1 references
英语论述题答题格式
英语论述题答题格式英语论述题的答题格式可以因题型和要求的不同而有所变化，但通常遵循一般的论述文写作结构。
以下是一个常见的英语论述题的答题格式：1. 引言（Introduction）:开门见山，引出论题。
提供背景信息，为读者提供上下文。
提出论点或观点，表明自己的立场。
2. 论点提出（Thesis Statement）:明确提出你的主要论点或观点。
指明你将在论述中支持的中心思想。
3. 主体段落（Body Paragraphs）:主题句（Topic Sentence）:开启每个主体段落的第一句，明确该段的中心思想。
论据和例证（Supporting Evidence）:提供事实、数据、例子等支持论点的具体信息。
解释和分析（Analysis）:对论据进行深入解释，展示其与论点之间的关系。
过渡句（Transitional Sentences）:连接各个主体段落，确保文章结构紧凑。
4. 反驳观点（Counterargument）:提出可能的反对意见。
回应这些反对意见，加强自己的立场。
5. 结论（Conclusion）:重述论点和主要论据，强调其重要性。
总结关键观点，给读者留下深刻印象。
提出可能的未来展望或建议。
6. 参考文献（References）:如果有引用他人观点或数据，确保列出参考文献。
7. 格式要求（Formatting）:遵循规定的论文格式（例如，MLA、APA等）。
注意标点、拼写和语法的正确性。
8. 审查和修改（Review and Revision）:仔细检查语法、拼写和结构错误。
确保论述流畅，逻辑清晰。
这个结构提供了一个基本框架，但请注意，具体的答题格式可能会根据教学要求和论述题目的性质而有所变化。
在写作之前，始终注意仔细阅读题目，并确保理解所要求的内容。
sci的references格式
科学引用格式（SCI的References格式）1.引言科学引用格式（SCI）是一种用于在学术出版物中引用参考文献的标准格式。
SCI格式由美国化学学会（ACS）领导的一组学术出版组织共同制定，目的是为了使学术论文的引用标准化、规范化，方便读者查找和理解参考文献的信息。
2.SCI格式的特点SCI格式的引用特点主要包括以下几点：（1）作者姓氏在前，名字在后，用逗号隔开，而非中文的姓在前，名在后的格式。
（2）标题使用“斜体”，刊物名称用“正体”。
（3）引用的序号要用方括号括起来，而非使用括号。
这些规范的要求使得学术论文的引用信息更加清晰、规范，方便读者查找和理解引用的参考文献。
3.SCI格式的应用范围SCI格式广泛应用于自然科学和工程技术领域的学术出版物中，如物理学、化学、生物学、材料科学等领域。
SCI格式的引用标准被认为是国际上学术界最权威的引用标准之一，因此在相关领域的学术出版物中广泛使用。
4.SCI格式的引用要求SCI格式的引用要求非常严格，引用时需要按照一定的格式和顺序来列出参考文献的信息。
一般来说，SCI格式的引用要求包括以下内容：（1）作者的尊称（姓氏在前，名字在后）。
（2）文献的标题（使用斜体）。
（3）刊物的名称（使用正体）。
（4）刊物的卷号、期号和页码。
（5）出版年份。
5.SCI格式的示例以下是一篇使用SCI格式引用的参考文献示例：[1] Smith, J. A. The effects of climate change on marine ecosystems. Nature, 2015, 523(7561): 418-420.上面的引用示例中，方括号内的数字1表示引用的序号，Smith, J. A.是作者的尊称，The effects of climate change on marine ecosystems是文献的标题，Nature是刊物的名称，2015是出版年份，523是卷号，7561是期号，418-420是页码。
reference的用法总结大全
reference的用法总结大全（学习版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制学校：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如英语单词、英语语法、英语听力、英语知识点、语文知识点、文言文、数学公式、数学知识点、作文大全、其他资料等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor.I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides various types of classic sample essays, such as English words, English grammar, English listening, English knowledge points, Chinese knowledge points, classical Chinese, mathematical formulas, mathematics knowledge points, composition books, other materials, etc. Learn about the different formats and writing styles of sample essays, so stay tuned!reference的用法总结大全reference的意思n. 参考；参考书；提及，涉及；证明人，介绍人v. 引用；参照；reference的用法用作名词(n.)The play is full of references to the political events of those days.这剧本涉及当时的许多政治事件。
英语单词reference
英语单词reference单词：reference1. 定义与释义1.1词性：名词、动词1.2释义：作为名词时，有参考、参照、提及、涉及、参考文献等意思；作为动词时，有引用、参照的意思。
1.3英文解释：As a noun: the act of mentioning or alluding to something; something that is used as a means of obtaining information. As a verb: to mention or allude to; to use as a source of information.1.4相关词汇：- 同义词：citation（名词）、quote（名词、动词）；- 派生词：referential（形容词）、referencing（名词、动词）。
---2. 起源与背景2.1词源：源于中世纪法语“referer”，意思是“带回、提交”，进一步可追溯到拉丁语“referre”。
2.2趣闻：在学术写作中，正确的参考文献（reference）使用是非常重要的。
如果引用不当，可能会被认为是抄袭。
许多学术机构和出版商都有严格的规定来确保reference的准确性和完整性。
---3. 常用搭配与短语3.1短语：- for reference：供参考例句：I will keep this book for reference.翻译：我会留着这本书作参考。
- reference book：参考书例句：You can find the answer in a reference book.翻译：你可以在参考书中找到答案。
- reference library：参考图书馆（只供查阅，不外借）例句：The reference library has a large collection of old newspapers.翻译：参考图书馆收藏了大量的旧报纸。
DNVGL最新合并规范2015 材料与焊接Pt2Ch1
The content of this service document is the subject of intellectual property rights reserved by DNV GL AS ("DNV GL"). The user accepts that it is prohibited by anyone else but DNV GL and/or its licensees to offer and/or perform classification, certification and/or verification services, including the issuance of certificates and/or declarations of conformity, wholly or partly, on the basis of and/or pursuant to this document whether free of charge or chargeable, without DNV GL's prior written consent.DNV GL is not responsible for the consequences arising from any use of this document by others.The electronic pdf version of this document, available free of chargeRULES FOR CLASSIFICATION ShipsEdition October 2015Part 2 Materials and welding Chapter 1 General requirements for materials and fabricationFOREWORDDNV GL rules for classification contain procedural and technical requirements related to obtaining and retaining a class certificate. The rules represent all requirements adopted by the Society as basis for classification.© DNV GL AS October 2015Any comments may be sent by e-mail to rules@If any person suffers loss or damage which is proved to have been caused by any negligent act or omission of DNV GL, then DNV GL shall pay compensation to such person for his proved direct loss or damage. However, the compensation shall not exceed an amount equal to ten times the fee charged for the service in question, provided that the maximum compensation shall never exceed USD 2 million.In this provision "DNV GL" shall mean DNV GL AS, its direct and indirect owners as well as all its affiliates, subsidiaries, directors, officers, employees, agents and any other acting on behalf of DNV GL.P a r t 2 C h a p t e r 1 C h a n g e s - c u r r e n tCHANGES – CURRENTThis is a new document.The rules enter into force 1 January 2016.P a r t 2 C h a p t e r 1 C o n t e n t sCONTENTSChanges – current......................................................................................................3Section 1 General. (6)1 Introduction............................................................................................61.1 Scope.................................................................................................61.2 Application..........................................................................................61.3 Relation to other Society documents......................................................62 References..............................................................................................62.1 External references..............................................................................62.2 Terminology and definitions...................................................................62.3 Abbreviations and symbols....................................................................73 Documentation and certification requirements.......................................73.1 Certification requirements.....................................................................73.2 Documentation requirements.................................................................73.3 Survey, inspection and testing requirements............................................83.4 Evaluation for acceptance of materials specified by other standards (9)Section 2 Manufacture, survey and certification (11)1 General.................................................................................................111.1 Application.........................................................................................112 Approval of manufacturers...................................................................112.1 General.............................................................................................112.2 Application.........................................................................................112.3 Approval process................................................................................123 Testing and inspection..........................................................................123.1 Survey during manufacture.................................................................123.2 Chemical composition.........................................................................133.3 Heat treatment..................................................................................133.4 Selection of test material....................................................................133.5 Definitions relevant to testing..............................................................143.6 Testing..............................................................................................143.7 Retesting...........................................................................................143.8 Visual and non-destructive testing........................................................154 Identification and certification.............................................................154.1 Identification of materials....................................................................154.2 Certification of materials (16)P a r t 2 C h a p t e r 1 C o n t e n t sSection 3 Testing procedures (18)1 General.................................................................................................181.1 Scope...............................................................................................181.2 Documentation requirements...............................................................181.3 Testing machines type, maintenance and calibration...............................182 Preparation of test specimens..............................................................192.1 General requirements.........................................................................193 Test methods........................................................................................193.1 Tensile testing at ambient temperature.................................................193.2 Impact testing...................................................................................233.3 Bend testing......................................................................................263.4 Drop-weight testing............................................................................273.5 Ductility test for pipes and tubes.........................................................283.6 Hardness test....................................................................................323.7 Determination of grain size.................................................................323.8 Strain age test...................................................................................323.9 Fracture mechanics testing..................................................................333.10 Crack arrest test..............................................................................353.11 Other testing.. (35)Section 4 References, abbreviations and symbols (36)1 References............................................................................................362 Abbreviations........................................................................................363 Symbols (39)P a r t 2 C h a p t e r 1 S e c t i o n 1SECTION 1 GENERAL1 Introduction 1.1 Scope1.1.1 This chapter specifies general requirements for materials used for construction of vessels and their equipment related to:—manufacture and manufacturer —chemical composition —heat treatment—inspection and survey—identification and certification —testing and retesting —testing machines—test specimens and test methods.1.1.2 The requirements apply for assignment of class.1.1.3 Upon agreement, the scope may be extended to other applications.1.2 Application1.2.1 The requirements apply to:—testing laboratories —manufacturers —builders—sub-contractors of manufactured, constructed and where relevant, repaired:—materials—vessels and components.1.2.2 Upon agreement, the application may be extended to include others.1.3 Relation to other Society documents1.3.1 Ch.2 to Ch.4 gives the specific requirements related to manufacture and fabrication of materials,structures and components. Additional requirements may also be provided in Ch.2 to Ch.4, and other parts of the rules, Pt.3 to Pt.7. In case of conflicting requirements, the specific or additional requirements in Ch.2 to Ch.4 and Pt.3 to Pt.7 are prevailing.2 References2.1 External references2.1.1 The external references given in Sec.4 [1] are referred in this chapter . Unless otherwise agreed, the latest version of the referred standards valid at the date of release for the current rules is applicable.P a r t 2 C h a p t e r 1 S e c t i o n 12.2 Terminology and definitions2.2.1 General terminology and definitions are given in Pt.1 Ch.1 Sec.1 [1.2].2.3 Abbreviations and symbols2.3.1 Abbreviations for Pt.1 Ch.1, Ch.2 and Ch.4 are given in Sec.4 [2].2.3.2 Common symbols in equations and figures, applicable for Pt.1 Ch.1, Ch.2 and Ch.4 are given in Sec.4[3].3 Documentation and certification requirements 3.1 Certification requirements3.1.1 Organisations and personnel shall be certified as required by Table 1.Table 1 Certification requirements for organizations and personnelObjectCertificate typeIssued byAdditional descriptionCertification standard*Materials manufacturersAoMSocietyApproval of manufacturer for materials delivered with VL and W certificate.This includes manufacturers of semi-finished products (e.g. ingots, blooms,billets) for further processing by rolling,forging, drawing, extruding, etc.*)Welding workshops WWA Society Approval of welding workshop DNVGL-CP-0352*)Heat-treatment workshopsAoMSocietyApproval of heat-treatment workshop DNVGL-CP-0351*)NDT operators /supervisors-Bodyrecognized by the SocietyNDT operator certificateCertified according to standards orschemes recognized the Society, e.g. ISO 9712, ASNT Central Certification Program (ACCP). SNT-TC-1A may be accepted if the NDT company`s written practice is reviewed and accepted by the Society See further details in Ch.4 Sec.7 [3]ISO 9712 ,ASNT (ACCP),SNT-TC-1A,see additional description *) unless otherwise specified the certification standard is therules3.1.2 For definition of AoM and WWA, see Sec.2 [2].3.2 Documentation requirements3.2.1 Four different documentation requirements are defined in Pt.2 - Materials and welding , these are:P a r t 2 C h a p t e r 1 S e c t i o n 1—Qualification documentation for manufacturer (manufacturer specific): Documentation to be prepared,made available, submitted when required, and stored by the manufacturer—Qualification documentation for builder (builder specific): Documentation to be prepared, made available,submitted when required, and stored by the builder—Product specific: Documentation prepared for a defined material/product subjected to certification inaccordance with the Societyrules. The documentation shall be submitted to the Society for information or approval as specified—Vessel specific: Documentation prepared for a defined vessel subjected to Classification by the Society.The documentation shall be submitted for information or approval as specified.For general definition of documentation types, see Pt.1 Ch.3 Sec.3.3.2.2 Qualification documentation for manufacturersManufacturers of materials covered by [1.1] and [1.2] shall submit or make available documentation asrequired in Table 2. For testing that is carried out at independent laboratories or at builders, the requirements apply to the relevant testing laboratory.Table 2 Qualification documentation for manufacturerItem Documentation type Additional descriptionMaterials for vessels and their equipmentZ251 - Test procedureIncluding details for testing, retesting and non-destructive testing3.3 Survey, inspection and testing requirements3.3.1 General survey, inspection and testing requirements are given in Table 3, and further detailed in Sec.2[3]. Specific requirements are given in Ch.2 to Ch.4.Table 3 Survey and testing requirementsP a r t 2 C h a p t e r 1 S e c t i o n 13.4 Evaluation for acceptance of materials specified by other standards3.4.1 Where indicated in the Rules, materials specified to international, national or proprietary standards may be considered for acceptance by the Society. In order to be considered for acceptance, the suitability of these materials for the intended purpose shall first be evaluated and qualified by the manufacturer or builder .As a minimum, the following particulars shall be specified for alternative materials:—relevant standard/specification and grade —manufacturing process —chemical composition—heat treatment/delivery condition—sampling for mechanical properties testing, e.g. sampling process, sampling frequency, at what stage of manufacturing process, location of sample within the product, sizes, etc.—mechanical propertiesP a r t 2 C h a p t e r 1 S e c t i o n 1—dimensional tolerances—if relevant, non-destructive testingFurther particulars may be required as relevant for the approval. Requirements for approval of manufacturer and certification of materials shall follow Sec.2 [2] and Sec.2 [4].Guidance note:In order for other materials to be considered for acceptance, a gap analysis report identifying the differences between the proposed material and the corresponding Society rule requirements should be submitted. Note that for all the Society rule requirements not addressed in the relevant standard, or not already accepted based on the manufacturer’s evaluation and qualification, the requirements of the Society rules apply.---e-n-d---of---g-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---P a r t 2 C h a p t e r 1 S e c t i o n 2SECTION 2 MANUFACTURE, SURVEY AND CERTIFICATION1 General 1.1 Application1.1.1 This section specifies general requirements for manufacture, survey and certification of materials used for the construction or repair of hulls, equipment, boilers and pressure vessels and machinery ofvessels classed or intended for classification by the Society. Upon agreement, the scope may be extended to materials, products and applications not explicitly mentioned above.Appropriate specific requirements are given in Ch.2 to Ch.4.1.1.2 Materials which shall comply with these requirements are defined in the relevant design and construction parts of the rules.1.1.3 Materials which comply with national or proprietary specifications may be accepted provided such specifications give reasonable equivalence to the requirements of Ch.2 or are otherwise specially rmation to be supplied by the purchaser1.1.4 The purchaser shall supply the manufacturer with all information necessary to ensure that survey and certification can be carried out in accordance with these rules. This applies particularly where optional or additional conditions are specified in the relevant construction rules.2 Approval of manufacturers 2.1 General2.1.1 Approval of manufacturers and heat-treatment workshops (AoM), and welding workshops (WWA) are schemes to ensure these are qualified for the manufacture, welding and heat-treatment of specified materials and products intended for class.The objective of AoM and WWA is to verify the manufacturers’ and service suppliers’ ability to consistently manufacture, weld and heat-treat materials, products and structures to a given specification and according to the Society rule requirements.2.2 Application2.2.1 In Pt.2, the term “approval of manufacturer” is covering approval of material manufacturers, heat-treatment workshops and welding workshops. Approved manufacturers are published on DNV GL homepage.2.2.2 Materials delivered with VL or W certificate shall be manufactured at works which have been approved by the Society.2.2.3 Typical heat-treatments that require heat-treatment workshop approval are:—annealing—solution heat treatment —normalizing —quenching —tempering—stress relieving (including post-weld heat treatment of boilers and pressure vessels)P a r t 2 C h a p t e r 1 S e c t i o n 2—surface hardeningHeat treatment and related facilities at a material or component manufacturer approved by the Society; is covered by the approval of the manufacturer .For pre-heating before welding, and for post-heating after welding at T < 350°C, heat treatment workshop approval is not required.Workshop approval is not required for post-weld heat-treatment (PWHT) carried out as part of the production welding at the yard using portable equipment (e.g. electric resistance mats or gas torch). Heat-treatment including PWHT using furnace requires heat-treatment workshop approval.2.2.4 General requirements for approval of welding workshops are given in Ch.4.Repair welding of materials, carried out by the approved material manufacturers, ref. [2.2.2] do not require additional welding workshop approval, but shall be covered by the material manufacturer approval. For repair by welding, see further requirements in respective sections of Ch.2.When repair welding of materials is carried out by others, welding workshop approval is required.2.3 Approval process2.3.1 In order to be approved, the manufacturer , welding workshop and heat-treatment workshop is required to demonstrate and submit documentation to the effect that the necessary manufacturing, testing andinspection facilities are available and are supervised by qualified personnel. The manufacturer and workshops shall carry out a test program and submit the results to the Society.Where production steps or testing is carried out by outside bodies, such tasks shall be entrusted by the approved manufacturer or workshop only to those subcontractors, firms or institutes covered by the approval, unless separately approved or otherwise agreed.2.3.2 Detailed programs for approval testing are given in the relevant Societyclass programs.2.3.3 When a manufacturer has more than one works/plant/site or production line and unless otherwise agreed, the approval is only valid for the works/plant/site or production line which carried out the test program.2.3.4 For suspension or withdrawal of approval of manufacturer certificates, see Pt.1 Ch.1 Sec.4.3 Testing and inspection 3.1 Survey during manufacture3.1.1 The surveyor shall be given the opportunity to survey and check at any time all plants and equipment used in the manufacture and testing.The manufacturer shall assist the surveyor to enable him to verify that approved processes are adhered to and to witness the selection and testing as required by the rules.3.1.2 Prior to the testing and inspection, the manufacturer shall provide the surveyor with the technical specifications of the order and any conditions additional to the rule requirements.3.1.3 Where non-destructive tests are specified for the various products, these shall be performed under the manufacturer’s responsibility. The testing operators shall be certified to a recognized scheme see Sec.1Table 1, General certification required for NDT operators. The results together with details of the test method shall be documented by the manufacturer . When required, the surveyor shall be given the possibility of being present during non-destructive tests. The requirements for test method and acceptance criteria are given in the relevant sections of Ch.2.P a r t 2 C h a p t e r 1 S e c t i o n 23.1.4 All products shall be verified by the manufacturer for compliance with the specified dimensions and surface finish. They shall also be inspected by him for possible defects. For this purpose, the products shall normally be in the prescribed delivery condition and shall have a clean surface, prepared for inspection,which is free from coatings or other protective media which impair the detection of defects.Products that do not meet the required dimensions or show unacceptable defects shall be clearly marked accordingly and seperated from the regular production process for clearance.The products, when this is called for , shall be presented to the surveyor in the condition described above.3.1.5 If there is reasonable doubt as to the quality of a product, the surveyor may require additional tests to be performed.3.1.6 The manufacturer shall ensure that delivered materials/products are within radioactive contamination limits permitted by regulatory bodies/agencies, as applicable for the place of manufacture. Specification of acceptance levels for radiation shall be documented in manufacturer’s QA/QC procedures.3.2 Chemical composition3.2.1 The chemical composition of samples taken from each ladle of each cast shall be determined by the manufacturer in an adequately equipped and competently staffed laboratory and shall comply with the appropriate requirements of Ch.2.3.2.2 The manufacturer's declared analysis will be accepted subject to occasional checks if required by the surveyor .3.2.3 When required, the carbon equivalent value (C eq ) shall be calculated using the formula:3.2.4 When required, the cold cracking susceptibility (P cm ) shall be calculated using the formula:3.3 Heat treatment3.3.1 All materials shall be supplied in a condition complying with the appropriate requirements of Ch.2.3.3.2 Heat treatment shall be carried out in properly constructed furnaces which are efficiently maintained and have adequate means for control and recording of temperature. The furnace dimensions shall be such as to allow the material to be uniformly heated to the specified temperature.3.4 Selection of test material3.4.1 Test material sufficient for the required tests shall be provided, and preferably also for possible retest.The test material shall be representative of the test unit or sample product.It shall be securely attached to the sample product until all the specified heat treatments have been completed. If the test unit is reheat treated and the test material for retest was detached, it shall be reattached to the sample product beforeP a r t 2 C h a p t e r 1 S e c t i o n 2new heat treatment is commenced. When stated otherwise in Ch.2, the requirements of Ch.2 apply. Test materials or test specimens shall not be separately heat-treated.3.4.2 Materials for testing shall be suitably marked in order to ensure traceability to the representedproducts. Where the Society's certification is required, all test material shall be selected and marked by the surveyor before being removed from the sample, unless otherwise agreed.3.5 Definitions relevant to testing3.5.1 The following definitions apply:Test unit:The quantity of products to be accepted or rejected, on the basis of the tests to be carried out on sample products. The term may be applied, for example, to a specific number of products of the same shape and dimensions originating from one heat, or to a length of rolled material (plate or strip) or to a single product (a large forging or casting).Sample product: A single forging, casting, plate, tube or other wrought product selected from a test unit.Sample: A sufficient quantity of material taken from the sample product for the purpose of producing one or more test specimen.Test specimen: Part of the sample, with specified dimensions, machined or un-machined, brought to a required condition for submission to a given test.3.6 Testing3.6.1 The appropriate tests specified in Ch.2 to Ch.4 shall be carried out at the place of manufacture before materials are dispatched. If the necessary facilities are not available at the manufacturer's works, the testing shall be carried out at a recognized testing laboratory.Where the Society's certification is required, all the testing (except for chemical composition analysis) shall be witnessed by the surveyor , unless otherwise agreed.3.6.2 Any material proving unsatisfactory during subsequent processing or fabrication shall be rejected,notwithstanding any previous certification.The surveyor may require further tests of materials from affected test units.3.7 Retesting3.7.1 When the result of any test, other than impact test, fails to meet the requirements, two further tests may be made from the same sample. If both of these additional tests are satisfactory, the test unit may be accepted.3.7.2 When the results from a set of three impact test specimens fail to meet the requirements, the test unit is rejected, or alternatively, three additional test specimens from the same sample may be tested. The results are added to those previously obtained. The test unit may be accepted if:—the average of all six specimens complies with the requirements, and—not more than two individual results are lower than the required average and —of these, not more than one result is below 70% of the specified average value.3.7.3 If unsatisfactory results are obtained from retests representative of a test unit, see [3.7.2], theproduct from which the tests were made shall be rejected. The remaining material in the test unit may be accepted provided that two further products are tested with satisfactory result.3.7.4 When a test unit is rejected, see [3.7.2] and [3.7.3], the remaining products in the test unit may be resubmitted individually for test, and those which give satisfactory results may be accepted.P a r t 2 C h a p t e r 1 S e c t i o n 23.7.5 At the option of the manufacturer , rejected material may be resubmitted after heat-treatment orreheat-treatment, or may be resubmitted as another grade and may then be accepted provided the required tests are satisfactory.Where the material is submitted to heat treatment or re-heat treatment, all the tests previously performed shall be repeated and the results shall meet the specified requirements.3.7.6 If any test fails because of faulty specimen preparation, visible defects or (in the case of tensile test)or because of fracturing outside the range permitted for the appropriate gauge length, the defective test specimen may be disregarded and replaced by an additional test specimen of the same type.3.7.7 If a large proportion of the products fail the tests, e.g. because of constantly recurring manufacturing defects, the entire delivery may be rejected by the Society.The manufacturer shall determine any cause of recurring manufacture defect and establish countermeasures to prevent its recurrence. Investigation reports to this effect along with additional information required by the Society shall be made available to the surveyor . The frequency and extent of testing for subsequent products is at the discretion of the Society.Guidance note:It is the manufacturer’s responsibility to ensure that effective manufacture and process controls, and where relevant, qualified and/or approved processes are implemented and adhered to in production. The approved manufacturing processes may be revisited, and the manufacturer approval certificate may be reconsidered, see [2.3.4].---e-n-d---of---g-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---3.8 Visual and non-destructive testing3.8.1 Internal and surface defects: All finished material shall have a workmanlike finish and shall be freefrom internal and surface defects prejudicial to the use of the material for the intended application. Otherwise the material shall comply with the appropriate specific requirements of the subsequent rule chapters.3.8.2 Correction of defects: When defects are found, these shall be removed by appropriate methods and rectified in accordance with the applicable requirements of Ch.2.4 Identification and certification 4.1 Identification of materials4.1.1 The manufacturer shall adopt a system of identification which enables all finished material to be traced to the original cast, including the documentation of all important production steps. The surveyor shall be given full facilities for tracing the materials when required.4.1.2 Before acceptance, all materials which have been tested and inspected with satisfactory results shall be clearly marked by the manufacturer in at least one place with the following particulars:a)the Society’s brand, as furnished by the surveyor b)manufacturer's name or trade mark c)material graded)identification number , cast number or other marking which will enable the full history of the product to be tracede)the VL certificate number , where applicable and as furnished by the surveyor f)if required by the purchaser , his order number or other identification marks.4.1.3 A number of light materials such as shapes and bars weighing ≤ 25 kg per metre may be securelyfastened together in bundles. For this case, the manufacturer may mark only the top piece of each bundle, or。
ISO9001_2015_中英对照介绍
Secretariat of ISO/TC 176/SC 2Date: 3 June 2013To the Members ofISO/TC 176/SC 2 -Quality Management andQuality Assurance/Quality SystemsISO/CD 9001目录1 Scope范围2 Normative references规范性引用文件3 Terms and definitions术语和定义4 Context of the organization组织的背景4.1 Understanding the organization and its context理解组织及其背景4.2 Understanding the needs and expectations of interested parties理解相关方的需求和期望4.3 Determining the scope of the quality management system质量管理体系范围的确定4.4 Quality management system质量管理体系5 Leadership领导作用5.1 Leadership and commitment领导作用和承诺5.2 Quality policy质量方针5.3 Organizational roles, responsibilities and authorities组织的作用、职责和权限6 Planning策划6.1 Actions to address risks and opportunities风险和机遇的应对措施6.2 Quality objectives and planning to achieve them质量目标及其实施的策划6.3 Planning of changes变更的策划7 Support支持7.1 Resources资源7.2 Competence能力7.3 Awareness意识7.4 Communication沟通7.5 Documented information形成文件的信息8 Operation运行8.1 Operational planning and control运行的策划和控制8.2 Determination of market needs and interactions with customers市场需求的确定和顾客沟通8.3 Operational planning process运行策划过程8.4 Control of external provision of goods and services外部供应产品和服务的控制8.5 Development of goods and services产品和服务开发8.6 Production of goods and provision of services产品生产和服务提供8.7 Release of goods and services产品和服务放行8.8 Nonconforming goods and services不合格产品和服务9 Performance evaluation绩效评价9.1 Monitoring, measurement, analysis and evaluation监视、测量、分析和评价9.2 Internal Audit内部审核9.3 Management review管理评审10 Continual improvement持续改进10.1 Nonconformity and corrective action不符合和纠正措施10.2 Improvement改进附录A Annex A Quality management principles (Informative)质量管理原则文献1．Scope范围This International Standard specifies requirements for a quality management system where an organization本标准为有下列需求的组织规定了质量管理体系要求：a）needs to demonstrate its ability to consistently provide goods and services that meet customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements, and需要证实其具有稳定地提供满足顾客要求和适用法律法规要求的产品和服务的能力；b）aims to enhance customer satisfaction through the effective application of the system, including processes for continual improvement of the system and the assurance of conformity to customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements通过体系的的有效应用，包括体系持续改进的过程，以及保证符合顾客和适用的法律法规要求，旨在增强顾客满意。
e.参考文献的格式
参考文献的格式：1.参考文献条目以[1], [2], [3]……的形式编号(英文姓氏按照字母排序, 中文姓氏按照拼音字母排序/日语按作者姓名五十音图顺序排序，先排英文/日文, 再排中文，例如：[1]Bloomfield, L. 1933. Language[M]. New York: Holt,[2]Halliday, M. A. K. 1985. An Introduction to Functional Grammar[M]. London: EdwardArnold,[1] くらし.1997.文化百選.［M］.東京：西日本新聞社.[2] 井上忠司.1999.講座食の文化・第五巻［C］.東京:味の素食の文化センタ2.如果文献条目要转行，需采用悬挂缩进格式，如上例[2]。
3.排列顺序如果是著作，按作者(如果是译著，原作者在前，译者在后)、出版年份、书名、文献类别标号、出版地(要写出版社所在的城市的名称，而非省的名称)、出版社排列；如果是杂志文章，按作者、出版年份、文章标题、文献类别标号、刊名、期号和页码(期号用括号括起来)排列；如果是论文集文章，按作者、文章标题、文献类别标号、编者(外文要有“ed”或“eds”字样并用括号括起来)、书名、文献类别标号、出版地、出版社、出版年份排列；如果是网上下载的文献，按作者、年份、文献标题、网址排列，如果没有作者，以“佚名”替代。
4.文献类别标号文献类别标号由大写字母和方括号组成。
专著为[M]，论文集为[C]，论文集内的文章为[A]，期刊文章为[J]，尚未出版的会议论文为[P]，博士论文为[D]，硕士论文为[MA]，词典为[Z]。
注意：类别标号与其前的文字之间没有任何标点符号，也不需空格。
5.文献条目中作者的写法汉语姓氏按汉语拼音为序，外文姓氏按字母顺序/日语按作者姓氏的假名顺序排序。
同一作者不同时期的文献按出版时间先后顺序排列。
同一作者同一年发表的两种文献在年份后加a和b（若有三种或以上的文献，照此类推），以示区分。
APA格式reference_写法
一.Reference的三种类型: 从书上引用,从杂志里的文章中引用,从网站引用1, 从书上引用的ref,格式:作者名字.年代.书名(斜体).出版社地址: 出版社名Example:Davidson, M. and Cooper, C. (1992). Shattering The Glass Ceiling: The Woman Manger. London: Paul Chapman.2, 从杂志里的文章中引用的ref,格式:作者名字.年代.文章名. 杂志名(斜体): 第几期, 页数Example:Pringle, J. (2004). Women Senior Managers: Successful Individuals Or Markers Of Collective Change. Women’s Studies Journal, 18, (2), 79-963,从网站引用的ref, 格式作者名字.年代.书名(斜体).Retrieved on年月日. from:网站Example:Adler, M. (2005). Women's Employment Concentrated In Service Industries. Retrieved on 20th September, 2005 from:.(注意: 网站另起一行)二, reference 的注意事项:1, 如果reference有两行或两行以上, 从第二行起,向内缩进五到七个字符Example:Rosener, J. (1995). America’s competitive secret: Utilizing women as a management strategy.USA: Oxford University Press.2, reference与reference中间要隔一行3文章名和杂志名：每个单词的首字母大写，虚词除外4,文章后面列出的所有reference必须与加进文章中的reference一一对应5, reference做完以后,以作者的首字为准,按字母顺序进行排列6,一般情况下,1000字,至少四个reference.这里需要强调一点：国外治学严谨，reference一定要做好！！我们的作业严禁直接抄书或从网上直接复制粘贴(这在国外被界定为抄袭)国外的学校有强大的数据库，抄袭的地方，数据库一搜就发现了一旦发现抄袭，轻则挂科，重则拿不到学位，诚信记录还要被写上一笔你可以翻译中文也可以用自己的话把句子转述一遍但是直接引用和一个句子只改2、3个单词是一样会被判抄袭的！To develop a community profile (社区分布）for one Australian Local Government Area (LGA) of your choice, (excluding the City of Boroondara) using data from the 2001 and 2006 Census available from the ABS website. The focus of the demographic profile will be to describe up to three cultural characteristics of the population within your chosen LGA, and look at changes that have occurred from 2001 to 2006.Examples of cultural characteristics are ancestry, birthplace, language spoken, year of arrival in Australia, religious affiliation, English proficiency, and indigenous status. You are expected to synthesise (综合）the information available, not just replicate （折叠，复制）the tables that you can download. For example, you may choose to group a Census table detailing individual birthplaces into categories, and then show the proportional distribution - not just the number by birthplace; or from Year of Arrival in Australia you may derive the number of years living in Australia. In other words, you are required to analyse and summarise the information you find into your own summary tables and charts. In your demographic profile you should include summary tables, charts and commentary to support the graphs and tables. You should make use of data from both the 2001 Census and the 2006 Census (e.g. using a combination QuickStats, MapStats and Census Tables.制定一个社会形象之一澳大利亚地方政府区（儿）您的选择，（不包括城市Boroondara ）使用数据从2001年和2006年人口普查可从澳大利亚统计局的网站上。
sci文章格式要求
sci文章格式要求
SCI（Science Citation Index）是科学引文索引，一般是指被SCI收录的学术期刊。
SCI文章的格式要求主要取决于特定期刊的投稿规定，因为每个期刊都有自己的格式和规范。
以下是一般来说，SCI期刊可能要求的一些通用的文章格式要求：
1.标题页（Title Page）：
•文章标题
•所有作者的姓名和机构
•通讯作者的联系信息
•摘要和关键词
2.正文（Main Text）：
•引言：研究的背景、目的、假设或问题。
•方法：详细说明研究设计、实验过程、数据收集和分析方法。
•结果：呈现研究的主要发现，通常包括图表和表格。
•讨论：对结果进行解释、比较、分析，并讨论其在领域中的意义。
•结论：总结研究的主要结论和可能的未来研究方向。
3.引用（References）：
•列出文章中引用的所有文献。
引用格式可能要求符合特定的引文风格，如APA、MLA或Chicago等。
4.图表和表格（Figures and Tables）：
•图表和表格通常需要有清晰的标题和编号，以及必要的说明文字。
5.文献引用格式：
•引文一般要求按照特定的引文风格进行，例如，按作者-年份格式或使用数字编号。
6.稿件提交要求：
•包括稿件的文件格式（通常要求使用Word或LaTeX）、图表的分辨率和格式要求等。
请注意，以上只是一般性的指导，具体的要求可能会因期刊而异。
在准备投稿SCI期刊时，务必仔细查阅目标期刊的官方投稿指南或作者指南，以确保符合特定期刊的格式和规范。
这些信息通常可以在期刊的官方网站上找到。
论文中的APA引文格式
论文中的APA引文格式APA论文资料引用格式包括文献引用（reference citations）与参考文献（reference list）两部分。
1.文献引用1.1间接引用（citations）：间接引用需在论文主体部分引用作者姓名和文献出版年份。
读者可以在references list 中看到所引用文献完整的信息。
A．如果引用文献只涉及一位作者的某本专著或文章，而作家的名字在自己的行文中没有出现, 将该作家的姓氏和所引用文献出版的时间用括弧括起来，放在句子结尾，注意该括弧算作句子的一部分，标点符号应放在括弧之后。
例: I t has been argued that teachers’ role is to provide the students with optimal conditions which can facilitate learning so that students can achieve similar results (Bloom, 1976).B.如果引用文献涉及的一位作者的名字在行文中已出现，隶属句子的一部分，则只需在名字后加上括弧，将引用文献的出版日期放于此括号内。
例：Gould (1988) attributes Darwin’s success to his gift for making the appropriate metaphor.C．如果引用文献涉及到的作者和著作的出版时间在行文中已出现，那就不再需要单独的夹注了。
例：In a 1988 article, Goul d explores some of Darwin’s most effective metaphors.D．如果引用涉及到的著作是由两位作者合著，则每次引用时都需把两位作者的姓氏注出来，在夹注中用“&”，在行文中则用“and”连接两个作者。
例：The disadvantages of the multiple regression analysis is that it cannot show the complex interrelations between independent variable (Bryman & Cramer, 1990).Bryman and Cramer also pointed out that…E．如涉及到的作者超过两人，少于六人，第一次加夹注时，写出所有作者的姓氏，以后每次引用，只需写出第一作者的姓氏，其后加上“et al”即可。
参考文献英文文献格式
参考文献英文文献格式参考文献是读者在学术论文、科技报告、学术研究、教学论文中所使用的参考资料，一般由出处、作者、出版社等信息组成。
在论文写作中，参考文献是书写正式书面文献中必不可少的一部分，而且也是论文最重要的一部分，因为它可以支撑作者的论点，体现论文的严谨性。
中文论文中的参考文献，一般遵循国家的文献标准，而英文论文的参考文献，则是遵循国际标准来书写的。
所以，在使用国际参考文献时，要注意英文文献的格式标准，以便正确参考这些文献。
关于英文文献的格式，应当按照APA（美国心理学协会）、MLA（美国文学协会）、Harvard（哈佛大学）等参考文献书写格式来书写，其中文献引用的形式按照APA为例，共有六种表达形式，如下：一、文献参考时，首先要按照通用标准写出文献参考内容，书写形式如下：(1)作者：【书名】(出版者/出版社/发行社，出版/发行日期)(2)作者：【作者姓名】（作者的资格/机构/职称），【书名】（出版者/出版社/发行社，出版/发行日期）二、文献参考时，引用句中可以提到作者、书名、日期等信息：(1)用句中提到作者：按照APA标准，引用句中提到作者时，应按照以下格式书写：例：Smith（2016）提出了一种新的衡量方法。
(2)用句中提到书名：按照APA标准，引用句中提到书名时，应按照以下格式书写：例：《心理学研究之基础》（Smith，2016）提出了一种新的衡量方法。
三、文献参考时，可以在文章中通过附注的形式提到文献参考来源信息，如： 1）在文中第一次提到文献参考内容时：例：一种新的衡量方法概念最早由Smith（2016）提出，此后得到了广泛的应用[1]。
1）Smith（2016），《心理学研究之基础》（出版者/出版社/发行社，出版/发行日期）。
四、对于参考文献列表，每篇文章的末尾应用“References”（参考文献）标题列出：【作者姓名】（作者的资格/机构/职称），【书名】（出版者/出版社/发行社，出版/发行日期）。
endnote怎么引用参考文献格式
endnote怎么引用参考文献格式
在EndNote中引用参考文献格式，需要先选择正确的参考文献样式。
以下是操作步骤：
1. 打开EndNote软件，在菜单栏中选择“References”，然后选择“Output Styles”。
2. 在弹出的“Output Styles”对话框中，选择你需要的参考文献样式，例如“APA”、“MLA”、“Chicago”等。
如果没有你需要的样式，可以选择“More Styles”，在EndNote官方网站下载更多样式。
3. 选择好参考文献样式后，点击“OK”按钮，关闭对话框。
4. 在EndNote中选中需要引用的参考文献，然后在菜单栏中选择“References”，然后选择“Insert Citation”。
5. 在弹出的“Insert Citation”对话框中，选择需要插入的文献，然后点击“Insert”按钮，将参考文献插入到文档中。
参考文献格式会根据你选择的样式自动生成，例如APA格式的参考文献格式如下：
作者. (出版年份). 文献标题. 期刊名称, 卷号(期号), 页码范围.
相关原文: 1页。
mysqlreferences用法
mysqlreferences用法1. MySQL 的REFERENCES 就像是数据世界里的强力胶水，把不同表紧紧粘在一起。
我在创建用户表和订单表时，用REFERENCES 关联它们，就如同给两个小伙伴牵上了友谊的红线，从此它们的数据有了紧密联系，是不是超酷？2. 嘿，你知道吗？REFERENCES 在MySQL 里就像魔法咒语，能让数据的关联变得神奇又有序。
就像我之前做项目，用REFERENCES 把产品表和库存表相连，那数据的交互就像一场和谐的交响乐演奏，毫无违和感，你能想象到那种美妙吗？3. 当我使用MySQL 的REFERENCES，感觉自己像个数据建筑师。
我在构建会员信息表和消费记录表时，REFERENCES 就是那关键的结构梁，稳稳地撑起数据之间的关系大厦，这难道不是一种很棒的体验吗？4. MySQL 的REFERENCES 如同导航仪，指引着数据在不同表间穿梭。
比如在处理员工表和部门表时，它能精准定位，让数据找到自己的“归属地”，就像员工找到自己所属的部门办公室一样，你不觉得很实用吗？5. 你有没有试过在MySQL 里用REFERENCES 来编织数据的关系网？我在做电商数据库时，通过REFERENCES 把商品类别表和商品详情表交织起来，那数据的流通就像城市里四通八达的交通网络，畅通无阻，这多厉害呀！6. MySQL 的REFERENCES 好似月老手中的红线，在数据表的男女主角间牵线搭桥。
像我建立学生表和课程表时，它让学生与课程成功“约会”，数据的匹配就像爱情的邂逅，充满了惊喜与可能，你能体会吗？7. 哇塞，MySQL 的REFERENCES 可是数据关联的秘密武器。
我在设计博客数据库时，用它连接文章表和评论表，就像给文章和评论搭建了一座沟通的桥梁，数据的互动就像朋友间的热烈讨论，超有趣！8. 当处理MySQL 的REFERENCES 时，我仿佛是个指挥家，让不同表的数据像乐队成员一样协同合作。
英文文献的引用方法与格式
英文文献的引用方法与格式-- APA格式所谓APA格式是指美国心理学会（American Psychological Association) 所出版的出版手册（Publication Manual) 中，有关投稿该协会旗下所属二十九种期刊时必须遵守的规定而言. 学术界通称为APA 格式。
APA引证格式由两部分组成：论文中的文献引用与论文后面的参考文献。
必须注意的是,参考文献部份与文献引用部份息息相关,引用过的文献必须出现在参考文献中，而且参考文献中的每一项文献都被引用过,两者的作者姓氏以及发表年代也必须完全一致。
一、文献引用(Citation in Text）文献引用的目的，一方面是帮助读者进一步直接查阅有关文献的内容,另一方面是尊重与保障他人的知识产权。
文献引用的方式主要有两种,一种是在行文当中直接引用作者姓氏,如：Widdowson （1978） has claimed that native speakers can better understand ungrammatical utterances with accurate vocabulary than those with accurate grammar and inaccurate vocabulary. 另一种是直接引用研究的结果或论点,如:Communicative methods have the common goals of bringing language learners into closer contact with the target language (Stern, 1981). APA文献引用的格式主要有下列几种，分述如下:（一）作者为一个人时例1：Stahl (1983）has demonstrated that an improvement in reading comprehension can be attributed to an increase in vocabulary knowledge. [注：若行文中提到作者姓氏，用此例所示格式引用］例2:During the period of Grammar Translation methodology, bilingual dictionaries became common as reference tools （Kelly, 1969）。
参考用英语怎么说
参考用英语怎么说参考，指参证有关材料来帮助研究和了解;在研究或处理某些事情时，把另外的资料或数据拿来对照。
那么你知道参考用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。
参考的英语说法1：consult参考的英语说法2：reference参考的英语说法3：refer to参考的相关短语：参考系 frame of reference参考文献 References参考书目 reference books参考点 reference point ; point of reference参考消息 Reference News ; reference message ;参考手册 Reference Manual参考设计 reference design参考的英语例句：1. There is no clear and unbiased information available for consumers.消费者没有清晰明确、不偏不倚的信息可以参考。
2. There's not much to go on.没有太多可供参考的依据。
3. A written IQ test is merely a guideline.书面智商测试仅供参考。
4. a selected webliography on new Irish poetry爱尔兰新诗网络参考目录5. We spent days going through all related reference material.我们花了好多天功夫查阅所有有关的参考资料.6. There is a useful bibliography at the end of each chapter.在每一章后附有一份有用的参考书目.7. The author does not give references.作者没有注明参考文献的出处.8. She often turns to the book for guidance.她经常参考那本书.9. Writers often refer to a dictionary.作家时常参考字典.10. At the risk of being repetitive, I will say again that statistics are only a guide.尽管会显得啰唆，但我还得再说一遍，统计数字只是一个参考。
温哥华格式
温哥华格式：
参考文献(references)
参考文献可反映论文的真实科学依据, 反映出作者对他人劳动的尊重, 同时也表明了
科学的严肃性, 便于读者进行追溯性检索。
中国医学论文普遍采用温哥华格式的顺序编码
制, 著录要求及格式如下: ①必须是由作者亲自阅读过的文献, 尽可能选用近3～5 年内
第3 期陈纪国: 医学论文的温哥华格式592者, 以体现论文的先进程度。
②采用已公开发表的文献, 尽可能是一次文献, 内部资料不
宜作为正式的参考文献著录。
③一般论著类论文引用参考文献不超过10 条, 综述不超过
20 条, 要按引用先后顺序排列, 并在文内相应位置注明序号。
④应具有针对性, 与论文
有密切关系, 以表明论文的学术地位、应用方法的可靠性和先进性、结论的实用性及理论
价值。
⑤著录格式。
温哥华格式规定期刊论文为: 著者(第1～3 位, 超过者加“等”或
“et al1”) 。
文题1 杂志名称, 出版年, 卷(期) : 起止页码。
专著或书籍为: 著者(同
上) . 书名. 版次(第1 版可省略) 。
出版地: 出版社, 出版年. 起止页码。
注意, 在页码
之后不用加标点。
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精选范本,供参考！。
温哥华格式
温哥华格式：
参考文献 (references)
参考文献可反映论文的真实科学依据 , 反映出作者对他人劳动的尊重 , 同时也表明了
科学的严肃性 , 便于读者进行追溯性检索。
中国医学论文普遍采用温哥华格式的顺序编码
制 , 着录要求及格式如下 : ①必须是由作者亲自阅读过的文献 , 尽可能选用近 3～5 年内
第 3 期陈纪国 : 医学论文的温哥华格式 592者 , 以体现论文的先进程度。
②采用已公开发表的文献 , 尽可能是一次文献 , 内部资料不
宜作为正式的参考文献着录。
③一般论着类论文引用参考文献不超过 10 条 , 综述不超过
20 条 , 要按引用先后顺序排列 , 并在文内相应位置注明序号。
④应具有针对性 , 与论文
有密切关系 , 以表明论文的学术地位、应用方法的可靠性和先进性、结论的实用性及理论
价值。
⑤着录格式。
温哥华格式规定期刊论文为 : 着者 (第 1～3 位 , 超过者加“等”或
“ et al1” ) 。
文题 1 杂志名称 , 出版年 , 卷 (期) : 起止页码。
专着或书籍为 : 着者 (同
上) . 书名. 版次 (第 1 版可省略) 。
出版地 : 出版社 , 出版年. 起止页码。
注意 , 在页码
之后不用加标点。
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Literature Recommended
Krugman, Paul R., and Obstfeld, Maurice, 2003. International Economics: Theory and Policy (6th edition).Pearson Education, Inc. Gandolfo (2002) for further readin, Xiaohui SWUFE
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Chinese Literature
斯蒂格利茨[1993，姚开建、刘凤良、吴汉洪等译， 高鸿业、吴易风、刘晓西校].经济学[M].北京：中国 人民大学出版社，1997年。 N·格里高利·曼昆[2003，张帆、梁晓钟译]. 宏观经济 学[M]. 北京：中国人民大学出版社，2005年。 贝内特·T·麦克勒姆[1996，陈未、张杰译].国际货币 经济学[M].北京：中国金融出版社，2001年。 姜波克、杨长江.国际金融学[第二版][M].北京：高等 教育出版社，2004年。 贾恩卡洛·甘道尔夫[2002，靳玉英译].国际金融与开 放经济的宏观经济学[M].上海：上海财经大学出版社， 2006年。
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English Literature
Dornbusch, Rudiger, 1976.Expectations and exchange rate dynamics. Journal of Political Economy, Vol.84, No.6, 1161-1176. Krugman, Paul, 1999. The eternal triangle: explaining international financial perplexity. Available via /krugman/www/triangle.html. Obstfeld, Maurice, and Rogoff, Kenneth, 1995. Exchange rate dynamics redux. Journal of Political Economy, Vol.103, No.3, 624-660. Krugman, Paul R., and Obstfeld, Maurice, 2003. International Economics: Theory and Policy (6th edition).Pearson Education, Inc.
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English Literature
Mundell, Robert A., 1960. The monetary dynamics of international adjustment under fixed and floating exchange rates, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 227257. Mundell, Robert A., 1961. A theory of optimum currency areas. American Economic Review, Vol. 51, No.4, 657-665. Mundell, Robert A., 1963. Capital mobility and stabilization policy under fixed and flexible exchange rates. Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, Vol.29, No.4, 475-485. Mundell, Robert A., 1964. A reply: capital mobility and size. Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, Vol.30, No.3, 421-431.
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Chinese Literature
莫瑞斯·奥博斯特弗尔德、肯尼斯·若戈夫[1996，刘 红忠、李心丹、陆前进、张卫东、郦彬译].高级国际 金融学教程[M].北京：中国金融出版社，2002年。 杰格迪什·汉达[2000，郭庆旺、刘晓路、陈卫东译]. 货币经济学[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社，2005 年。 卡尔·E.瓦什[1998，王芳、曾刚、商越、张宗梁译， 陈雨露主译校].货币理论与政策[M].北京：中国人民 大学出版社，2001年。 蒙代尔.蒙代尔经济学文集[向松祚译，张之骧校][第 三卷；第五卷].北京：中国金融出版社，2003年。
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English Literature
Moosa, Imad A., 2005.Exchange Rate Regimes: Fixed, Flexible or Something in Between? Palgrave Macmillan, New York. Ghosh, Atish, R., Gulde, Anne-Marie, and Wolf, Holger, C. 2002, Exchange Rate Regimes: Choices and Consequences. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Setzer, Ralph, 2006, The Politics of Exchange Rates in Developing Countries: Political Cycles and Domestic Institutions. Physica-Verlag, A Springer Company. Walsh, Carl E., 2003. Monetary Theory and Policy (2nd edition). MIT Press.