Materials Development for BASF
巴斯夫-BASF_2013_Presentation_-_Luna_-_Tianjin_8-04-2013
30th International Battery Symposium Seminar & Exhibit Fort Lauderdale, FLImproved Cathode Materials and Electrolytes as Key Components of Next generation Li-Ion BatteriesMs Luna Song Senior Manager, Business Development, Battery Material China1BASF – The Chemical CompanyThe World’s Leading Chemical CompanyOur chemicals are used in almost all industries We combine economic success, social responsibility and environmental protection Sales 2012: €78,729 million EBIT 2012: €8,976 million Employees (as of December 31, 2012): 113,262 In 2012, BASF filed for around 1,170 new patents world-wide Around 400 production sites world-wide2 2BASF Sales by Customer IndustryChemical Industry> 15% 10-15% 5-10% < 5% 10-15%3Automotive | Utilities Construction | Agriculture | Plastics industry | Oil industry Electrical | Electronics | Furniture | PaperOther industriesBASF is the No. 1 Chemical Partner for the Automotive IndustryTop 100 suppliers Automotive (2011)Rank 1 2 Company Bosch Continental Sales (in € billion) 30.4 29.1Supplier ranking Confirmed by three leading automotive industry publications ‘BASF is the No. 1 chemical partner’:179.541 46 51 61 69DuPont PPG Industries Lanxess Bayer EvonikSource: Automobilproduktion, July 24, 2012BASF will increase it’s business with the automotive industry to € 17 bn in 2020Sustainable Innovations at BASFGrowth by new TechnologiesResources, Environment & ClimateFood & NutritionQuality of lifeChemistry as enablerCustomer industriesTransportation Battery Materials Leightweight composites Heat managementConstruction Heat managementConsumer Goods EnzymesHealth & Nutrition MedicalElectronics Organic ElectronicsAgricultureEnergy & ResourcesGrowth fields*Plant Energy biotechnology management Functional Rare earth crop care metals recycling Wind energy Water solutionsTechnology fieldsRaw material change Materials, systems & nanotechnology White biotechnology*including growth fields still under evaluation 5Battery Materials from BASFFocus on Cathodes and ElectrolytesRaw MaterialsMaterialsCellsPackOEMBASFCustomer/PartnerThe battery determines characteristics of an electric vehicle Range, costs, safety The battery allows for differentiation and value creation Challenging technology and chance for chemistry/engineering/OEMs Materials are the heart of the battery cell and significantly improve performance Chemistry plays a central role as material and component supplier6BASF’s broad Offering to the Battery IndustrySolid IP-PositionANL license for NCM cathode materials Ovonic Patents for NCM-Precursors LFP-License from LiFePO4+C Licensing AG VC license from Mitsubishi Chemicals -Broad PortfolioNiMH Technology from Ovonic Batteries Formulated Electrolytes NCM and LFP Cathode Materials Li-Sulfur development together with SionPower, Tucson, AZStrong R&D- R&D Centers in U.S., Europe and Asia - Strong development pipeline for cathode materials and electrolytes - Global experts network to support BASF’s R&DGlobal Presence- NCM Production in Elyria, Ohio, USA - LFP Production at BASF in Germany - Electrolytes Production in Baton Rouge (US) and Suzhou (China) - Customer Application Centers in U.S., Germany, China and JapanBASF’s Latest Addition to its Battery NetworkNCM plant - Elyria, Electrolytes - Suzhou, China and Zachary, LANCM Cathode Materials Fully operational production plant Suitable for NCM materials as well as for next generation high energy NCMElectrolytes State-of-the-art manufacturing technology Global presence: North America and China9New Automotive PowertrainsAll Major Developments rely on Battery MaterialsElectromobility will play a significant role in future automotive alternativesConventionalHonda CR-ZFord FusionToyota Prius PHVChevrolet VoltNissan LeafConventionalMild HybridFull HybridPlug-in HybridRange ExtenderFull Electric0.5 kWh2 kWh4 kWh16 kWh24 kWhCombustion Fuel tank E-motor Battery ExtenderEnergy-Batteries Power-BatteriesChallenges of Automotive BatteriesVery demanding application in view of costs and technology Target costs much below today’s batteries for consumer electronics Ten year lifetime under broad environmental conditions Safety of large-scale batteries must always be ensured Global industry with regional footprint and economy of scale Long development cycles until platform launchThe combination of BASF Electrolyte and Cathode technology will lead to maximum customer benefitKey requirements on battery materials for automotive applicationsFreedom to operate for the customers along the value chainBattery size is defined by its performance at low temperatures But also by cycle & calendar life at high temperaturesStrong IP positionProcessing properties define the speed and cost of battery manufacturingCathode & ElectrolyteMaterials with higher energy density (e.g. HE-NCM) Electrolyte with improved safety performance (e.g. gel)Critical for safety and cost of the batteriesBASF NCM Cathode Materials PortfolioDevelopment RoadmapProduction NCM 111:Cost Stability Li1+x(Ni0.33Co0.33Mn0.33)1-xO2Discharge Capacity: 154 Ah/kg @ 0.1CNCM 523: Li1+x(Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3)1-xO2Discharge Capacity: 164 Ah/kg @ 0.1CCo (LCO)0.0 1.0NCM 424: Li1+x(Ni0.4Co0.2Mn0.4)1-xO2Discharge Capacity: 155 Ah/kg @ 0.1C0.20.8Cost Safety0.6Capacity SafetyPilot and Market Launch NCM 622 and higher Ni NCMsDischarge Capacity: >175 Ah/kg @ 0.1C 0.60.40.4NCM-111 NCM-433High capacity regionLNCO NCM-8110.8NCM-424NCM-523 NCM-6220.2R&D HE-NCM:Discharge Capacity: 260 Ah/kg @ 0.1CHE-NCMs1.0 0.0HV spinelNCM-514 NCM-415 NCM-929Lower cost region0.20.4HV-Spinel:Discharge Capacity: 140 Ah/kg @ 1CMn (LMO)Ni0.60.80.0 1.0Ni (LNO)13NCM Phase DiagramDirections of Combined Electrolyte and Cathode Materials Development at BASFHigher energy content by using high-Ni NCM cathode materials, higher cut-off voltages and advanced electrolytes Improved cycle life by optimized electrolyte solutions and selection of best cathode materialsLower costs by using Mn-rich cathode materials as substitute for NCMs14High-Ni NCM Cathode MaterialsMarkedly increased Energy Density possible in the Future15Challenges of High-Ni NCM CathodesGassing of Electrodes - SwellingNi-rich cathode materials offer significant higher energy – especially at higher cut-off voltages But gassing of such cells is a major issue Optimized electrolyte compositions necessary to overcome gassing of cells (salt / solvent / additives)Additives for Reduced HT-SwellingFirst Step: Screening at Elevated TemperaturesAdditives for Reduced HT-SwellingSecond Step: Fine tuning with other cell-parametersCapacity retention vs cycle index100%Cap. retention(%)95% 90% 85% 80% 75% 70% 0 100 200 Cycle index 300Baseline Baseline+1%H3 Baseline+1%HxFine-tuning of additives at elevated temperature to ensure best performance (85º C storage for 6 hours)50040085º C @ 6 hours testCapacity Retention Standard Baseline Baseline + 1%H3 Baseline +1%Hx ≥ 90% 90.8% 91.2% 91.8% Capacity Recovery ≥ 95% 95.5% 96.9% 97.4% Imp. Offset ≤ 20% 3.4% 5.8% 6.9% Thick. Offset ≤ 5% 3.5% 3.3% 2.9%900 mAh NCM pouch cell with artificial graphite anode18Directions of Combined Electrolyte and Cathode Materials Development at BASFHigher energy content by using high-Ni NCM cathode materials, higher cut-off voltages and advanced electrolytes Improved cycle life by optimized electrolyte solutions and selection of best cathode materialsLower costs by using Mn-rich cathode materials as substitute for NCMs19New Additive TechnologyImproves SEI film-stability for reduced cell resistanceReference without any additives2Relative discharge capacity [%]3110Resistance [Ohm] charged100901Electrolytes with novel SEI additives00 40080 0 400 800 1200 1600Cycle number80012001600Cycle number42Relative discharge capacity [%] after 800 cycles6100Resistance [Ohm] discharged00 400 800 1200 160010 0,1110Cycle numberC-Rate20Lithium Iron Phosphate – LiFePO4Product Properties HEDTM LFP-400LFP/C Composite material • Spherical LFP composite agglomerates • Not nano-primary particles • Porous structure, interconnecting carbon • Composition and shape determined in one step • Flexible composition, • Improved processibility in customer formulationsComposition 1st DC capacity 10 C DC capacity Tap density Particle size (d50) BET surface [m2/g]HEDTM LFP400LiFePO4 (~3.6% carbon) ~160 mAh / g 102 mAh / g >1 g / cm3 9 m ~23 m2/gLithium Iron Phosphate – LiFePO4Full cell testing HEDTM LFP-400 – external measurementsLithium Iron Phosphate – LiFePO4Full cell testing HEDTM LFP-400 at low temperatures-20°C - C/5 DischargeC/5 discharge Plateau at 3.1V 50% - 60% of RT capacity provided3.6Voltage (V)3.4 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 0various additives1000 2000 3000 4000 Capacity (mAh) 5000 6000-20°C - C/2 DischargeC/2 discharge Plateau at 2.9V 35% - 42% of RT capacity provided3.4Voltage (V)3.2 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.00various additives1000 2000 3000 Capacity (mAh) 4000 500023Directions of Combined Electrolyte and Cathode Materials Development at BASFHigher energy content by using high-Ni NCM cathode materials, higher cut-off voltages and advanced electrolytes Improved cycle life by optimized electrolyte solutions and selection of best cathode materialsLower costs by using Mn-rich cathode materials as substitute for Co-rich NCMs24Cathode Materials Roadmap towards higher Energy DensityMarked capacity increase at slightly lower voltage “High Energy”Discharge profiles BASF HE-NCM vs. BASF NCM-111Voltage [V] 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Capacity [Ah/kg]Marked voltage increase at slightly lower capacity “High Voltage”Discharge profiles BASF HV Spinel vs. BASF NCM-111Voltage [V] 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5HE-NCMHV spinelNCM-1113.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 0 50 100NCM-111E=Q×UE=Q×U150 Capacity [Ah/kg]25BASF’s HV Spinel Produced in BASF Pilot PlantMaterial Morphology Tap density PSD (D10 / D50 / D90) specific capacity (C/5) specific capacity (1C) 1st cycle irreversible capacity loss02-03-2011LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Spherical particles 2.2 gcm-3 8 / 14 / 25 mm 143 Ah/kg 141 Ah/kg < 4%1000 : 1 20 m 26 200 : 1 100 mBASF’s HV Spinel vs. GraphiteDevelopment of full cell chemistry = cathode + electrolyte + other cell componentsSpecific discharge capacity (mAh/g)140 120 100Cell chemistry 2 (“modification”)80 60 40 20 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700Cell chemistry 1 (“additives”) Standard cell chemistryCycling stability in pouch cell 25°C, 1.0 C-rate, 4.25V – 4.80VCycle #Costs / performance comparisonCurrent and next Generation NCM Cathode MaterialsSpecific cathode energy (Wh/kg) NCM-111 HE-NCM HV-Spinel 600 930 650Metals costs (USD/kg) 9.5 4.3 3.9Lithium utilization (%) 56% 80% 99%Next generation cathode materials with marked improvements in costs, energy content and Li-utilization28BASF is perfectly positioned as global Supplier to the Battery IndustryBASF is the leading chemical company serving the automotive industry Global organization combining economy of scale with customer proximityLeverage experience and know-how to help customers be more successful Global presence – local service to directly serve customers Customer will benefit from access to cutting edge technology BASF is an electrolyte producer with backward integration into electrolyte solvents & salts Key IP through patents & licenses (e.g. VC, LiBOB etc.) Cathode materials licenses for NCM and LFPBASF – Battery MaterialsLarge R&D commitment drives innovations Robust access to key raw materials Unique and solid IP position for all major applications29Thank you for your Attention!30。
材料科学与工程四要素之间的关系
材料科学与工程四要素之间的关系英文回答：Materials science and engineering (MSE) encompasses the design, development, and application of materials for a wide range of industries. It involves the study of the structure, properties, and behavior of materials, and how these factors influence their performance in specific applications. MSE is a multidisciplinary field that draws on knowledge from chemistry, physics, mathematics, and engineering.The four elements of MSE are:1. Materials Characterization: This involves using a variety of techniques to determine the structure, composition, and properties of materials. Characterization techniques can be used to identify different phases, defects, and impurities in materials, as well as to measure their mechanical, electrical, thermal, and opticalproperties.2. Materials Processing: This involves the techniques used to produce materials with specific properties. Processing techniques can include casting, forging, rolling, heat treatment, and chemical vapor deposition.3. Materials Design: This involves using knowledge of the structure and properties of materials to design new materials with specific properties. Design techniques can include alloying, doping, and composite materials.4. Materials Applications: This involves usingmaterials in a variety of applications, such as in electronics, energy, transportation, and medicine. Applications engineers must consider the specific requirements of each application when selecting materials.The four elements of MSE are closely interrelated. For example, the characterization of a material's propertiescan inform the design of a new material with improved properties. Similarly, the processing of a material canaffect its structure and properties, which in turn can affect its performance in a specific application.MSE is a rapidly growing field, driven by the need for new materials with improved properties for a wide range of applications. MSE research is focused on developing new materials that are stronger, lighter, more durable, more efficient, and more sustainable.中文回答：材料科学与工程（MSE）涵盖了为广泛的行业设计、开发和应用材料。
BASF可持续发展背景介绍
双方于2010年12月就未来进一步扩建签订谅解备忘录，计划中的项目总投资额约 亿美元 年 月就未来进一步扩建签订谅解备忘录 计划中的项目总投资额约10亿美元 月就未来进一步扩建签订谅解备忘录， 双方于
MoU signed for further expansion in December 2010. New investments under consideration collectively total approximately $1 billion.
CO2e emissions at customers [million t CO2e/a]: CO2e 客户产生的排放量： [百万 吨 CO2e/a]: Without the use of BASF products: 1720 不使用巴斯夫产品: With the use of BASF products: 使用巴斯夫产品: 1398
带动行业做好企业社会责任
Mobilise the industry to practise CSR
推动供应链企业社会责任
Promote CSR practices along the supply chain
5
我们的价值观和原则
Our values and principles
实现可持续的盈利业绩
+
我们建立行业最佳团队
We form the best team in industry
我们确保可持续发展
We ensure sustainable development
2
巴斯夫的可持续发展战略
Sustainability at BASF
对我们而言， 对我们而言，可持续发展意味着经济成 功与环境保护和社会责任相互结合， 功与环境保护和社会责任相互结合，这 样才能保证长远的发展。 样才能保证长远的发展。
材料科学基础英文版
材料科学基础英文版Material Science Fundamentals。
Material science is an interdisciplinary field that explores the properties of materials and their applications in various industries. It combines elements of physics, chemistry, engineering, and biology to understand the behavior of materials at the atomic and molecular levels. This English version of the material science fundamentals aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the key concepts and principles in this field.1. Introduction to Material Science。
Material science is concerned with the study of materials and their properties. It encompasses the discovery, design, and development of new materials, as well as the investigation of existing materials for specific applications. The field is essential for the advancement of technology and innovation in various industries, including aerospace, automotive, electronics, and healthcare.2. Atomic Structure and Bonding。
装备研制标准化工作流程
装备研制标准化工作流程1.制定研制标准的前期调研非常重要。
The pre-research for the development of standards is very important.2.对市场需求进行调研分析是研制标准的第一步。
Market demand research and analysis is the first step in developing standards.3.确定标准制定的范围和目标。
Determine the scope and objectives of standard development.4.成立标准制定工作组，明确分工和责任。
Establish a standard development working group andclarify division of labor and responsibilities.5.收集国内外相关标准和规范进行比对分析。
Collect and compare relevant domestic and international standards and specifications.6.制定初步的标准草案，并征求专家和用户意见。
Draft preliminary standard documents and seek opinions from experts and users.7.召开专家论证会，对标准草案进行讨论和完善。
Convene expert consultation meetings to discuss and improve the standard draft.8.组织实地调研，了解实际应用情况。
Organize field research to understand the actual application situation.9.完善标准草案，进行多次内部审查和修订。
Improve the standard draft through multiple internal reviews and revisions.10.抽样测试标准的可行性和有效性。
Investigating the Effect of Aging on Materials
Investigating the Effect of Aging onMaterialsIntroductionMaterials are essential for the development of modern society, they provide us with the necessary tools to build our buildings, create our vehicles and develop new technologies. But materials are not invincible, they can degrade over time due to several factors, including exposure to the environment, stress, and aging. Therefore, it is important to investigate the effect of aging on materials to better understand how they will perform over time and ensure their longevity.What is aging?Aging is a natural process that affects all materials, including metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites. It can be defined as the gradual deterioration of material properties due to various mechanisms such as chemical reactions, physical processes like diffusion, and structural changes on the atomic and molecular levels.The aging process is influenced by several factors, including temperature, humidity, exposure to UV radiation, and other environmental factors. Additionally, mechanical and physical stresses can also cause materials to age more quickly.The Effects of Aging on MaterialsAging can affect materials in several ways. One of the most significant effects is the degradation of mechanical properties, including strength, ductility, and toughness. Aging can cause microstructural changes that affect the material's ability to withstand stress and deformation.For example, metals can age due to corrosion, which can cause cracks and other defects that weaken the material's strength. Polymers can also undergo aging through oxidation, which can result in cracking, embrittlement, and loss of strength.Aging can also affect a material's thermal and electrical properties. For example, thermal conductivity may decrease due to the accumulation of impurities or changes in the microstructure. Additionally, aging can cause materials to become less electrically conductive.Methods of Investigating AgingThere are several methods for investigating the effect of aging on materials, including field experiments, laboratory testing, and simulation.Field experiments involve monitoring the performance of materials in real-world environments over a long period of time. This method is useful for investigating the effects of aging on materials in actual service conditions.Laboratory testing involves exposing materials to specific environmental conditions, such as temperature, humidity, and UV radiation, and monitoring their properties over time. This method is useful for simulating the effects of aging on materials in controlled conditions.Simulation involves predicting the aging behavior of materials using computer models. This method is useful for investigating the effect of aging on materials that are difficult or expensive to test in the laboratory or field.ConclusionThe effect of aging on materials is an important area of research that has implications for many industries. Understanding how materials age can help to develop more durable and reliable materials, which can enhance the safety and performance of critical infrastructure and other applications where materials are used. Methods of investigating the effect of aging on materials are diverse, and a combination of laboratory testing, field experiments, and simulation is often used to gain a comprehensive understanding of the aging process.。
《可持续发展是指既满足当代人的需要》
《可持续发展是指既满足当代人的需要》持续发展观强调的是环境与经济的协调发展，追求的是人与自然的和谐。
其核心思想是，健康的经济发展应建立在生态持续能力、社会公正和人民积极参与自身发展决策的基础上。
它所追求的目标是：既要使人类的各种需求得到满足，个人得到充分发展；又要保护生态环境，不对后代人的生存和发展构成危害。
它特别关注的是各种经济活动的生态合理性，强调对环境有利的经济活动应予鼓励，对环境不利的经济活动应予摒弃。
可持续发展在上述核心思想中，还包含了以下几层含义。
首先，可持续发展尤其突出强调的是发展，把消除贫困当作是实现可持续发展的一项不可缺少的条件。
特别是对发展中国家来说，发展权尤为重要。
目前发展中国家正经受着贫困和生态恶化的双重压力，贫困是导致生态恶化的根源，生态恶化又更加剧了贫困。
贫困和生态恶化把发展中国家拖进了一个十分艰难的困境。
因此，可持续发展对于发展中国家来说，第一位的是发展，只有发展才能为解决生态危机提供必要的物质基础，也才能最终摆脱贫困、愚昧和肮脏。
其次，可持续发展认为经济发展与环境保护相互联系，不可分割，并强调把环境保护作为发展进程一个重要组成部分，作为衡量发展质量、发展水平和发展程度的客观标准之一。
因为现代发展越来越依靠环境与资源基础的支撑，而随着环境恶化和资源耗竭，这种支撑已越来越薄弱和有限了。
因此，越是在经济高速发展的情况下，越要加强环境与资源保护，以获得长期持久的支撑能力。
这是可持续发展区别于传统发展的一个重要标志。
再次，可持续发展还强调代际之间的机会均等。
指出当代人享有的正当的环境权利，即享有在发展中合理利用资源和拥有清洁、安全、舒适的环境权利，后代人也同样享有这些权利。
这一代人不能滥用自己的环境权利，不能一味片面地追求自身的发展和消耗，而剥夺了后代人理应享有的发展与消费的机会。
这一代人要把环境权利和环境义务有机地统一起来，在维护自身环境权利的同时，也要维护后代人生存与发展的权利。
磁性应用纳米材料的开发英文原文
NANO-SCALE MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT FOR FUTUREMAGNETIC APPLICATIONSpM.E.McHENRY and UGHLIN {Department of Materials Science and Engineering,Data Storage Systems Center,Carnegie MellonUniversity,Pittsburgh,PA 15213,USA(Received 1June 1999;accepted 15July 1999)Abstract ÐDevelopments in the ®eld of magnetic materials which show promise for future applications are reviewed.In particular recent work in nanocrystalline materials is reviewed,with either soft or hard beha-vior as well as advances in the magnetic materials used for magnetic recording.The role of microstructure on the extrinsic magnetic properties of the materials is stressed and it is emphasized how careful control of the microstructure has played an important role in their improvement.Important microstructural features such as grain size,grain shape and crystallographic texture all are major contributors to the properties of the materials.In addition,the critical role that new instrumentation has played in the better understanding of the nano-phase magnetic materials is demonstrated.#2000Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of Acta Metallurgica Inc.All rights reserved.Keywords:Soft magnetic materials;Hard magnetic materials;Recording media;Microstructure;Nano-phase1.INTRODUCTIONWhether it can be called a revolution or simply a continuous evolution,it is clear that development of new materials and their understanding on a smaller and smaller length scale is at the root of progress in many areas of materials science [1].This is particularly true in the development of new mag-netic materials for a variety of important appli-cations [2±5].In recent years the focus has moved from the microcrystalline to the nanocrystalline regime.This paper intends to summarize recent developments in the synthesis,structural character-ization,and properties of nanocrystalline and mag-nets for three distinct sets of magnetic applications:1.Soft magnetic materials.2.Hard magnetic materials.3.Magnetic storage media.The underlying physical phenomena that motivate these developments will be described.A unifying theme exists in the understanding of the relation-ships between microstructure and magnetic aniso-tropy (or lack thereof)in materials.The term ``nanocrystalline alloy''is used to describe those alloys that have a majority of grain diameters in the typical range from H 1to 50nm.This term will include alloys made by plasma processing [6±8],rapid solidi®cation,and deposition techniques where the initial material may be in the amorphous state and subsequently crystallized.We discuss processing methods to control chemistry and microstructural morphology on increasingly smaller length scales,and various developing experimental techniques which allow more accurate and quantitative probes of struc-ture on smaller length scales.We review the impact of microstructural control on the develop-ment of state of the art magnetic materials.Finally we o er a view to the future for each of these applications.Over several decades,amorphous and nanocrys-talline materials have been investigated for appli-cations in magnetic devices requiring either magnetically hard or soft materials.In particular,amorphous and nanocrystalline materials have been investigated for various soft magnetic applications including transformers,inductive devices,etc.In these materials it has been determined that an im-portant averaging of the magnetocrystalline aniso-tropy over many grains coupled within an exchange length is the root of the magnetic softness of these materials.The fact that this magnetic exchangeActa mater.48(2000)223±2381359-6454/00/$20.00#2000Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of Acta Metallurgica Inc.All rights reserved.PII:S 1359-6454(99)00296-7/locate/actamatpThe Millennium Special Issue ÐA Selection of Major Topics in Materials Science and Engineering:Current status and future directions,edited by S.Suresh.{To whom all correspondence should be addressed.length is typically nanometers or tens of nanometers illustrates the underlying importance of this length scale in magnetic systems.In rare earth permanent magnets [9],it has been determined that a microstructure containing two or more phases,where the majority phase is nanocrys-talline (taking advantage of the favorable high coer-civity in particles of optimum size)and one or more of the phases are used to pin magnetic domain walls leads to better hard magnetic properties.Still another exciting recent development has been the suggestion of composite spring exchange magnets [10]that combine the large coercivities in hard mag-nets with large inductions found in softer transition metal magnets.Again chemical and structural vari-ations on a nano-scale are important for determin-ing optimal magnetic properties.In the area of magnetic storage media future pro-gress will also rely on the ability to develop control over microstructure at smaller size scales so as to impact on storage densities.Here the issue of ther-mal stability of the magnetic dipole moment of ®ne particles has become a critical issue,with the so-called superparamagnetic limit on the horizon.The need to store information in smaller and smaller magnetic volumes pushes the need to develop media with larger magnetocrystalline anisotropies.2.DEFINITIONSTechnical magnetic properties [11,12]can be de®ned making use of a typical magnetic hysteresis curve as illustrated in Fig.1.Magnetic hysteresis [Fig.1(a)]is a useful attribute of a permanent mag-net material in which we wish to store a large meta-stable magnetization.Attributes of a good permenent magnet include:(a)large saturation and remnant inductions,B s and B r :a large saturation magnetization,M s ,and induction,B s ,are desirable in applications of both hard (and soft)magnetic materials;(b)large coercivities,H c :coercivity is a measure of the width of a hysteresis loop and a measure of the permanence of the magnetic moment;(c)high Curie temperature,T c :the ability to use soft magnetic materials at elevated tempera-tures is intimately dependent on the Curie tempera-ture or magnetic ordering temperature of the material.A large class of applications requires small hys-teresis losses per cycle.These are called soft mag-netic materials and their attributes include:(a)high permeability:permeability,mB a H 1 w ,is the material's parameter which describes the ¯ux density,B ,produced by a given applied ®eld,H .In high permeability materials we can produce very large changes in magnetic ¯ux density in very small ®elds;(b)low hysteresis loss:hysteresis loss rep-resents the energy consumed in cycling a material between ®elds H and ÀH and back again.The energy consumed in one cycle is W HM d B or the area inside the hysteresis loop.The hysteretic power loss of an a.c.device includes a term equal to the frequency multiplied by the hysteretic loss per cycle;(c)large saturation and remnant magneti-zations;(d)high Curie temperatures.The magnetization curve [Fig.1(a)]illustrates the technical magnetic properties of a ferromagnetic material.Its shape is determined by minimizing the material's magnetic free energy.The magnetic free energy consists of terms associated with the®eldFig.1.(a)Schematic of a hysteresis curve for a magnetic material de®ning some technical magnetic par-ameters and (b)rotation of atomic magnetic dipole moments in a 1808(Bloch)domain wall in a ferro-magnetic material.224McHENRY and LAUGHLIN:NANO-SCALE MATERIALS DEVELOPMENTenergy(Zeeman energy),self-®eld(demagnetization energy),wall energy,and magnetic anisotropy energy.The magnetic Helmholtz free energy[13] can be determined by integrating a magnetic energy density as follows:F M 4A rr MM s!2ÀK1 rMÁnM s!2Àm0MÁH5d r1where A(r)is the local exchange sti ness related to the exchange energy,J and spin dipole moment,S A CJS2a a at0K,with C H1depending on crys-tal structure and a is the interatomic spacing),K1(r) is the(leading term)local magnetic anisotropy energy density,M is the magnetization vector,n is a unit vector parallel to the easy direction of mag-netization,and H is the sum of the applied®eld and demagnetization®eld vectors.The magnetic anisotropy energy describes the angular dependence of the magnetic energy,i.e.its dependence on angles y and f between the magnetization and an easy axis of magnetization.For the case of a uniaxial material the leading term in the anisotropy energy density has a simple K1sin2y form.The anisotropy energy can be further subdivided into magnetocrys-talline,shape and stress anisotropies,etc.For the purposes of the discussions here,however,we will devote most of our attention to the magnetocrystal-line anisotropy.The magnetic anisotropy represents a barrier to switching the magnetization.For soft magnetic ma-terials,a small magnetic anisotropy is desired so as to minimize the hysteretic losses and maximize the permeability.In soft materials,the desire for small magnetocrystalline anisotropy necessitates the choice of cubic crystalline phases of Fe,Co,Ni or alloys such as FeCo,FeNi,etc.(with small values of K1).In crystalline alloys,such as permalloy or FeCo,the alloy chemistry is varied so that the®rst-order magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy density, K1,is minimized.Similarly,stress anisotropy is reduced in alloys with nearly zero magnetostriction. Shape anisotropy results from demagnetization e ects and is minimized by producing materials with magnetic grains with large aspect ratios. Amorphous alloys are a special class of soft ma-terials where(in some notable cases)low magnetic anisotropies result from the lack of crystalline periodicity.For hard magnetic materials a large magnetic anisotropy is desirable.As discussed below,large magnetocrystalline anisotropy results from an ani-sotropic(preferably uniaxial)crystal structure,and large spin orbit rge magnetocrystal-line anisotropy is seen,for example in h.c.p.cobalt, in CoPt where spin±orbit coupling to the relativistic Pt electrons invokes large anisotropies,and impor-tantly in the rare earth permanent magnet ma-terials.In future discussions we will®nd it useful to describe several length scales that are associated with magnetic domains and domain walls[Fig. 1(b)].These are expressed through consideration of domain wall energetics.The energy per unit area in the wall can be expressed as a sum of exchange and anisotropy energy terms:g W g ex g K 2 where the anisotropy energy per unit volume,K,is multiplied by volume contained in a domain wall, A W d W,and divided by cross-sectional area to arrive at an anisotropy energy per unit area:g K KA W d WA WK d W K Na 3where d W Na(a is the lattice constant in the direction of rotation and N is the number of planes over which the rotation takes place)is the thickness of the wall.Thus g W can be expressed asg Wp2J ex S2Na2K1 Na 4where the®rst term considers the cost in exchange energy in rotating magnetic dipole moments in a 1808domain wall as illustrated in Fig.1(b).To determine the optimal wall thickness we di eren-tiate g W with respect to d W yielding:N eqp2J ex S2K1a3sX 5For Fe,N eq H300and the equilibrium thickness, t eq N eq a H50nm X Expressed in terms of the exchange sti ness,A ex,and the domain wall width, d W pA ex a K1pXAnother important length scale is the distance over which the perturbation due to the switching of a single spin decays in a soft material.This length is called the ferromagnetic exchange length,L ex, and can be expressed asL exA ex2ssX 6The ferromagnetic exchange length is H3nm for ferromagnetic iron-or cobalt-based alloys.The ratio of the exchange length to d W/p is a dimension-less parameter,k,called the magnetic hardness par-ameter:kp L exd WK1m0M2ssX 7For hard magnetic materials k is on the order of unity and thus there is little di erence between theMcHENRY and LAUGHLIN:NANO-SCALE MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT225ferromagnetic exchange length and the domain wall width.On the other hand,for good soft magnetic materials,where K 1approaches zero,k can deviate substantially from unity.Structure sensitive magnetic properties may depend on defect concentration (point,line and pla-nar defects),atomic order,impurities,second phases,thermal history,etc.In multi-domain ma-terials,the domain wall energy density ,g 4 AK 1 1a 2g x ,is spatially varying as a result of local variations in properties due to chemical variation,defects,etc.A domain wall will prefer to locate itself in regions where the magnetic order parameter is suppressed,i.e.pinning sites .Since changes in induction in high-permeability materials occur by domain wall motion,it is desirable to limit variation of g (x )(pinning).This is one of the key design issues in developing soft magnetic materials,i.e.that of process control of the microstructure so as to optimize the soft magnetic properties.In hard materials development of two-phase microstructures with pinning phases is desirable.For ®ne particle magnets the possibility of ther-mally activated switching and consequent reduction of the coercivity as a function of temperature must be considered as a consequence of a superparamag-netic response.This is an important limitation in magnetic recording.Superparamagnetism refers to the thermally activated switching of the magnetiza-tion over rotational energy barriers (provided by magnetic anisotropy).Thermally activated switching is described by an Arrhenius law where the acti-vation energy barrier is K u h V i (h V i is the switching volume).The switching frequency becomes larger for smaller particle size,smaller anisotropy energydensity and at higher temperatures.Above a block-ing temperature,T B ,the switching time is less than the experimental time and the magnetic hysteresis loop is observed to collapse,i.e.the coercive force becomes zero.Above T B ,the magnetization scales with ®eld and temperature in the same manner as does a classical paramagnetic material,with the exception that the inferred dipole moment is a par-ticle moment and not an atomic moment.Below the blocking temperature,hysteretic magnetic re-sponse is observed for which the coercivity has the temperature dependence:H c H c 041À TT B 1a 25X 8In the theory of superparamagnetism [14,15],the blocking temperature represents the temperature at which the metastable hysteretic response is lost for a particular experimental timeframe.In other words,below the blocking temperature hysteretic response is observed since thermal activation is not su cient to allow the immediate alignment of par-ticle moments with the applied ®eld.For stability of information over H 10years,the blocking tempera-ture should roughly satisfy the relationship:T B K u h V i a 40k B X The factor of 40[16,17]represents ln o 0a o ,where o is the inverse of the 10year stab-ility time (H 10À4Hz)and o 0an attempt frequency for switching (H 1GHz).3.SOFT MAGNETIC MATERIALSApproaches to improving intrinsic and extrinsic soft ferromagnetic properties involve (a)tailoringFig.2.(a)Herzer diagram [18]illustrating dependence of the coercivity,H c ,with grain size in magnetic alloys and (b)relationship between permeability,m e (at 1kHz)and saturation polarization for soft mag-netic materials [19].226McHENRY and LAUGHLIN:NANO-SCALE MATERIALS DEVELOPMENTchemistry and (b)optimizing the microstructure.Signi®cant in microstructural control has been rec-ognition that a measure of the magnetic hardness (the coercivity,H c )is roughly inversely proportional to the grain size (D g )for grain sizes exceeding H 0.1±1m m [where the D g exceeds the domain (Bloch)wall thickness,d W ].Here grain boundaries act as impediments to domain wall motion,and thus ®ne-grained materials are usually magnetically harder than large grain materials.Signi®cant recent development in the understanding of magnetic coer-civity mechanisms has led to the realization that for very small grain sizes D g `H 100nm ,[18],H c decreases rapidly with decreasing grain size [Fig.2(a)].This can be understood by the fact that the domain wall,whose thickness,d W ,exceeds the grain size,now samples several (or many)grains and ¯uc-tuations in magnetic anisotropy on the grain size length scale which are irrelevant to domain wall pinning.This important concept of random aniso-tropy suggests that nanocrystalline and amorphous alloys have signi®cant potential as soft magnetic materials.Soft magnetic properties require that nanocrystalline grains be exchange coupled and therefore processing routes yielding free standing nanoparticles must include a compaction method in which the magnetic nanoparticles end up exchange coupled.Random anisotropy [20,21]has been realized in a variety of amorphous and nanocrystalline ferro-magnets as illustrated in Fig.2(b)which shows two important ®gures of merit for soft magnetic ma-terials their magnetic permeability and their bined high permeabilities and magnetic inductions are seen for amorphous Fe-and Co-based magnets with more recent improvements in the envelope occurring with the development of nanocrystalline alloys FINEMET,NANOPERM and HITPERM.The last of these combines high permeabilities,large inductions with the potential for high temperature application due to the high Curie temperature of the a '-FeCo nanocrystalline phase.Typical attributes of nanocrystalline ferro-magnetic materials produced by an amorphous pre-cursor route are summarized in Table 1[22].The basis for the random anisotropy model is il-lustrated in Fig.3(a).The concept of a magnetic exchange length and its relationship to the domain wall width and monodomain size is important in the consideration of magnetic anisotropy in nano-crystalline soft magnetic materials.These length scales are de®ned by appealing to a Helmholtz free energy functional described above.These length scales again are:d W p A a K p and L ex A a 4p M 2s p X The extension of the random ani-sotropy model by Herzer [18]to nanocrystalline alloys has been used as the premise for describing e ective anisotropies in nanocrystalline materials.Herzer considers a characteristic volume whose lin-ear dimension is the magnetic exchange length,L ex H A a K 1a 2X The unstated constant of propor-tionality (k )for materials with very small K can beTable 1.Attributes of nanocrystalline ferromagnetic materials produced by an amorphous precursor routeAlloy name Typical composition Nanocrystalline phase B s (T)T c (8C)FINEMET Fe 73.5Si 13.5B 9Nb 3Cu 1a -FeSi,FeSi (DO 3)1.0±1.2<770NANOPERM Fe 88Zr 7B 4Cu a -Fe (b.c.c.)1.5±1.8770HITPERMFe 44Co 44Zr 7B 4Cua -FeCo (b.c.c.),a '-FeCo (B2)1.6±2.1>965Fig.3.(a)Cartoon illustrating N nanocrystalline grains of dimension D ,in a volume L 3ex X (b)TEMmicrographs for an annealed (Fe 70Co 30)88Hf 7B 4Cu HITPERM magnet ribbons [23].McHENRY and LAUGHLIN:NANO-SCALE MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT227quite large.The Herzer argument considers N grains,with random crystallographic easy axes,within a volume of L 3ex ,to be exchange coupled.For random easy axes,a random walk over all N grains yields an e ective anisotropy that is reduced by a factor of 1/(N )1/2from the value K for any one grain,thus K eff K a N 1a 2X The number of grains in this exchange coupled volume is just N L ex a D 3,where D is the average diameter of individual grains.Treating the anisotropy self-con-sistently:K eff H KD 3a 2H K effA !3a 2HK 4D 6A 3!X 9Since the coercivity can be taken as proportional tothe e ective anisotropy,this analysis leads to yield Herzer's prediction that the e ective anisotropy and therefore the coercivity should grow as the sixth power of the grain size:H c H H K H D 6X10Other functional dependences of the coercivity on grain size have been proposed for systems with reduced dimensionality (i.e.thin ®lms)and sup-ported by experimental observations.The D 6power law is observed experimentally in a variety of alloys as illustrated in Fig.2(a).In FINEMET,NANOPERM and HITPERM nanocrystalline alloys,a common synthesis route has been employed resulting in a two-phase nano-crystalline microstructure.This involves rapid soli-di®cation processing of the alloy to produce an amorphous precursor.This is followed by primary (nano)crystallization of the ferromagnetic phase.For synthesis of a nanocrystalline material,the pri-mary crystallization temperature,T x1,is the usefulcrystallization event.In the amorphous precursor route to producing nanocrystalline materials,sec-ondary crystallization is typically of a terminal early transition metal±late transition metal (TL±TE)and/or late transition metal±metalloid (TL±M)phase.This phase is typically deleterious in that it lowers magnetic permeability by domain wall pin-ning.The secondary crystallization temperature,T x2,then represents the upper limit of use for nano-crystalline materials.A typical DTA study of crys-tallization [24,25]is shown in Fig.4(a).Crystallization reactions and kinetics have been examined in some detail for certain of these alloys.For example,Hsiao et al .[26]has examined the crystallization kinetics of a NANOPERM alloy using magnetization as the measure of the volume fraction transformed in the primary crystallization event.Time-dependent magnetization data,at tem-peratures above the crystallization temperature,are illustrated in Fig.4(b).Since the amorphous phase is paramagnetic at the crystallization temperature,the magnetization is a direct measure of the volume fraction of the a -Fe crystalline phase that has trans-formed.M (t )then measures the crystallization kin-etics.Figure 4(b)shows curves reminiscent of Johnson±Mehl±Avrami kinetics for a phase trans-formation.X (t )has been ®t to reveal activation energies of H 3.5eV and JMA kinetic exponents of H 3/2consistent with immediate nucleation and parabolic three-dimensional growth of nanocrystals.Detailed studies of NANOPERM and FINEMET [27,28]alloys have furthered the under-standing of the crystallization events.Ayers et al .[29±31]have proposed a model based on incipient clustering of Cu in FINEMET alloys prior to nucleation of the a -FeSi ferromagnetic nanocrystal-line phase.Hono et al .'s [32±34]atomic probe ®eld ion microscopy (APFIM)studies ofFINEMETFig.4.(a)Di erential thermal analysis (DTA)plot of heat evolved as a function of temperature for a Fe 44Co 44Zr 7B 4Cu 1alloy showing two distinct crystallization events [24,25].(b)Isothermal magnetiza-tion as a function of time (normalized by its value after 1h)for the NANOPERM compositionFe 88Zr 7B 4Cu at 490,500,520and 5508C,respectively [26].228McHENRY and LAUGHLIN:NANO-SCALE MATERIALS DEVELOPMENTalso supported the important role of Cu in the crys-tallization process,though it was thought that Fe±Si nanocrystals grew near but not necessarily on the Cu clusters [Fig.5(b)].Recent three-dimensional APFIM results by Hono et al .elegantly con®rm the original Ayers mechanism.Clear inferences from magnetic measurements,EXAFS,etc.point to the role of partitioning of early transition metals and boron during primary crystallization of NANOPERM and HITPERM alloys [Fig.5(a)].A signi®cant issue in the use of nanocrystalline materials in soft magnetic applications is the strength and especially the temperature dependence of the exchange coupling between the nanocrystal-line grains.The intergranular amorphous phase,left after primary crystallization in FINEMET and NANOPERM,has a lower Curie temperature than the nanocrystalline ferromagnetic phase.This can give rise to exchange decoupling of the nanocrystal-line grains,and resulting magnetic hardening,at relatively low temperatures.HITPERM has been developed with the aim of not only increasing the Curie temperature of the nanocrystals (in this case a '-FeCo)but also in the intragranular amorphous phase.Figure 6(a)shows observations of magnetization as a function of temperature [22,24,25]for two alloys,one of a NANOPERM composition,and the other of a HITPERM composition.The amor-phous precursor to NANOPERM has a T c just above room temperature.The magnetic phase tran-sition is followed by primary crystallization at T x 1H 5008C ;secondary crystallization and ®nally T c of the nanocrystalline a -Fe phase at H 7708C.M (T )for HITPERM,shows a monotonic magnetization decrease up to T c for the amorphous phase.Above 400±5008C structural relaxation and crystallization of the a '-FeCo phase occurs.T x1is well below the Curie temperature of the amorphous phase,so that the magnetization of the amorphous phase is only partially suppressed prior to crystallization.It is this Curie temperature of the amorphous intergra-nular phase that is important to the exchange coup-ling of the nanocrystals in HITPERM.The soft magnetic properties of nanocrystalline magnetic alloys extend to high frequencies due to the fact that the high resistivities of these alloys limit eddy current losses.Figure 7(b)illustrates the frequency dependence of the real and imaginary components of the complex permeability,m 'and m 0,for a HITPERM alloy.m 0re¯ects the power loss due to eddy currents and hysteresis.The losses,m 0(T ),peak at a frequency of H 20kHz.This is re¯ective of the higher resistivity in the nanocrystal-line materials.AC losses re¯ect domain wall in a viscous medium.The largerresistivityFig.5.(a)Schematic representation of the concentration pro®le of Fe and Zr near an a -Fe nanocrystal for during primary crystallization of NANOPERM type alloys [22].(b)Proposed sequence of events inthe nanocrystallization of FINEMET alloys (after Hono et al .[32±34]).Fig.6.(a)M (T )for an alloy with a NANOPERM com-position Fe 88Zr 7B 4Cu and an alloy with a HITPERMcomposition,Fe 44Co 44Zr 7B 4Cu [24,25].McHENRY and LAUGHLIN:NANO-SCALE MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT 229r 50mO cm at 300K)extends the large per-meability to higher frequencies where eddy currents (classical and those due to domain wall motion)dominate the losses.The resistivity of the nanocrys-talline materials is intermediate between the amor-phous precursor and crystalline materials of similar composition and is a signi®cant term in eddy cur-rent related damping of domain wall motion.4.HARD MAGNETIC MATERIALSOver the last few decades the most signi®cant advancements in permanent magnet materials has come in the area of so-called rare earth permanent magnets.These have a magnetic transition metal as the majority species and a rare earth metal as the minority species.The large size di erencebetweenFig.7.AC hysteresis loops for the HITPERM alloy at 0.06,4,10,and 40kHz.The sample was annealed at 6508C for 1h and the measurements were made at room temperature with a ®eld ampli-tude,H m 2X 5Oe [24,25].Fig.8.(a)Cartoon showing cellular structure [48]observed in many 2:17based magnets with cells con-taining the rhombohedral and hexagonal 2:17variants and 1:5intergranular phase;(b)crystal struc-tures of the same and (c)TEM picture (courtesy of J.Dooley)of cellular structure observed in 2:17-based magnet.230McHENRY and LAUGHLIN:NANO-SCALE MATERIALS DEVELOPMENTthe rare earth and transition metal species gives rise to the observation of many anisotropic crystal structures in these systems.In such systems the transition metal(TM)species is responsible for most of the magnetization and TM±TM exchange determines the Curie temperature.On the other hand the rare earth(RE)species determines the magnetocrystalline anisotropy.The anisotropic4f-electron charge densities about the rare earth ion gives rise to large orbital moment and consequently large spin orbit interactions that are at the root of magnetocrystalline anisotropy.The development of large coercivities from materials with large(uniax-ial)magnetic anisotropies involves microstructural development aimed at supplying barriers to the ro-tation of the magnetization and pinning of domain walls.Systems based on Sm±Co[35±38]and Fe±Nd±B[39,40]have been of considerable recent interest.Of the two important classes of rare earth tran-sition metal permanent magnets,i.e.Sm±Co based and Nd2Fe14B alloys[39,40],Sm±Co alloys have much larger Curie temperatures,increasing in com-pounds with larger Co concentrations(e.g.the3:29 phase).The so-called1:5,1:7,and2:17alloys and newly discovered3:29materials[41,42],have received attention,where the ratios refer to the RE:TM concentrations.High Curie temperature, T c,interstitially doped(C,N),2:17magnets have also been studied extensively[43±47].The develop-ment of the Fe±Nd±B magnets has been motivated by the lower cost of Fe as compared with Co and Nd as compared with Sm.These magnets do,how-ever,su er from poorer high temperature magnetic properties due to their lower Curie temperatures. The Sm2Co17phase when compared with SmCo5 o ers larger inductions and Curie temperatures at the expense of some magnetic anisotropy.The2:17 materials have favorable and to date unmatched intrinsic properties:B r 1X2T(258C),intrinsic coer-civity i H c 1X2T(258C)and T c 9208C(e.g.in comparison to7508C for SmCo5).The higher three-dimensional metal content(Co)leads to their high values of T c.The2:17magnets currently in com-mercial production have a composition Sm(CoFeCuM)7.5.Additions of Fe are made to increase the remnant induction;Cu and M Zr, Hf,or Ti)additions are made to in¯uence precipi-tation hardening.Optimum hard magnetic proper-ties,notably coercivities are achieved in magnets in which the primary magnetic phase has a50±100nm grain size(approaching the monodomain size)as described below.Typical2:17Sm±Co magnets with large values of H c are obtained through a low temperature heat treatment used to develop a cellular microstructure (see Fig.8).Small cells of the2:17matrix phase are separated(and usually completely surrounded)by a thin layer of the1:5phase as illustrated in Fig.8. The cell interior contains both a heavily twinned rhombohedral modi®cation of the2:17phase along with coherent platelets of the so-called z-phase[48] is rich in Fe and M and has the hexagonal2:17 structure.Typical microstructures have a50±100nm cellular structure,with5±20nm thick cell walls, and display i H c of1.0±1.5T at room temperature. By1508C H c is diminished by H50%.The loss of H c undoubtedly continues with temperature.In the cellular microstructure shown in Fig.8the magnetic anisotropy of the1:5cell boundary phase is important in determining the coercivity. Coercivity at room temperature in2:17Sm±Co magnets is largely controlled by the magnetocrystal-line anisotropy of Sm3+ions in SmCo5in the cell walls.In a100nm cellular material the room tem-perature coercivity is twice that of conventional 2:17alloys.In Co-rich alloys(2:17,3:29,etc.)devel-opment of su cient magnetic anisotropy for hard applications is intimately related to having a prefer-ential easy c-axis and developing a®ne microstruc-ture.Optimization of the Sm(CoFeCuZr)z magnets dis-cussed above have been the subject of much recent work.In particular,improvement of properties at elevated temperatures for aircraft power generators has been of particular interest[49±52].Ma et al.[49]investigated the e ects of intrinsic coercivity on the thermal stability of2:17magnets up to 4508C.Recently,Liu et al.[52]have investigated the role of Cu content and stoichiometry,z,on the intrinsic coercivity at5008C in Sm(CoFeCuZr)z magnets.For magnets with z 8X5,i.e. Sm(Co bal Fe0.1Cu x Zr0.033)8.5,the optimum coercivity (4.0T at room temperature,1.0T at5008C)occurs for a Cu concentration x 0X088X The role of Cu has been elucidated through microstructural studies as decreasing the cell size while concurrently increasing the density of the lamellar z-phase in these alloys.The development of Sm±Co magnets,especially those with good high temperature magnetic proper-ties has resulted in extensive work on a so-called 1:7phase with a TbCu7structure[53].SmCo7is a metastable phase at room temperature.The struc-tures of SmCo7and Sm2Co17are both derived from the structure of SmCo5.The structure of Sm2Co17 can be viewed as one in which1/3of the Sm atoms in the SmCo5are replaced by dumbbells of Co in an ordered fashion.Kim[54,55]have studied the intrinsic coercivity of SmTM7magnets and attribu-ted higher coercivities at5008C to smaller cell sizes. Recent work[54±57]on SmCo7Àx Zr x magnets has been extended to alloys with composition RCo7Àx Zr x x 0±0X8,R Pr,Y or Er).A small amount of Zr substitution contributes to stabiliz-ation of the TbCu7structure,and improves the magneto-anisotropy®eld,H A.The choice and con-centration of various rare earth species in¯uences the easy axis of magnetization.Most recently there has been considerable interestMcHENRY and LAUGHLIN:NANO-SCALE MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT231。
Advances in Material Science
Advances in Material ScienceMaterials science is a constantly evolving field that deals with the study of matter and materials, their properties, and how they can be shaped, engineered or applied for various purposes. From the discovery of new materials to the development of cutting-edge technologies, advances in material science have revolutionized the world around us. In this article, we will take a closer look at some of the recent breakthroughs and innovations that have been achieved in the field of material science.Nanomaterials and NanotechnologyOne of the most exciting developments in materials science is the emergence of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology deals with the manipulation of matter at the atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale, and has opened up new possibilities for the creation of advanced materials with unique properties. Nanomaterials have a larger surface area to volume ratio than bulk materials, which gives them enhanced mechanical, optical, and chemical characteristics. Some of the most commonly used nanomaterials include graphene, carbon nanotubes, and quantum dots.One of the main applications of nanotechnology is in the field of electronics, where nanomaterials are used to create faster and more efficient components. Graphene, for example, is an ideal material for creating faster and more energy-efficient transistors, while carbon nanotubes are used to create high-end displays and sensors. In addition to electronics, nanotechnology is being used in the development of new drug delivery systems, advanced sensors, and more efficient batteries.Bio-inspired materialsNature is an endless source of inspiration for materials scientists, and many of the most innovative materials have been inspired by biology. Bio-inspired materials are designed to mimic natural systems and structures, and can have a range of applications in fields such as medicine, energy, and materials science. One example of a bio-inspiredmaterial is spider silk, which has excellent mechanical properties, is biodegradable, and can be produced in large quantities.Scientists are also using biologically inspired techniques to create self-healing materials. These are materials that can repair themselves when they are damaged, similar to how our skin heals after a cut. Self-healing materials have a range of potential applications, including in the automotive and aerospace industries, where they could help to reduce costs and increase longevity.3D Printing3D printing is a rapidly evolving technology that allows materials to be printed, layer by layer, to create complex structures. This technology has revolutionized the way that many industries create products, and has opened up new possibilities for materials science. 3D printing enables the creation of materials with unique shapes and properties that cannot be produced using traditional manufacturing techniques, and has led to the creation of stronger, lighter, and more resilient materials.One example of the use of 3D printing in materials science is in the development of new alloys. Multi-material alloys can be printed using 3D printing, which can combine the best properties of different metals to create new materials with enhanced characteristics. This technology is also being used to create customized medical implants and prosthetics, which can be tailored to the individual needs of each patient.Smart MaterialsSmart materials are materials that can respond to external stimuli, such as temperature, light, and pressure, and change their properties accordingly. These materials have a range of potential applications in engineering, aerospace, and medicine. For example, smart materials can be used in the aerospace industry to create self-healing surfaces on aircraft, or in the medical field to create drug delivery systems that release medications at specific intervals.Shape-memory alloys are one example of a smart material that has been particularly well-received. These alloys can change shape when exposed to heat or pressure, and canthen return to their original shape when cooled. Shape-memory alloys have applications in a range of fields, including medical implants, aerospace engineering, and smart textiles.ConclusionThe field of material science is constantly evolving, and the recent breakthroughs and innovations highlighted in this article are just the tip of the iceberg. From nanotechnology to smart materials, the possibilities for new materials and applications are limitless. These advances in material science have the potential to revolutionize various industries and improve our quality of life, and it is exciting to see what breakthroughs the future holds.。
供应链管理案例之巴斯夫在中国(中英文解释)ppt课件
monomers; superabsorbents; adhesive raw materials; 单体;高吸水性树脂胶粘剂原材料;
paper chemicals
纸的化学物质
Agricultural
Herbicides, fungicides and insecticides; vitamins; 除草剂、杀菌剂和杀虫剂;维生素;
和尼龙;工程塑料;聚氨酯基本
materials and polyurethane systems; specialty elastomers
材料和聚氨酯系统;特种弹性体
Performance Raw materials for detergents, textile and leather chemicals洗; 涤剂原料、纺织和皮革化学品;
Strengthen our position as one of the top 5 suppliers in strategically relevant markets 加强我们的地位，作为 世界5强之一的供应商在战略相关市场
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Global presence 全球影响力
美国 自由港
安特卫普 路德维希港
关丹县南京 (启动2005年) NhomakorabeaVerbund site
Major production site
一体化基地
主要生产基地
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Growth Strategy for Asia 亚洲增长战略
Position: 定位
Early positioning in high-growth markets enables profitable growth 在高增长市场的早期定位可以使 利润增长
Materials Characterization
Materials Characterization Materials characterization is an essential field in materials science that involves the study of the properties of materials at the atomic, molecular, and macroscopic levels. The characterization of materials is critical in understanding their behavior, performance, and suitability for various applications. This field has been instrumental in the development of new materials, improving the performance of existing materials, and advancing various fields, including electronics, energy, and medicine. One of the key aspects of materials characterization is the use of various techniques to analyze the properties of materials. These techniques include microscopy, spectroscopy, diffraction, and thermal analysis. Each technique provides unique information about the material being analyzed, and the combination of these techniques can provide a comprehensive understanding of the material's properties. For example, microscopy techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), can provide information about the surface and internal structure of a material, while spectroscopy techniques, such as infrared spectroscopy (IR) and Raman spectroscopy, can provide information about the chemical composition and bonding of the material. Another important aspect of materials characterizationis the use of computational methods to simulate and predict the properties of materials. These methods include molecular dynamics simulations, densityfunctional theory calculations, and Monte Carlo simulations. Computational methods can provide insights into the behavior of materials at the atomic and molecular levels, which can be difficult to observe experimentally. These methods can alsobe used to design new materials with specific properties for various applications. Materials characterization is also important in the development of new materialsfor various applications. For example, the development of new materials for energy applications, such as batteries and solar cells, requires a thorough understanding of the materials' properties and behavior. Materials characterization can help identify the best materials for these applications and optimize their performance. Similarly, materials characterization is critical in the development of newmedical devices and implants, where the materials used must be biocompatible and have specific mechanical and chemical properties. In addition to its scientificand technological importance, materials characterization also has societal and economic implications. The development of new materials and the optimization of existing materials can lead to the creation of new industries and job opportunities. For example, the development of new materials for renewable energy applications can lead to the creation of new jobs in the energy sector. Materials characterization can also help identify materials that are more sustainable and environmentally friendly, leading to a more sustainable future. In conclusion, materials characterization is a critical field in materials science that involves the study of the properties of materials at the atomic, molecular, and macroscopic levels. The use of various techniques, including microscopy, spectroscopy, diffraction, and thermal analysis, can provide a comprehensive understanding of the properties of materials. Computational methods can also be used to simulate and predict the properties of materials. Materials characterization is important in the development of new materials for various applications, including energy, medicine, and electronics. It also has societal and economic implications, leading to the creation of new industries and job opportunities and promoting a more sustainable future.。
Materials Science and Engineering
Materials Science and Engineering Materials science and engineering is a multidisciplinary field that focuses on the design and discovery of new materials, as well as the development of processes for creating and modifying materials to meet specific needs. This field plays a crucial role in various industries, including aerospace, automotive, electronics, and healthcare. The materials used in these industries must possess specific properties, such as strength, durability, conductivity, and biocompatibility, to ensure the optimal performance of the final products. As such, materialsscientists and engineers are constantly striving to innovate and improve existing materials, as well as to develop new materials that can push the boundaries of what is possible in various applications. One of the key challenges in materials science and engineering is the need to balance conflicting material properties. For example, in the automotive industry, there is a constant push to develop lighter materials to improve fuel efficiency, while still maintaining the strength and safety of the vehicle. Similarly, in the electronics industry, there is a demand for materials that are both conductive and insulating, to enable the efficient flow of electricity while preventing short circuits. Achieving this balance often requires a deep understanding of the underlying structure-property relationships of materials, as well as the ability to manipulate these properties through various processing techniques. Another significant issue in materials science and engineering is the need to develop sustainable and environmentally friendly materials and processes. With the growing concern over climate change and environmental degradation, there is a strong push towards the development of materials that have minimal impact on the environment, both during their production and throughout their lifecycle. This includes the use of renewable raw materials, the reduction of energy and resource consumption during manufacturing, and the recyclability or biodegradability of the final products. Meeting these requirements often requires a holistic approach that considers the entire materials ecosystem, from raw material extraction to end-of-life disposal. In addition to technical challenges, materials scientists and engineers also face economic and societal pressures. The materials used in various industries must not only meet technical requirements but also be cost-effective and readily available.This often requires a careful balance between performance and cost, as well as the ability to scale up production to meet the demands of mass markets. Furthermore, there is a growing demand for materials that can address societal challenges, such as clean energy, healthcare, and infrastructure development. For example, the development of advanced materials for renewable energy technologies, such as solar cells and energy storage devices, is crucial for transitioning towards a more sustainable and low-carbon future. Despite these challenges, materials science and engineering also offer numerous opportunities for innovation and impact. The continuous advancement of materials and processes has led to the development of new technologies and products that have transformed various industries. For example, the use of advanced composite materials has revolutionized the aerospace industry, enabling the construction of lighter and more fuel-efficient aircraft. Similarly, the development of new biomaterials has significantly improved the performance and longevity of medical implants, leading to better patient outcomes and quality of life. These successes highlight the potential of materials science and engineering to drive positive change and create a better future for society. In conclusion, materials science and engineering is a complex and dynamic field that is essential for addressing the diverse needs of modern society. While it presents numerous challenges, such as balancing conflicting material properties, developing sustainable materials, and meeting economic and societal demands, it also offers significant opportunities for innovation and impact. By addressing these challenges and seizing these opportunities, materials scientists and engineers can continue to drive progress and create a positive impact on the world.。
Development of new materials for advanced coatings
Development of new materials foradvanced coatingsIntroductionAdvanced coatings play a pivotal role in enhancing the durability, sustainability, and performance of various industrial products. The development of new materials is crucial to the advancement of this field. In this article, we will discuss the importance of developing new materials for advanced coatings and the latest innovations in this area.Importance of Developing New Materials for Advanced CoatingsAdvanced coatings have a wide range of applications, from aerospace and automotive to electronics and medical devices. These coatings need to meet specific requirements in terms of performance, durability, and sustainability. Therefore, it is important to develop new materials that can meet these requirements and offer novel properties that can improve the performance of coatings.The development of new materials for coatings can lead to cost savings and increased efficiency in manufacturing processes. For instance, by using materials that are easier to handle and have lower toxicity levels, manufacturers can reduce the cost of production and make the manufacturing processes more environmentally friendly.Moreover, new materials can provide a competitive advantage to companies that use them. For instance, a company that can develop coatings that offer better scratch resistance or corrosion protection than those of their competitors will have an edge in the market.Innovations in New Materials for Advanced CoatingsNew materials for advanced coatings are being developed using various approaches, including nanotechnology, biomimetics, and advanced composites.Nanotechnology involves the manipulation of materials at the atomic and molecular level to produce coatings with unique properties. For example, nano-coatings made from materials such as carbon nanotubes or graphene offer exceptional strength, flexibility, and durability.Biomimetics involves the study of living organisms and their natural processes to develop materials with similar properties. For instance, coatings made from materials that mimic the properties of shark skin can reduce water turbulence and drag.Advanced composites are materials made from two or more different materials that offer enhanced properties. For example, coatings composed of metal and ceramic composites can offer exceptional wear resistance and temperature stability.ConclusionIn conclusion, the development of new materials for advanced coatings is crucial for the advancement of this field. New materials can lead to cost savings, increased efficiency, and a competitive advantage for companies. Innovations in nanotechnology, biomimetics, and advanced composites are offering novel solutions for the development of advanced coatings with unique properties. As the demand for advanced coatings continues to grow, the development of new materials will play a significant role in meeting the needs of various industries.。
关键起始物料有关物质方法开发
关键起始物料有关物质方法开发Key starting materials are essential for successful method development in any material-related field. These materials serve as the foundation for the entire process, influencing the outcome of the final product. Therefore, it is crucial to carefully choose and optimize these starting materials to achieve the desired results. 关键起始物料在任何涉及物质的领域中都是成功方法开发的关键。
这些材料是整个过程的基础，影响最终产品的结果。
因此，仔细选择和优化这些起始材料以实现期望的结果至关重要。
One of the primary factors to consider when selecting key starting materials is the purity and quality of the substances. Impurities in the starting materials can have a significant impact on the outcome of the method development process, leading to undesired results. Therefore, it is essential to source high-quality starting materials that meet the required purity standards. 在选择关键起始材料时要考虑的主要因素之一是物质的纯度和质量。
巴斯夫分散剂665型号用途
巴斯夫分散剂665型号用途BASF dispersant 665 is a type of dispersing agent that is commonly used in various industries for different purposes. It is specifically designed to enhance the dispersibility of solid particles in liquids, leading to better stability and homogeneity of the final product. 巴斯夫分散剂665型号被广泛应用于各个行业，用途多样。
它专门设计用于提高固体颗粒在液体中的分散性，使最终产品更加稳定和均匀。
In the manufacturing industry, BASF dispersant 665 is often used in the production of paints, coatings, and inks. By incorporating this dispersing agent into the formulation, manufacturers can achieve better color development, improved flow properties, and enhanced stability of the final product. 在制造业中，巴斯夫分散剂665常用于油漆、涂料和油墨的生产。
通过将这种分散剂加入配方中，制造商可以实现更好的色彩发展，改善流动性能，提高最终产品的稳定性。
Another important application of BASF dispersant 665 is in the agriculture sector, particularly in the formulation of pesticides and herbicides. By using this dispersing agent, agricultural chemical manufacturers can ensure that the active ingredients are evenlydistributed in the formulation, leading to better efficacy and improved performance in the field. 巴斯夫分散剂665的另一个重要应用领域是农业部门，特别是在杀虫剂和除草剂的配方中。
材料专业对国家发展的作用英语作文
The Pivotal Role of Materials Science inNational DevelopmentIn the fast-paced era of technological advancement, the significance of materials science in national development cannot be overstated. Materials science, as a multidisciplinary field, plays a crucial role in driving innovation, enhancing industrial competitiveness, and contributing to sustainable growth. This essay explores the vital contributions of materials science to national progress, highlighting its impact on various sectors and emphasizing its potential for future development.Firstly, materials science is essential for technological innovation. The development of advanced materials with unique properties enables the creation of novel technologies that push the boundaries of human capability. From stronger and lighter alloys used in aerospace engineering to biocompatible materials for medical implants, materials science provides the foundation for transformative technological advancements. These advancements not only enhance our quality of life but also contribute to economic growth and job creation.Secondly, materials science is instrumental in enhancing industrial competitiveness. By developing new materials and optimizing existing ones, industries can improve the performance, durability, and efficiency oftheir products. This, in turn, allows them to gain a competitive edge in global markets, driving economic growth and national prosperity. The automotive industry, for instance, relies heavily on materials science to develop lighter and more fuel-efficient vehicles, while the electronics industry leverages advanced materials to create faster and more powerful devices.Furthermore, materials science contributes to sustainable development. With the increasing focus on environmental sustainability, the development of eco-friendly and recyclable materials has become a priority. Materials scientists are working to create materials that have reduced environmental impact, such as biodegradable plastics and renewable energy materials. These efforts not only help mitigate the environmental consequences of industrialization but also pave the way for a more sustainable future.Looking ahead, the potential of materials science for future development is immense. With the advent of new technologies like nanotechnology and additive manufacturing, the field is poised to make even greater contributions to national progress. Nanomaterials, for instance, have the potential to revolutionize various industries, frommedicine to electronics, due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Similarly, additive manufacturing, or3D printing, allows for the creation of complex and customized materials and structures with unprecedented precision and efficiency.In conclusion, materials science plays a pivotal rolein national development. Its contributions to technological innovation, industrial competitiveness, and sustainable development are indispensable for national progress. As we continue to explore the vast potential of this field, it is likely that materials science will continue to shape the future of our nation and beyond.**材料专业对国家发展的重要作用**在科技飞速发展的时代，材料科学在国家发展中的作用不容忽视。
溶剂热法制备金属酞菁晶体的研究进展
2008 年的铜酞菁晶体 [15-16] 。
2. 1 铜酞菁
铜酞菁是金属酞菁家族中被研究得最深入、衍生产品最多、首先实现工业化的金属酞菁。 铜酞菁晶体拥
有 α、β、γ、δ、ε、π、X、R 等众多晶型,其中能够作为颜料使用的常用晶型为 α 和 β 晶型,它们展示出牢固而稳
定的蓝色色泽 [2,17] 。 以铜酞菁为原料制备的十六氯铜酞菁即酞菁绿,拥有鲜艳的绿色 [18] 。 这些铜酞菁基
蓝、绿色颜料是有机颜料中地位最高、产量最大的重要品种。
2008 年,夏道成等 [15-16] 使用邻苯二甲腈和甲醇钠作为原料制备 1,3-二异吲哚啉,再将其与二水乙酸铜、
处于临界状态,不仅产生了压力变化,同时改变了溶剂的密度、黏度、分散作用等性质,使反应原料处于特殊
反应环境并使其处于传统实验方法不能创建的反应路径,因此实现了新材料、新结构的产生。 相比传统方
法,溶剂热法实验参数更易于控制。 溶剂热法制备晶体材料已发展了近三十年的时间,许多新材料均已实现
溶剂热制备。 然而,应用溶剂热法制备金属酞菁晶体材料的研究起步较晚,目前可经溶剂热法制备的金属酞
法一步制备金属酞菁晶体的研究进展,总结了能够通过该方法制备的金属酞菁晶体种类及其相应的反应条件和产物
结构,综合评价了该方法的技术优势,并对应用溶剂热法制备的金属酞菁晶体的未来发展进行了展望。
关键词:金属酞菁;晶体材料;平面大环配合物;晶体生长;溶剂热法;绿色化学
中图分类号:O641. 4
文献标志码:A
注:钪酞菁、钛酞菁、钒酞菁、锰酞菁、钴酞菁、砷酞菁、银酞菁、汞酞菁、铅酞菁、铀酞菁、磷酞菁可由锂酞菁置换制备。
Advanced Materials Development
Advanced Materials DevelopmentAdvanced materials development is a crucial area of research and development that has the potential to revolutionize various industries and improve the quality of life for people around the world. With the rapid advancement of technology and the increasing demand for more efficient and sustainable materials, the need for innovative and advanced materials has never been greater. However, this area of research also comes with its own set of challenges and complexities that need to be carefully considered and addressed.One of the key challenges in advanced materials development is the need for extensive research and testing to ensure the safety, reliability, and effectiveness of new materials. This requires significant investment in both time and resources, as well as a high level of expertise and collaboration among scientists, engineers, and other stakeholders. Furthermore, the process of developing new materials often involves trial and error, as well as the need to overcome various technical hurdles and unexpected outcomes. This can be a daunting and frustrating process, requiring patience and perseverance to achieve successful outcomes.Another major challenge in advanced materials development is the need to balance the performance and functionality of new materials with their environmental impact and sustainability. As the global community becomes increasingly aware of the environmental and social consequences of industrial activities, there is a growing demand for materials that are not only high-performing, but also eco-friendly and sustainable. This requires careful consideration of the entire lifecycle of materials, from sourcing and production to use and disposal, as well as the development of new manufacturing processes and technologies that minimize environmental impact.In addition, the field of advanced materials development is also highly competitive, with numerous companies, research institutions, and government agencies vying to be at the forefront of innovation. This can create a sense of pressure and urgency to deliver breakthroughs and achieve commercial success, which may lead to shortcuts or compromises in the research and development process. It is essential for stakeholders inthis field to maintain a strong ethical compass and prioritize the long-term benefits of their work over short-term gains, in order to ensure the safety and integrity of new materials.Despite these challenges, the potential benefits of advanced materials development are immense. From the development of new lightweight and high-strength materials for aerospace and automotive applications, to the creation of advanced biomaterials for medical devices and implants, the impact of advanced materials on various industries and sectors is far-reaching. Furthermore, the development of new materials can also lead to the creation of new markets and opportunities for economic growth, as well as the potential to address pressing global challenges such as climate change and resource scarcity.In conclusion, advanced materials development is a complex and challenging field that requires a careful balance of scientific, technical, ethical, and economic considerations. While the road to innovation in this field may be fraught with obstacles and uncertainties, the potential rewards are significant and far-reaching. By addressing the challenges of safety, sustainability, competition, and ethical responsibility, stakeholders in advanced materials development can work towards creating a brighter and more sustainable future for all.。
供应链案例之BASF在中国
Chemicals Inorganic specialties; electronic-grade chemicals; glues; resins; petrochemical feedstocks; plasticizers; amines; diols; polyalcohols; carboxylic acids; specialty intermediates Styrene; styrene-based polymers and copolymers; caprolactam and nylon; engineering plastics; polyurethane basic materials and polyurethane systems; specialty elastomers Raw materials for detergents, textile and leather chemicals; pigments; printing inks; fuel and lubricant additives; automotive OEM and refinish coatings; industrial coatings; monomers; superabsorbents; adhesive raw materials; paper chemicals
23.09.2004
Crude oil and natural gas (exploration, production and trading)
3
BASF’s sales by customer industry
Percentage of sales in 2003 from ongoing business including Oil & Gas
Materials Development
Materials DevelopmentBrian Tomlinson【期刊名称】《基础教育外语教学研究》【年(卷),期】2005(000)008【摘要】@@ IntroductionrnMaterials development is both a field of study and a practical undertaking. As a field it studies the principles and procedures of the design, implementation and evaluation and adaptation of language teaching materials, by teachers for their own classrooms and by materials writers for sale or distribution. Ideally these two aspects of materials development are interactive in that the theoretical studies inform and are informed by the development and use of classroom materials (e. g. Tomlinson 1998c).【总页数】4页(P37-40)【作者】Brian Tomlinson【作者单位】无【正文语种】中文【中图分类】H3【相关文献】1.Advanced Transmission Electron Microscopy Applications in Nano-Materials and Nano-Technology Developments [J],2.New Developments in the Calorimetry of High-Temperature Materials [J], Alexandra Navrotsky;3.Advanced Transmission Electron Microscopy Applications in Nano-Materials and Nano-Technology Developments [J], KAI J.J.; CHEN F.R.4.Recent developments of stamped planar micro-supercapacitors: Materials,fabrication and perspectives [J], Fei Li;Yang Li;Jiang Qu;Jinhui Wang;Vineeth Kumar Bandari;Feng Zhu;Oliver G.Schmidt5.Recent developments of the high strength and high ductility nanostructured materials [J], Jian LU,Aiying CHEN,Hongning KOU,Ying LI,Leyu WANG and Chunsheng WEN Department of Mechanical Engineering,The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,Hung Hom Kowloon,Hong Kong,China因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
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Sepiolid TM N grades
(n-type semiconductors)
Sepiolid TM D grades
(Dielectrics)
• Low-k polymers • Cross-linkable polymers • Others
15
Sepiolid™ P200 is a new P3HT-grade with extremely high regioregularity
2
BASF - at a glance
n BASF n The world’s leading chemical company n Offers intelligent system solutions and high-value products for almost all industries n Sales 2008: €62,304 million n Income from operations (EBIT) 2008: €6,463 million n Investments in R&D > €1bn/year n Ciba acquisition in 2009 (integration ongoing)
Semiconductor
Gate
Dielectric
D
Substrate S = Source, D = Drain
Assumptions: • Mobility improves with higher crystallinity and fewer grain boundaries • Impurities or localized electric fields may lead to charge traps • Inhomogeneities at the interface lead to inhomogeneous transistor behaviour
16
Very uniform behaviour and decent performance can be achieved
Sepiolid™ P200
Regioregularity >98% P200, dielectric spincoated processed in ambient
Au Dielectric Au P200 PET Au
• Electric field between gate and source induces charges at dielectric-semiconductor interface • Electric field between drain and source leads to current flow S Quality of semiconductor – dielectric interface is crucial
13
Development and launch of a new application easily takes years
Material development, scale up
Ink formulation
Lab printing of components
Commercial printing of circuits Device integration
NanoMarkets, 2006
9
Materials are at the heart of printed electronics
RFID tags
•Retail •Anti-counterfeiting
Organic Photovoltaics
•Low cost power supply •Small to medium area mobile applications •Large area grid connected Semiconductors Dielectrics Passivation materials Auxiliaries
Flexible Displays
•Low cost signage (advertising) •Medium cost displays (consumer electronics)
10
One material does not fit all applications
11
Combination of Materials - Dielectrics and Semiconductors have to perform as a system
Low to medium Low Low to medium cost devices
6
Positioning of Printed Electronics Products
Displays Smart Cards RFIDs Signage Backplanes
Sensors Volume Photovoltaics Lighting Memory
Organic Organic Electronics Electronics
Silicon Silicon GaAs GaAs SiC SiC
Performance
7
Market Expectations for Printed Electronics
Total Printable Electronics Market expected to be ~$30 billion by 2013
Health & Environmental Technology Energy & Organic Electronics
§ Pro-t-action™ § Smart Textiles § Antimicrobial
materials
§ OLED § Photovoltaics
§ Printed
12
In almost all applications three competence areas need to work together
Electronics
• Device components • Circuitry design Stability -shelf -operations Redundancies, Anisotropic effects, Productivity / Yield
Materials Development for Printed Electronics at BASF
Dr. Paul van der Schaaf
FUNMAT Seminar, Turku August 28th 2009
1
Content of the talk
The BASF company Set-up and actvities in field of Printed Electronics Current materials portfolio Summary
§ Thermoelectrics § Magnetocalorics § Li-Ion-Batteries
Electronics
5
Positioning of Printed Electronics Products
Traditional Electronics Substrates Non-flexible silicon wafers Very high Very high High cost devices
Materials / Inks
• Electronic properties • Processability • Scalebility / Cost
Printing processes
Adhesion, film morphology, interface properties • Homogeneity • Resolution
Traditional Printing Flexible paper&foil No electronic perfoቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱmance Very low No electronic applications
Printed Electronics Flexible foil
Performance Cost Applications
3
Global megatrends driving innovation
BASF's growth cluster initiative
Megatrends Growth clusters Plant biotechnology
Population growth
Target applications
„Standard“-P3HT, e.g. Sepiolid™ P100 : rr ~94%
ØOn average 6 defects per 100units ØDisturbed crystallization
Sepiolid™ P200: rr>>98%
ØMax 2 defects per 100units ØVery good crystallization ØImproved „interchain“ charge carrier transport ØBetter mobility ØHigher currents
NanoMarkets, 2006
8
Market Expectations for Printed Electronic Inks
Total Market for Printable Electronics Inks ~$3 billion in 2013 of which $1.8 billion is projected for organic inks!