fossil 化石泥石流earthquake 地震磨圆度degree of roundingintensity 烈度degree of grains 粒度magnitude 震级(Stratum andPhysiognomy) 地层地貌◆水文盆地basin (Hydrology)ground water(subsurface water) 地下水river valley 河谷surface water 地表水河床river bedatmospheric water 地形topography 大气水runoff terrain 径流地势fresh /plain /sweet water attitude 产状淡水river flow/discharge rock base ( batholite) 河水流量岩基peak flood flow 洪峰流量rock stock 岩株flood out flow 岩流rock flow 洪水下泄流量dry season rock loccolith 岩盖枯水季wet season 丰水季岩盆rock lopolithflood (raining) season 岩墙rock dike 汛期non-flood season 岩床rock sill 非汛期5% frequency flood 20 年一遇洪水vein dyke 岩脉flood control 沉积物（层）sediment(deposit) 防汛9（二）工程施工.机电类trunion beam 支饺梁dogging beam 锁定梁◆金属结构（Hydromechanical work)启闭机（Hoist）闸门(Gate)wire rope hoist 固定卷扬式启闭机工作门service gatehydraulic hoist emergency gate 事故门液压启闭机monorail hoist 单轨启闭机maintenance gate 检修门overhead crane 桥机sector gate 弧形闸门bridge crane 偏心铰闸门桥机eccentric hinge sector gatesupport frame 机架plane gate 平面闸门reducer 减速器fixed wheel plane gate 定轮平面闸门motor 电动机trashrack 拦污栅pulley 滑轮trash rake 清污机live pulley ）动滑轮预埋件（Embedded Partsfixed pulley 底sill 砍定滑轮equalizer pulley 平衡滑轮main guide 主轨drum 卷筒副轨auxiliary guidesteel wire rope 钢丝绳reverse guide 反轨position sensor 高度传感器side guide 侧轨load sensor 荷载传感器lintel 门楣brake 制动器steel liner 钢衬hydraulic system 液压系统高压冲水管high pressure water pipeoil cylinder 油缸pressure balance water pipe 冲水水平管piston rod 活塞杆）部件（组件/Assembly/partspump station gate leaf 门泵站叶oil tank 邮箱crank 拐臂pipe 管道arm 支撑filter seal 水封过滤器accumulator 蓄能器主main seal 水封valve 阀侧水封side seallogic valve top seal 顶水封逻辑阀check valve 单向阀底bottom seal 水封ball valve 球阀节流器水封辅auxiliary seal 助、cartridge valve 插装阀clip plate 压板solenoid operated directional slide block 滑块valve 电磁换向阀side slide block 侧向滑块门式起重机（Grantry Crane）反reverse slide block 向滑块rail 轨道定轮fixed wheellifting mechanism 起升机构轮主main wheeltraveling mechanism 运行机构side wheel 侧轮inspection trolley 重配ballast 检修小车gantry 吊耳lifting ear 门架support column 拉杆门腿lifting linkprimary beam 主梁支饺trunionbridge beam 横梁铰链hingecross beam 端梁饺座hinged supportside beam 铰轴hinged shaft 边梁lifting beam 端盖cover 起吊梁10hook 吊狗progressively 逐渐地purity 纯度buffer 缓冲装置push 推rail clamping device 夹轨器reliable driving wheel 主动轮可靠的residual oil 余油driven wheel 从动轮retraction 回缩其他（Others）run abnormal vibration 反常运行震动secure activate 激活保护separately or simultaneously 单独/anti-clockwise 逆时针同时地set up anticorrosion 防腐架设setting 设置/carry on 继续进行读数shim 行薄垫片执carry outslack 松弛clockwise 顺时针static loading test 静载试验试运行commissioningstill water 静水concentricity deviation 同心度偏差switch off 切断connect 连接synchronize 同步debris 碎片tighten de-energize 拧紧断电under water head condition 探测水压作用条件下detectwet test dry test 无水试验有水试验◆焊接和无损检验（Welding and dynamic loading test 动载试验Nondestructive Testing）加电给energize ……焊接{erection 架立Welding）arc strike 引弧/伸展expansion 弧伤arc welding 扣紧电弧焊fastenautomatic welding fit 安装自动焊back gouging 背面清根flowing water 动水backing 垫板闭门gate closurebase metal gate opening 启门母材build-up welding 堆焊/补焊门位恢复gate position restorationbutt joint 空载试验对接接头idle testcarbon rode impact 碳棒碰撞complete fusion 完全融合in pressure balance condition 平压条件下……lift……into position 将起吊到位角接接头corner joint涂料焊条covered electrode 定位locate降下试件coupon lowerdirect current electrodemanual operation 手动操作直流电极接负noise 噪声negative(DCEN)direct current electrodenote 记录operating gap 直流电极接正运作空隙positive(DCEP)衬垫pack double welding 双面焊particle 微粒double-bevel groove weld 双斜边坡口焊缝执行perform 型坡口焊缝double-J groove weld 双面J型坡口焊缝双面精确定位position accurately Udouble-U groove weld型坡口焊缝精确的precise V double-Vee groove weld 双面/预置/预留pre-set 电极焊条electrode按下按钮press button electrode holder 焊钳11electrosgas welding 电气焊weldment 焊件无损检验（电渣焊Nondestructive Testing）electroslag weldingangled beam filler metal 填充金属斜射波back scatter 背散射fillet weld 角焊缝calibration block 校准试块full fillet weld 大填角焊缝cleaning agent flat welding 平焊清洗剂contact beam 接触波flux 焊剂couplaut 偶合剂药芯焊丝弧焊flux cored arc weldingcrimp 褶皱forehand welding 左焊法definition 清晰度摩擦焊friction weldingdelayed sweep full penetration weld 全融透焊缝延时扫描detergent 去污剂fusion 熔合developer 显像剂fusion line 熔合线double-wall viewing 双壁透照groove weld 坡口焊缝echo 回波heat affecter zone 热影响区eddy current examination 涡流检验横焊horizontal weldingemulsifier 乳化剂lap joint 搭接接头examination medium 检验介质machine welding 机器焊exposure 暴光manual welding 手工焊inage quality indicator overhead welding 象质显示器仰焊inspector 检验师oxyfuel gas cutting(OFC) 氧燃料气割liquid penetrants testing 渗液检验oxyfuel gas welding(OFW) 氧燃料气焊magnetic particle testing 磁粉检验partial penetration weld 非全融透焊缝mass spectrometer 质普仪焊道passnondestructive inspection peening 锤击无损探伤penetrameter 等离子弧焊透度计plasma arc weldingpenetrant plug weld 塞焊渗透剂radiographic testing 射线检验气孔porosityscan postheating 后热扫描scratch 焊后热处理postweld heat treatment 划痕search unit 探头preheating 预热single-wall viewing 电阻焊resistance welding 单壁透照sniffer seal weld 密封焊缝嗅探器straight beam 直射波缝焊seam weldingstreak 条纹半自动焊semi-automatic weldingultrasonic instrument 超声仪单斜边坡口焊缝single-bevel groove weldultrasonic testing 超声波检验型坡口焊缝J single-J groove weld 单面visual testing 目测、外观检验型坡口焊缝单面single-U groove weld Uwheel search unit 轮式探头V单面single-Vee groove weld 型坡口焊缝夹渣slag inclusion X-ray machine X-射线仪）点焊spot welding ◆水轮机（Hydraulic Turbine直坡口焊缝水轮机hydraulic turbine square groove weldreaction turbine 反击式水轮机埋弧焊submerged arc weldingimpulse turbine 冲击式水轮机定位焊tack welding混流式水轮机咬边undercut francis turbine立焊vertical welding axial turbine 轴流式水轮机焊道weld head prototype turbine 原型水轮机12rated head 额定水头inertia 惯性flywheel effect 飞轮效应effective head 有效水头time constant 时间常数net head 净水头mandoor 进入门maximal head 最大水头pit liner 最小水头机坑里衬minimal head elastic layer 弹性垫层spiral case 蜗壳turbine pit 机坑stay ring 座环feedback 反馈wicket gate 导叶main distributing valve main shaft 主轴主配压阀solenoid 主轴密封shaft seal 线圈relay 继电器coupling flange 连接法兰transfer function 传递函数runner 转轮◆runner crown 转轮上冠机械通用词汇abrasion performance 耐磨性runner band 转轮下环abrasion test 磨耗试验runner cone 转轮泄水锥accessory 附件、配件、零件runner blade/bucket 转轮叶片accuracy 准确性、精度head cover 顶盖anti-corrosion 抗蚀底环bottom ringbalance test 平衡试验discharge ring 基础环bearing 轴承draft tube 尾水管bearing box draft tube cone 尾水锥管轴承箱bearing bush 轴瓦、轴套尾水肘管draft tube elbowbearing carrier governor 调速器轴承座bearing collar 轴承环、推力头调速器柜governor cubicle/cabinetbearing cover 轴承盖oil pressure tank/vessel 压力油罐bearing journal 轴颈回油箱oil sump tankbend 弯头gate ring 控制环bend radius 弯曲半径distributor 导水机构bending strength shear pin 剪断销抗弯强度bolt 螺栓筒形阀ring gatebore 钻孔servomotor 接力器bore machine 效率efficiency 镗床brake valve output 出力制动阀by-pass 旁通流量dischargecallipers 卡尺sir admission system 补气系统cardan shaft 万向轴涡流检验vortexcast special tool 专用工具铸造characteristic test auxiliary equipment 特性试验辅助设备chock damper/absorber/cushion 减震器、阴尼器楔子、垫块clamp runout 卡头、夹板摆度clearing of fault 水击water hammer 故障排除clip 导轴承guide bearing 夹具、钳coat operation condition 运行工况涂层correction value 矫正值开度openingcottor pin 开口销空蚀cavitationcoupling flange 抗磨涂层erosion resistant coating 联结法兰damping device 负荷load 缓冲装置13deflection 挠度monkey wrench 活动扳手nail 钉子density 密度nipple 管接头derusting 除锈nut 螺母descale 除垢o-ring O 偏差形环deviationoperating condition 运行情况dial 刻度盘pretreatment 预处理dial gauge 千分尺process 流程、工艺distort 变形screw cap 螺帽dowel pin (setpin) 定位销spigot 偏心凸轮套管、止口eccentric camstroke 偏心销eccentric pin 行程valve 偏心、偏心率、偏心度阀门eccentricityelastic bearing 弹性轴承verticality 垂直度弹性变形elastic deformation washer 垫圈elastic limit 弹性极限楔子板wedgeElectrical Equipment 电气设备及元器件（◆facility 设备、设施）& Element Partsfactory assembly 工厂装配发电机generator 型钢fashioned ironfeed pipe 供水管电动机motor3-phase squirrel-cage asynchronous motor female end 内止口field welding 现场焊缝三相鼠笼式电动机三相绕线式电动表面光洁度、精加工finish 3-phase wind asynchronous机fitting allowance 装配公差电枢motor armature fitting assembling 零件装配fitting face 配合面电刷brush线圈、绕组coil 法兰flangeflatness 平整度energizing coil 励磁线圈stator 缺陷flaw 定子stator core 定子铁芯flexibility 挠性、柔性forge stator winding 定子绕组锻造foundation 基础rotator 转子transformer 变压器摩擦friction隔离变压器isolating transformer gauge 规、计、表互感器齿轮gear mutual inductor globe valve 球阀电流互感器current transformer(CT)grade 电压互感器potential transformer(PT) 等级hardness 硬度高压电器high-voltage equipment热处理heat treatment breaker 断路器interface 分界面、接触面、接口isolating switch 隔离开关bushing 接头、接缝、连接、焊接joint套管结合面、接缝面joint face 绝缘子insulator 润滑剂、润滑材料lubricant 悬式绝缘子suspended insulatorlubrication circuit 润滑管道column-type insulator 支柱绝缘子lubrication oil 润滑油reactor 电抗器电容器机加工machine capacitorlightning rod 机床machine tool 避雷针（器）外止口male end low-voltage electric appliance 低压电器14knife switch 刀开关wiring terminal 接线端子terminal block 接线板、接线盒fuse 熔断器illuminator 照明automatic switch 自动开关lamp 灯contactor 接触器lightning distribution box(board) 触点照明配电箱contact constant close contact 常闭触点screw socket 螺口灯头fluorescence lamp 常开触点日光灯constant open contactbuld 灯泡starter 启动器socket 插座overtravel-limit switch 行程开关grounding 接地changeover switch 转换开关grounding resistance 接地电阻controller 控制器grounding switch 接地开关resistor 电阻器ground connector light resistor 光敏电阻接地体galvanized flat steel 变阻器镀锌扁钢varistorground wire 电磁铁electromagnet 接地线working grounding 母线工作接地busprotection grounding bare bus bar 裸母线保护接地others 其他cable 电缆master switch power cable 电力电缆主令开关induction coil 感应线圈control cable 控制电缆magnetic coil 电磁线圈armored cable 铠装电缆stabilizator 稳压器cab-type cable 橡皮绝缘软电缆bell 电铃电缆夹cable clampIPC cable connector 电缆接头共控机local control unit (LCU) 现地控制单元cable core 电缆芯programmable logic电缆卷筒cable drumcontroller(PLC) 可编程控制器电缆挂钩cable hangerprogrammer 编程器cable rack 电缆架motor valve 电缆终端cable terminal end 电动阀electromagnetic valve 电磁阀H cable 屏蔽电缆◆电气通用词汇裸线bare wirealternation current(AC) 交流电ammeter 电流表allowed value 容许值欧姆表ohmmeter ampere voltmeter 电压表安培automatic operation 电度表kilowatt-hour meter 自动操作bridge megger 兆欧表电桥cabling diagram 继电器relay 电缆连接图capacity of storage battery over current relay 过流继电器蓄电池容量欠流继电器under current relay charging 充电time relay (timer) 时间继电器charging current 充电电流thermal relay 闭合热继电器closeshortdown relay 常闭触点constant close contact 断路继电器constant open contact 蓄电池battery 常开触点battery charger 蓄电池充电器control circuit 控制电路盘屏pannel 电流强度current intensitydirect current (DC) 配电盘swithboard 直流电分线（配电）盒distributing cabinetde-energise (deenergize) 切断、断电15dynamic test 动态试验transient current 瞬时电流transient voltage 瞬时电压electric arc 电弧volt 伏（特）electric leakage 漏电voltage 电压flash test 高压闪络试验wiring scheme generator active power 发电机有功功率接线图withstand voltage test 耐压试验发电机效率generator efficiency◆计算机监控系统（generator reactive power 发电机无功功率Computer Supervisoryinput 输入（量）and Control System）A/D converter 绝缘涂层模数变换器insulating coatinganalog control loop 模拟控制回路insulation grade 绝缘等级automatic-restoration 自恢复insulation test 绝缘试验automatic element 自动化元件interlocker(interlocking) 联锁装置block diagram 方框图kilowatt-hour 千瓦小时、度coaxial cable 同轴电缆leakage protection 漏电保护command 指令line-to-line short circuit 线间短路communication 通信malfunction 误动作compatibility manual operation 手动操作兼容性console 控制台megohm 兆欧current transducer 电流变送器mis-operation 误操作cursor （显示器）光标欧姆ohmD/A converter 数模变换器outlet 引出线、电源插座data bus 数据总线outlet box 引出盒、接线盒database 输出线路数据库outlet linedigital signal 输出量output 数字信号digital screen 显示屏overcurrent protection 电流过载保护electric quantity transducer 电量变送器并联电路parallel circuiteletromagnetic interference power factor 功率因数电磁干扰fiber optic cable 光纤电缆电源power supplyfloppy disk 一次电路软盘primary circuitflowchart rated current 额定电流流程图。
水利专业英语课文标题
Lesson 1 importance of water 水的重要性Lesson 2 the Hydrologic Cycle 水循环Lesson 3 hydrology 水文学Lesson 4 underground water 地下水Lesson 5 what causes flooding洪水是怎样形成的Lesson 6 nature of water pollution 水污染的性质Lesson 7 Planning for water resources development水资源开发规划Lesson 8 reservoirs 水库Lesson 9 Properties of concrete混凝土的特性Lesson 10 basic concepts of reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土基本概念Lesson 11 dams 坝Lesson 12 embankment dams 土石坝Lesson 13 concrete gravity dam on rock foundations 岩基上的混凝土重力坝Lesson 14 Arch dams 拱坝Lesson 15 spillways溢洪道Lesson 16 design forces 设计作用力Lesson 17 Significance of infiltration and process of infiltration入渗重要性及过程Lesson 18 evapotranspiration 腾发量Lesson 19 irrigation methods 灌溉方法Lesson 20 irrigation canals灌溉渠道Lesson 21 land drainage 耕地排水Lesson 22 methods of applications of drip irrigation systems滴灌系统的应用方法Lesson 23 hydraulic turbines水轮机Lesson 24 hydro-electric power 水力发电Lesson 25 differential leveling 水准测量（微差水准测量）Lesson 26 construction and equipment施工和设备Lesson 27 engineering economy in water resources planning水利规划中工程经济Lesson 28 soil erosion and soil conservation 土壤侵蚀与土壤保持Lesson 29 groundwater and climate change地下水与气候变化Lesson 30 irrigation performance evaluation 灌溉运行评价Lesson 31 bidding, bid opening and award of contract招标、开标和授予合同Lesson 32 how to write a scientific paper如何撰写科技论文。
水利水电工程专业英语教材
高等学校水利类统编教材《水利专业外语》迟道才周振民主编上传人单位：华北水利水电学院水利系目录Lesson 1 importance of water 水的重要性 (3)Lesson 2 the Hydrologic Cycle 水循环 (5)Lesson 3 hydrology 水文学 (7)Lesson 4 underground water 地下水 (11)Lesson 5 what causes flooding洪水是怎样形成的 (16)Lesson 6 nature of water pollution 水污染的性质 (19)Lesson 7 Planning for water resources development水资源开发规划 (22)Lesson 8 reservoirs 水库 (26)Lesson 9 Properties of concrete混凝土的特性 (30)Lesson 10 basic concepts of reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土基本概念 (35)Lesson 11 dams 坝 (38)Lesson 12 embankment dams 土石坝 (42)Lesson 13 concrete gravity dam on rock foundations 岩基上的混凝土重力坝.. 46 Lesson 14 Arch dams 拱坝 (51)Lesson 15 spillways溢洪道 (56)Lesson 16 design forces 设计作用力 (61)Lesson 17 Significance of infiltration and process of infiltration入渗重要性及过程 (65)Lesson 18 evapotranspiration 腾发量 (68)Lesson 19 irrigation methods 灌溉方法 (71)Lesson 20 irrigation canals灌溉渠道 (79)Lesson 21 land drainage 耕地排水 (83)Lesson 22 methods of applications of drip irrigation systems滴灌系统的应用方法 (88)Lesson 23 hydraulic turbines水轮机 (92)Lesson 24 hydro-electric power 水力发电 (96)Lesson 25 differential leveling 水准测量（微差水准测量） (102)Lesson 26 construction and equipment施工和设备 (107)Lesson 27 engineering economy in water resources planning水利规划中工程经济 (110)Lesson 28 soil erosion and soil conservation 土壤侵蚀与土壤保持 (116)Lesson 29 groundwater and climate change地下水与气候变化 (120)Lesson 30 irrigation performance evaluation 灌溉运行评价 (124)Lesson 31 bidding, bid opening and award of contract招标、开标和授予合同 127 Lesson 32 how to write a scientific paper如何撰写科技论文 (131)Lesson 1 importance of water 水的重要性Water is best known and most abundant of all chemical compounds occurring inrelatively pure form on the earth’s surface. Oxygen, the most abundant chemical element, is present in combination with hydrogen to the extent of 89 percent in water. Water covers about three fourths of the earth's surface and permeates cracks of much solid land. The Polar Regions (原文polar regions) are overlaid with vast quantitiesof ice, and the atmosphere of the earth carries water vapor in quantities from 0.1percent to 2 percent by weight. It has been estimated that the amount of water inthe atmosphere above a square mile of land on a mild summer day is of the order of50,000 tons.在地球表面以相对纯的形式存在的一切化合物中，水是人们最熟悉的、最丰富的一种化合物。
水利水电工程专业英语
Specialized EnglishforGraduates of 2011Contents1 HYDROPOWER PLANT (1)1.1 Hydropower (1)1.2 Advantages of Hydropower (1)1.3 Disadvantage of a Hydroplant (2)1.4 Multi-Purpose Uses (2)1.4.1 Irrigation (2)1.4.2 Flood control (2)1.4.3 Navigation (2)1.4.4 Recreation (2)1.4.5 Fish Breeding (3)1.5 Typical Components of a Hydroelectric Plant (3)1.5.1 Dam or Barrage (3)1.5.2 Water-Conduit System (3)1.5.3 Power House (3)1.5.4 Tail Race (3)1.5.5 Electrical Power Transmission (4)1.6 Classification of Hydroelectric Plants (4)1.6.1 Base-Load and Peak-Load Plants (4)1.6.2 Plants can also be classified as follows: (4)1.6.3 Classification on the Basis of Available Heads (7)2 HYDRAULIC TURBINES (10)2.1 Introduction (10)2.1.1 Sub-systems of a Water Turbine (10)2.2 Classification of Water Turbines (10)2.3 Pelton Turbine (12)2.3.1 Injector (12)2.3.2 Runner (12)2.3.3 Number of Nozzles (13)2.3.4 Distributor (14)2.3.5 Casing (15)2.3.6 Jet Brake (16)2.3.7 Tail Water Depressor System (16)2.4 Francis Turbine (17)2.4.1 Main Components (18)2.4.2 Scroll Case (18)2.4.3 Stay Vanes Ring (18)2.4.4 Guide Vanes Mechanism (19)2.4.5 Runner (19)2.4.6 Draft Tube (21)2.4.7 Head Cover (22)2.4.8 Bottom Ring (22)2.4.9 Shaft (23)2.4.10 Turbine Pit Liner (23)2.4.11 Dewatering of Turbine (23)2.5 Propeller and Kaplan Turbine (23)2.5.1 Introduction (23)2.5.2 Improvement in Efficiency (24)2.5.3 Main Components of the Runner (24)2.5.4 Location of Servomotor (26)2.5.5 Scroll Case (26)2.5.6 Automatic Air Valves (27)2.5.7 Shaft of the Hydrounit (27)2.5.8 Over-speed Protective Devices (27)2.6 Deriaz Turbine (27)2.6.1 Introduction (27)2.6.2 Servomotor (29)3 HVAC (30)3.1 Background (30)3.2 Heating (31)3.3 Ventilation (33)3.3.1 Mechanical or forced ventilation (33)3.3.2 Natural ventilation (34)3.3.3 Airborne Illnesses (34)3.4 Air conditioning (34)3.5 Energy efficiency (36)3.5.1 Heating energy (36)3.5.2 Geothermal Heat Pump (37)3.5.3 Ventilation Energy recovery (37)3.5.4 Air conditioning energy (37)3.6 Air Filtration and Cleaning (37)3.6.1 Clean Air Delivery Rate and Filter Performance (38)3.7 HVAC industry and standards (38)3.7.1 International (38)3.7.2 North America (USA) (38)3.7.3 Europe (United Kingdom) (39)3.7.4 Australia (40)3.7.5 Asia (India) (40)1 HYDROPOWER PLANT1.1 HydropowerIt is the power generated by using water as the energy-supplying agent. In this case, water is allowed to flow from a higher level to a lower level through a turbine where the potential energy of water is converted into kinetic energy and the turbine, in turn, rotates a generator to produce electricity.Hydropower generation depends upon the availability of rainwater. Clouds are formed because of the heating of seawater by the sun. They move towards the land, where low-pressure zones are formed and as they get cooled, moisture starts precipitating. The rainwater starts moving towards lower levels becauseof gravity, through a system of natural drains consisting of nullahs, rivulets, rivers and so on. This water can be stored in reservoirs created on the rivers, by construction of dams and can be used to generate power. After generation, the water is let out into the river and gradually travels further and ultimately reaches the sea. Here it is heated up by the sun to start the next cycle. Therefore, hydropower is nothing but conversion of solar energy into electricity through a circuitous route.1.2 Advantages of HydropowerHydropower generation is non-wasting self-replenishing and non-polluting.It is a physical phenomenon and no chemical change is involved. Water come out unchanged from the turbine after imparting its energy and can be used again either for power generation or for irrigation. In fact, this is done in multi-purpose river-valley schemes like the Chambal Valley development in India and the Tennessee Valley development in U.S.A. In the case of the Chambal Valley development, power is generated with the help of the same water in three powerhouses, situated one after another on the river, before being released into irrigation canals. As against this, coal, oil or nuclear fuel can only be used once.The supply of water is automatic and the water utilized in one season is replenished by nature in the next season. The water reaches the powerhouse site on its own-no mining operations and transportation are involved as in the case of coal or oil.Waterpower is clean as it does not produce any pollutants, whereas in the case of thermal or nuclear power generation pollution is inevitable, as toxic by-products are emitted.The hydropower plants have very high efficiencies. The turbine efficiency is above 90 percent and the overall efficiency can be above 80 percent which is much higher than that of thermal plants. The hydro-plants are long lasting and many plants are still in service even 40 years after commissioning. The percentage of outages is very low, as shutdowns for repairs and maintenance are fewer. The plants are available for instant loading and a set can start taking full load within five minutes, starting from the standstill position, whereas thermal plants may take about five to six hours.1.3 Disadvantage of a HydroplantThe initial investments are very heavy and the specific cost is high compared to a thermal plant. The time needed for construction is quite long and it affects the economy adversely as returns start flowing in late. When a lake is formed, land submergence creates its own problem.As the availability of water varies from year to year, in low rainfall years the plant capacity is under-utilized.Anyway the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.1.4 Multi-Purpose UsesAs already started earlier, a number of additional benefits can be obtained from water stored besides generating power, such as irrigation, flood control, navigation and so on. The multi-purpose use of water gives much better returns on investment and there is marked improvement in the cost-benefit ratio.1.4.1 IrrigationThe water being discharged from a powerhouse can be fed into a canal network to provide irrigation facilities to land situated down stream. As a matter of fact, in many multi-purpose projects in India, water is stored predominantly for irrigation purposes with power generation playing a secondary role.1.4.2 Flood controlCreation of lake on a river has the inherent possibilities of flood moderation. The flood waters may be fully or partly absorbed in the lake and only regulated quantities of water are allowed to pass downstream, protecting the lower areas from floods. This aspect assumes great importance in the case of rivers, which go on devastating large tracts of fertile land and valuable property year after year.1.4.3 NavigationThe formation of storage reservoir increasesthe normal water level in a river. Many pools and shallow stretches of the river get submerged underwater and a sufficient depth of water becomes available for ship to navigate these stretches. Thus facilitates economic transport of cargo and passengers.The multi-purpose development of the river Danube in Europe is a typical example of combining navigation with power generation. It 'li s nking up with the river Rhine has allowed the ships to pass from the North Sea to the Black Sea. Barrages have been constructed at a number of points in the river increasing the upstream water levels and power is being generated at these places. The only additional construction needed is to provide navigational locks at the sites of the barrage for the uninterrupted movement of a ship.1.4.4 RecreationCreation a reservoir of water considerably enhances the beauty and charm of surrounding areas and tourist resorts and picnic spots are being developed in these areas.1.4.5 Fish BreedingIt can take place on a large scale and fish can be made available economically to the populati on liv ing in the n eighbori ng areas.1.5 Typical Components of a Hydroelectric PlantThe mai n comp onents are (Fig.1.1): (i) The dam, (ii) The water-c on duit system, (iii) The powerhouse, (iv) The tail-water system, (v) The switchyard, and (vi) The transmission lin es.1.5.1 Dam or BarrageA dam or a barrage is con structed on the river course result ing in an in crease in the upstream water level because of the formatio n of a reservoir whose storage capacity is decided by the water requireme nt for power gen erati on.1.5.2 Water-Conduit SystemWater-c on duit system carries water from the reservoir to the power stati on .It may con sist of a pressure tunnel an d/or pipes called pen stocks which may be laid above ground or un dergro und. One pen stock may feed a nu mber of turb in es, where a nu mber of bran ches have to take off. Flow-c on trol valves may be provided before water is admitted to the turb in es. A surge tank is occasi on ally provided to restrict the effects of water hammer.Fig.1.1 Typical layout of a high head hydroelectric pla nt1.5.3 Power HouseThe powerhouse accommodates the turb ines and gen erators, the con trol equipme nt and in some cases the tran sformers. Its locatio n can be either at the surface or un dergro und and it may be away from, at the foot of, or in the body of, the dam.1.5.4 Tail RaceThe water, after pass ing through the turb in e, is discharged into the tailrace which, in tur n, carries it to a river.The tailrace can be an ope n cha nnel as in the case of a surface powerhouse, or a tunnel as in the case of an underground powerhouse. The discharge from all the turbines is collected in the tail race at its beginning by means of branch channels. The tailrace may discharge into the original river itself or, in rare cases, some other river when there is an inter-basin transfer of water.1.5.5 Electrical Power TransmissionThe electrical power generated by the generators is fed to the step-up transformers by means of cables as the generating voltage may be much less than the transmission voltage. The power is then supplied to the transmission network via a switchyard where the switchingand protective equipment is installed. The switchyard is located within a short distance of the powerhouse.Transmission lines take off in different directions to supply power to the consumers.In the case of combined hydropower and irrigation multi-purpose projects, a canal network is established downstream of dam.1.6 Classification of Hydroelectric PlantsThey can be classified on the basis of the operating heads, the output or some other important features, such as the nature of duty.1.6.1 Base-Load and Peak-Load PlantsEvery hydro-plant is an individual entity and no two plants are identical as regards the head, availability of power and so on. A hydro-plant works as a base-load plant if there is continuous power generation. This is especially the case if the flow through the river has to be maintained constant for meeting the irrigation or navigation requirements.If the conditions prevailing at the power station permit regulated releases, the plant can be used to generate peak power. For example, the Roseland plant (France) is designed to meet the peak winter demand from water largely stored during the summer period.1.6.2 Plants can also be classified as follows:(a) Conventional hydro-plants with valley storage.(b) Run-of-the-river plants.(c) Diversion type of plants.(d) Pumped storage plants.(e) Tidal-power plants.Valley storage plantsIn the case of conventional hydro-plants, a reservoir has to be created on the river to store sufficient rainwater, for power generation throughout the year by construction of a dam. These types of plants are sub-divided into high-head plants, medium-head plants, and low-head plants (Fig.1.2).It is difficult to lay down exact ranges. However, the following limits are recommended (they are arbitrary and are as good as any other arbitrary ranges recommended):(i) High-head pla nts - hav ing heads of more tha n 250 m.(ii) Medium-head pla nts - hav ing heads betwee n 50 m and 250 m.(iii) Low-head pla nts - hav ing heads less tha n 50 m.Fig.1.2 The Geheya n valley storage pla nt (Chi na)Today, the plant capacities range from a few hundred kilowatts to thousands of megawatts with in dividual unit capacities ranging from few hun dred kW to 700,000 kW and it is rather difficult to classify the plants on capacity basis.Run-of-the-river plantsFig.1.3 Chief Joseph Dam n ear Bridgeport, Wash ington, USA, is a major run-o f-the-riverstati on without a sizeable reservoirThese pla nts gen erate power on rivers with a con ti nu ous flow throughout the year with minor seasonal variations. Such conditions prevail mainly in colder countries but rarely in tropical regions. The storage needed is minor and can be created by building a barrage across the river, which raises the water level creat ing some head for power gen erati on. The site chosen should be on a stable reach of the river with stable bed and banks. The maximum flood an ticipated should have a low value and water should not carry muchsedime nt. Creati ng a small pool does not create problems of land acquisiti on and does not substantially alter the original topography along the banks of the river as submergence is low. This pool may also be useful for n avigati on (Fig.1.3).Such pla nts are quite popular in Europe. A cha in of such pla nts have bee n con structed on the Danube to fully utilize its power and navigation potential.Diversion Canal PlantsThese diversi on type of pla nts can gen erate power, tak ing adva ntage of the level differe nce on a curved mean deri ng stretch of a river with a steep bed-slope.A divers ion canal with a flat slope in which the flow from the river is diverted takes off from the higher reaches of the main river. A weir is constructed at the end of the canal to create a small pool of water, called the forebay. The water from the forebay is fed by means of the pen stocks to the powerhouse situated in the low reach of the river (Fig.1.4).Pumped Storage Plants A pumped-storage pla nt uses two reservoirs, one located at a much higher elevati on tha n the other. During periods of low dema nd for electricity, such as ni ghts and weeke nds, en ergy is stored by revers ing the turb in es a nd pump ing water from the lower to the upper reservoir. The stored water can later be released to turn the turb ines and gen erate electricity as it flows back into the lower reservoir.* ju IntakeFig.1.4 Diversio n hydropower plantThese are peak load pla nts where water is pumped up to a higher level duri ng off peak periods to gen erate peak power duri ng the high dema nd period.Gantry CraneRepEbM F^jmp-turbrieFig.1.5 Pumped storage pla ntTidal Power PlantsThese depend on tides for generating power. This source is unconventional and a lot of importa nee is being give n to this type of pla nt.1.6.3 Classification on the Basis of Available HeadsThere are various classificati ons of hydroelectric power pla nts. Based on the total head of water available the hydroelectric power pla nts are classified in to three types: low head hydroelectric power plants, medium head hydroelectric power plants, and high head hydroelectrci power pla nts.163.1 Low head hydroelectric power plantsFig.1.6 Cross-sectio n of a typical low head pla ntThe low head hydroelectric power plants are the ones in which the available water head is less than 30 meters. The dam in this type of power plants is of very small head may be eve n of few meters only. In certa in cases weir is used and in other cases there is no dam at all and merely flowing water in the river is used for generation of electricity. The low head types of hydroelectric power pla nts cannot store water and electricity is produced only when sufficient flow of water is available in the river. Thus they produce electricity only duri ng particular seas ons whe n abundant flow of water is available. Since the head of water is very small in these hydroelectric power plants, they have lesser power produci ngcapacity .In such pla nts Fran cis, Propeller or Kapla n types of turb ines are used. Also no surge tank is required.163.2 Medium head hydroelectric power plantsThe hydroelectric power plants in which the working head of water is more than 30 meters but less tha n 300 meters are called medium head hydroelectric power pla nts. These hydroelectric power pla nt are usually located in the mountainous regi ons where the rivers flows at high heights, thus obtaining the high head of the water in dam becomes possible. In medium head hydroelectric plants dams are constructed behind which there can be large reservoir of water. Water from the reservoir can be take n to the power gen erati on system where electricity is gen erated. The turb ines used are Fran cis type of the steel en cased variety.Fig.1.7 Cross-sectio n of a typical medium head pla nt1.6.3.3 High head hydroelectric power plantsIn the high head hydroelectric power plants the head of water available for producing electricity is more than 300 meters and it can extend even up to 1000 meters. These are the most commonly constructed hydroelectric power plants. In the high head hydroelectric power pla nts huge dams are con structed across the rivers. There is large reservoir of water in the dams that can store water at very high heads. Water is mainly stored duri ng the rainy seas onsand it can be used throughout the year. Thus the high head hydroelectric power pla nts can gen erate electricity throughout the year. The high head hydroelectric power pla nts are very importa nt in the n ati onal grid because they can be adjusted easily to produce the power as per the required loads.Whe n con struct ing the high head types of hydroelectric power pla nts a nu mber of factors especially those related to the environment and natural ecosystem of the land and water should be con sidered. The total height of the dam depe nds upon a nu mber of factors like qua ntity of available water, power to be gen erated, surro unding areas, n atural ecosystem etc.Mainly in these plants pressure tunnel is provided before the surge tank, which in turn conn ected to pen stock. A pressure tunnel is take n off from the reservoir and water brought to the valve house (not show n in picture) at the start of the pen stocks. The pen stocks are huge steel pipes which take large qua ntity of water from the valve house to the power house. The valve house contains main sluice gates and in additi on automatic isolati ng valves which come into operati on whe n the pen stock bursts, cutt ing further supply of water. Surge tank is an ope n tank and is built just in betwee n the begi nning of the pen stocks and the valve house. In abse nee of surge tank, the water hammer can damage thefixed gates. Normally the high head pla nts are 500 meters above and for heads above 500 meters Pelt on wheels are used.Fig.1.8 Cross-secti on of a typical high head pla nt2 HYDRAULIC TURBINES2.1 IntroductionHydraulic turbines are machines which convert water energy into mechanical energy. So they can be considered as motors run by water. Water stored in a reservoir at higher level flows through the turbine to the tail race channel situated at a lower level imparting potential energy to the turbine.The theoretical foundations of the modern turbine were laid by Euler. The first practical turbines were made by Fourneyron and Bourdin. Forneyron installed a 40 H.P. turbine at St. Blassius, France in 1835. Other prominent names in the field are Pelton, Francis and Kaplan. The impulse turbine is named after Pelton who contributed a lot to its development. The mixed flow reaction turbine is named after Francis, who built the first well designed unit in 1849. The movable blade propeller type turbine is named after Kaplan.The function of a water turbine is to rotate the generator coupled to it to produce electricity. The conversion of energy to the electrical form is necessary because electrical energy can be transmitted over long distances with proportionately very small losses compared to mechanical or hydraulic energy.2.1.1 Sub-systems of a Water TurbineEssentially any water turbine must have the following sub-systems:(i) Guide passages to admit water to the rotating element with minimum loss of energy. (ii) A governing mechanism to instantaneously adjust the quantity of water being admitted, to match the load fluctuations.(iii) A rotating element or a runner where the conversion of energy takes place. A torque is developed which rotates the generator coupled to the turbine.(iv) Passages to lead the water out of the turbine body.In the case of water turbines, the density remains constant while water is passing through all above stages. In steam turbines and gas turbines the density varies. Hence their construction differs materially from water turbines.2.2 Classification of Water TurbinesThe water turbines are divided into two main categories: the impulse type and reaction type (Fig.2.1). In the impulse type, water flows out of a nozzle in the form of a jet such that all the pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy. This jet hits one of a series buckets mounted on a runner. Because of the impact, the runner is rotated about the axis. Therefore the turbine is called the impulse turbine. The water comes out of the nozzle at atmospheric pressure. Hence the pressure throughout the turbine is atmospheric, i.e., constant. Therefore the turbine is also called a constant pressure turbine.bucketstationarynozzleFig.2.1 Prin ciple of the basic impulse turbi ne (left) and react ion turbi ne (right)The reacti on type of turb ine works on the prin ciple of react ion. Water en ters the turbi ne at high pressure and low velocity in the guide passage. Some pressure energy is conv erted in to kin etic en ergy and water the n en ters the runner (rotor) and pressure en ergy is successively con verted into kin etic en ergy. As the water flow ing through the runner is accelerated, it creates a reaction on the runner vane and the runner is rotated (Fig.2.2). As the static fluid pressure acts on both sides the vane, it does not do any work. Work is en tirely done due to con vers ion of en ergy into kin etic form. It is to be no ted that relative velocity goes on in creas ing from inlet to outlet though the absolute velocity decreases. In a reaction turbine water is under pressure and the turbine is filled with water when work ing. Therefore, the turb ine must be en closed in a cas ing which should be able to withstand the pressure. In the case of an impulse turbine, the casing protects the runner and does not allow the water to splash out. It does not serve any hydraulic function. In a reaction turbine, water can be admitted all over the runner at one time. Therefore, it is sometimes called a full admissi on turb ine.Fluid inletFig.2.2 Francis turbi ne (react ion type)Only three turb ines have served the test of time. They are Pelt on turb ines of the impulse type and Francis and Kapla n turb ines of the react ion type.Therefore, these three will be discussed in some detail. Rece ntly, ano ther type of turb ine known as Deriaz turb ine or diag onal flow turb ine has bee n developed which is a cross between a Francis turbine and a Kaplan turbine.2.3 Pelton TurbineThe Pelt on turbi ne (Fig.2.3) is an impulse type of turb in e. It was n amed after L.A.Pelo n (1829-1908) who in 1880, patented and improved the form of impulse wheels. In impulse turbine, water flows out of a nozzle in the form of a jet in the atmosphere, converting hydraulic energy into kinetic energy. The jet delivers an impact to one of a series of blades mounted on the runner, which starts rotating. As the pressure is atmospheric and constant, this turbine is also called constant pressure turbine. This turbine is essentially a high head turb ine and is curre ntly being used for a head range of 300 m to 1800 m. The specific speed range is from Ns=4 to Ns=70.The turb ine esse ntially con sists of three comp onen ts: (i) the in jector (ii) the runner and (iii) the cas ing.2.3.1 InjectorThe fun cti on of the injector are (a) to direct the water received from the pen stock at the proper an gle on the runner (b) to vary the quality of water to suit in sta ntan eousload con diti ons, thereby gover ning the turb ine.The injectors are located either at the end of a bend fitted to the pen stock of in the case of multi-nozzle turbines, or at the end of the distribution branches.The injector consists of (a) a nozzle (b) a spear rod also called a needle and (c) a deflector. The spear rod slides coaxially in the nozzle. Its movement controls the area of the nozzle opening and therefore the quantity of water being admitted to the runner.Fig.2.3 Cross sect ion of a Pelt on turb ine2.3.2 RunnerThis consists of a cylindrical disc with the blades mounted on its periphery (Fig.2.4).The blades, also called buckets, look like twin hemi-ellipsoided cups joined in the middle by means of a ridge. This shape is give n to obta in maximum efficie ncy con diti ons. The jet of water enters the bucket in the center, bifurcates into two portions and travels over the bucket and leaves at the outlet tips. This bifurcation counter balances any axial thrust developed.Fig.2.4 An in tegrally cast Pelt on turbi ne runnerThe jet is deflected at an an gle of 168o to 176o, such that it just clears the back of the succeed ing bucket.For the most efficient conditions, the jet should hit the bucket perpendicularly. But this is not always possible as each bucket intercepts the jet at an angle of 2 n/n (where n = nu mber of buckets). For the jet to hit the bucket perpe ndicularly for the maximum time, the buckets are inclined backwards to the radius, the inclination varying from 10to 18oA notch is provided at the tip of the bucket, so that the succeeding bucket does not interfere with the jet hitting the previous bucket.The nu mber of bucket is decided by two con diti ons:(i) The nu mber must be adequate to the in tercept the jet at all times and no water should go to the tail race directly without imparting energy to the runner.(ii) The nu mber of buckets provided curre ntly varies from 18 to 24, though the extreme limits may be from 14 to 30.2.3.3 Number of NozzlesThe Pelt on turb in e can have either a horiz on tal axis or a vertical axis layout. If the axis is horizontal, the runner can be fed either by one nozzle or by two nozzles (Fig.2.4). Sometimes the turbi ne may have twin runners placed side by side or alter natively, the gen erator may be drive n by two turb ines placed on either side.In the vertical shaft disposition, there is only one runner, the number of nozzles varying from 2 to 6, though most of the turb ines have either 4 or 6 no zzles (Fig.2.5).Fig.2.5 Distributor of a six no zzle Pelt on turbi ne2.3.4 DistributorTo feed water to these no zzles a distributor is provided which a pipe attached to the end of pen stock. For a two-no zzle horiz on tal shaft layout, the distributor is Y-shaped with bends being attached to the two arms of the bifurcate for mounting of the injectors (Fig.2.6). The angle of the Y varies between 70cTo 90oFig.2.6 A two-no zzle horiz on tal shaft layout with Y-shaped distributorFor the vertical shaft layout, the simplest type of distributor consists of annular pipe starti ng from the pen stock with successively decreas ing cross-sectio nal area and with a runner of arms project ing in side for fitti ng of the no zzles (Fig.2.5).。
水利水电工程专业英语词汇
水利水电工程专业英语词汇施工总平面布置(施工总体布置) construction general layout 施工组织Consruction Programming 施工组织设计construction planning 施工坐标系（建筑坐标系）construction coordinate system 湿化变形soaking deformation 湿润比percentage of wetted area 湿润灌溉wetting irrigation 湿室型泵房wet-pit type pump house 湿陷变形系数soaking deformation coefficient 湿陷起始压力initial collapse pressure 湿陷系数(湿陷变形系数) coefficient of collapsibility 湿周wetted perimeter 十字板剪切试验vane shear test 石袋honeycomb 时均流速time average velocity 时均能量time average energy 时效硬化(老化) age hardening (ageing) 时针式喷灌系统(中心支轴自走式系统) central pivot sprinkler system 实测放大图surveyed amplification map 实腹柱solid column 实际材料图primitive data map 实时接线分析real time connection analysis 实时控制real-time control实时数据和实时信息real time data and real time information 实体坝solid dike 实体重力坝solid gravity dam 实物工程量real work quantity 实验站experimental station 实用堰practical weir 示流信号器liquid-flow annunciator 示坡线slope indication line 示误三角形error triangle 示踪模型tracer model 事故failure (accident) 事故备用容量reserve capacity for accident 事故低油压tripping lower oil pressure 事故音响信号emergency signal (alarmsignal)事故运行方式accident operation mode 事故闸门emergency gate 事故照明accident lighting 事故照明切换屏accident lighting change-over panel 势波potential wave 势流potential flow 势能potential energy 势涡(自由涡) potential vortex 视差parallax 视差法测距（基线横尺视差法）subtense method with horizontal staff 视差角parallactic angle 视准线法collimation line method 视准轴（照准轴）coolimation axis 试验处理treatment of experiment 试验端子test terminal 试验项目Testing item 试验小区experimental block 试运行test run 试运行test run 收敛测量convergence measurement 收敛约束法convergence-confinement method 收缩断面vena-contracta 收缩缝(温度缝) contraction joint (temperature joint) 收缩水深contracted depth 手动[自动]复归manual [automatic] reset 手动[自动]准同期manual [automatic] precise synchronization 手动调节manual regulation 手动控制manual control 手动运行manual operation 手工电弧焊manual arc welding 首曲线（基本等高线）standard contour 首子午线（本初子午线，起始子午线）prime meridian 受油器oil head 枢纽布置layout of hydroproject 疏浚dredging 输电系统transmission system 输电线transmission line 输入功率试验input test 输沙量sediment runoff 输沙率sediment discharge 输水钢管steel pipe for water conveyance 输水沟conveyance ditch 输水建筑物waterconveyance structure 输水渠道water conveyance canal 鼠道mole drains 鼠道犁mole plough 鼠笼型感应电动机squirrel cage induction motor 竖井定向测量shaft orientation survey 竖井贯流式水轮机pit turbine 竖井联系测量shaft connection survey 竖井排水drainage well 竖井式进水口shaf tintake 竖轴弧形闸门radial gate with vertic alaxes 数字地面模型digital terrain model （DTM）数字化测图digitized mapping 数字通信digital communication 数字图像处理digital image processing 数字仪表digital instrument甩负荷load dump (load rejection,load shutdown) 甩负荷试验load-rejection test (load-shutdowntest) 双层布置double storey layout 双调节调速器dual-regulation governor 双扉闸门double-leaf gate 双回线double-circuit line 双击式水轮机cross flow turbine,Banki turbine 双极高压直流系统bipolar HVDC system 双金属标bimetal bench mark 双列布置double row layout 双母线接线double-bus connection 双曲拱坝double curvature arch dam 双曲拱渡槽double curvature arch aqueduct 双室式调压室double-chamber surge shaft 双吸式离心泵double-suction pump 双向挡水人字闸门bidirectional retaining mitre gate 水泵[水泵水轮机的水泵工况]的反向最大稳态飞逸转速steady state reverse runaway speed of pump 水泵比转速specific speed of pump 水泵并联扬程曲线head curve of parallel pumping system 水泵参数与特性Parameters and characteristics of pump水泵串联扬程曲线head curve of series pumping system 水泵的最大[最小]输入功率maximum[minimum] input power of pump 水泵电动机机组Motor-pump unit 水泵反常运行pump abnormal operating水泵工况(抽水工况) pump operation 水泵工作点(水泵工况点) pump operating point 水泵供水water feed by pump 水泵机械效率mechanical efficiency of pump 水泵机组pump unit 水泵类型Classification of pumps 水泵零部件Components of pumps 水泵流量pump discharge 水泵容积效率volumetric efficiency of pump 水泵输出功率output power of pump 水泵输入功率(水泵轴功率) input power of pump 水泵水力效率hydraulic efficiency of pump 水泵水轮机Pump-turbine 水泵无流量输入功率no-discharge power of pump 水泵效率pump efficiency 水泵扬程(水泵总扬程) total head of pump 水泵站Pumping Station 水泵装置pump system 水锤(水击) water hammer 水锤泵站hydrauli cram pump station 水锤波(水击波) wave of water hammer 水锤波波速wave velocity of water hammer 水电站Hydroelectric Station 水电站(水力发电站) Hydroelectric station (hydroelectric power station) 水电站保证出力firm power, firm output 水电站厂房(发电厂房) power house 水电站厂房的类型Types of power house of hydroelectric station 水电站出力power output of hydropower station 水电站出力和发电量Power and energy output of hydropower station 水电站的水头、流量、水位Waterhead, discharge, water lever of hydropower station 水电站发电成本generation cost of hydropower station 水电站发电量energy output of hydropower station 水电站建筑物hydroelectric station structure 水电站经济指标Economie index of hydropower station 水电站类型Types of hydroelectric station 水电站引用流量quotative discharge of hydropower station 水电站装机容量installed capacity of hydropower station 水电站自动化automation of hydroelectric station 水跌hydraulic drop 水动力学Hydrodynamics 水斗bucket 水斗式水轮机(贝尔顿式水轮机) pelton turbine 水工建筑物hydraulic structure 水工建筑物的类别及荷载Classification and load of hydraulic structures 水工建筑物级别grade of hydraulic structure 水工金属结构及安装Metal Structures and Their Installation 水工隧洞hydraulic tunnel 水工隧洞Hydraulic tunnels 水工隧洞构造Components of hydraulic tunnel 水工隧洞类型Classification of hydraulic tunnels 水管冷却pipe cooling 水柜water pool 水环真空泵liquid ring pump 水灰比water-cement ratio 水窖(旱井) water callar(dry wall) 水静力学Hydrostatics 水库并联运用operation of parallel-connected resertvoir 水库测量reservoir survey 水库串联运用operation of serial-connected reservoirs 水库调度reservoir operation 水库调度图graph of reservoir operation 水库回水变动区fluctuating back water zone of reservoir 水库浸没reservoir immersion 水库控制缓洪controlled flood retarding 水库库底清理cleaning of reservoir zone 水库泥沙Reservoir sediment 水库泥沙防治Prevention of sediment 水库年限ultimate life of reservoir 水库渗漏reservoir leakage 水库水文测验reservoir hydrometry 水库塌岸bank ruin of reservoir 水库特征库容Characteristic capacity of reservoir 水库特征水位Characteristic level of reservoir 水库泄空排沙sediment releasing by emptying reservoir 水库蓄清排浑clear water impounding and muddy flow releasing 水库淹没补偿compensation for reservoir inundation 水库淹没处理Treatment of reservoir inundation 水库淹没处理范围treatment zone of reservoir inundation 水库淹没界线测量reservoir inundation line survey 水库淹没区zone of reservoir inundation 水库淹没实物指标material index of reservoir inundation 水库异重流density current in reservoir 水库异重流排沙sediment releasing by density current 水库诱发地震reservoir induced earthquake 水库淤积Sediment deposition in reservoir 水库淤积测量reservoir accretion survey 水库淤积极限limit state of sediment deposition in reservoir 水库淤积平衡比降equilibrium slope of sediment deposition in reservoir 水库淤积上延(翘尾巴) upward extension of reservoir deposition 水库淤积纵剖面longitudinal profile of deposit in reservoir 水库滞洪排沙flood retarding and sediment releasing 水库自然滞洪free flood retarding 水冷式空压机water-cooled compressor 水力半径hydraulic radius 水力冲填hydraulic excavation and filling 水力冲填坝hydraulic fill dam水力冲洗式沉沙池hydraulic flushing sedimentation basin 水力粗糙度hydraulic roughness 水力粗糙区hydraulic roughness region 水力共振hydraulic resonance 水力光滑区hydraulic smooth 水力机械Hydraulic Machinery 水力机械与电气设备HYDRAULIC MACHINERY AND ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT 水力机组hydropower unit 水力机组测试Measurement and test for hydropower unit 水力机组的安装和试运行Installation and starting operation of hydropower unit 水力机组调节系统Regulating system of hydropower unit 水力机组辅助系统Auxiliary system for hydropower unit 水力开挖hydraulic excavation 水力坡降(水力比降) hydraulic slope (energy gradient) 水力破裂法(水力致裂法) hydro fracturing method 水力侵蚀(水蚀) water erosion 水力学Hydraulics 水力要素(水力参数) hydraulic elements 水力指数hydraulic exponent 水力自动闸门hydraulic operating gate 水力最优断面optimal hydraulic cross section 水利工程经营管理management and administration of water project 水利计算Computation of water conservancy 水利区划zoning of water conservancy 水利枢纽hydroproject 水利水电工程等别rank of hydroproject 水利水电工程规划PLANNING OF HYDROENGINEERING 水利水电工程技术术语标准Standard of Technical Terms on Hydroengineering 水利水电工程勘测SURVEYAND INVESTIGATION FOR HYDROENGINEERING 水利水电工程施工CONSTRUCTION OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 水量分布曲线water distribution curve 水流动力轴线(主流线) dynamic axis of flow 水流连续方程continuity equation of flow 水流流态State of flow 水流阻力和能头损失Flow resistance and head loss 水轮泵站turbine-pump station 水轮发电机Hydraulic generator 水轮发电机hydraulic turbine-driven synchronous generator (hydro-generator) 水轮发电机组Hydraulic turbine-generator unit 水轮发电机组hydraulic turbine-generator unit 水轮机hydraulic turbine, water turbine 水轮机[水泵]额定流量rated discharge of turbine[pump] 水轮机安装Installation of hydraulic turbine 水轮机安装高程setting of turbine 水轮机保证出力guaranteed output of turbine 水轮机比转速specific speed of turbine 水轮机参数和特性Turbine parameters and turbine characteristics水轮机层turbine storey (turbine floor) 水轮机的机械效率mechanical efficiency of turbine 水轮机的容积效率volumetric efficiency of turbine 水轮机的水力效率hydraulic efficiency of turbine 水轮机调节系统turbine regulating system 水轮机调节系统静特性试验static characteristic test of regulation system of hydraulic turbine 水轮机调速器turbine governor 水轮机额定输出功率(水轮机额定出力) rated output of turbine 水轮机飞逸转速runaway speed of turbine 水轮机工况(发电工况) turbine operation 水轮机空载流量no-load dischargeof turbine 水轮机类型Classification of turbines 水轮机零、部件Components of hydraulic turbine 水轮机流量turbine discharge 水轮机模型试验model test of turbine 水轮机磨蚀与振动Erosion and vibration of hydraulic turbine 水轮机气蚀系数cavitation factor of turbine,cavitation coefficient of turbine 水轮机设计水头design head of turbine 水轮机试运行Test runof hydraulic turbine 水轮机室turbine casing 水轮机输出功率(水轮机出力) turbine output 水轮机输入功率turbine input power 水轮机水头(水轮机净水头) turbine net head 水轮机吸出水头损失suction head loss of turbine 水轮机效率turbine efficiency 水轮机压力管道(高压管道) penstock 水轮机引水室turbine flume 水轮机主轴turbine main shaft 水轮机最大输出功率(水轮机最大出力) maximum output of turbine 水轮机最高效率maximum efficiency of turbine 水面曲线water surface profile 水面蒸发量evaporation from water surface 水能waterpower, hydropower 水能计算hydropower computation 水能开发方式Types of hydropower development 水能利用Water power utilization 水能利用规划waterpower utilization planning 水能资源(水力资源) waterpower resources, hydropower resources 水泥比表面积specific surface of cement 水泥罐cement silo 水泥水化热hydration heat of cement 水泥体积安定性soundness of cement 水平底坡horizontal slope 水平地质剖面图geological plan 水平度levelness 水平沟horizontal ditches 水平阶地horizontal terraces 水平位移工作点operative mark of horizontal displacement水平位移观测horizontal displacement observation 水平位移基点datum mark of horizontal displacement 水生态学hydrobiology 水头water head 水头损失head loss 水头预想出力expected power, expected output 水土保持soil and water conservation 水土保持工程措施Soil and water conservation works 水土保持规划Planning of soil and water conservation 水土保持林业措施Afforestation measures for soil and water conservation 水土流失Soilandwaterloss 水土流失(土壤侵蚀) soil erosion(soil and waterloss) 水位water stage (water level) 水位、流速、流量Water stage, flow velocity, flow discharge 水位传导系数coefficient of water level conductivity 水位调节装置water level regulator 水位计water-level gauge 水位流量关系曲线stage-discharge relation curve 水位信号water-level indicating signal 水位站water stage gauging station 水文测验hydrometry 水文测站hydrometrical station 水文测站和站网Hydrometrical station and network 水文地质Hydrogeology水文地质基础Basichydrogeology 水文地质试验Hydrogeologicaltest 水文地质图hydrogeological map 水文调查hydrological investigation 水文分析计算Hydrological analysis and computation 水文观测hydrological observation 水文观测Hydrological observation and measurement 水文过程线hydrograph 水文核技术nucleartechnology in hydrology 水文计算Hydrologic computation 水文计算及水文预报Hydrological Computation and Forecasing 水文空间技术space technology in hydrology 水文模型hydrological model 水文年鉴hydrological almanac(hydrological yearbook) 水文频率曲线hydrological frequency curve 水文手册hydrological handbook 水文统计hydrological statistics 水文图集hydrological atlas 水文遥测技术hydrological telemetering technology 水文要素hydrological data 水文预报Hydrological forecast 水文站hydrometrical station 水文站网hydrological network 水文资料整编hydrological data processing 水系(河系,河网) hydrographic net(river system) 水下爆破under water blasting 水下地形测量underground topographic survey 水下混凝土浇筑underwater concreting 水下接地网under water earthed network 水压力hydraulic pressure 水跃hydraulic jump 水跃长度length of hydraulic jump 水跃高度height of hydraulic jump 水跃函数hydraulic jump function 水跃消能率coefficient of energy dissipation of hydraulic jump 水运动学Hydrokinematics 水运动学及水动力学Hydrokinematics and hydrodynamics 水闸sluice (barrage) 水闸类型Classification of sluices 水闸组成部分Components of sluice 水质water quality 水质标准water quality standard 水质监测站water quality monitoring station 水质评价water quality assessment 水质污染Water quality pollution 水质预报water quality forecast水中起动starting in water 水中起动力矩starting torque in water 水柱water column 水坠坝sluicing siltation earth dam 水准测量leveling 水准点benchmark 水准路线leveling line 水准器分划值（水准器角值，水准器格值）scale value of level 水准网平差adjustment of leveling network 水准仪（水平仪）level 水准仪与经纬仪Leveland theodolite 水资源water resources 水资源规划water resources planning 水资源开发利用Development and utilization of water resources 水资源开发利用water resources development 税金tax 顺坝longitudinal dike (training dike) 顺坡(正坡) positive slope 顺行波advancing downstream wave 顺序控制系统sequential control system 顺直型河流straight river 瞬动电流instantaneous acting current 瞬发雷管(即发雷管) instantaneous blasting cap 瞬时沉降(弹性沉降,初始沉降,形变沉降) initial settlement 瞬时单位线instantaneous unit hydrograph 瞬时电流速断保护(无时限电流速断保护) instantaneous over current cut-off protection 瞬时流速instantaneous velocity 瞬态法finite increment method 死库容(垫底库容) dead storage 死区dead band 死水位minimum pool level(dead water level) 松动爆破loosening blasting (crumbling blasting) 松方loose measure 松散系数bulk factor 素混凝土(无筋混凝土) plain concrete 素图simple map 速动时间常数promptitude time constant 速度环量velocity circulation 速度三角形velocity triangle 速凝(瞬时凝结) quick set (flash set) 速凝剂accelerator 塑料导爆管(传爆管) plastic primacord tube 塑限(塑性限度,塑性界限含水量) plastic limit 塑性铰plastic hinge 塑性指数plasticity index 溯源冲刷[淤积] backward erosion[deposition] 算术平均粒径arithmetic mean diameter 算术平均水头arithmetic average head 算术平均效率arithmetic average efficiency 随动系统servo system 随动系统不准确度inaccuracy of servosystem 随机波random wave 随机性水文模型(非确定性水文模型) stochastic hydrological model 碎部点（地形特征点）detail point 碎裂结构clastic structure 碎屑结构clastic texture 隧洞衬砌tunnel lining 隧洞导流tunnel diversion 隧洞渐变段tunnel transition section 隧洞开挖tunnel excavation 隧洞排水tunnel drainage 隧洞钻孔爆破法(隧洞钻爆法) drill-blast tunneling method 损失容积(死容积) lost volume 缩限(收缩界限) shrinkage limit 锁坝closure dike 锁定装置dog device (latch device,gate lock device) 锁锭装置locking device (checking device) 它励(它激) separate excitation 塔式进水口tower intake 踏面rolling face 台车式启闭机platform hoist 台阶结构面step structural plane 台阶掘进法heading and bench method 坍落度slump坍落拱collapse arch 探槽exploratoryt rench 探洞exploratory adit 探井exploratory shaft 探坑exploratory pit 碳素钢(碳钢) carbon steel 塘堰pond 掏槽孔(掏槽眼) cut hole 套管casing pipe 套闸(双埝船闸) doubledike lock 特大暴雨extraordinary rainstorm 特大洪水extraordinary flood 特高压(特高电压) ultra-high voltage (U.H.V.) 特类钢(C类钢) type C steel 特殊地区施工增加费additional cost for special condition 特殊荷载specia lload (unusual load) 特殊荷载组合special load combination 特性和参数Characteristics and parameters 特性阻抗(波阻抗) characteristic impedance (wave impedance) 特征线法characteristics method 特征斜率characteristic slope 梯段爆破bench blasting 梯级水电站cascade hydroelectric station 梯形堰trapezoidal weir 锑恩锑(三硝基甲苯) TNT (trinitroto luene) 提升式升船机lifting type ship lift 提水灌溉pumping irrigation 提水排水pumping drainage 体积模量bulk modulus 体积压缩系数coefficient of volume compressibility 天然骨料natural aggregate 天然密度(天然容重) natural density(naturalunitweight) 天文潮astronomical tide 田间持水量field capacity 田间工程farml and works 田间排水沟(墒沟) field ditch 田间排水试验experiment for farm land drainage 田间渠系farm canal system 田间水利用系数water efficiency in field 田间需水量(田间耗水量) water consumption on farmland 填埋式管(上埋式管) buried pipe line 填石笼gabion 填筑filling 填筑含水量placement water content(placement moisture content) 挑坎(挑流鼻坎) flip bucket。
水利水电英文
basis 基础
bass 炭质页岩
basset 露头
bast 炭质页岩
bastard 夹石
bastite 绢石
bastnaesite 氟碳铈矿
bat 泥质页岩
batardeau 隔墙
bathoclase 水平节理
batholite 基岩
遥感技术 Remote sensing technology
遥感台（遥感平台，传感台） remote sensing platform
遥感图像（遥感影像） remotesensingimage
遥感图像处理与解译 Processing and interpretation of remote sensing images
back lye 井下错车道
back pulling 回采煤柱
back stope 上向梯段回采工祖
back stoping 上向梯段回采
back stroke 回程
back water 回水
back weight 平衡锤
backacter 反铲
balance bunker 平衡仓
balance level 水准仪
balance pit 平衡重井筒
balance plane 自重滑行坡
balance rope 平衡钢丝绳
balance rope pulley 平衡绳滑轮
balance tail rope 平衡尾绳
banging piece 防险器断绳保险器
banging pieces 断绳保险器防坠器
banjo 钻车
bank 阶段
bank coal 原煤
水利英语的词汇特征与翻译技巧——评《水利专业英语》
21（帀II英语的词脏特征与译技巧■评《水利专业英语》随着全球化文化交流和经济发展范围的不断扩大，作为中间媒介的专门用途英语正以独特的优势显示其交际功能，故掌握水利专业英语的词汇、句法特点，及翻译技巧对提高我国水利专业翻译水平、促进水利科技国际交流具有重要作用。
但英汉两种语言是在不同的历史和社会条件下发展起来的，两者之间存在着很大的差异，尤其体现在词汇及其意义方面，如在词汇结构及其形态变化、词汇的功能、词汇顺序、词义的对应性等方面存在巨大的差异，这就表明我们在学习、掌握水利英语词汇特征与翻译技巧时，不仅要借助一定的书本工具，还需要具备一定的实践精神。
由孙仕军、刘海生主编，黄冠华、迟道才主审，中国水利水电出版社于2019年8月出版的《水利专业英语》一书，不仅涵盖了水利专业领域的主要技术问题，还突出了水利英语实践运用过程，在一定程度上指出了水利专业英语的词汇特征，讲解了水利专业英语的翻译技巧、水利英语科技论文的写作方法，具有较强的专业性与实用性，可作为研究水利英语词汇特征与翻译技巧的工具。
通读全书，可发现该书具有以下几大特色。
一、图文结合，阐明了水利英语词汇的特点水利专业英语文献中大量使用专业词汇，他们包括本科使用的专业技术词汇、各学科通用的半专业词汇和书面的非专业词汇，而这些专业词汇本身及其用法具有一定特色。
《水利专业英语》一书采用图文结合的方法，揭示了专业技术词汇、半专业词汇、书面非专业词汇的定义，指明了水利英语的词汇。
其中，在第五单元“Dams”中，作者借用Free-body diagram of the cross section of a gravity dam解析图和Maximum observed uplift under some existing gravity dams解析图指明了专业技术词的定义特点，专业技术词汇是指水利科学或专业中应用的专业词汇或术语，其意义狭窄、单一，专业性强，一般只使用在各自的专业范围内，且这类词一般字母较多，而且字母越多词义越狭窄，出现的频率也不高。
水利水电工程专业英语的阅读与翻译
水利水电工程专业英语的阅读与翻译水利水电工程专业英语的阅读与翻译刘景植编二OO四年十二月水利水电工程专业英语的阅读与翻译前言当前，世界科学技术发展十分迅速，为了了解、学习和借鉴国外先进的科学技术，为我国的社会主义建设服务，需要大量的阅读和翻译国外科技文献资料。
另外，近年来和在以后的若干年内，我国在水利水电建设中，从国外引进了且还将继续引进大批先进技术和设备，为了尽快消化这些新技术和装好、用好及管理好这些设备，也需要详细地阅读和翻译引进的技术和设备的技术说明文件。
要提高专业科技英语的阅读和翻译能力，除需要掌握英语语法的基本知识和基本词汇及具有相当广泛的专业知识之外，还必需熟悉专业词汇和科技英语中一些常用词、词组或短语，熟悉科技英语常见的句型和文体，以及掌握翻译科技文献的基本技巧。
本教材宗旨在帮助学生提高顺利地阅读或翻译科技专业英语文献资料的能力，希望通过本书能够达到以下几个目的。
1、使学生熟悉英语词汇的构词规律及掌握确定科技英语词汇词义的方法。
2、使学生熟悉典型的科技英语句型、文体。
3、使学生掌握科技英语文献翻译的基本技巧。
4、为学生提供一部分专业英语词汇及常用词组或短语。
第一章词的构成及科技术语翻译方法§1 词的构成专业英语的许多词汇都具有其特定的意义，在构词方法上则大量引用希腊和拉丁词素，用合成与派生方法构词，因此，掌握英语的构词规律，可以帮助记忆新词，扩大词汇量和提高阅读能力。
英语的单词主要由三部分组成：1、简单的单根词如work、stone、man等。
单根词在英语中只占极少数，且意义明确，不难记住。
2、由几个单根词组成的复合词如workman（工人）、stonework（石工）等，复合词在英语中的数量也有限，只要了解了组成的每一单根词义，该词的意义也就自然明确了。
3、由单根词、复合词或一些单独使用的词根加上词头和词尾的派生词，英语中大多数的词都属于这种词。
英语单词中的词根是词中最基本的部分，表达该词的基本意义，虽然词根的数量有限，但却是构成单词的基础，能繁衍出大量的派生词，所以掌握专业英语中常见词根的涵义，是熟悉和扩大专业词汇量的关键。
水利水电专业英语的语篇特征及教学模式评《水利工程专业英语》
王兆印，［美］梅尔钦（Ｃ．Ｓ．Ｍｅｌｃｈｉｎｇ），易雨君等著清华大学出版社出版ＩＳＢＮ：９７８７３０２４６６２６０定价：３５．００元水利水电专业英语的语篇特征及教学模式评‘水利工程专业英语“余㊀娟㊀㊀高水平的专业素养以及英语技能对于水利水电工程专业人士来说是十分重要的，特别是在经济全球化的进程中，大批水利水电工程在国际上公开招投标，我国水利水电工程劳务输出量也在持续增加，水利水电国际援建项目的增加以及水利水电国际研讨会议的举行，使得水利水电专业英语已经成为相关从业人员的必备工具㊂各高校水利水电专业在课程建设中已经意识到水利水电专业英语的重要性，并且已经全面开展了水利水电专业英语教学工作㊂‘水利工程专业英语“一书涵盖了水利科学及工程㊁河流动力学及地貌㊁流域水文及地质灾害㊁水环境及生态㊁河口海岸及河流管理等方面的专业词汇和用法，还有写作和在国际期刊发表学术论文的方法和步骤，以及中国作者写作科技英文的常见错误等㊂该书以若干实例说明如何修改中式英文，还提供了阅读材料和听力材料㊂为了帮助读者使用该教材，书中各小节后面补充了中文注释，对专业词汇和词组的使用进行解释，指出了常见的中式英文写作习惯以及修改方法㊂‘水利工程专业英语“是水利水电专业英语学习的重要参考书籍㊂水利水电专业英语以公共英语为基础，但也有自身独特之处，其语篇特点主要表现在以下几个方面：第一，缩略词与复合词使用频繁㊂‘水利工程专业英语“一书中提到，水利水电专业英语是特殊类专业英语，其中缩略词的使用十分频繁㊂由于缩略词简洁㊁书写方便㊁容易记忆与识别，因此在水利水电专业英语中的应用十分频繁，如ＭＤＲ（ｍｉｎｉｍｕｍｄｒａｉｎａｇｅｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｍｅｎｔ）最小排水需求㊁ＰＭＰ（ｐｒｏｂａｂｌｅｍａｘｉｍｕｍｐｒｅｃｉｐｉｔａｔｉｏｎ）可能最大降雨等㊂另外，还经常出现由各类基础语素结合而成的专业词汇，如ｌａｎｄｓｌｉｄｅ（滑坡）＝ｌａｎｄ＋ｓｌｉｄｅ㊁ｐｏｗｅｒｈｏｕｓｅ（发电厂房）＝ｐｏｗｅｒ＋ｈｏｕｓｅ等㊂第二，交叉学科含有大量专业词汇㊂‘水利工程专业英语“中提出，水利水电专业英语涵盖了建筑工程㊁机电设备㊁生态环境㊁水文气象㊁物理力学等专业领域，具有很强的跨学科性㊂水利水电专业十分注重技术性㊁逻辑性以及严密性，以突出水利水电专业的特点，如ｐｕｍｐａｂｎｏｒｍａｌｏｐｅｒａｔｉｎｇ（水泵反常运行）㊁ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｅｄｆｌｏｏｄｒｅｔａｒｄｉｎｇ（水库控制缓洪）㊁ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔａｎｄｕｔｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆｗａｔｅｒｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ（水资源开发利用）等㊂基于水利水电专业英语的特点，在开展水利水电英语教学中要选择合适的教学内容，采用科学的教学方法，以提升水利水电专业英语教学质量㊂第一，选择合适的教学内容㊂在水利水电专业英语教学中，可以针对不同的教学内容将教学过程分为三个不同的时期，分别为基础阶段㊁上升阶段以及专业阶段㊂基础阶段，紧扣水利水电英语课程，对教材中的课文段落进行深入讲解，由浅入深选择合适的教学内容，如对水利水电科技文章中的常见句式结构㊁专业词汇构词方法等进行深入的分析与讲解㊂对于水利水电专业英语中常见的固定搭配与词汇难点进行讲解，以巩固学生水利水电专业英语基础㊂上升阶段，可以在结合教材的基础上适当补充水利水电专业英语学术期刊中的文献，考核学生对水利水电英语学术文章的阅读理解能力㊂这一阶段的主要教学内容是水利水电专业学术论文英文摘要撰写㊁国际招投标文件撰写等㊂另外，这一阶段还可以适当安排一些水利水电专业英语翻译任务，让学生进行水利水电专业英语翻译训练㊂专业阶段教学，教师要紧跟水利水电工程发展前沿，选择近期英文原版期刊上的水利水电专业发展动态㊁最新技术来进行教学，重点突出水利水电专业的最新技术㊂这一阶段的教学重点在于培养学生获取专业知识的能力㊂第二，采用科学的教学方法㊂在水利水电专业英语教学中，教学方法要尽量灵活多样，培养学生听说读写等综合能力㊂如小组讨论法，教师可以根据水利水电专业英语的教学内容，结合当前水利工程科研成果，提出若干讨论专题，将学生分为若干小组，让各个小组自由挑选专题进行讨论，查阅相关文献，撰写水利水电专业研究报告㊂又如互动教学法，教师在针对水利水电英文学术文章进行讲解时，可以先针对文章提出问题，让学生带着既定问题来阅读文章，鼓励学生在阅读时积极讨论，使得课堂氛围更加活跃㊂在完成阅读后，结合阅读前提出的问题，要求学生进行回答，结合学生的回答情况对学术材料进行深入讲解，重点突出学术文章中的词汇㊁句式与语法特点㊂（余娟：广东技术师范大学外国语学院㊀讲师）㊀基金项目：教育部人文社科青年项目 师范院校英语专业学生语篇能力与口译能力的关联性的实证研究 （１６ＹＪＣ７４００８３）；广东技术师范大学校级项目 ＡＰＰ应用程序辅助的智能口译教学模式研究 （ＪＹＹＢ２０１６３３）广告·书评。
水利水电专业英语
施工总平面布置Construction general layout 施工组织Construction Programming施工组织设计construction planning施工坐标系（建筑坐标系）constructioncoordinate system湿化变形soaking deformation湿润比percentage of wetted area湿润灌溉wetting irrigation湿室型泵房wet-pit type pump house湿陷变形系数soaking deformation coefficient湿陷起始压力initial collapse pressure湿陷系数(湿陷变形系数) coefficient of collapsibility湿周wetted perimeter十字板剪切试验vane shear test石袋honeycomb时均流速time average velocity时均能量time average energy时效硬化(老化) age hardening (ageing)时针式喷灌系统(中心支轴自走式系统) central pivot sprinkler system实测放大图surveyed amplification map实腹柱solid column实际材料图primitive data map实时接线分析real time connection analysis 实时控制real-time control实时数据和实时信息real time data and real time information实体坝solid dike实体重力坝solid gravity dam实物工程量real work quantity实验站experimental station实用堰practical weir示流信号器liquid-flow annunciator示坡线slope indication line示误三角形error triangle示踪模型tracer model事故failure (accident)事故备用容量reserve capacity for accident 事故低油压tripping lower oil pressure事故音响信号emergency signal(alarmsignal)事故运行方式accident operation mode 事故闸门emergency gate事故照明accident lighting事故照明切换屏accident lighting change-over panel势波potential wave势流potential flow势能potential energy势涡(自由涡) potential vortex视差parallax视差法测距（基线横尺视差法）subtensemethod with horizontal staff视差角parallactic angle视准线法collimation line method视准轴（照准轴）coolimation axis试验处理treatment of experiment试验端子test terminal试验项目Testing item试验小区experimental block试运行test run试运行test run收敛测量convergence measurement收敛约束法convergence-confinementmethod收缩断面vena-contracta收缩缝(温度缝) contraction joint (temperature joint)收缩水深contracted depth手动[自动]复归manual [automatic] reset手动[自动]准同期manual [automatic] precise synchronization手动调节manual regulation手动控制manual control手动运行manual operation手工电弧焊manual arc welding首曲线（基本等高线）standard contour首子午线（本初子午线，起始子午线）prime meridian受油器oil head枢纽布置layout of hydroproject疏浚dredging输电系统transmission system输电线transmission line输入功率试验input test输沙量sediment runoff输沙率sediment discharge输水钢管steel pipe for water conveyance输水沟conveyance ditch输水建筑物water conveyance structure输水渠道water conveyance canal鼠道mole drains鼠道犁mole plough鼠笼型感应电动机squirrel cage induction motor竖井定向测量shaft orientation survey竖井贯流式水轮机pit turbine竖井联系测量shaft connection survey竖井排水drainage well竖井式进水口shaf tintake竖轴弧形闸门radial gate with vertic alaxes 数字地面模型digital terrain model（DTM）数字化测图digitized mapping数字通信digital communication数字图像处理digital image processing数字仪表digital instrument甩负荷load dump (load rejection,load shutdown)甩负荷试验load-rejection test (load-shutdowntest)双层布置double storey layout双调节调速器dual-regulation governor双扉闸门double-leaf gate双回线double-circuit line双击式水轮机cross flow turbine,Banki turbine双极高压直流系统bipolar HVDC system双金属标bimetal bench mark双列布置double row layout双母线接线double-bus connection双曲拱坝double curvature arch dam双曲拱渡槽double curvature arch aqueduct 双室式调压室double-chamber surge shaft双吸式离心泵double-suction pump双向挡水人字闸门bidirectional retaining mitre gate水泵[水泵水轮机的水泵工况]的反向最大稳态飞逸转速steady state reverse runaway speed of pump水泵比转速specific speed of pump 水泵并联扬程曲线head curve of parallelpumping system水泵参数与特性Parameters and characteristics of pump水泵串联扬程曲线head curve of series pumping system水泵的最大[最小]输入功率maximum[minimum] input power of pump水泵电动机机组Motor-pump unit水泵反常运行pump abnormal operating水泵工况(抽水工况) pump operation水泵工作点(水泵工况点) pump operatingpoint水泵供水water feed by pump水泵机械效率mechanical efficiency of pump水泵机组pump unit水泵类型Classification of pumps水泵零部件Components of pumps水泵流量pump discharge水泵容积效率volumetric efficiency of pump水泵输出功率output power of pump水泵输入功率(水泵轴功率) input powerof pump水泵水力效率hydraulic efficiency of pump水泵水轮机Pump-turbine水泵无流量输入功率no-discharge power ofpump水泵效率pump efficiency水泵扬程(水泵总扬程) total head of pump水泵站Pumping Station水泵装置pump system水锤(水击) water hammer水锤泵站hydrauli cram pump station水锤波(水击波) wave of water hammer水锤波波速wave velocity of water hammer水电站Hydroelectric Station水电站(水力发电站) Hydroelectric station(hydroelectric power station)水电站保证出力firm power, firm output水电站厂房(发电厂房) power house水电站厂房的类型Types of power house ofhydroelectric station水电站出力power output of hydropowerstation水电站出力和发电量Power and energyoutput of hydropower station水电站的水头、流量、水位Waterhead, discharge, water lever of hydropower station 水电站发电成本generation cost of hydropower station水电站发电量energy output of hydropower station水电站建筑物hydroelectric station structure 水电站经济指标Economie index of hydropower station水电站类型Types of hydroelectric station水电站引用流量quotative discharge of hydropower station水电站装机容量installed capacity of hydropower station水电站自动化automation of hydroelectric station水跌hydraulic drop水动力学Hydrodynamics水斗bucket水斗式水轮机(贝尔顿式水轮机) pelton turbine水工建筑物hydraulic structure水工建筑物的类别及荷载Classification and load of hydraulic structures水工建筑物级别grade of hydraulic structure水工金属结构及安装Metal Structures and Their Installation水工隧洞hydraulic tunnel水工隧洞Hydraulic tunnels水工隧洞构造Components of hydraulic tunnel水工隧洞类型Classification of hydraulic tunnels水管冷却pipe cooling水柜water pool水环真空泵liquid ring pump水灰比water-cement ratio水窖(旱井) water callar(dry wall)水静力学Hydrostatics水库并联运用operation of parallel-connected resertvoir 水库测量reservoir survey水库串联运用operation of serial-connectedreservoirs水库调度reservoir operation水库调度图graph of reservoir operation水库回水变动区fluctuating back water zone of reservoir水库浸没reservoir immersion水库控制缓洪controlled flood retarding水库库底清理cleaning of reservoir zone水库泥沙Reservoir sediment水库泥沙防治Prevention of sediment水库年限ultimate life of reservoir水库渗漏reservoir leakage水库水文测验reservoir hydrometry水库塌岸bank ruin of reservoir水库特征库容Characteristic capacity ofreservoir水库特征水位Characteristic level of reservoir水库泄空排沙sediment releasing by emptying reservoir水库蓄清排浑clear water impounding and muddy flow releasing水库淹没补偿compensation for reservoir inundation水库淹没处理Treatment of reservoirinundation水库淹没处理范围treatment zone of reservoir inundation水库淹没界线测量reservoir inundation line survey水库淹没区zone of reservoir inundation水库淹没实物指标material index of reservoir inundation水库异重流density current in reservoir水库异重流排沙sediment releasing bydensity current水库诱发地震reservoir induced earthquake水库淤积Sediment deposition in reservoir水库淤积测量reservoir accretion survey水库淤积极限limit state of sedimentdeposition in reservoir水库淤积平衡比降equilibrium slope ofsediment deposition in reservoir水库淤积上延(翘尾巴) upward extensionof reservoir deposition水库淤积纵剖面longitudinal profile of deposit in reservoir水库滞洪排沙flood retarding and sediment releasing水库自然滞洪free flood retarding水冷式空压机water-cooled compressor水力半径hydraulic radius水力冲填hydraulic excavation and filling水力冲填坝hydraulic fill dam水力冲洗式沉沙池hydraulic flushing sedimentation basin水力粗糙度hydraulic roughness水力粗糙区hydraulic roughness region水力共振hydraulic resonance水力光滑区hydraulic smooth水力机械Hydraulic Machinery水力机械与电气设备HYDRAULIC MACHINERY AND ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT水力机组hydropower unit水力机组测试Measurement and test for hydropower unit水力机组的安装和试运行Installation and starting operation of hydropower unit水力机组调节系统Regulating system of hydropower unit水力机组辅助系统Auxiliary system for hydropower unit水力开挖hydraulic excavation水力坡降(水力比降) hydraulic slope (energy gradient)水力破裂法(水力致裂法) hydro fracturing method水力侵蚀(水蚀) water erosion水力学Hydraulics水力要素(水力参数) hydraulic elements水力指数hydraulic exponent水力自动闸门hydraulic operating gate水力最优断面optimal hydraulic crosssection水利工程经营管理management and administration of water project水利计算Computation of water conservancy 水利区划zoning of water conservancy水利枢纽hydroproject水利水电工程等别rank of hydroproject水利水电工程规划PLANNING OF HYDROENGINEERING水利水电工程技术术语标准Standard of Technical Terms on Hydroengineering水工建筑物专业英语词汇岸墙land wall坝顶dam crest，dam top坝踵dam heel坝趾dam toe板桩sheet pile边墩side pier，land pier变形模量deformation modulus鼻坎bucket lip毕肖普法Bishop method冰压力ice pressure剥离desquamation侧槽式溢洪道side channel Spillway沉降settlement齿墙cut-off trench冲沙闸（排沙闸）silt-releasing Sluice纯拱法independent arch method刺墙key-wall大头坝massive-head buttress dam *buttress 是扶壁的意思单宽流量discharge per unit width单曲拱坝single-curvature arch dam挡潮闸tidal sluice导流隧洞river diversion tunnel倒悬度Overhang degree底流消能energy dissipation by underflow地震作用earthquake action垫座cushion abutment动水压力hydrodynamic pressure断层fault堆石坝rock-fill dam多拱梁法multi-arch beam method阀门valve gate防浪墙wave wall防渗铺盖impervious blanket非常溢洪道emergency spillway分洪闸flood diversion sluice副坝auxiliary dam刚体极限平衡法limit equilibrium method for rigid block拱坝arch dam拱冠梁crown cantilever拱冠粱法crown cantilever method工作桥service bridge固结灌浆consolidation grouting灌溉隧洞irrigation tunnel灌浆帷幕grout curtain管涌piping海漫apron extension横缝transverse joint虹吸式溢洪道siphon spillway蝴蝶阀butterfly valve护坡slope protection护坦apron弧形闸门radial gate滑雪道式溢洪道ski-jump spillway化学管涌chemical piping混凝土防渗墙concrete cut-off wall混凝土面板堆石坝concrete faced rock-fill dam基本断面primary section简化毕肖普法simplified Bishop method浆砌石拱坝stone masonry arch dam浆砌石重力坝stone masonry gravity dam交通桥traffic bridge接触冲刷contact scouring接触灌浆contact grouting接缝灌浆joint grouting截水槽cut-off trench节制闸check sluice进水口water inlet进水闸inlet sluice井式溢洪道shaft spillway静水压力hydrostatic pressure均质坝homogeneous earth dam抗滑稳定分析analysis of stability against sliding 抗滑稳定性stability against sliding空腹重力坝hollow gravity dam空化cavitation空蚀cavitation erosion空注阀hollow jet valve宽缝重力坝slotted gravity dam宽尾墩flaring pier廊道gallery浪压力wave force理论计算theoretical computation拦河闸river sluice沥青混凝土asphalt concrete连拱坝multiple-arch dam流土soil flow流网法flow net method锚杆anchor rod面板face slab面流消能energy dissipation by surface flow 模型试验model experiment泥沙压力silt pressure碾压混凝土坝Roller Compacted Concrete Dam牛腿Corbel排沙隧洞silt-releasing tunnel排水drainage排水闸outlet sluice喷混凝土sprayed concrete平板坝flat slab buttress dam平面闸门plane gate破碎带crushed zone铺盖blanket砌石护坡stone pitching人工材料面板坝artificial material faced dam人工材料心墙坝artificial material-core dam 溶洞solution cavern软基重力坝gravity dam on soft foundation 软弱夹层soft intercalated layer实用断面practical section试载法trial-load method双曲拱坝double-curvature arch dam水工建筑物hydraulic structure水工隧洞hydraulic tunnel，waterway tunnel 水力发电隧洞hydropower tunnel水利枢纽hydro-complex水力学方法hydraulics method水平施工缝horizontal joint水闸sluice弹性模量elastic modulus挑流消能energy dissipation by trajectory jet 土工膜geomembrane土石坝earth-rock dam土质斜墙坝earth dam with inclined soil wall 土质斜心墙坝earth dam with inclined soil core土质心墙坝earth dam with soil core帷幕灌浆curtain grouting温度荷载temperature load温度控制temperature control温度应力temperature stress温度作用temperature action无压隧洞free level tunnel消力池stilling pool消力戽roller bucket消能工energy dissipater泄洪隧洞spillway tunnel泄水建筑物discharge structure泄水孔outlet hole新奥法NA TM（New Austrian Tunneling Method）胸墙breast wall扬压力uplift溢洪道spillway水垫塘plunge pool溢流坝overflow dam、翼墙wing wall应力分析stress analysis优化设计optimization design有限单元法finite element method有压隧洞pressure tunnel闸墩pier闸门gate闸门槽gate slot正槽式溢洪道normal channel spillway整体式重力坝monolithic gravity dam趾板toe slab支墩坝buttress dam重力坝gravity dam 重力墩gravity abutment周边缝peripheral joint驻波standing wave锥形阀cone valve自由跌流free drop自重dead weight纵缝longitudinal joint键槽key strench伸缩缝contraction joint施工缝construction joint反弧段flip bucket拦污栅trash rack渐变段transition泄槽chute发电进水口power intake通气管air vent检修门bulkhead gate事故门emergency gate工作门service gate堰weir通气管air vent胸墙breast wall梁beam柱column回填混凝土backfill concrete 接地earth一期混凝土primary concrete 二期混凝土secondary concrete 叠梁门stoplog门机gantry crane止水waterstop钢筋reinforcement模板formwork围堰cofferdam马道bench；berm蜗壳volute水轮机turbine电站power house车间workshop发电机generator变电站transformer station副厂房auxiliary power house 安装间erection bay尾水闸门tail lock尾水渠tailrace引水渠approach channel前池fore bay导墙lead wall隔墙partition wall接触灌浆contact grouting回填混凝土backfill concrete帷幕灌浆curtain grouting挡墙retaining wall港口harbour港口建筑物port structure船闸navigation lock船闸充水lock filling船闸充水和泄水系统locking filling and emptying system船闸前池upper pool船闸上下游水位差lock lift船闸闸首lock head升船机ship elevator；ship lift鱼道fish canal旁通管by-pass齿槽cut-off wall水工建筑物专业词汇岸墙land wall坝顶dam crest，dam top坝踵dam heel坝趾dam toe板桩sheet pile边墩side pier，land pier变形模量deformation modulus鼻坎bucket lip毕肖普法Bishop method冰压力ice pressure剥离desquamation侧槽式溢洪道side channel Spillway沉降settlement齿墙cut-off trench冲沙闸（排沙闸）silt-releasing Sluice纯拱法independent arch method刺墙key-wall大头坝massive-head buttress dam *buttress 是扶壁的意思单宽流量discharge per unit width 单曲拱坝single-curvature arch dam挡潮闸tidal sluice导流隧洞river diversion tunnel倒悬度Overhang degree底流消能energy dissipation by underflow地震作用earthquake action垫座cushion abutment动水压力hydrodynamic pressure断层fault堆石坝rock-fill dam多拱梁法multi-arch beam method阀门valve gate防浪墙wave wall防渗铺盖impervious blanket非常溢洪道emergency spillway分洪闸flood diversion sluice副坝auxiliary dam刚体极限平衡法limit equilibrium method for rigid block拱坝arch dam拱冠梁crown cantilever拱冠粱法crown cantilever method工作桥service bridge固结灌浆consolidation grouting灌溉隧洞irrigation tunnel灌浆帷幕grout curtain管涌piping海漫apron extension横缝transverse joint虹吸式溢洪道siphon spillway蝴蝶阀butterfly valve护坡slope protection护坦apron弧形闸门radial gate滑雪道式溢洪道ski-jump spillway化学管涌chemical piping混凝土防渗墙concrete cut-off wall混凝土面板堆石坝concrete faced rock-fill dam基本断面primary section简化毕肖普法simplified Bishop method浆砌石拱坝stone masonry arch dam浆砌石重力坝stone masonry gravity dam交通桥traffic bridge接触冲刷contact scouring接触灌浆contact grouting接缝灌浆joint grouting截水槽cut-off trench节制闸check sluice进水口water inlet进水闸inlet sluice井式溢洪道shaft spillway静水压力hydrostatic pressure均质坝homogeneous earth dam抗滑稳定分析analysis of stability against sliding抗滑稳定性stability against sliding空腹重力坝hollow gravity dam空化cavitation空蚀cavitation erosion空注阀hollow jet valve宽缝重力坝slotted gravity dam宽尾墩flaring pier廊道gallery浪压力wave force理论计算theoretical computation拦河闸river sluice沥青混凝土asphalt concrete连拱坝multiple-arch dam流土soil flow流网法flow net method锚杆anchor rod面板face slab面流消能energy dissipation by surface flow 模型试验model experiment泥沙压力silt pressure碾压混凝土坝Roller Compacted Concrete Dam牛腿Corbel排沙隧洞silt-releasing tunnel排水drainage排水闸outlet sluice喷混凝土sprayed concrete平板坝flat slab buttress dam平面闸门plane gate破碎带crushed zone铺盖blanket砌石护坡stone pitching 人工材料面板坝artificial material faced dam人工材料心墙坝artificial material-core dam 溶洞solution cavern软基重力坝gravity dam on soft foundation 软弱夹层soft intercalated layer实用断面practical section试载法trial-load method双曲拱坝double-curvature arch dam水工建筑物hydraulic structure水工隧洞hydraulic tunnel，waterway tunnel 水力发电隧洞hydropower tunnel水利枢纽hydro-complex水力学方法hydraulics method水平施工缝horizontal joint水闸sluice弹性模量elastic modulus挑流消能energy dissipation by trajectory jet 土工膜geomembrane土石坝earth-rock dam土质斜墙坝earth dam with inclined soil wall 土质斜心墙坝earth dam with inclined soil core土质心墙坝earth dam with soil core帷幕灌浆curtain grouting温度荷载temperature load温度控制temperature control温度应力temperature stress温度作用temperature action无压隧洞free level tunnel消力池stilling pool消力戽roller bucket消能工energy dissipater泄洪隧洞spillway tunnel泄水建筑物discharge structure泄水孔outlet hole新奥法NA TM（New Austrian Tunneling Method）胸墙breast wall扬压力uplift溢洪道spillway水垫塘plunge pool溢流坝overflow dam、翼墙wing wall应力分析stress analysis优化设计optimization design有限单元法finite element method有压隧洞pressure tunnel闸墩pier闸门gate闸门槽gate slot正槽式溢洪道normal channel spillway 整体式重力坝monolithic gravity dam 趾板toe slab支墩坝buttress dam重力坝gravity dam重力墩gravity abutment周边缝peripheral joint驻波standing wave锥形阀cone valve自由跌流free drop自重dead weight纵缝longitudinal joint键槽key strench伸缩缝contraction joint施工缝construction joint反弧段flip bucket拦污栅trash rack渐变段transition泄槽chute发电进水口power intake通气管air vent检修门bulkhead gate事故门emergency gate工作门service gate堰weir通气管air vent胸墙breast wall梁beam柱column回填混凝土backfill concrete接地earth一期混凝土primary concrete二期混凝土secondary concrete叠梁门stoplog门机gantry crane止水waterstop钢筋reinforcement 模板formwork围堰cofferdam马道bench；berm蜗壳volute水轮机turbine电站power house车间workshop发电机generator变电站transformer station副厂房auxiliary power house安装间erection bay尾水闸门tail lock尾水渠tailrace引水渠approach channel前池fore bay导墙lead wall隔墙partition wall接触灌浆contact grouting回填混凝土backfill concrete帷幕灌浆curtain grouting挡墙retaining wall港口harbour港口建筑物port structure船闸navigation lock船闸充水lock filling船闸充水和泄水系统locking filling and emptying system船闸前池upper pool船闸上下游水位差lock lift船闸闸首lock head升船机ship elevator；ship lift鱼道fish canal旁通管by-pass齿槽cut-off wall。
水利水电工程专业英语词汇和句子
设计阶段(design stage)河流规划river planning选址selecting damsite预可行性研究pre-feasibility study可行性研究feasibility study初步设计preliminary design技施设计tech—construction design招标设计tender design施工详图设计detail construction drawing design 水工建筑物(hydraulic structure）水利枢纽hydroproject枢纽布置layout of hydroproject挡水建筑物water retaining structure取水建筑物water intake structure泄水建筑物water release structure输水建筑物water conveyance structure通航建筑物navigation structure过鱼建筑物fish pass structure永久性建筑物permanent structure临时性建筑物temporary structure水工建筑物(hydraulic structure)水利枢纽hydroproject枢纽布置layout of hydroproject挡水建筑物water retaining structure取水建筑物water intake structure泄水建筑物water release structure输水建筑物water conveyance structure通航建筑物navigation structure过鱼建筑物fish pass structure永久性建筑物permanent structure临时性建筑物temporary structure•主坝main dam•副坝auxiliary dam•坝轴线dam axis•坝高high dam•坝长length of dam•坝顶dam crest•坝底dam base•坝坡dam slope•坝间dam abutment•坝踵dam heel•坝趾dam toe•坝段dam monolith重力坝gravity dam实体重力坝solid gravity dam混凝土重力坝concrete gravity dam碾压混凝土坝roller compacted concrete dam浆砌石重力坝masonry gravity dam空腹重力坝hollow gravity dam宽缝重力坝slotted gravity dam预应力重力坝prestressed gravity dam溢流重力坝overflow gravity dam灌浆廊道grouting gallery排水廊道drainage gallery检查廊道inspection gallery•拱坝arch dam•拱轴线centerline of arch•单曲拱坝single curvature arch dam•双曲拱坝double curvature arch dam•抛物线拱坝parabolic arch dam•椭圆形拱坝elliptical arch dam•薄拱坝thin arch dam•重力拱坝gravity arch dam•空腹重力拱坝hollow gravity arch dam•溢流拱坝overflow arch dam•支墩坝buttress dam•平板坝flat slab buttress dam•大头坝massive—head dam•连拱坝mutiple—arch dam•土石坝earth—rock dam•土坝earth dam•均质土坝homogeneous earth dam•粘土心墙土石坝clay core earthrock dam•沥青混凝土心墙土石坝asphaltic concrete core earth—rock dam •粘土斜墙土石坝sloping core earth-rock dam•沥青混凝土面板土石坝asphaltic concrete facing earth-rock dam •溢流土石坝overflow earth-rock dam•钢筋混泥土面板堆石坝reinforced concrete facing rockfill dam 防浪墙wave wall (parapet)护坡slope protection防渗铺盖impervious blanket棱体排水prism drainage反滤层filter溢洪道spillway开敞式溢洪道open channel spillway正常溢洪道main spillway非常溢洪道emergency spillway陡槽式溢洪道chute spillway虹吸式溢洪道siphon spillway•进水渠entrance channel•闸门gate•泄槽chute•跳流鼻坎flip bucket；deflecting bucket•出水渠outlet channel•冲刷坑scour hole; washout•水工隧洞hydraulic tunnel•导流隧洞diversion tunnel•泄洪隧洞spillway tunnel•发电隧洞power tunnel•灌溉隧洞irrigation tunnel•放空隧洞emptying tunnel•有压隧洞pressure tunnel•无压随洞free—flow tunnel•不衬砌随洞unlined tunnel•排水随洞drainage tunnel•涵洞culvert•填埋管buried pipeline•沟埋管trenched pipeline•钢性管rigid pipe•柔性管flexible pipe•钢筋混凝土管reinforced concrete pipe•塔式进水口tower intake•竖井式进水口shaft intake•沉沙池sedimentation basin•渡槽aqueduct (fiume)•倒虹吸管inverted siphon•落差建筑物drop structure•通航建筑物navigation structure•船闸navigation lock （ship lock)•多级船闸muti—line lock （mutiple lock)•Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium。
水利水电工程专业课程简介【模板】
水利水电工程专业课程简介课程编号：********课程名称：投影理论及制图基础英文名称：Projection Theory & Elementary Graphics学分：3.5课程性质：学科基础课开课学期：秋先修课程：主要内容：主要讲授制图的基本知识和基本技能、投影法的基本理论及其应用、空间想象能力和形体表达能力的培养、绘制和阅读工程图样的基本能力、形体常用的表达方法、轴测投影；主要有制图基础、点、直线、平面的投影、基本体的投影、截交线和相贯线、组合体的投影、工程形体常用的表达方法、轴测投影等。
教材：1、《画法几何及土木工程制图》高旭主编，**大学出版社2、《画法几何及土木工程制图习题集》魏海主编，**大学出版社参考书目：1、《画法几何及水利工程制图》许良乾等主编，高等教育出版社、2001年。
2、《画法几何及水利工程制图》胡守忠等主编，中国水利水电出版社、2005年。
3、《画法几何及水利工程制图》方庆等主编，高等教育出版社、1998年。
课程编号：********课程名称：工程测量A英文名称：Engineering Survey A学分：3课程性质：学科基础课开课学期：秋先修课程：高等数学、投影理论及制图基础、计算机基础主要内容：本课程主要内容包括测量基本工作、地形测量和施工测量。
测量基本工作主要介绍高程、角度和距离测量的原理方法。
地形测量主要介绍小地区控制测量的分类与施测方法，大比例尺地形图的测绘，地形图的使用。
施工测量主要介绍施工测量的基本工作、基本方法等。
教材：1、《水利工程测量》（第三版）张慕良等主编，中国水利水电出版社，1994年6月2、《水利水电工程测量》刘普海等主编，中国水利水电出版社，2005年7月参考书目：1、《测量学教程》（第三版）章书寿等主编，测绘出版社，2006年8月2、《测量学》（第四版）**大学等合编，中国建筑工业出版社，1995年6课程编号：********-1，********-2课程名称：理论力学英文名称：Theoretical Mechanics学分：5课程性质：学科基础课开课学期：春，秋先修课程：高等数学Ⅰ、大学物理Ⅰ、投影理论及制图基础主要内容：该课程主要讲授静力学基本概念和基本原理、力系的等效简化、力系的平衡条件及其应用、摩擦及有摩擦的平衡问题、平面静定桁架的内力计算；点的运动、刚体的基本运动、点的合成运动、刚体的平面运动；质点运动微分方程、质心运动定理与动量定理、动量矩定理、动能定理、达朗贝尔原理、虚位移原理以及动力学普遍方程等。
沈农大水利专业英语 first=SPECIALTY ENGLISH-ppt
No deal 不讲价；Any discount?打折吗？ 不讲价； 打折吗？ 打折吗 A luck dog! 你真走运； Well done! 做的好； 你真走运； 做的好； Still up？ 还没睡呀？ Sure thing!当然 ？ 还没睡呀？ 当然
1: Basic Characteristics of Specialty English
Hint:
口语文体用词自由，句法结构简单， 口语文体用词自由，句法结构简单，短句与省 略句较多，遵从“ 略句较多，遵从“KISS”原则 原则 ---Keep It Simple and Short
More examples
Woman: Taxi! Thank you! Taxi driver: Where to? Woman： To the train station, please! step on it， I am ： ， in a hurry. Taxi driver: Ok, hold on. Student 1：Have you had your breakfast? ：
The day is cold,and dark,and dreary, It rains, and the wind is never weary; The vine still clings to the moldering wall, but at every gust the dead leaves fall, and the day is dark and dreary.
1: Basic Characteristics of Specialty English
1.3、Nonfinite Verb (非谓语动词 、 非谓语动词) 非谓语动词
水利水电工程专业英语段翻译
•Owingto the fact that electr icity can be transm itted from whereit is genera ted to whereit is needed by meansof powerlinesand transf ormer s, largepowerstatio ns can be builtin remote places far fromindust rialcenter s or largecities, as is citedthe case with hydroe lectr ic powerstatio ns that are insepa rable from watersource s.•由于电力可以从发电的地方通过电线和变压器输送到需要用电的地方，因此大型电站可以建在远离工业中心或大城市的地方，离不开水源的水力发电站就常常是这样建立的。
Ideall y suited to narrow canyon s compos ed of rock, the archdam provid es an econom icaland effici ent struct ure to contro lthe stream flow. The load-carryi ng capaci ty of an arch damenable s the design er to conser ve materi al and stillmainta in anextrem ely safe struct ure.•拱坝最适合于修建在岩石峡谷中，它是一种控制河道中水流经济而有效的建筑物。
一座拱坝的承载能力足以使设计人员用较少的材料而仍能建成极为安全的结构。