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MEDC Heat Detector HD1 - Exd IIC 技术手册说明书
Technical Manual for the Heat Detector HD1 – Exd IICPlease note that every care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of our technical manual. We do not, however, accept responsibility for damage, loss or expense resulting from any error or omission. We reserve the right to make alterations in line with technical advances and industry standards.1.0 INTRODUCTIONThe HD1 heat Detector has been designed for use in flammable atmospheres and harsh environmental conditions. The marine grade alloy Exd version is suitable for use offshore or onshore, where light weight combined with corrosion resistance and strength is required.2.0 INSTALLATIONThe Heat Detector is mounted via 4 X Ø9mm fixing holes in feet on the base of the unit.The fixing holes have been designed to accept an M8 caphead screw or bolt.MEDC recommend the use of stainless steel fasteners.The Heat Detector will operate in any attitude2.1 Removing the CoverUnscrew the 4 x M6 cover fixing screws and lift the cover clear of the enclosure.See 2.2 Cable Termination.After cable termination has been completed the cover can be replaced and secured to the enclosure.2.2 Cable TerminationCable termination should be in accordance with specifications applying to the application. MEDC recommend that all cables and cores should be fully identified.Ensure that only the correct certified glands are used and that the assembly is shrouded and correctly earthed. All cable glands should be of an equivalent IP rating to that of the Heat Detector.In order to maintain the IP rating, the glands should be sealed to the Heat Detector using a sealing washer or sealing compound.The internal earth terminal must be used for the equipment grounding connection and the external terminal is for a supplementary bonding connection where local codes or authorities permit or require such connection.2.3 GeneralWhen installing and operating explosion-proof electrical equipment, the relevant national regulations for installation and operation (e.g. EN60079-14 and IEE Edition Wiring Regulations) must be observed. Ensure that all nuts, bolts and fixings are secure.Ensure that only the correct certified stopping plugs are used to blank off unused gland entry points. We recommend the use of ‘HYLOMAR PL32 COMPOUND’ on the threads of the stopping plugs in order to maintain the IP or NEMA rating of the unit.3.0 OPERATIONThe Heat Detector consists of a sealed element containing a single normally open (N.O.) thermal switch which operates at a fixed temperature. The sensor element is fully sealed and no attempt must be made to modify this in any way. Adjustment of the temperature setting is not possible.4.0 MAINTENANCEDuring the working life of the Heat Detector it should require little or no maintenance. However, if abnormal or unusual environ-mental conditions occur due to plant damage or accident etc., then visual inspection is recommended.If a fault should occur, then the unit can be repaired by MEDC.UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES SHOULD ANY ATTEMPT BE MADE TO EITHER UNSCREW THE HEAT DETECTOR ELEMENT FROM THE ENCLOSURE OR GAIN ACCESS TO THE INSIDE OF THE HEAT DETECTOR ELEMENT. EITHER OF THESE ACTIONS WILL RESULT IN THE ASSEMBLY BECOMING UNSAFE FOR USE IN A POTENTIALLY EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERE.If you have acquired a significant quantity of Heat Detectors, then it is recommended that spares are also made available, (please discuss your requirements with MEDC’s Technical Sales Engineers).5.0 CERTIFICATIONCertified to EN60079-0:2006, EN60079-1:2004, EN62141-0:2006, EN61241-1:2004Exd IIC tD A21 IP6X T85°C (Tamb = -20°C to +55°C).ATEX Certificate Number: Baseefa 08ATEX0320The ATEX certificate and the product label carry the ATEX group and category marking: II 2GDWhere:signifies compliance with ATEX signifies suitability for use in surface industries2 signifies suitability for use in a zone 1 areaG signifies suitability for use in the presence of gasesD signifies suitability for use in the presence of dustA21 signifies suitability for use in the presence of dust in a zone 21 areaThe product label also carries the following mark:This signifies unit compliance to the relevant European directives, in this case 2014/34/EU , along with the number of the notified body issuing the EC type examination certificate.6.0 FUNCTIONAL SAFETYIntroductionThe HD1 Heat Detector has been designed for use in flammable atmospheres and harsh environmental Conditions. The marine grade alloy (Exd version) or Glass Reinforced Polyester (Exem and Exia versions) are suitable for use offshore or onshore, where light weight combined with corrosion resistance and strength is required.The safety function of the Heat Detector is to detect when a predefined temperature is reached.Under No fault (Normal) operating conditions the Heat Detector contacts are normally openUnder fault conditions the failure mode of the Heat Detector is a failure to activate when a predefined temperature is reached. For the failure rate associated with this failure mode please refer to the table below. Assessment of Functional SafetyThe HD1 Heat Detector is intended for use in a safety system conforming to the requirements of IEC61508 Sira Test & certification has conducted a failure Modes Effect and Diagnostic Analysis (FMEDA) of the HD1 Heat Detector against the requirements of IEC61508-2 using a proof test interval of 8760 hours.The HD1 Heat Detector is classed as a Type A device.Conditions of Safe Use1.The user shall comply with the requirements given in the manufacturer’s user documentation (SafetyManual) in regard to all relevant functional safety aspects such as application of use, installation,operation, maintenance, proof tests, maximum ratings, environmental conditions, repair, etc;2.Selection of this equipment for use in safety functions and the installation, configuration, overallvalidation, maintenance and repair shall only be carried out by competent personnel, observing all the manufacturer’s conditions and recommendations in the user documentation.3.All information associated with any field failures of this product should be collected under adependability management process (e.g., IEC 60300-3-2) and reported to the manufacturer.4.The unit should be tested at regular intervals to identify any malfunctions; in accordance with this safetymanual.MEDC Ltd, Colliery Road, Pinxton, Nottingham NG16 6JF, UK.Tel: +44 (0)1773 864100 Fax: +44 (0)1773 582800Sales Enq. Fax: +44 (0)1773 582830 Sales Orders Fax: +44 (0)1773 582832 MEDC Stock No. E-mail:**************Web: TM228-ISS C。
python createlinesegmentdetector参数600字
python createlinesegmentdetector参数600字createLineSegmentDetector 是OpenCV 中的一个函数，用于创建线段检测器。
这个函数在OpenCV 4.4.0 之后被弃用，建议使用createLineSegmentsDetector 代替。
以下是createLineSegmentsDetector 函数的参数说明：1. threshold：二值化阈值。
这是一个介于0和255之间的整数。
默认值为100。
当此阈值高于图像中的像素值时，该像素将被视为边缘。
2. max_size：线段的最大长度（以像素为单位）。
如果线段长度超过此值，则将其视为噪声。
默认值为0，表示不限制线段的最大长度。
3. min_length：线段的最小长度（以像素为单位）。
如果线段长度小于此值，则将其视为噪声。
默认值为0，表示不限制线段的最小长度。
4. max_num：允许的最大线段数量。
如果检测到的线段数量超过此值，则只保留前N个线段。
默认值为0，表示不限制线段数量。
5. min_density：允许的最小线段密度（以像素为单位）。
如果线段的密度小于此值，则将其视为噪声。
默认值为0，表示不限制线段密度。
6. force_threshold：是否强制使用阈值法进行边缘检测。
如果设置为True，则将使用阈值法进行边缘检测，即使其他算法可能更适合于特定图像。
默认值为False。
7. lines：输出参数，存储检测到的线段。
这是一个NumPy数组，其形状为(n, 1, 2)，其中n是检测到的线段数量。
特气及毒气Detector侦测器验收标准
特气扩充及毒气Detector侦测器扩充验收标准一.气体管路要求及验收标准2.气体管路验收标准1.检查各系统管线之路径是否正确。
2.检查各系统管线数量、规格及管径大小是否正确。
3.检查各系统管线是否配置整齐及确实依规定固定。
4.检查各系统管线之标示是否详尽及正确，管线材质是否正确。
5.检查各系统管线之垫片材质是否使用正确，固定是否良好。
6.检查各系统管线之尺寸、高度、路径是否符合设计规格。
7.检查各系统管线之管支撑之间距是否符合规定。
8目视检查各系统管线是否水平或垂直无歪斜。
9竣工数据须包含现场各系统供应之会签纪录及测试记录窗体。
10竣工资料须包含每一气柜之配管示意图。
11竣工数据须包含工程相片。
13竣工资料须包含承包商自主检查表。
14所有竣工图面及竣工数据皆须有电子磁盘档案﹙Auto CAD 2004﹚15 检查新增设备功能是否完全按照业主方进行设定，设备位置是否按图纸规划二气柜要求及测试标准1.功能要求3.盘面管径要求NF3 BSGSHeater Inlet A: 1/2‖ Female VCR-Type Heater Inlet B: 1/2‖ Female VCR-Type Process Outlet:1/2‖ Female VCR-TypeVac Gen Vent: 1/4‖Male VCR-TypeVac Gen N2 Inlet: 1/4‖Male VCR-TypeN2 Purge Inlet: 1/4‖Male VCR-TypeHPA Inlet: 1/4‖Male VCR-TypeSystem Exhaust: 150-100-400 flangeLabels: VerfiedSiH4 BSGSHeater Inlet A: 1/2‖ Female VCR-TypeHeater Inlet B: 1/2‖ Female VCR-TypeProcess Outlet: 1/2‖Fema le VCR-TypeVac Gen Vent: 1/4‖Male VCR-TypeVac Gen N2 Inlet: 1/4‖Male VCR-TypeN2 Purge Inlet: 1/4‖Male VCR-TypeHPA Inlet: 1/4‖Male VCR-TypeSystem Exhaust: 150-100-400 flangeLabels: Verfied0.5%PH3H2 GCProcess Outlet: 1/4Female VCR-TypeVac Gen Vent: 1/4‖Male VCR-TypeVac Gen N2 Inlet: 1/4‖Male VCR-TypeN2 Purge Inlet: 1/4‖Male VCR-TypeHPA Inlet: 1/4‖Male VCR-TypeSystem Exhaust: 150-100-400 flangeLabels: Verfied0.5%TMBH2 GCProcess Outlet: 1/4Female VCR-TypeVac Gen Vent: 1/4‖Male VCR-TypeVac Ge n N2 Inlet: 1/4‖Male VCR-TypeN2 Purge Inlet: 1/4‖Male VCR-TypeHPA Inlet: 1/4‖Male VCR-TypeSystem Exhaust: 150-100-400 flangeLabels: Verfied4.气柜测试要求(厂商提供出厂报告)Particle Test: < 1particles/ft3 0.1µmMoisture Test: < 100ppb H2OOxygen Test : <100ppb O2Pressure Decay Test: 50ps i±0%Helium Leak Test: 1×10-9 atm cc/sec Helium 5.相关认证厂商需要提供设备通过SEMI S2认证的证书及相关详细资料三气体侦测器及监控系统要求及测试标准1.气体侦测器要求及验收标准1)产品测试:提供产品出厂之校正报告,测试方法采用标准气体进行测试(标准气体需要有通过国家质量监督检验检疫总局批准的标准物质证书)2)现场测试:A测试AI信号是否与现场相符B现场调高DT数值观察图控是否符合(侦测点0.5ppm 1ppm)并是否发出报警2.图控要求及验收标准1)监控计算机SCADA计算机名称路径与文件名原则B Node及图形文件的命名2)在PLC3)监控Tag 编码原则单位别(A) 种类(B) 设备名称(C) 状态主旨(D) 状态(E)单位别(三码) : 若为Array则显示F1A、若为Cell则显示F1C、若为CF则显示F1F。
LabLogic Scan-RAM Detector Options说明书
Detector Optionsfor Scan-RAM ™ and Flow-RAM ™1. PN-FXX-03 – 1" NaI PMT (collimator on Scan-RAM has shielding)SPECT isotopes (Tc-99m: 140keV, Tl-201: 167keV, In-111: 171keV, etc.)2. PN-FXX-06 – Plastic PMT (collimator on Scan-RAM has shielding)PET (F-18, C-11, Ga-68: 511keV)High Energy Beta (Lu-177, Y-90, I-131, Re-188, Re-186 etc)3. PN-FXX-02 – .04" NaI PMT (collimator on Scan-RAM has shielding)For I-125 only.1. PN-FXX-03 – 1" NaI PMT with 2" lead shielding (PJ-FXX-11)PET (F-18, C-11, Ga-68, Rb-82: 511keV)SPECT (Tc-99m: 140keV, Tl-201: 167keV, In-111: 171keV)Most common detector. Ideal for quality control and research applications of clinical tracers.2. PN-FXX-04 – 2" NaI PMT with 2" lead shielding (PJ-FXX-16)PET (F-18, C-11, Ga-68, Rb-82: 511keV)Higher energy gamma isotopes such as Zr-89 (909 keV)Not recommended for SPECT (Tc-99m: 140keV, Tl-201: 167keV, In-111: 171keV)3. PN-FXX-06 – Plastic PMT with 1" or 2" lead shieldingBeta (Lu-177, Y-90, I-131, Re-188, Re-186 etc.)4. PN-FXX-02 – .04" NaI PMT with 1" or 2" lead shieldingFor I-125 only.5. PN-FXX-14 – Well-Type NaI PMT with 2" lead shielding (PJ-FXX-15)For use with either PET or SPECT isotopes when using low amounts of activity, i.e. small animalimaging applications and measuring very low-level impurities (for research not clinical QC work).6. PP-FXX-07 – PIN Diode detector with lead shield (PJ-FXX-17)For use in semi-prep HPLC applications for purification of radio-tracer after synthesis.7. PP-FXX-08 – CsI PIN Diode detector with lead shield (PJ-FXX-17)For use in semi-prep HPLC applications for purification of radio-tracer after synthesis.More sensitive than PP-FXX-07. Occasionally used for quality control of clinical PET tracers.PLEASE NOTE:1. For dual Scan-RAM 1B, please use application guide above to determine second detector and necessary lead shield for radio-HPLC applications.2. The Scan-RAM and Flow-RAM are not suitable for H-3 or C-14 measurements.1. PN-FXX-03 – 1" NaI PMT with 2" lead shielding (PJ-FXX-11)PET (F-18, C-11, Ga-68, Rb-82: 511keV)SPECT (Tc-99m: 140keV, Tl-201: 167keV, In-111: 171keV)Most common detector. Ideal for quality control and research applications of clinical tracers.2. PN-FXX-04 – 2" NaI PMT with 2" lead shielding (PJ-FXX-16)PET (F-18, C-11, Ga-68, Rb-82: 511keV)Higher energy gamma isotopes such as Zr-89 (909 keV)Not recommended for SPECT (Tc-99m: 140keV, Tl-201: 167keV, In-111: 171keV)3. PN-FXX-06 – Plastic PMT with 1" or 2" lead shieldingBeta (Lu-177, Y-90, I-131, Re-188, Re-186 etc.)4. PN-FXX-02 – .04" NaI PMT with 1" or 2" lead shieldingFor I-125 only.5. PN-FXX-14 – Well-Type NaI PMT with 2" lead shielding (PJ-FXX-15)For use with either PET or SPECT isotopes when using low amounts of activity, i.e. small animal imaging applications and measuring very low-level impurities (for research not clinical QC work).6. PP-FXX-07 – PIN Diode detector with lead shield (PJ-FXX-17)For use in semi-prep HPLC applications for purification of radio-tracer after synthesis.7. PP-FXX-08 – CsI PIN Diode detector with lead shield (PJ-FXX-17)For use in semi-prep HPLC applications for purification of radio-tracer after synthesis.More sensitive than PP-FXX-07. Occasionally used for quality control of clinical PET tracers.PLEASE NOTE:1. The Flow-RAM is not suitable for H-3 or C-14 measurements.ApplicationThe PN-FXX-02 scintillation detector probe is a low energy gamma detector used primarily for detection of gamma radiation (primarily I-125) in the energy range from10 - 60 keV. The window area is approximately 5 cm2 and is covered by a thin plastic entrance window (14 mg/cm2). Voltage requirements:600 - 1000 (max.) V Scintillator:1" diameter x 0.04"thick NaI (TI) Detector:PM tube 1.5" diameter Detection geometry: 2 pi Recommended energy range:10 - 60 keV gamma Typical background:200 - 300 cpm Size:2" diameter x 7" Weight: 1 lb.ApplicationThe PN-FXX-03 scintillation detector is a medium- high energy gamma detector used primarily for the detection of gamma radiation in the energy range above 60 keV in both radio-TLC and radio-HPLC applications. The window area is approximately 5 cm2 and is covered by a 10 mm aluminium entrance window. This detector is used inthe PET area for purity analysis by radio-HPLC. Voltage requirements:600 - 1000 (max.) V Scintillator:1" diameter x 1"thick NaI (TI) Detector:PM tube 1.5" diameter Detection geometry: 2 pi Recommended energy range:60 keV - 1.5 MeV Typical background:1500 - 2000 cpm Size:2" diameter x 8" Weight: 1 lb. ShieldingPJ-FXX-11 with adjustable volume flow cell is recommended to reduce normal environmental background to 200 - 400 cpm. For radio-TLC SPECT applications, the lead collimator supplied with the Scan-RAM is suitable.ShieldingPJ-FXX-11 with adjustable volume flow cell is recommended to reduce normal environmental background to 200 - 400 cpm. For radio-TLC SPECT applications, the lead collimatorsupplied with the Scan-RAM is suitable.ApplicationThe PN-FXX-14 scintillation detector is a wide range gamma detector with a minimum efficiency of 75% for 125I and around 40 - 50% for PET radionuclides. Its 1.5" NaI (T1) detector provides useful detection efficiencies for energies exceeding 500 keV. It has built-in lead shielding to reduce environmental background and a well configuration which gives 4 pi counting geometry. This detector is ideal for low-level SPECT and PET counting applications.Voltage requirements:600 - 1000 (max.) V Scintillator: 1.5" diameter x 1.5"thick NaI (TI), well type Detector:PM tube 1.5" diameter Detection geometry: 4 pi Recommended energy range:>20 keV gamma Typical background:300 - 400 cpmSize:12" x 4" x 5"Weight:15 lb.ApplicationThe PP-FXX-07 PIN Diode detector has high count-rate capability and low sensitivity to provide linear pulse counting from 10 μCi to 1 Ci. It is compact and easy to shield foruse in high radiation environment applications that require pulse counting for accurate linear measurements. This unit produces approx. 5000 cpm per mCi. It is ideal for PET prep applications, in areas where the PN-FXX-03 detector is not suitable/too sensitive.Voltage requirements:20 VScintillator: NoneDetector:PIN Diode, 4 mm2 Detection geometry: 2 pi Recommended energy range:>25 keV gamma Typical background:0 cpm (unshielded) Size: 1.5" x 1.25" diameter Weight:0.2 lb.Flow Cell and ShieldingRecommended Flow-Cell:Supplied with the instrument PJ-FXX-15. Seven part, 2" thick lead shield for 2" NaI/PMT welltype detector PN-FXX-14 with a large anodised base holder. Includes flow cell holder and five fixed volume flow cells of the following volumes 10 µL, 25 µL, 50 µL, 100 µL and 200 µL.ShieldingPJ-FXX-17Europe & Worldwide LabLogic Systems LimitedParadigm House, 3 Melbourne Avenue Broomhill, Sheffield, S10 2QJ, UK E-mail:**********************Tel: +44 (0)114 266 7267 Fax: +44 (0)114 266 3944 Web: ISO 9001ISO 9001USA & Canada LabLogic Systems, Inc.East Pointe Park, 1040 East Brandon Blvd. Brandon, FL 33511-5509, USA E-mail:**********************Tel: +1-813-626-6848Fax: +1-813-620-3708 Web: ApplicationThe PP-FXX-08 scintillation detector uses a PIN Diode for compactness. As with the PP-FXX-07, this unit is easy toshield in a high radiation environment, however the Csl (NaI) crystal gives it increased sensitivity down to levels below 10-3 μCi. Suitable for places where the PP-FXX-07 does not provide the required sensitivity but the PN-FXX-03 is too sensitive.Voltage requirements: 20 VScintillator: Csl (NaI) 1 z 1 x 2 cm Detector:PIN Diode, 1 x 1 cm Detection geometry: 2 piRecommended energy range: >100 keV gamma Typical background: 100 cpm (unshielded)Size: 2.5" x 1.25" diameter Weight:0.2 lb.ApplicationThe PN-FXX-06 scintillation detector probe is a beta detector used primarily for the detection of high-energy beta emitters and PET radionuclides by radio-TLC. The scintillator consists of a 1.7” diameter by 0.25 mm plastic scintillator, which has high efficiency for beta radiation but low efficiency for gammas. The window area is approximately 11.6 cm 2 and is covered by a thin aluminized Mylar entrance window (0.8 mg/cm 2).Voltage requirements: 600 - 1000 (max.) V Scintillator: 1.7" diameter x 0.01"(0.25 mm) thick plastic Detector:PM Tube 1.5" diameter Detection geometry: 2 pi Recommended energy range: >30 keV beta Typical background: 50 cpm Size: 2" diameter x 7"Weight:1 lb.ShieldingPJ-FXX-17ShieldingPJ-FXX-11 with adjustable volume flow cell is recommended to reduce normal environmental background to 200 - 400 cpm.For radio-TLC SPECT applications, the lead collimator supplied with the Scan-RAM is suitable.Version 1.0 July 2016。
IDEAL-2000臭氧在线检测仪英文说明书
IDEAL-2000Ozone concentration detectorManualUnited States-owned IDEAL Computer(ZIBO) CO,.LTD.Dear users:Thank you very much for using our products.Before using this product, please read these instructions carefully.The products described in this manual only for trained qualified workers. This product's adjustment, repair and maintenance must be authorized officers specified by the manufacturer.For use this product correctly and safety, you need to operate in accordance with this manual.The manufacturer recommendations:Maintain the integrity of the product label;Do not disassemble this product;All maintenance and calibration of this product needs to operate in accordance with the requirements of the Instruction Manual.The manufacturer has no responsibility to any damage and injure caused by improper use of this product.The manufacturer can improve the product specifications or modify the contents of the manual without notice.If you find any errors in this manual, please contact us, we are very grateful.DO NOT copy or imitation of all or part of this manual without Them anufacturer’s Permission!Directory1.Outline2.Technical Parameters3.Structure4.Function Introductionmunication protocol6. Maintenance7.Notes8.Store9.date of validity1. OutlineIDEAL-2000-type Ozone concentration detector mainly use for the export’s ozone concentration detection of ozone generator，UV lamp as light source system，Life is 30,000 hours or more，Stable measurements, High precision；Use Integration Layer Stream light pool structure，No leakage、absorb high pressure、absorb high flow sample gas’s impact、easy to clean、easy to maintenance、easy to operate. The product will correction zero automatically during using, ensure accuracy of concentration and avoid zero drift，have 4-20mA and RS-485 output signal。
Ultraviolet Flame Detector Omniguard model 660说明书
ULTRAVIOLET FLAME DETECTOROmniguard ® model 660The Omniguard® model 660 UV flame detector is designed to detect unwanted fires, and output appropriate alarm information. The model 660 senses ultraviolet radiation in the appropriate wavelength for extremely fast fire detection. The model 660 will sense both hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon fires, a technology which has proven itself over decades of reliable service.The model 660 is available in two versions,one for standard industrial applications where a maximum operating temperature of 85°C is the norm, and a second which is capable ofoperating at a maximum sustained temperature of 125°C. This version is especially well suited for turbine enclosure and high temperature industrial applications. Both versions are available with an automatic self-test function to monitor the detector’s ability to sense fires and report a fault condition when impaired.SpecificationsPerformance ratingsResponsive to hydrocarbon (gasoline, propane, methane, alcohol, etc) and non-hydrocarbon (hydrogen, silane, hydrazine, magnesium, etc) flames.Third-party performance certified to detect saturating signal source in 15 milliseconds,1 square foot gasoline flame at 50 feet in 1 second. Horizontal performance envelope of 120°.Environmental ratings Rated:Class I, Division 1, Groups B, C &D (explosion proof) Class II, Division 1, Groups E, F & G (dust ignition proof) NEMA 4X weatherproof, dust-tight, watertight CE0081 II 2 G/DEx d IIB + H 2 T5 Gb for gas on 660-0XXXXEx tb IIIC T100°C Db IP6X for dust on 660-0XXXX Ex d IIB + H 2 T4 Gb for gas on 660-1XXXXEx tb IIIC T135°C Db IP6X for dust on 660-1XXXXStandard housing is copper-free aluminium conversion coated to MIL-C-5541C, Class 3 (white). Optional stainless steel housing available with passive finish per MIL-5-5002C, Type 1.Standard operating temperature range: -40° to +85°C (-40° to +185°F).Special high temperature version: -40° to +125°C (-40° to +257°F).Typical applications: turbine enclosures,generator rooms, munitions facilities, batteryrooms, and gas cabinets.©Firefly AB (2016)Ordering informationTo order, please specify Type Omniguard® model 660Designation Ultraviolet flame detectorOrdering number660 - X X X X XFire type0 Industrial temperature fire detector 1 High temperature fire detector Housing material/conduit entry 0 aluminum, 3/4-14 NPT (white) 2 stainless steel, 3/4-14 NPT 3 aluminum, M20-1.5 (white) 5 stainless steel, M20-1.5Test feature 0 no self-test 1 auto self-test Fire relay configurationAgency approvals0 - FM, SIL2, CSA, Russian Fire Certificate, IECEx, ATEX, EMC, LVD, CSFMOmniguard ® model 660Specifications (continued)Spectral responseUltraviolet peak sensitivity of 0,22 µm.Detector inputs Inputs• nominal voltage 24 VDC (ripple voltage <240mV) • range20 to 30 VDC Power consumption • standby 90 mA • alarm 110 mA • auto and manual test 250 mADetector outputs Relay • relays (2) fire, trouble, dry contacts, hermetically sealed• rated 2 A at 28 VDC. User selects NO or NC • fire relayuser selects latching or non-latchingCurrent loop (standard version) 0 to 20 mA output • 20 mA = fire • 4 mA = ready • 0 mA = 20Programmable RS-485 serial output Mechanical considerations Weight 2.4 kg (5 lbs) (aluminum)6.3 kg (13 lbs) (stainless steel)Height x width x depth 114 x 140 x 153 mm (4.5 x 5.5 x 6.0 in)Conduit entry3/4-14 NPTF or M20-1.5Optional accessories Swivel mount No 20856 (used with aluminum) No 70991 (used with stainless steel)Portable test unit 43808-2Air shield kit No 8001023Rain shieldNo 23546©Firefly AB (2016)FIREFLYStockholm, SwedenPhone: +46 (0)8 449 25 00E-mail:*************************www.omniguardbyfirefly.seOmniguard 660DS - Ver 1.3 | EN。
createlinesegmentdetector的用法
createlinesegmentdetector的用法createlinesegmentdetector是一种常用的图像处理工具，用于检测图像中的线段。
它可以帮助我们快速准确地找到图像中的线段，并进行进一步的分析和处理。
本文将介绍createlinesegmentdetector的用法，并通过实例演示其功能和效果。
首先，我们需要导入createlinesegmentdetector的库文件，并创建一个线段检测器的实例。
代码如下：```import cv2def detect_lines(image):detector = cv2.createLineSegmentDetector()lines, _, _, _ = detector.detect(image)return lines```在上述代码中，我们使用cv2.createLineSegmentDetector()函数创建了一个线段检测器的实例，并将其赋值给变量detector。
然后，我们调用detector.detect()函数来检测图像中的线段。
该函数的参数是待检测的图像，返回值是一个包含检测到的线段信息的列表。
接下来，我们可以使用detect_lines()函数来检测图像中的线段，并进行进一步的处理。
例如，我们可以将检测到的线段绘制在图像上，以便观察和分析。
代码如下：```def draw_lines(image, lines):for line in lines:x1, y1, x2, y2 = line[0]cv2.line(image, (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (0, 255, 0), 2)cv2.imshow("Detected Lines", image)cv2.waitKey(0)cv2.destroyAllWindows()```在上述代码中，我们使用cv2.line()函数将检测到的线段绘制在图像上。
XRD操作程序
XRD操作程序开机：总电源→稳流源（红色按钮）→（确保钥匙非锁定，1钮弹出）启动开关→开水循环（水压到0.5后）→开高压管（X-ray显示开）关机：（set:20kv,5mA）关电脑→（等3－5分钟，使光管水冷）关高压→（等3－5分钟）关机→关水循环→关电源光路调节：一、找光束强度最大值和中心：（镍片、0.1mm、光管无狭缝）detector scan找到最大值：31000，并确定X：-0.04 （左狭缝：0.1mm）detector scan使半峰宽中心X在-0.04（0.1mm换到右狭缝）detector scan使半峰宽中心X在-0.04二、样品台Z值调节：（左狭缝：1.0mm）detector scan找中心X在-0.04有峰显示（放玻璃狭缝）detector scan做第三步没有峰，取下玻璃狭缝（Z改为-1.43）detector scan使最大值在3100左右（-1.43-1.99）Z scan使最大值在3100左右(双击Z值一半)Rocking curveX＝0Z scan 做第三步X不为0（Z改为-1.43）detector scan双击半峰宽中心Z scan 做第三步X不为0……X＝0三、调整玻璃狭缝光路（加玻璃狭缝，取下0.1mm狭缝，Z改为0）tube scan定义0X＝0（改tube为0）Z scan 定义tube=0,detector=0X不为0（调节光管，调里面螺丝转动光管）tube scan定义0X＝0（改tube为0）Z scan 定义tube=0,detector=0X不为0……X＝0，定义tube=0,detector=0，absorb=0 四、做实样Tube=10,detector=10,locked coupled做微区(取下光管，装上弹道管固定装置，两铜片，0.1mm，－3-10)detector scan找光束偏离程度，使峰最高点X＝0拧里面螺丝，使黑线对齐（装上弹道管）detector scan没有峰显示（换1铜片、1镍片、0.1mm）detector scan找到峰强最大值：7150（取下0.1mm，X改为0）X scan调整峰底中心X在0处（<1％）（Z改为1，挡一部分光）X scan调整峰底中心X在0处（<1％）（CHi改为90）X scan调整峰底中心X在0处（<1％）（左上全改为0，0－90）CHi scan调整峰底中心X在0处（<1％）Phi scan得到平稳直线使（最高－最低）/总数<(1/12—1/13) （加玻璃狭缝，取下0.1mm狭缝，Z改为0）tube scan定义0X＝0（改tube为0）Z scan 定义tube=0,detector=0X不为0（调节光管，调里面螺丝转动光管）tube scan定义0X＝0（改tube为0）Z scan 定义tube=0,detector=0X不为0……X＝0，定义tube=0,detector=0，absorb=0 Tube=10,detector=10,locked coupled。
D8 ADVANCE X射线衍射仪(德国)操作步骤详细版
一开机步骤1、打开墙壁水冷、XRD电源空气开关2、按下水冷机按钮，温度等有温度显示（22-24℃）3、旋转设备左侧主机旋钮（0-1）5-10秒后按绿色按钮开机，设备进入自检，待正面左侧高压按钮不闪了，（闪超过10分钟左右，就直接关机）4、轻按一下高压按钮（一闪一闪开始升压，不闪时即达设定电压）5、打开设备右下盖板，按下绿色的BIAS，对应BIAS READY灯不闪，说明探测控制器准备好进入工作状态6、软件操作：INERENT CENTER—Lab manger(无密码)--- 进入主界面Commander（！表示没有初始化）——Edited后面点☑（2θ后没有☑）—— PSI 0.00，PHI 90(上面都是0)COMMANDERTheta (光管角度)Two theta(无实际意义)——不能打☑Detector(探测器角度)PSI(基底角度)——测应力等用到（普通测试“0”就可以）Phi(基底平面角度) 90Twin—Primary(初级光路)（聚焦光、平行光）G Gobel Mirror 平行光Motorized slit:sitwidth 常用(0.6-1.0 mm)，一般用0.6mm Motorized slit:Opening 用狭缝宽度表示表示方式不一样Motorized slit:Fixed 固定的样品照射面积（很少用）Twin—Secondary前三项聚焦光Soller 0.2(度) 平行光X-ray genarator实际设定V oltage(kv) 40 40Currrent(kv) 40 40Shutter open—打开射线，点start后自动打开射线Tube 光管固定值Detector Lynxete (1维模式)常用、分辨率高强度强Lynxete（OD） (0维模式)相当于点探测器、很少用下方的，参数设置Start Incre Stop2 theta 起始角度步长终止角度Time(S) 探测器每一步的时间（0.1）stepsScan type(扫描类型)Compled 最常用，发射-探测联动Two theta 探测器动PSD fixed 探测器、光管都固定Offset 不用保存：Save result file Raw txt格式Raw v3格式，可以用Jade打开文件格式转换（也可分时保存不同的文件格式），也可使用软件Fileexchange二更换样品台，校准流程(小角度掠射)将样品台上放上glass slit（玻璃狭缝）1 将探测器Cu0.1替换正常的镍的狭缝（正常测试用狭缝为镍狭缝，Cu0.1用来校准位置）2 Theta角度设置成0°☑，detecter 设置成0°☑3 Twin-primary 设置2mmTwin- Secondary 5mm4将电压电流设置成 20Kv 5mA5将detector 模式设置成0维模式LYNXEZE ，然后点击右侧的设置对话框，设成5mm-apply-ok接着设置校准时测试参数6 scan type 选择Theta范围-1°到1°，步长0.01，时间0.17点start 扫描测试完后8选择菜单栏中 commander 中列表倒数第二项referece and offset Determination 看reference这项看 peak position若peak position后边参数大于0.004则点击 Save and send New Reference若peak position后边参数小于0.004则点击 cancel（该项是为了校准位置，小于等于0.004为正确）换掉glass slit后换成标准样品AlO，探测器狭缝换成镍（替换Cu0.1，铜狭缝用来校准，衰减入射光强）9 然后重新设置测试参数换成标准测试程序将电压电流设置成40kV， 40mATWIN primary 0.6Twin secondary 510选择一维模式LYNXEYE 点apply11然后接着点菜单栏Commander 选择referece and offset Determination看峰的位置一般参数为35.149-0.1到35.149+0.1范围内；若不在该范围，则在theoretical position 输入35.139到35.149之间一个数，然后点apply-ok直到校准完成手动待机：将软件参数设置成20kV 5mA点set，即进入待机状态（若一直使用可不关机）关机顺序：开机的反过程关高压（继续让冷却水循环5分钟）—关右侧探测器绿色按钮—（按左侧白色按钮旋转1-0）—关制冷—关墙壁空气开关。
新D8A操作指南
BrukerD8A A25 X射线衍射仪操作指南1．开机步骤2．衍射仪准直步骤3．粉末模式测量4．更换样品台和调整样品高度5．掠入射测量6．反射率测量7．应力测量8．织构测量德国布鲁克AXS有限公司北京代表处1．开机步骤：1．1.打开冷却水循环装置，此机器设置温度在20°C，一般温度不超过28°C即可正常工作。
1．2.在衍射仪左侧面，将红色旋钮放在1的位置，将绿色按钮按下（图1-1）。
此时机器开始启动和自检。
启动完毕后，机器左侧面的两个指示灯显示为白色。
1．3.按下高压发生器按钮，高压发生器指示灯亮。
（如果是较长时间未开机，仪器将自动进行光管老化，此时按键为闪烁的蓝色，并且显示COND。
）1．4.打开仪器控制软件，DFFRAC.Measurement Center选择lab manager，没有密码，回车进入软件界面。
1．5.在commander界面上，勾上request，然后点击Int ，对所有马达进行初始化，。
（在每次开机时需要进行初始化，仪器会自动提醒，未初始化显示为叹号！初始化正常后显示为对勾）。
（图1-2）1．6.机器启动完毕，可进行测量。
2．衍射仪准直步骤使用刚玉标准样品，测试从34.5°—36°衍射峰，步长选择0.01度，标准Kalpha1 峰位在35.149°，可以接受的偏差为0.005°。
如果偏差超过可接受范围，说明需要进行对光处理。
对光步骤：2．1.放置玻璃狭缝，放置时较宽的那面面对操作者。
将Theta与Detector设为0，按Go。
2．2.参数设置：固定发散狭缝或前置Twin 0.5度；次级Twin 5mm ；Cu 吸收片0.2mm ；林克斯探测器（0mode，14mm）2．3.选择Rocking 扫描模式，用来确定theta轴是否在零点。
设置theta扫描范围（-1°，0.01°，1°）测量设为0.1sec/step点击start，测完后打开commander目录下的reference andoffset determination，选择reference，点击OK重置tube的参考位置。
火焰检测器使用手册说明书
This document is FD User Manual/2003/Issue 1Flame DetectorUser ManualGeneralDescriptionThe flame detector is designed for use where open flaming fires may be expected. It responds to thelight emitted from flames during combustion. The detector discriminates between flames and otherlight sources by responding only to particular optical wavelengths and flame flicker frequencies. Thisenables the detector to avoided false alarms due to such factors as flicking sunlight.Electrical ConsiderationsThe flame detector can be connected in many different electrical configurations depending on theapplication. The detector requires a 24Vdc (14Vmin. to 30Vmax.) supply to operate. The detector canbe connected as a two-wire loop powered device increasing its supply current to signal that a flamehas been detected. See Fig 8. The supply connections to the detector are polarity sensitive.Also available are volt free contacts from two internal relays RL1 (Fire) and RL2 (Fault or pre-alarm).Using the relay contacts connected in a four-wire configuration the detector status can be signalledback to control equipment. See Fig 9.Removing the detector front cover provides accesses the detector terminals and configuration DILswitch. See Fig.4.Information in this guide is given in good faith, but the manufacturer cannot be held responsiblefor any omissions or errors. The company reserves the right to change the specifications ofproducts at any time and without prior notice.Alarm Response ModesThe detector is normally configured to latch into an alarm state when a flame is detected. The supplyto the detector has to be broken in order to reset the detector.The configuration DIL switch within the detector can be set to place the detector into a non-latchingmode. The detector can then also produce proportional analogue current alarm signals i.e. 8-28mA or4-20mA. In non-latching mode the detector only produces an alarm signal when a flame is in viewresetting itself to normal when the flame has gone.• • • • • • • Application for Flame DetectorsFlame detectors are used when detection is required to be:Unaffected by convection currents, draughts or wind Tolerant of fumes, vapours, dust and mist Responsive to a flame more than 25m away Fast reactingThe detector is capable of detecting the optical radiation emitted by burning material even non-carbonaceous materials. e.g. HydrogenNumerous other potential fire sources can be detected such asLiquids Solids Gases ● Aviation Fuels (kerosene) ● Coal ● Butane ● Ethanol ● Cotton ● Fluorine ● Methylated Spirits ● Grain & Feeds ● Hydrogen ● n-Heptane ● Paper ● Natural Gas ● Paraffin ● Refuse ● Off Gas ● Petrol (gasoline) ● Wood ● PropaneTypical applications examples are:● Agriculture ● Coal handling plant ● Pharmaceutical ● Aircraft hangars ● Engine rooms ● Power plants ● Atria ● Generator rooms ● Textiles ● Automotive industry ● Metal fabrication ● Transformer stations - spray booths ● Paper manufacture ● Waste handling - parts manufacture ● Petrochemical ● WoodworkingApplications and Locations to Avoid:● ambient temperatures above 55°C ● large IR sources – heaters, burners, flares ● close proximity to RF sources ● obstructions to field of view ● exposure to severe rain and ice ● sunlight falling directly on the detector optics ● large amounts of flickering reflections ● spot lighting directly on the detector opticsQuantities Required and Positioning of DetectorsThe number of detectors required and their position depends on:the anticipated size of the flamethe distance of the flame from the detector the angle of view of the flame detectorThe flame detector is designed to have a class 1 performance as defined in BS EN54-10:2002 on the high sensitivity setting. That is the ability to detect an n-heptane (yellow) fire of 0.1m² or methylated spirit (clear) fire of 0.25m² at a distance of up to 25m within 30 seconds.The detector can be set to have to a lower sensitivity setting equivalent to class 3 performance. Class 3 performance is defined as detecting the same size fires as for class 1 but at a distance of only 12m.Functional TestingWhen 24Vdc power is applied to the detector the green supply on indicator LED will illuminate. The fault relay RL2, if selected with the DIL switch, will energise and the contact between terminals 7 and 8 will close. If 24Vdc is applied to terminals 3 and 4 or terminal 3 is linked to terminal 1 the detector will perform a self-test. It does this by causing internal optical test sources to simulate the behaviour of flames and the detector will alarm. Alternatively a portable flame sensor test unit is available to generate simulated flame behaviour and test the detector a few metres in front of the detector. See Fig 12.Finally, provided it is safe to do so, carry out a flame test using a flickering flame source, such as a portable Bunsen burner. See Fig 13.A still non-flickering flame will not produce a response from the detector.Fig 12 Portable Flame Detector Test Unit Fig 13 Portable Bunsen BurnerService & RepairsServicing of the fire protection system should be carried out by competent persons familiar with this type of system, or as recommended by the local regulations in force. Only the manufacturer or equivalent authorised body may carry out repairs to the flame detectors. In practical terms this means that flame detector may be repaired only at the manufacturers factory.Fig 9 4 Wire Connection DiagramThe circuit shown above enables the flame detectors to interface with most type of fire alarm control systems. The fire relay RL1 is used to switch the required alarm load ‘R’ to generate a fire alarm signal. An end of line device ‘EOL’ mounted in the last detector provides the system with the ability to monitor the detector fault relay RL2 and the integrity of the interconnecting cables.InstallationIt is important that the detectors are installed in such a way that all terminals and connections are protected to at least IP20 with the detector cover fitted. The earth bonding terminals are provided for convenience where continuity of a cable sheath or similar if required.Adjustable mounting brackets and weather shields are available as shown below.Fig 10 Stainless Steel Adjustable MountFig 11 Stainless Steel Weather ShieldIn fact, the flame detector will detect fires at distances of up to 40 metres, but the flame size at such distances needs to be proportionally greater in order to be sure of reliable detection. Thus the yellow flickering flame that can be detected at 25m, provided that its size is not less than 0.1m², will have to be 0.4m² in order to be detected at 40metres.In a rectangular room the distance from the flame detector to the fire is calculated by the formula:Maximum distance = √ L² + W² + H²In the example shown in fig 1 the room in which the flame detector is to be installed measures 20m x 10m x 5m; the maximum distance from the detector to the flame will therefore be;Fig 1 Calculation of distance from detector to flameField of ViewThe flame detector has a field of view of approximately 90°, as shown in the diagram below.Fig 2 Conical field of view of the flame detectorFig 3 Detector Field of View PlotThe flame detector should be positioned at the perimeter of the room, pointing directly at theanticipated flame or at the centre of the area to be protected. If the detector cannot ‘see’ the whole of the area to be protected, one or more additional detectors may be required.The flame detector is not affected by normal light sources but should be positioned so that sunlight does not fall directly onto the viewing window.Detector Window ContaminationIt is important to keep the detector window clean and checks should be carried out at regular intervals – determine locally according to the type and degree of contamination encountered – to ensure optimal performance of the flame detector. Although the IR detectors can detect flames when the window is contaminated, there may be a reduction of sensitivity as shown in Table 1.Contamination Typical percentage of normal responseWater spray75%Steam 75%Smoke 75%Oil film 86% Salt water film 86% Dry salt deposits86%Table 1 IR Detector window contaminationUV/IR detectors are more susceptible to window contamination and must be kept clean.Connection Information-90°90°DetectorFig 8 Basic 2 Wire Connection DiagramThe simplest method of connecting the flame detector is in a 2-wire configuration as shown above. With a 24Vdc supply the current (i ) drawn by a detector/detectors can be monitored to determine the detector status. The DIL switches within the detector can be set to produce different current values (i ) to suit control systems.Detector Supply Currenti @ 24Vdc DIL Switch SettingNormal Quiescent Current Alarm (Fire) Current 1 2 3 4 Comment3mA 9mA 0 0 0 0 Lowest power configuration, RL1 only 4mA 20mA 0 0 1 0 For 4-20mA systems, no relays 8mA 14mA 1 1 1 0 Lowest power configuration & relays 8mA 20mA111For 4-20mA systems & relays 8mA28mA 1111Fire control panelsTable 4 Detector Supply & Alarm CurrentsIf the detector supply current falls below the normal quiescent current consumption then a fault is present. This could be simply an open circuit cable fault or a fault within the detector possibly due to the detector being taken over its rated temperature.Detectors can be connected in parallel increasing the overall quiescent current required. The alarm current signal will remain the same with the additional quiescent current drawn from other detectors.21Control Unit(Supplied by others)Flame Detector Single pair cable, also see note 1i++24Vdc Normal(Break supply to reset if detector set to latch)--NOTE 1Screened cable should be used with one end of the screen connected to earth. Also care should be taken not to run the detector cable next to power cables.Theory of OperationThe detector responds to low-frequency (1 to 15 Hz.) flickering IR radiation emitted from flames during combustion. IR flame flicker techniques enable the sensor to operate through a layer of oil, dust, water vapour, or ice.Most IR flame sensors respond to 4.3µm light emitted by hydrocarbon flames. By responding to 1.0 to 2.7µm light emitted by every fire all flickering flames can be detected. Gas fires not visible to the naked eye e.g. hydrogen may also be detected. The dual (IR²) and triple (IR³) IR photoelectric detectors, responding to neighbouring IR wavelengths, enable it to discriminate between flames and spurious sources of IR radiation. The combination of filters and signal processing allows the sensor to be used with little risk of false alarms in difficult situations characterised by factors such as flickering sunlight.Signal ProcessingThe detector views the flame at particular optical wavelengths. The more differing optical wavelength signals available the better the detector is at discriminating between flames and false optical sources. So although IR², IR³ and UV/IR² detectors can detect similar sized flames at the same distances, the UV/IR² detector willgive the greatest optical false signal immunity as it has the most diverse selection of optical wavelengths.The detector processes the optical signal information to determine if a flame is in view. This is achieved by comparing the signals with known flame characteristics stored within the detector.Fig 7 Block Diagram of the Detector Signal ProcessingIf the detector has interpreted the optical signals as a fire then it produces the required output responses. This will be in the form of supply current changes and the illumination of the red fire LED. The fire relay will also change state if required. The detector is constantly checking itself to ensure it is performing correctly. If a fault occurs the detector supply current will reduce, the fault relay will de-energise and the green supply LED will no longerilluminate constantly.FlameDetector InteriorFig 4 Detector with Front Cover removedElectrical ConnectionsThe flame detector has eight connection terminals as show in Fig 5. Removing the front cover of the flame detector accesses the connections. The cable is passed through the gland holes in the base of the detector.Fig 5 Electrical Connection TerminalsSupply ON (Green) - Steady if detector functioning correctly IR Optics -IR optical flame sensors & filtersFire (Red) - Indicates a FIRE detected Test (Yellow) - Indicates detector in test modeUV Optics (Option) -UV optical flame sensor if fittedDIL Switch -Select detector functionsConnection Terminals+IN -IN Test Input+R -RFLAME (N/O) Relay RL1FAULT (N/C) Relay RL2+24Vdc SupplyInputConnection Terminal DescriptionsTerminalNo. Mnemonic Function1 +IN Power Supply +V. +IN is the power supply input to the flame detectorand is normally 24Vdc with respect to terminal 2. The currentconsumption of detector can be monitored to determine the detectorstatus (Fault, Normal, Pre-alarm, Fire). If the detector is in latchingmode then this supply line must be broken in order to reset thedetector. A thermal fuse within the detector will blow and break the +INconnection if the detector operating temperature is exceeded.2 -IN Power Supply 0V. –IN is the return path for the detector supply current.-IN is also internally connected to terminal 4.3 +R Remote Detector Test Input +V. No connection to +R is necessary ifthe detector optical and circuit test feature is not required. If 24Vdc isapplied to terminals 3 and 4 the detector internal optical test sourceswill activate to simulate a flame. The detector yellow test LED willflicker to indicate an optical test is progress. The detector will thenalarm indicating that the test was successful.4 -R Remote Detector Test Input 0V. No connection to -R is necessary if thedetector optical and circuit test feature is not required.-R is internally connected to terminal 2.56 RL1Flame Relay RL1. This volt free contact is normally open (N/O) andonly closes when a flame has been detected. If the detector is inlatching mode (see DIL switch settings) the contact will remain closedonce a flame has been detected. Only when the detector supply +IN isbroken will the detector reset and the contact open once again. Thecontact can be changed to a normally closed (N/C) state by moving thelink on JP1 in the rear of the detector.Maximum relay contact ratings: Power=3W, Current=0.25Amp,Voltage=30Vdc. Resistive loads only.78 RL2Fault or Pre-alarm Relay RL2. This volt free contact is normally closed(N/C) if the detector has no faults and the supply voltage betweenterminals +IN and –IN is the correct value. If the detector mode ischanged (see DIL switch settings) this relay can be de-energised toreduce the detector current consumption. Alternatively RL2 can be setto provide a pre-alarm fire signal. The normal contact state can bechanged state by moving the link on JP2 in the rear of the detector.Maximum relay contact ratings: Power=3W, Current=0.25Amp,Voltage=30Vdc. Resistive loads only.Table 2 Connection Terminal Descriptions Selectable Detector Functions(DIL Switch Settings)Fig 6 DIL Switch with Detector Front Cover Removed (Normal factory settings shown)Selectable Functions DIL Switch Settings Relay RL2 Function: 1 2 RL2 off (No fault relay) – For lowest detector current consumption. 0 0 RL2 off, or UV pre-alarm, flame or electrical sparks detected. 1 0RL2 energised on IR pre-alarm0 1RL2 detector fault relay (Energised if detector powered and no faults) 1 ~ 1 Detector Supply Current (Detector Status): [-/ = see Output Mode below] 3 4 Low current mode, 3mA / 9mA (RL1 Only), 8mA / 14mA (RL1 & RL2) 0 0 Two-wire current signalling only. No relays operating. 4-20mA, 4/20mA 1 0 Two-wire current signalling 8-20mA, 8/20mA and both relays operating. 0 1 Two-wire current signalling 8/28mA and both relays operating. 1 ~ 1 Output Mode: 5(-) Proportional analogue supply current. Non-latching fire alarm signalling. (-) 0(/) Step change, supply current. Latching fire alarm signalling. (/) ~ 1 Response Time: 6 7Slowest ≈ 8s 0 0Medium ≈ 4s 1 ~ 0Fast ≈ 2s 0 1 Faster response times reduce the optical interference immunity. Very Fast ≈ 1s 1 1 Sensitivity: See EN 54-108Low Class 3 0High Class 1 ~ 1Factory settings ~Table 3 DIL Switch Settings。
Gas detector说明书
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Portablegas detector Model:,,GasAlertMicro"
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and GAMIC-BAT2-03
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1. QuickReferencGe uideGasAlertMicDro55541(4Englishin) theversionof 2004,20pages
2. GasAlertMicArToEXApprovaLlabelwitdhrawinNg o.GMlA-2o5f1April25th, 2005,GasAlertMicBroAMCertificatioSntickeGr MIA-328of Septembe8rth,2005 andBAMCalGasLabewl ithdrawingNo.FXUA09C of April2nd,2004,3pages
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SEC Millenium Hydrocarbon Gas Detector 操作手册说明书
SEC Millenium HydrocarbonGas DetectorInstruction and Operation ManualSensor Electronics Corporation12730 Creek View AvenueSavage, Minnesota 55378 USA(952) 938-9486 Fax (952) 938-9617Email:************************************Document Number 1460002, Revision CSensor Electronics CorporationSensor Electronics Corporation (SEC) designs and manufactures innovative fixed system gas detection equipment, for combustible gases, oxygen, carbon dioxide and toxic gases.CommitmentOur quality and service are uncompromising. We back each of our products with a two-year warranty on all materials and workmanship. We offer technical support, user training and on-site service and maintenance of equipment to meet the needs of our customers.Gas Detection ServiceIndividually designed maintenance packages are available for specific customer needs. Service begins with verification of the system installation that includes an initial system check and calibration. We then offer customer training programs (on-site and at factory) to insure that technical personnel fully understand operation and maintenance procedures. When on-the-spot assistance is required, service representatives are available to handle any questions or problems immediately.WARRANTYSENSOR ELECTRONICS CORPORATION (SEC) WARRANTS PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED BY SEC TO BE FREE FROM DEFECTS IN WORKMANSHIP AND MATERIALS FOR A PERIOD OF TWO (2) YEARS FROM DATE OF SHIPMENT FROM THE FACTORY. ANY PARTS RETURNED FREIGHT PRE-PAID TO THE FACTORY AND FOUND DEFECTIVE WITHIN THE WARRANTY WOULD BE REPAIRED OR REPLACED, AT SEC'S OPTION. SEC WILL RETURN REPAIRED OR REPLACED EQUIPMENT PRE-PAID LOWEST COST FREIGHT. THIS WARRANTY DOES NOT APPLY TO ITEMS, WHICH BY THEIR NATURE ARE SUBJECT TO DETERIORATION OR CONSUMPTION IN NORMAL SERVICE. SUCH ITEMS MAY INCLUDE:CHEMICAL SENSOR ELEMENTSFUSES AND BATTERIES.WARRANTY IS VOIDED BY ABUSE INCLUDING ROUGH HANDLING, MECHANICAL DAMAGE, ALTERATION OR REPAIR. THIS WARRANTY COVERS THE FULL EXTENT OF SEC LIABILITY AND SEC IS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR REMOVAL, REPLACEMENT COSTS, LOCAL REPAIR COSTS, TRANSPORTATION COSTS OR CONTINGENT EXPENSES INCURRED WITHOUT PRIOR WRITTEN APPROVAL. SENSOR ELECTRONICS CORPORATION'S OBLIGATION UNDER THIS WARRANTY SHALL BE LIMITED TO REPAIR OR REPLACEMENT OF ANY PRODUCT THAT HAS BEEN RETURNED TO SENSOR ELECTRONICS CORPORATION FOR WARRANTY CONSIDERATION. THIS WARRANTY IS EXPRESSLY IN LIEU OF ANY AND ALL OTHER WARRANTIES EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, AND ALL OTHER OBLIGATIONS OR LIABILITIES ON THE PART OF SENSOR ELECTRONICS CORPORATION INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. IN NO EVENT SHALL SENSOR ELECTRONICS CORPORATION BE LIABLE FOR DIRECT, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL LOSS OR DAMAGE OF ANY KIND CONNECTED WITH THE USE OF IT'S PRODUCTS OR FAILURE TO FUNCTION OR OPERATE PROPERLY.WARNING: READ AND UNDERSTAND THE USER’S MANUAL BEFORE OPERATING OR SERVICINGWARNING: KEEP COVER TIGHT WHILE CIRCUITS ARE LIVECAUTION: FOR SAFETY REASONS THIS EQUIPMENT MUST BE OPERATED ANDSERVICED BY QUALIFIED PERSONEL ONLYRevision HistoryTable of ContentsRevision History (3)Table of Contents (4)I. SPECIFICATIONS (5)II GENERAL DESCRIPTION (6)III. OPERATION (8)IV. CALIBRATION (10)V. MAINTENANCE (10)VI. Parts List (11)VII. Drawing Section (12)I. SPECIFICATIONSModel:Sensor Electronics Corporation SEC MILLENIUM Infrared Hydrocarbon Gas DetectorAvailable gases:Methane Hexane Jet A TolueneEthane Diesel Ethanol P-XyleneEthylene Gasoline Methanol Tert-Butyl AcetateEthylene Oxide Green Earth Butane MEKPropane DF 2000 HexanePlease note that this list is not all-inclusive. The SEC MILLENIUM can be calibrated for most hydrocarbons, provided a calibration gas is available. For more please contact Sensor Electronics Corporation.Part Number: 1420280Detection Method:DiffusionOptional sample draw (requires a minimum of 1 liter per minute flow rate)Output (analog):4-20 mA (Source type), max. 1000 Ohm load at 24 VDC supply voltageResponse Time:T50 < 5 secondsT90 < 10 secondsConstruction:316 stainless steel.Accuracy:+/- 3% LFL, 0 to 50% LFL (Lower Flammable Limit)+/- 5% LFL, 51 to 100% LFLOperating Temperature Rating:-40︒ to +70︒C at 0 to 99% RH (non-condensing)Operating Voltage:24 VDC Operating range: 18 to 32 VDC measured at the detector headPower Consumption: 5 Watts Max.Max. Current Draw: (at 24 VDC)Average: 210 mAPeak: 400 mAApprovals:Explosion Proofness: Class I, Division 1, Groups B,C and D, Temp T5; (CSA for -40C to +50C) Combustible Gas Performance: C22.2 No 152, ANSI/ISA 12.13.01 – 2000; (CSA)UL 2075, Methane 0-100%LEL Only; (Conforms to UL2075, Intertek Listed)(UL2075 Listing requires the use of the SEC3120 Transmitter.) Installation Category: Cat. I, Pollution Degree 2II GENERAL DESCRIPTIONCONVENTIONSThe following conventions are used in this manual.!Warning or Caution StatementVDC (DC Voltage)SEC MILLENIUMThe SEC MILLENIUM Infrared gas detector is a microprocessor based intelligent gas detector that continuously monitors combustible hydrocarbon gases and vapors within the Lower Flammable Limit (LFL).The SEC MILLENIUM is ideally suited for use in harsh environments and where the cost of required maintenance for conventional catalytic detectors is prohibitive. The SEC MILLENIUM Infrared gas detector will perform reliably in the presence of silicone and other catalytic poisoning agents and can also operate in oxygen free environments or where high background gas levels are present. There are no known poisons that affect this technology.The SEC MILLENIUM is a stand-alone device providing a continuous 4 to 20 mA output.Features∙Requires no routine calibration to ensure proper operation.∙ Continuous self-test automatically indicates a fault, with fail to safe operation.∙ A multi-layered filtering system protects optics from dirt and water ingress.∙Straight optical path eliminates the need for mirrors or reflective surfaces, such as mirrors or beam splitters.∙Performs well in the presence of high concentrations or constant background levels of hydrocarbons and in oxygen depleted atmospheres.∙Highly resistant to poisoning and etching.∙Standard 4 to 20 mA output (current source)∙Explosion proof housing designed for harsh environments.∙Smart Calibration AutoAC™ circuit.Infrared Detection TechnologyThe SEC MILLENIUM Infrared gas detector uses infrared absorption technology for detecting combustible hydrocarbon gases. Gases absorb infrared light only at certain wavelengths. The concentration of a gas can be measured by the difference of two channels (wavelengths), a reference and a measurement channel. The SEC MILLENIUM uses a collimated infrared light source that passes through a waveguide, at the end of the waveguide is a dual channel receiver. The dual channel receiver measures the intensity of two specific wavelengths, one at an absorption wavelength and another outside of the absorption wavelength. The gas concentration is determined by a comparison of these two values.Infrared Absorption Spectrum for MethaneThe dual channel receiver is a single wafer, double filtered, dual receiver with an internal optical barrier. The elements are perfectly matched resulting in overall stability and superior performance throughout the entire temperature range.Using a dual channel receiver there is no need to use any special lenses or beam splitters to achieve the different measurement bands.The SEC MILLENIUM utilizes a unique, patented feature; the AutoAC ™ circuit. The AutoAC ™ circuit is an automatic analog control circuit, which allows the SEC MILLENIUM to be calibrated for any combustible hydrocarbon, provided that a calibration quality level of the gas is available. This eliminates setting dipswitches or changing out sensors for different types of hydrocarbons, simply calibrate the unit with a calibration gas of the specific gas to be detected.The optics can be easily disassembled for cleaning. This does not require powering the unit down and does not compromise the units’ explosion proof rating. The device will self-compensate for dirty optics until a point in which the optical surfaces are completely obscured.There are no consumable components contained in this product.Wavelength100%Dual Channel Infrared LightIII. OPERATIONInstallation and StartupWarning: If the equipment is used in a manner not specified by the manufacturer, the protection provided by the equipment may be impaired.The first step in the installation process is to establish a mounting location for the SEC MILLENIUM. Select a location that is typical of the atmosphere to be monitored or close to the anticipated source of a dangerous gas.It is very important that the SEC MILLENIUM be properly located to enable it to provide maximum protection. The most effective number and placement of sensors vary depending on the conditions of the application. When determining where to locate sensors the following factors should be considered.∙What are the characteristics of the gas that is to be detected? Is it lighter or heavier than air? If it is lighter than air the sensor should be placed above the potential gas leak. Place the sensor close to the floor for gases that are heavier than air or for vapors resulting from flammable liquid spills. Note that air currents can cause a gas that is heavier than air to rise. In addition, if the temperature of the gas is hotter than ambient air or mixed with gases that are lighter than air, it could also rise.∙How rapidly will the gas diffuse into the ambient air? Select a location for the sensor that is close to the anticipated source of a gas leak.∙Wind or ventilation characteristics of the immediate area must also be considered. Movement of air may cause gas to accumulate more heavily in one area than in another. The detector should be placed in the areas where the most concentrated accumulation of gas is anticipated. For outdoor applications with strong wind conditions, it may require the sensors to be mounted closer together and on the downwind side, to the anticipated area of a gas leak. Also take into consideration for indoor applications, the fact that many ventilation systems do not operate continuously.∙The sensor should be accessible for maintenance.∙Excessive heat or vibration can cause premature failure of any electronic device and should be avoided if possible.∙Follow all national and local installation codes and practices.The SEC MILLENIUM has a ¾” NPT threaded connector for mounting the detector to a junction box. SEC can provide a junction box with terminals for this purpose.A user-supplied junction box can be used providing it has the appropriate sized NPT conduit entries. The junction box must be suitable for use in the application and location in which it is being installed.After the device has been installed, a calibration is required. Refer to the Calibration section of this manual. Wiring connectionsRed wire: 18 to 32 VDCBlack wire: DC CommonBlue wire: 4 to 20 mA outputWhite wire: Smart Calibration Wire (data wire)Earth Ground: Male 10-32 Stud on SEC Millenium cap, see figure 1.Wire sizing:0 to 500 feet, recommended wire gauge size 16 AWG501 to 1000 feet, recommended wire gauge size 14 AWGShielded cable is recommended. Wiring should be installed in metal conduit with no other cabling in the same conduit.Warm-upWhen power is applied to the detector, it enters a one (1) minute warm-up mode. The output current will be 4.0 mA during the warm up time period. At the end of the warm-up period with no faults present, the detector automatically enters the normal operating mode and continues to show 4 mA. If a fault is present after warm-up, the detector current output will indicate a fault. See the following chart for fault code status.NormalIn the normal operating mode, the 4-to-20 mA signal levels correspond to the detected gas concentration. The detector continuously checks for system faults or initiation of calibration and automatically changes to the appropriate mode.The 4 to 20 mA output of the SEC MILLENIUM is a non-isolated current source.Current Output and Corresponding StatusOnce the fault is cleared the SEC MILLENIUM will atomatically resume normal operation.IV. CALIBRATIONSEC MILLENIUMThe SEC MILLENIUM is factory calibrated; zeroed and spanned. Unlike catalytic sensors it does not require routine span gas calibration to ensure proper operation.The SEC MILLENIUM can be calibrated for almost any hydrocarbon using a calibration gas of the hydrocarbon that is to be detected (target gas). The SEC MILLENIUM is required to be spanned with gas only one time with the target gas. Typically this is done at the factory, but it is possible to field span the device by connecting the SEC MILLENIUM to a computer and using a software package provided by SEC. Please contact the factory for further details.A typical field calibration only requires the use of zero air (or 99.99% nitrogen). If the sensor is located in an area that is known to be free of the hydrocarbon gases then ambient air can be used as a zero reference.If zero air is used for the calibration, there is a fitting on the bottom of the sensor for a 1/8” ID tubing connection.Before beginning calibration use the SEC MILLENIUM Insulation Tube to cover outer cylinder holes and connect a clean air source to the sensor’s calibration port for a minimum of 3 minutes. To enter into the calibration mode the calibration wire must be connected to negative (common of the power supply) for ten (10) seconds, upon release the sensor will automatically enter the zero calibration routine. The electronics will automatically adjust the sensor’s signal to the new zero reference level. (Applying span gas is not necessary because of the SEC MILLENIUM’s unique software algorithms). During the zero calibration routine, the current output of the SEC MILLENIUM will go to 2.2 mA. Although this can be accomplished manually, installation of a switch (contact closure) can accomplish the zeroing procedure. It is recommended that this switch be a momentary type switch to prevent it from inadvertently being left in the calibrate position. If after 20 seconds the calibration lead has not been removed from common, the SEC MILLENIUM will ignore the signal and continue operation as normal.The SEC MILLENIUM can be spanned in the field if the customer wishes to change the target hydrocarbon gas. Please contact factory for additional equipment information and pricing for SEC PC IR Link Package) V. MAINTENANCEThe SEC MILLENIUM does not normally require cleaning of the optics. However if the unit is operating in a very dirty or dusty environment the optical path might become obscured. If the obscuration is severe enough to affect the unit’s accuracy, the unit will activate an “Optics Fault”. To clear an Optics Fault, first try a calibration. If the calibration does not correct the fault condition, try to clean the optics. The outer barrel (tube with two sets of holes) can be removed (unscrewed) to inspect the cleanliness of the hydrophobic filter. The hydrophobic filter is a Teflon coated stainless steel mesh that keeps moisture and particulates out of the optical path. A setscrew holds the fil ter to the MILLENIUM’s housing. Once the hydrophobic filter is removed, the internal waveguide tube should be inspected for cleanliness. The waveguide and waveguide collar can be removed by inserting rigid instruments such as Allen wrenches into one hole of the waveguide and one hole of the collar. Turning the two instruments in opposite directions will loosen the waveguide allowing the collar to be screwed down on to the waveguide until it can be removed from the SEC MILLENIUM housing. This will allow the windows of the SEC MILLENIUM to be cleaned. Dust can be removed using compressed air. Hard or oily deposits can be removed using Isopropyl alcohol and cotton tipped swabs. Wipe any film or residue or film left by the alcohol on the windows with a clean dry cotton swab. The internal surface of the electro-polished wave-guide tube can be cleaned the same way. Be careful not to leave any particles of the cleaning swab in the waveguide. The waveguide holes can collect pieces of the cleaning swab. After reassembling the unit (the waveguide and collar should be very tight to both ends of the SEC MILLLENIUM housing after installation. Once the unit is completely reassembled and power is reapplied, the SEC MILLENIUM must be calibrated. Refer to the calibration section of this manual.VI. Parts ListPart Number Description142-0280 Replacement Sensor SEC MILLENIUM190-1001 SEC 2001 Sensor Separation Kit142-0877 SEC Insulation Tube142-0497 SEC MILLENIUM Replacement Hydrophobic Filter 142-0297 SEC MILLENIUM Wave Guide Tube142-0570 SEC MILLENIUM Wave Guide Tube Collar142-0636 SEC PC IR Link KitVII. Drawing SectionFigure # TitleFigure 1 Wiring Diagram, SEC MILLENIUM Figure 2 SEC Sensor Separation Kit。
ABI SENTRY 隶属于SENTRY Counterfeit IC Detector的产品说明书
603082SENTRYCounterfeit IC DetectorSuitable for All Devices/Packages •Good/Suspect/Fail Results •No Training Required •Configurable Library •Full Analysis Report •Are you able to protect your business against counterfeit ICs ?The ABI SENTRY is a unique solution for the q uick and easy detection of counterfeit ICs and components.Through a complex PinPrint test algorithm, SENTRY is able to identify parts that have a different internal structure, or no structure at all, and even components originating from a different manufacturer.SENTRY is your very own electronic sentry, guarding the entrance to your production facility from the infiltration of counterfeit devices.SENTRY - simple but powerful instrumentWhat are counterfeit components ?Counterfeit [koun-ter-fit] Adj. : made in imitation so as to be passed off fraudulently or deceptively as genuine.The manufacture of counterfeit (or fake) components is an illegal process that emerged due to the transferable value of electronics parts. Any company in the world requiring components to manufacture Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) is at risk and many have already received batches of “bad” devices.Counterfeiting is achieved through various processes. Devices known as “pulls” are removed from scrap boards (which have been discarded) in a process that is highly unsafe. Following superficial repairs, these devices are branded with (ir)relevant information - including a manufacturer’s logo - and passed on to an unwary buyer as genuine. Another technique is to actually produce components using the normal manufacturing capabilities in “ghost shifts” which take place outside of standard hours. However , the chips created that way include many manufacturing faults and some may not even contain a silicon die.Unfortunately, it is not possible to differentiate counterfeit components until they are placed on a PCB and the production team runs the first tests on the complete assembly. This leads to the costly process of identifying the component(s) at fault and then removing them from all boards in production. In some cases, complete batches of finished products need to be recalled to the factory.In the last five years, reports of counterfeit components have increased exponentially. In 2008, export of fake ICs accounted for more than 8% of global merchandise trade which is equivalent to lost sales of $6 Billion.SENTRY Counterfeit IC Detector is a product designed to help electronics companies protect their production facilities from the infiltration of counterfeit components. It is an easy to use instrument with a dual purpose :• Check components as they are received by the storesdepartment and ensure that they are valid. Staff from goods inwards department can use the system with no knowledge of electronics.• Review potentially fake components and analyse thetest data with suppliers. Advanced users can use the full report to determine the origin of failure.SENTRY is designed to accommodate all types of components, from simple two-pin devices to more complex packages such as :- Dual In-Line (DIL)- Small Outline Integrated Component (SOIC)- Small Outline Package (SSOP , TSOP)- Plastic Leadless Chip Carrier (PLCC)- Quad Flat Pack (TQFP , PQFP , LQFP)- Ball Grid Array (BGA)Note: SENTRY does not limit itself to testing electronics components, it could also be used for entire modules.Scan Profiles and PinPrint AcquisitionSENTRY works by scanning the device under test to measure the electrical characteristics of its pins (or a subset of pins). These characteristics are called PinPrints and are used to compare a known genuine component with a suspect one. In order to acquire PinPrints , SENTRY applies electrical signals to the pins of the device. The hardware settings which control these electrical signals are known as scan profiles and can be modified by users. The parameters that can be set include the voltage range, the low and high peak voltage, the waveform, the source resistance and the frequency.As well as changing the parameters of the scan profile, SENTRY can also scan components in two modes:• Normal mode : the electrical signals are applied to the device under test with a fixed reference.• Matrix mode : the reference of the electrical signals rotates around the device under test for a more detailed inspection.SENTRY Test ChannelsAs standard, the SENTRY unit offers up to 128 test channels which can be configured for various device packages.For more advanced applications, SENTRY can be extended to 256 testchannels using the upgrade modules available from ABI Electronics.Scan Results and ComparisonLibrary Development / Package Editor Comparison TypeThe detection of potentially counterfeit components is achieved by comparing the PinPrints of a known genuine device with the PinPrints of the device under test. SENTRY offers two mode of comparison :• Saved Comparison: the PinPrints being acquired are automatically compared with previously saved ones.• Socket Comparison: the PinPrints of two separate devices are compared live.With SENTRY, users can manage a wide range of information for each device. PinPrints of components can be saved within the software and recalled for a new comparison scan at any time.For a more thorough traceability of devices, extra information can be added in the component folder and includes photos, PDF documents or even text and spreadsheet editors.The above set of data, including designed packages and fixtures, can be exported for backup or sharing between multiple stations.Comparison ResultsFor ease of use, the results of the saved or socket comparison are displayed automatically on the device under test, as can be seen on the screen shot above. Three conditions can be encountered:•Good device () •Suspect device () •Bad device () For refined and accurate comparison, the point, pin and overall tolerances can be adjusted manually.üûThe ABI SENTRY software gives users the power to modify or generate new packages in order to respond to the wide variety of components available on the market. It will also enable SENTRY to remain fully useable for bespoke or custom designs as well as future releases by semiconductor manufacturers.The Package Editor is a graphical interface which allows users to quickly design packages to illustrate the device under test. Pin mapping to SENTRY’s test channels is achieved smoothly through the package fixture editor (picture, right).To make SENTRY more interactive and to remove any potential operator errors, pop up messages can be introduced to guide the user through the process of testing a device. Text instructions can also be implemented.Scan StepsSENTRY can also divide scans into different steps by halting the scanning process and informing the user of the required operation to be carried out. This is particularly useful to test components in different orientations or to gradually scan avery high pin count device.ABI Electronics Ltd Dodworth Business ParkBarnsley S75 3SP South Yorkshire United KingdomTel: +44 (0) 1226 207420Fax: +44 (0) 1226 207620Your Local Distributor:Technical SpecificationsElectrical Requirements Physical Specifications Dimensions: 27 x 25 x 9 cm Operating voltage: 85 - 264 VAC Weight: 3.5 KgOperating frequency: 47 - 63 Hz Power consumption: 150 VA Max SpecificationsCE approved & RoHS compliant 128 test channels (standard)Expandable to 256 test channels in steps of 64Environmental Req uirements20V pk-pk max test voltageOperating temperature: 10°C to 30°C Sine, ramp and triangle waveform available Humidity: 20 to 80%Included Accessories Computer Req uirementsUser Manual TM TM Microsoft Windows XP or Vista USB cablePentium 4 or aboveSoftware CD (including drivers and manual)Minimum RAM: 512 MB Hard disk space: 200MB USB 2.0 high speed port Mouse, keyboard & monitorSENTRY Counterfeit IC Detector - Chip Report603082。
SENSITRON智能“P”型气体检测器用户手册说明书
USER MANUAL FOR SMART “P” GAS DETECTORSSENSITRON S.r.l. Viale della Repubblica, 4820010 CORNAREDO MI - ItalyPh: + 39 02 93548155 Fax: + 39 02 93548089E-MAIL:******************Technical Manual SMART PWarningTHIS MANUAL MUST BE CAREFULLY READ BY ALL PERSONS WHO HAVE OR WILL HAVE THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR INSTALLING, USING OR SERVICING THIS PRODUCT.Like any equipment, this product will perform as designed only if installed, used and serviced in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. OTHERW ISE, IT COULD FAIL TO PERFORM AS DESIGNED AND PERSONS WHO RELY ON THIS PRODUCT FOR THEIR SAFETY COULD SUFFER SEVERE PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH.The warranties made by Sensitron s.r.l. with respect to this product are voided if the product is not installed, used and serviced in accordance with the instructions in this user guide. Please protect yourself and others by following them.We recommend our customers to write or call regarding this equipment prior to use or for any additional information relative to use or repair.Technical Manual SMART P INDEX1)DESCRIPTION (4)1.1)T ECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS (5)2)INSTALLATION (6)2.1)C IRCUIT LAYOUT (7)2.2)E LECTRIC WIRING (8)2.3)D ETECTOR POWER ON (9)2.4)T ESTING AND U SE (9)2.5)H ANDHELD CALIBRATION KEYPAD ST.S/CKD PK (9)1) DESCRIPTIONSMART P gas detectors come in the following versions based on the type of gas to be detected:CO, range 0-300 ppm, 3 pin industrial cell NO2, range 0-30 ppm, 3 pin industrial cellDetectors with dual sensor were manufactured to optimise installation costs, coupled with the CO-NO2 and CO-PETROL VAPOUR sensor in a single case.SMART P use high performance sensor cells and test all functions including a self test for CO cell reliability.SMART P detectors are set for 4-wire connections: 2 for power and 2 for data communications via RS485 serial to the MULTISCAN++PK unit.SMART P provide fast and safe installation as well as easy maintenance and field calibration via the STS/CKD-PK calibration keypad.Detectors run on 12-24 Vdc power and sold in IP55 metallic cases.SMART P-1Designed to fulfil the new European Standard for gas detection in car parks, the SMART P-1 gas detectors provide a serial RS485.The SMART P-1 employ electrochemical cells for the detection of CO or NO2.To meet with the standard in full, these detectors are to be connected to MULTISCAN++PARK gas control panels.SMART P-1 detectors for Carbon Monoxide and NO2CODE DESCRIPTIONCAT. €S2398CO CO detector for car parks RS485 serial outputs. Range 0-300 ppm.B 240,00 S2399NDNO2 detector for car parks, RS485 serial outputs. Range 0-30 ppm.B320,00SMART P-2Designed to fulfil the new European Standard for gas detection in car parks, the SMART P-2 gas detectors offer the simultaneous detection of CO and NO2 or Petrol vapours integrated in the same detector.The SMART P-2 provide a serial RS485.To meet with the standard in full, these detectors are to be connected to MULTISCAN++PARK gas control panels.SMART P-2 detector for Carbon Monoxide and Nitrogen Dioxide/PetrolVapoursCODE DESCRIPTION CAT. €S2400CO-ND CARBON MONOXIDE & NITROGEN DIOXIDE detector for carparks, RS485 serial output. Range 0-300 ppm CO and 0-30ppm NO2.B 400,00S2400CO-VB CARBON MONOXIDE & PETROL VAPOURS detector for carparks, RS485 serial output. Range 0-300 ppm CO and 0-100%LEL Petrol Vapours.B 420,00CALIBRATION TOOLS for SMART PCODE DESCRIPTION CAT. €STS/CKD-PK Handheld calibration keypad to be connected to the detector toadjust the Zero, Span and 4-20mA values.A 200,001.1) Technical specificationsTypical use To be used with MULTISCAN++PK256/128/64/32 type units to monitor toxic gas incar parks and garagesDetectable gas Carbon Monoxide 0-300 ppm.Nitric dioxide 0 - 30 ppmPetrol Vapours 0-100% LELSensor used Electrochemical cell for CO and NO2. Catalyticfor Petrol Vapour.Power 12-24 Vdc (-20% +15%)Proportional output RS485 serialAbsorption at 12-24Vdc CO max 70mANO2 max 70mACO+NO2 max 80mACO+PETROL VAPOUR max 110 mARepeatability 5% FSStorage temp. -25 / + 60 °CWorking temperature -20 / + 60 °CRelative humidity 20-90 % non condensed RH/40°CIP protection level IP55Weight 600 gr.Dimensions L. 100, H. 180, D. 65 mmEstimated sensor life 4 years for CO and PETROL VAPOUR sensors3 years for NO2 sensor2) INSTALLATIONAt the mounting and installation phase be sure all safety precautions have been considered.Always consider how important it is the correct positioning of gas detectors to get the optimum response. Be careful never to install gas detectors close to air intakes or fans causing strong air currents.Be sure the detectors are attached to a firm base to prevent vibration that can damage them, producing unreliable results.Although the electronics comply with the electromagnetic compatibility rules, it is advised to keep the detectors at a distance from any radio frequency senders (such as radio links or similar).Please be also sure that detectors are placed in a convenient location for future maintenance and calibration requirements.We recommend you mount the Smart P detector at nose level (about 150 cm off the ground) since this is the position suited to detect CO and NO2. The Petrol Vapour detector should, on the other hand, be installed about 30 cm off the ground. the CO+PETROL VAPOUR detector comes with an extension kit to mount the Petrol Vapour sensor 30 cm off the ground.Also remember that correct detector positioning is essential to ensure prompt and accurate detection.The gas detector is always to be mounted with the sensing element placed downward.For no reasons at all the enclosure can be drilled.Wall mount the detectors by employing the existing holes150mmfront back2.1)Circuit layout1234+-A BC o n n e c t i o n s t e r m i n a l b l o c kM o r s e t t i e r a c o l l e g a m e n t oS c h e d a e l e t t r o n i c a r i l e v a t o r eD e t e c t o r e l e c t r o n i c b o a r dS e n s o r H e a d 2c o n n e c t i o n (E .C .E l e c t r .C e l l o r C a t s e n s o r )T e s t a s e n s o r e 2(E .C .C e l l a E l e t t r o c h i m i c a o s e n s o r e c a t a l i t i c o )J p 10R s 485E n d o f L i n e 120O h m r e s i s t o r C l o s e d :r e s i s t o r O p e n :n o r e s i s t o r J p 10r e s i s t e n z a f i n e l i n e a R s 485(120O h m )C l o s e d :r e s i s t e n z a i n s .O p e n :n o r e s i s t e n z aS e n s o r H e a d 1c o n n e c t i o n (E .C .E l e c t r .C e l l )T e s t a s e n s o r e 1(E .C .C e l l a E l e t t r o c h i m i c a )J p 8s e l e z i o n e b a u d r a t e R s 485c o m m A P E R T O :9600B p s /:115000B p sJ p 8R s 485b a u d r a t e s e l e c t i o n O P E N :9600B p s /C L O S E D :115000B p sJ p 7c o n n e c t i o n o f h a n d h e l d c a l i b r a t i o n k e y p a dJ p 7c o l l e g a m e n t o t a s t i e r a c a l i b r a z i o n eD l 2L e d G r e e n :d e t e c t o r a c t i v i t y .R e p e a t t h e v a r i o u s d e t e c t o r s t a t u sL e d V e r d e D l 1:a t t i v i t àd i s p o s i t i v o .R i p e t e i d i v e r s i s t a t i d e l r i l e v a t o r eD l 3L e d R e d :R s 485m o n i t o r L i t i n c o m m u n i c a t i o nL e d R o s s o D l 3:m o n i t o r R s 485.A c c e s s o i n c o m u n i c a z i o n eD l 2L e d R e d :R s 485W a t c h d o g m o n i t o r .S e r i o u s p r o b l e m L e d O NL e d R o s s o D l 2:m o n i t o r W a t c h d o g L e d O N g u a s t o d i s p o s i t i v oC H I U S O2.2) Electric wiringThe connection of the detectors to RS485 bus lines should be performed by using a 4-wire cable, 1 pair for the RS485 bus and 1 for the power supply.Wiring between the detectors and the control panel should be made by using connection cable EIA RS485: 2 core wires with section 0.22 / 0.35 mm2 and shield (twisted pair). Nominal capacity between the wires <50pF/m, nominal impedance 120 ohm.These features can be found in BELDEN cable 9842 or similar (data transmission cable in EIA RS485).Using this wiring, the total length of the line should not exceed m 1000.Detectors and output modules are to be wired in daisy chain mode. We recommend avoiding star or tree mode connection as interference immunity would be reduced.Make sure that a 120 Ohm end line resistor is placed at the beginning and at the end (on the last detector or output module) of the bus line.For the detectors' power supply connection we recommend to use a 2-wire cable with suitable section according to the distance and number of detectors.Once the installation has been completed, verify that each detector reaches at least 12 Vdc. Each Smart P detector connected on the unit line must have a univocal address. Use the specific STS/CKD PK keypad to set the detector address. See the specific paragraph below in the manual.+-A B S 2S 116AB+-Detector+-A B S 2S 116A B +-Detector+-A B S 2S 116AB +-DetectorAl rilevatore successivo (*)to the next detector (*)Dalla centraleFrom the control panelnote: if the detector (or the module) is the last of the line: close the 120 ohm resistor jumpernota: se il rilevatore (o il modulo uscite)è l’ultimo sulla linea: chiudereil jumper della resistenza da 120 ohm+-A B ST.G/OUT16 module2.3) Detector power ONWhen the detector is powered on, the green LED DL1 on the motherboard starts blinking at slow intermittence.After nearly two minutes, the red LED flash rate is equivalent to the detector working status (see table below).Once the warm-up phase is over, the detector can work correctly, although the optimal performances will be achieved after two hours.2.4) Testing and UseDetectors are factory calibrated for the specific gas required by the customers. Future adjustment of the preset calibration can be carried out by employing the calibration keypad. Testing should be carried out by using a gas mixture in the appropriate range, along with our calibration kit.The green DL1 LED on the electronic board flashes to indicate detector status as illustrated in the table below.LED DL1 (green) shows the detector's operative status (mS= milliseconds)Warm-Up Flashing 750 mS ON; 250 mS OFFFault low Lit fixedAllarm 1 Flashing 250 mS ON; 1750 mS OFFAllarm 2 Flashing 250 mS ON; 250 mS OFF; 250 mS ON; 1250 mS OFFAllarm 3 Flashing 250 mS ON; 250 mS OFF; 250 mS ON; 250 mS OFF 250 mS ON; 750 mS OFFFault high Flashing 250 mS ON; 250 mS OFFNormal status Flashing 1 sec. ON; 1 sec. OFF2.5) Handheld calibration keypad ST.S/CKD PKSmart P gas detectors offer a field adjustment for the Zero, Span (response to gas) and the serial address (for the RS485 bus).By operating with the handheld calibration keypad, pressing ENTER, ESC, Arrow UP and Arrow DOWN, the Zero, Span and serial Address shall be accomplished.The keypad can be connected when the detector is powered ON and operating. Before opening the detector enclosure, be sure all safety precautions have been considered.Insert the female connector of the keypad at the edge of the flat cable into the male connector on the Smart P main board.Once connected, the keypad will display the gas concentration being measured.Adjustments are required whenever either Fault or unjustified Alarms due to environmental conditions occur (Zero adjustment) or detectors need modifying their response to gas (Span adjustment).Span adjustment requires a calibrated gas cylinder, either filled with the same gas the detector has been calibrated for or a reference gas advised by the manufacturerFor the Zero adjustment, gas detectors are to be in fresh air (without any gas or interfering compounds) and powered on since 8 hours at least.Once the routine is over a test with gas is to be made to verify the right working condition.KEYPADFig. 2.5 a) Connection of the calibration keypadCalibration keypad menu0,0ZEROSPANVERADRENTENTENTENTENTESC0,00,00,12001rESENTWAITFig. 2.5 b) Calibration keypad main menuZEROWhen the detector SMART P is turned On for the first time, or when a new kit sensor is mounted into the instrument, the AUTO ZERO calibration is recommended. This action has to be done under the following two conditions:Gas detectors are to be in fresh air (without any gas or interfering compounds) and powered on since 8 hours at least. Where there is no such certainty of being in clean air (without gas), calibration Auto zero is necessary to use a special mixture of synthetic air (79% nitrogen and 20.9% oxygen).Once the routine is over a test with gas is to be made to verify the right working condition.Perform the task of Auto Zero Smart P detector simply by pressing ENT from Auto Zero menu and follow the steps in the block diagram.SPANThe Span allows the instrument calibration and is to be executed if when tested in gas occurred that the instrument is not properly calibrated. To run the Span is essential the use of a mixture (cylinder) gas sample with the Target Gases (gas that the tool should detect) or with a reference gas to which the sensor is sensitive.To apply the mixture of gases sample at Smart P, Sensitron makes available a dedicated calibration kit. The calibration KIT, supplied with a carrying case, comprises the necessary instrumentation to verify in situ the response of Sensitron's gas detectors The calibration cap can be fitted on all of Sensitron sensing heads by employing, when necessary, the endowed adaptors.Both gaskets and screw threads inside the cap allow an optimum tightness between the sensing head and the cap. The analysis chamber inside the calibration cap has been designed and realized to obtain a test method identical to that adopted in our laboratory for the initial factory calibration.The valve complete with flow meter is to be mounted on the gas can to allow a gas outlet at a controlled velocity to obtain accurate data to verify the sensing element status.rES ResetReset of Fault statusVER VersionDetector firmware versionADR AddressAddress of detector for communicating to RS485 bus. Ex. 0040,0 ENTSPANENT VERENTADRZEROENTZGL 000,0 0,0 DONESGL200,0FACTYES ZGL Concentrazione gasper lo Zero: lasciare a “000,0”per VB, CO, NO ed No2ZGL Zero Gas Level: let to“000,0” for VB, CO, NOand No2ENT ENTENT Indicazione del valore attualeletto dal rilevatore. Per azzerarelo strumento confermare con ENTReal time value indication. T omake the Zero adjustment,confirm by ENTTaratura di Zero eseguitaZero adjustement doneSGL: Concentrazione gasper la taratura della sensibilità.Inserire il valore della concentrazionegas della bombola usata(es. 200 ppm CO)SGL Span Gas Level: Gas Levelfor the detector sensivity adjustement.Enter the gas concentration of thegas bottle usedFACT: fattore relativo nel casovenga usato un gas di riferimento perla taratura della sensibilità. Altrimentiselezionare YESFACT: Coefficent Factor, to be usedin case a difference reference gasis used, for the sensivity adjustement.Otherwise select and confirm YES.0,0195,0A questo punto far fluire allo strumentoil gas di taratura, l’indicazione aumenteràfino a fermarsi al valore massimo(in circa 30 secondi).Premere ENT per confermare.L’indicazione visualizzata sarà oraquella della concentrazione del gas ditaratura.200,0DONE0.0.12004rESENTWAITFig. 2.5 c) Handheld keypad operation flow chartThe information in this document are not binding for themanufacturer and the manufacturer reserves the right to makeany changes deemed helpful in improving the product.For further informations, please contact:Sensitron S.r.l. Tel: +39 02 935.48.155Fax: +39 02 935.48.089e-mail:******************。
Xtralis VESDA VLF-500 烟雾探测器说明书
Warranty Period
2 years
Ordering Information: • VLF-500-00: Xtralis VESDA VLF-500 • VIC-010: VESDAnet Interface Card • VIC-020: Multifunction Control Card (MCC) 9,&0XOWLIXQFWLRQ&RQWURO&DUG 0&& FZ0RQLWRUHG3RZHU2XWSXW 032 • VSP-005: Filter Cartridge • VSP-715: Aspirator for VLF-500
Dimensions (W x H x D) Weight
978 in x 718 in x 312 in (255 mm x 185 mm x 90 mm) Approx. 4.4 lbs (2 kg)
IP Rating
IP30
Mounting
Upright, inverted or horizontal
Sampling Hole Options:
1 x 150 ft (50 m) (Max. 24 holes) 2 x 90 ft (30 m) per branch (Max. 12 holes per branch) Pre-Engineered Option or Maximum Pipe length in accordance with Pipe Modelling Design Tool (ASPIRE2™)
Ulபைடு நூலகம்rasonic Flow Sensing
The patent-pending Ultrasonic Flow Sensing used in the VLF provides a GLUHFWUHDGLQJRIWKHVDPSOLQJSLSHÀRZUDWH7KHV\VWHPLVLPPXQHWRDLU temperature and pressure changes and is unaffected by contamination. The 9/)LVWKH¿UVWDLUVDPSOLQJVPRNHGHWHFWRUWRXVHXOWUDVRQLFÀRZVHQVLQJ
长距离检测和高误报抵抗三色谱设计 flame detector 40 40I说明书
•Triple Spectrum Design - for long distance detection andhigh false alarm immunity•Sensitivity Selection - to ensure no zone crossover detection•Automatic and Manual Built-In-Test (BIT) - to assurecontinued reliable operation•Heated window - for operation in harsh weather conditions(snow, ice, condensation)•Multiple output options for maximum flexibility andcompatibility- Relays (3) for Alarm, Fault and Auxiliary- 0-20mA (stepped)- HART Protocol for maintenance and asset management- RS-485, Modbus Compatible•High Reliability - MTBF - minimum 150,000 hours•Approved to Safety Integrity Level 2 (SIL2 – TUV)•5-Year Warranty •User Programmable via HART or RS-485•Ex approved for Zone 1 hazardous area location - ATEX - IECEx - FM/FMC - CSA •3rd party Performance Tested - EN54-10 (LPCB)- FM3260 (FM)- DNV Marine Approval Superior performance, reliability and immunity to false alarmsTriple IR (IR3) Flame Detector 40/40I The new 40/40I Triple IR (IR3) Flame Detector detects fuel and gas fires at long distances with the highest immunity to false alarms. The 40/40I IR3 can detect a 1ft 2(0.1m 2) gasoline pan fire at 215 ft (65m)in less than 5 seconds.The 40/40I is the most durable and weather resistant flame detector currently on the market. Its new features include a heated window, to eliminate condensation and icing; HART capabilities for digital communications; lower power requirements;and a compact, lighter design.Due to increased reliability, the 40/40 Series warranty period has been extended to 5 years and is SIL2 (TUV) approved to IEC 61508.Offshore Oil & Gas installations Onshore Oil & Gas installations and pipelines Chemical plants Petrochemicals plants Storage Tank farms Aircraft hangars40/40M 40/40I40/40R40/40L-LB40/40L4-L4B 40/40U-UB Power Generation facilities Pharmaceutical Industry Printing Industry Warehouses Automotive Industry Explosives & Munitions Waste Disposal facilitiesContact Information.au24 Baretta Rd Wangara Western Australia 6065GasTech Australia Pty LtdFax 1800 999 903Tel 1800 999 902DS-F-40/40I, March 2012Spectral ResponseThree IR Bands Detection Range Fuel ft /m Fuel ft /m Fuel ft /m (at highest Sensitivity Setting n-Heptane 215 / 65Kerosene 150 / 45Methane*100/30for 1ft 2 (0.1m 2) pan fire)Gasoline 215 / 65Ethanol 95%135 / 40LPG *100/30Diesel Fuel 150 / 45Methanol 115 / 35Polypropylene Pellets 16/5JP5150 / 45IPA (Isopropyl Alcohol)135 / 40Office Paper 33/10* 20" (0.5m) high, 8" (0.2m) width plume fire Response TimeTypically 5 seconds Adjustable Time DelayUp to 30 seconds Sensitivity Ranges4 Sensitive ranges for 1 ft 2 (0.1m 2) n-heptane pan fire from 50 ft (15m) to 215 ft (65m)Field of ViewHorizontal 100º; Vertical 95ºBuilt-in-Test (BIT)Automatic (and Manual)Temperature RangeOperating:-67ºF to +167ºF (-55ºC to +75ºC)Option:-67ºF to +185ºF (-55ºC to +85ºC)Storage:-67ºF to +185ºF (-55ºC to +85ºC)HumidityUp to 95% non-condensing (withstands up to 100% RH for short periods)Heated Optics To eliminate condensation and icing on the window Power ConsumptionStandby:Max.90mA (110mA with heated window)Alarm:Max.130mA (160mA with heated window)Cable Entries2 x 3/4" - 14NPT conduits or 2 x M25 x 1.5 mm ISO Wiring12 - 22AWG (2.5mm 2 - 0.3mm 2)Electrical Input Protection According to MIL-STD-1275BElectromagnetic Compatibility EMI/RFI protected to EN61326-3 and EN61000-6-3Electrical Interface The detector includes twelve (12) terminals with five (5) wiring options (factory set)ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS SPST volt-free contacts rated 5A at 30 VDC or 250 VAC.0-20mA (stepped)Sink (source option) configuration Fault: 0 +1mA Warning:16mA ± 5%BIT Fault: 2mA ± 10%Alarm: 20mA ± 5%Normal:4mA ± 10%Resistance Loop:100-600 ΩHART Protocol Optional HART communications on the 0-20mA analog current (FSK) - used for maintenance,configuration changes and asset management, available in mA source output wiring optionsRS-485 RS-485 Modbus compatible communication link that can be used in computer controlled installationsOUTPUTS Materials - Stainless Steel 316L with electro polish finishEnclosure options- Heavy duty copper free aluminum (less than 1%), red epoxy enamel finish Mounting Stainless Steel 316L with electro polish finishDimensions Detector 4" x 4.6" x 6.18" (101.6 x 117 x 157 mm)Weight Detector (St.St.) 6.1 lb (2.8 kg)Tilt mount2.2 lb (1.0 kg) Detector, aluminum 2.8 lb (1.3 kg)Environmental Standards Meets MIL-STD-810C for Humidity, Salt & Fog, Vibration, Mechanical Shock, High Temp, Low TempWater and Dust IP66 and IP67 per EN60529, NEMA 250 6PHazardous Area ATEX and IECExEx II 2 GD,Ex de IIC T5 (-55ºC to +75ºC)Ex de IIC T4 (-55ºC to +85ºC)Ex tD A21 IP66/X7 T 95ºC Ex tD A21 IP66/X7 T 105ºC FM/FMC/CSA Class I Div. 1, Groups B, C & DClass II/III Div. 1, Groups E, F & G Performance EN54-10 (LPCB)FM-3260 (FM)DNV Marine Approval Reliability IEC61508 - SIL2 (TUV)Fire Simulator 20/20-310U-Bolt/Pole Mount 789260-2 (2" pole)Mini Laptop Kit 777820Laser Pointer 777166Tilt Mount 40/40-001789260-1 (3" pole)Weather Protector 777163(Detector area coverage)Duct Mount 777670USB RS485 Harness Kit 794079-5Air Shield 777161Contact Information.au24 Baretta Rd Wangara Western Australia 6065GasTech Australia Pty LtdFax 1800 999 903Tel 1800 999 902。
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2011-5-11
中国科大 汪晓莲
4
评分标准和要求
平时占30% 根据作业、堂上练习、堂上提问、 平时占30% ，根据作业、堂上练习、堂上提问、 讨论、小论文等综合给分。作业每次留， 讨论、小论文等综合给分。作业每次留，一周交 一次。 一次。 考试占70% 考试占70% 本科生实验单独计分， 本科生实验单独计分，研究生实验视安排情况而 实验要求认真预习，写出预习实验报告， 定。实验要求认真预习，写出预习实验报告，合 作完成实验，独立完成实验报告。 作完成实验，独立完成实验报告。
同样的问题, 同样的问题 近似的理论 哲学命题: 哲学命题: 思辩 科学问题: 定量(数学 实验 科学问题 定量 数学), 数学 粒子物理标准模型: 粒子物理标准模型 一种能定量描述与解释所有实验现象的理论
类似于元素周期表： 类似于元素周期表：夸克模型
2011-5-11
中国科大 汪晓莲
10
5-11
技术性强、 技术性强、实践性强 理论与实验结合
中国科大 汪晓莲
2
学习目的和意义
培养掌握各种粒子探测技术的专门人才。 培养掌握各种粒子探测技术的专门人才。 了解掌握粒子与物质相互作用的物理过程和基 本规律，会使用各种探测器。 本规律，会使用各种探测器。 掌握粒子测试系统的原理及组建。 掌握粒子测试系统的原理及组建。 掌握大型高能粒子探测谱仪的构成和工作原理。 掌握大型高能粒子探测谱仪的构成和工作原理。 会设计研发新的粒子探测器。 会设计研发新的粒子探测器。
这个介子寿命非常长。 这个介子寿命非常长。 → charm夸克 (c) mc ~ 1.5GeV 夸克 J/Ψ 由(cc )构成。 构成。 构成
1977年——L.Lederman 发现 ϒ ( 9.5GeV ) 年
→ Beauty (Bottom) (b) mb ~ 5GeV ϒ(9.5)由(bb )构成 由 构成
问题：是不是这几百种粒子都是 “基本”的？
1963年, 根据大量的实验数据 盖尔曼等猜测这 年 根据大量的实验数据, 些粒子具有内部结构,并给出了计算这些粒子质量 些粒子具有内部结构,并给出了计算这些粒子质量 的公式 盖尔曼的夸克模型： 盖尔曼的夸克模型：共有三种夸克 u,d,s
王淦昌发现反西格玛负超子 王淦昌发现反西格玛负超子
2011-5-11 中国科大 汪晓莲 15
1.一些重要历史事件 1.一些重要历史事件
1590年发明显微镜，观察细菌、细胞 年发明显微镜，观察细菌、 年发明显微镜 1609年发明望远镜，观察天文（太阳、月亮、星星） 年发明望远镜， 年发明望远镜 观察天文（太阳、月亮、星星） 1895年伦琴发现 射线 年伦琴发现X射线 年伦琴发现 1896年Becquerel发现β射线 发现β 年 发现 1897年J.J.Thomson 发现电子 年 1911年E.Rutherford和他的学生 和他的学生Geiger、Marsden发现α粒子大角度散射 发现α 年 和他的学生 、 发现 1919年E.Rutherford 发现质子 年 1919年F.Hess 气球实验 ,1925 年Millikan 称它作宇宙线 年 1932年J.Chadwick发现中子 年 发现中子 原子核由质子和中子组成。质子,中子 电子组成了我们熟悉的物质世界。 中子,电子组成了我们熟悉的物质世界 原子核由质子和中子组成。质子 中子 电子组成了我们熟悉的物质世界。 1931-33年泡利，费米对原子核的 β 衰变谱的解释：中微子 年泡利， 衰变谱的解释：中微子(1956年实验证实） 年实验证实） 年泡利 年实验证实 1932年Anderson发现正电子 +) 发现正电子(e 年 发现正电子 1935年H.Yukawa 预言存在π介子，Mπ~1/7 Mp 预言存在π介子， 年 1936年Anderson &Neddermeyer 在宇宙线中发现“介子”（ µ-轻子） 在宇宙线中发现“介子” 轻子） 年 轻子 1947年5月：Powell等发现了π介子 等发现了π 年 月 等发现了 1947年12月：Rochester 在宇宙线实验中发现了 粒子（奇异粒子 ） 在宇宙线实验中发现了V粒子 奇异粒子K） 粒子（ 年 月
Qe
2 3 1 − 3
0 −1
The Standard Model is the theory describing the interactions (strong, electromagnetic and weak) among elementary particles Elementary particles come in two varieties Fermions (quarks & leptons) and Gauge Bosons
相互作用的传播
所有的相互作用均通过传播子以光速传播 引力: 质量, 引力子(?) 引力 质量 引力子 电磁力: 电荷, 电磁力 电荷 光子
2011-5-11 中国科大 汪晓莲 12
二、粒子探测技术随着核物理 与粒子物理的发展而发展
人类对物质世界的认识不断深化， 人类对物质世界的认识不断深化，归功于实验和 理论的相互促进， 理论的相互促进，归功于粒子加速器和粒子探测 器的不断建造和发展 实验观测仪器和粒子探测器的发明和发展， 实验观测仪器和粒子探测器的发明和发展，使对 物质世界的探索逐步走上现代实验科学的轨道
2011-5-11
中国科大 汪晓莲
13
客体尺度与观测手段
2011-5-11
中国科大 汪晓莲
14
光学显微镜不能研究原子的内部结构 !!!
量子力学告诉我们粒子具有波动性， 量子力学告诉我们粒子具有波动性，波具有粒子性
电子 用电子显微镜
λ = h/p
大型正负电子对撞机（LEP)曾是 大型正负电子对撞机（LEP)曾是 世界上最大的电子显微镜
2011-5-11 中国科大 汪晓莲 16
1947年前，我们只知道很少的“粒子”，如质子、中子、电子、µ子等， 年前，我们只知道很少的“粒子” 如质子、中子、电子、 子等 子等， 年前 人们认为这些粒子就是构成物质的最小单元，称之为“ 人们认为这些粒子就是构成物质的最小单元，称之为“基本粒子”。 此后，在宇宙线实验和粒子加速器实验中发现了大量的粒子： 此后，在宇宙线实验和粒子加速器实验中发现了大量的粒子： π±，π0，K±，K0 ，K0 ，Λ，Σ，Ξ，∆ …约几百种。 约几百种。 ， ， 约几百种 有的寿命很短，产生出来很快就蜕变成别的粒子。 有的寿命很短，产生出来很快就蜕变成别的粒子。
介子由（ 介子由（qq）构成 重子由（qqq） 重子由（qqq）构成
2011-5-11
π+ (ud ) 质子 (uud)
中国科大 汪晓莲
60年代中期 中国的 年代中期,中国的 年代中期 粒子物理学家曾提出 了层子模型。 了层子模型。
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建立夸克模型的关键实验:电子轰击质子(1972) 建立夸克模型的关键实验:电子轰击质子(1972)
2011-5-11
中国科大 汪晓莲
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主要参考书及有关学术刊物
《粒子探测器与数据获取》有关章节 粒子探测器与数据获取》
高能物理所谢一冈等编著
《粒子物理实验方法》有关章节 粒子物理实验方法》
唐孝威院士等编著
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A Annual Review of Nuclear Science IEEE Transactions Nuclear Science 高能物理与核物理 核技术 核电子学与探测技术
质子并不是一个几何点。它有大小，其半径∼ cm， 质子并不是一个几何点。它有大小，其半径∼10-13cm，电荷就分布在这 样一个小空间范围 e 质子内部分布着大量的点电荷 e 定量分析表明, 定量分析表明,质子是由三个夸克组成
1974年——丁肇中，B. Richter 发现 J/ψ 粒子 年 丁肇中， 丁肇中 ψ
2011-5-11
The electroweak symmetry requires particles to be massless ⇒ must be broken 中国科大 汪晓莲 SM is a gauge theory with symmetry groups SU(3)C⊗SU(2)L⊗U(1)Y
粒子探测技术
主讲：汪晓莲 电话：3601178 电话： 主讲： 辅导： 辅导：达红玉 崔相利
近代物理楼307、312 高能物理实验室 、 近代物理楼
2008年9月8日 年 月 日
本课主要内容与特点
内容： 内容：
以核物理与粒子物理实验为背景，介绍各种探测器的基本 以核物理与粒子物理实验为背景，介绍各种探测器的基本 概念和基础知识，包括： 概念和基础知识，包括：微观粒子与物质的相互作用和它 们的探测原理，粒子探测器的统计性质和实验据处理知识。 们的探测原理，粒子探测器的统计性质和实验据处理知识。 介绍各种微观粒子探测器：气体探测器、半导体探测器、 介绍各种微观粒子探测器：气体探测器、半导体探测器、 探测器 闪烁探测器、契伦柯夫探测器、气体多丝室、 闪烁探测器、契伦柯夫探测器、气体多丝室、各种径迹探 测器、粒子探测系统、各种磁谱仪（ 测器、粒子探测系统、各种磁谱仪（高能磁谱仪和重离子 磁谱仪） 的基本结构、工作原理、主要特性、 磁谱仪）等的基本结构、工作原理、主要特性、种类和应 用。
2011-5-11 中国科大 汪晓莲 6
绪 论
一、世界是物质的
宏观物质与微观粒子（无穷大到无穷小） 宏观物质与微观粒子（无穷大到无穷小） 从1026m到10-18m 物质的基本结构： 物质的基本结构：由原子到夸克 夸克和轻子是物质的最基本组成
2011-5-11
中国科大 汪晓莲
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21世纪自然科学研究的三个最重要前沿 世纪自然科学研究的三个最重要前沿