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SH3503要点文档 (3)

SH3503要点文档 (3)

b)综合卷卷内文件:1)交工技术文件总目录;2)交工技术文件总说明;3)施工组织设计及批复文件;4)开工报告;5)重大质量事故处理报告;6)工程中间交接证书;7)工程交工证书;8)交工技术文件移交证书;c)专业工程卷卷内文件应包括:1)交工技术文件目录;2)交工技术文件说明;3)开工报告;4)重大质量事故处理报告;5)工程中间交接证书;6)交工技术文件移交证书;7)工程变更一览表及设计变更单与工程联络单;8)施工质量验收记录;9)检测、试验报告;d)材料、设备质量证明卷卷内文件包括:1)交工技术文件目录;2)交工技术文件说明;3)重大质量事故处理报告;4)交工技术文件移交证书;5)开箱检验记录;6)材料、设备质量证明文件;7)检测、复验报告;8)工程变更一览表及材料变更文件;9)材料发放一览表;e)竣工图卷卷内文件包括:1)交工技术文件目录;2)交工技术文件说明;3)交工技术文件移交证书;4)重大质量事故处理报告;5)竣工图。

6.2.2 建设工程项目均应编制综合卷,卷内文件——工程交工证书应执行本规定5.4条的规定。

建设工程项目实行工程总承包的综合卷由总承包单位编制,未实行工程总承包的应符合下列规定:a)多家施工单位参建的由监理单位编制;b)一家施工单位参建的由施工单位编制。

条文解释:本条规定建设工程项目均应编制综合卷,且明确了综合卷的编制责任。

6.2.3 各专业工程卷内文件可按设计文件规定的单元工程或按建设工程项目划分的单位工程组册,也可设立分册。

第一册宜为综合册,且组册应符合下列规定:a)综合册册内文件应包括:1)交工技术文件目录;2)交工技术文件总目录;3)交工技术文件说明;4)开工报告;5)工程中间交接证书;6)重大质量事故处理报告;7)交工技术文件移交证书;8)工程变更一览表及设计变更;6.2.8 建设工程项目竣工图编制应符合下列规定:a)按图施工无变动的,可用原详细工程设计文件作为竣工图;b)在施工中发生过设计变更的应按最终修改状况绘制竣工图;c)竣工图完成后应加盖竣工图章(见图1),用章位置宜在图纸标题栏上方空白处,并由监理单位会签。

第三节 文字处理软件word 2003的功能及基本操作

第三节 文字处理软件word 2003的功能及基本操作

第三节文字处理软件word 2003的功能及基本操作一、Word2003文字处理软件Microsoft Word软件是Office系统软件中的一款,Word2003是一个功能强大的文字处理软件,用来处理文字的录入、修改、排版和输出等一整套的文字处理工作,将文字组合后变成新建、单位公函、学术论文、书记、报刊等。

具体可实现以下功能:排版打印、图文混排、制作表格和特殊文档处理。

考虑到Word2003在消防工作中的实际应用,本节重点介绍了Word2003的文字和段落处理的操作。

二、Word2003的概述(一)启动软件方法一:执行【开始】/【程序】/【Microsoft Office】/【Microsoft Office word 2003】命令,即可启动word 2003。

方法二:点击鼠标右键/在菜单中选择【新建】/点击【Microsoft word文档】/即可启动Word2003。

(二)界面介绍word 2003的工作界面主要由标题栏、菜单栏、工具栏、标尺、文档编辑区、滚动条、任务窗格以及状态栏八个部分。

标题栏:位于界面最上方的蓝色长条区域,分为两个部分。

左边用来显示文件的名称和软件名称,右边是最小化/向下还原/退出三个按钮。

菜单栏:是命令菜单的集合,用于显示和调用程序命令的。

包含【文件】、【编辑】、【视图】、【插入】、【格式】、【工具】、【表格】、【窗口】和【帮助】9项。

工具栏:word 2003提供了多个工具栏,通常在窗口中显示的只是常用的部分。

执行菜单栏中的【视图】/【工具栏】命令,会弹出工具栏菜单。

在该命令菜单中,可以看到一些命令前面都有“√”标记,则表明该命令按钮已在工具栏中显示。

标尺:位于文本编辑区的上边和左边,分水平标尺和垂直标尺两种。

文档编辑区:位于窗口中央,用来输入、编辑文本和绘制图形的地方。

滚动条:位于文档编辑区的右端和下端,调整滚动条可以上下左右的查看文档内容。

状态栏:主要用来显示已打开的Word文档当前的状态,如当前文档页码、文档共有多少节、文档的总页码、当前光标的位置等信息。

产品开发需求文档三篇

产品开发需求文档三篇

产品开发需求文档三篇篇一:产品开发需求文档1. 文档受众:此文档受众为技术开发2. 产品定义:加深技术对产品的理解3. 目标用户:加深技术对产品的理解4. 专业名词:在技术开发中使用到专业名词5. 产品规划:对产品整体规划,包括:一期、二期功能,整体开发时间(若是移动产品,则要对 iOS 和 android 加以区分),各个功能点所需要的时间和负责人,功能开发优先级。

一期产品开发规划:6. 风险管控:在开发中出现的风险管控,主要是技术障碍的攻克(虽然调研某项技术能够被攻克,但实际做出来的过程中还会遇到其他困难),当出现因为技术风险导致项目可能被延期应该采取怎样的措施?7. 产品架构用一张产品架构图说明产品的架构,功能组成,联系和优先级8. 产品安全设计:产品在交易,通讯,效验,黑客攻击中所用到标准技术。

9. 产品功能:详细对产品功能进行说明,一个功能包括几个小功能时需要分列说明。

在本文档中,产品功能是最需要细致的也是最重要的,这是技术开发的依据,也是测试是否达成目标的依据。

在文档中最好采用图文并茂的方式来写文档,方便技术理解。

如果是后台产品,需要多和技术沟通产品逻辑和流程,并在前面的产品架构中体现出来。

列,现在做一款支付产品功能文档:1、支付首页:1.1 快捷支付:1 .2 认证支付:2、用户管理:2 .1 绑卡:2 .2 修改密码:2 .3 修改手机号:3、交易管理:3 .1 查看订单:篇二:APP开发需求文档客户名称:APP定制版功能需求表联系人:联系电话:篇三:APP开发需求文档《XX》开发需求文档功能概述:平台定义:《XX》 APP 是商家与消费者间的特色农产品交易平台,是助力国家“新三农”发展的新型移动互联网应用商务平台。

实现目标:1 )推动农村电商产业发展,发挥电商——这一新经济模式对农村发展的积极作用。

给农民一个展示、销售农产品的平台。

2 )给消费者一个直面农商,没有中间商的购买特色农产品的平台,通过平台展示信息方便、快捷找到所需商品,交易更放心。

随便文本文档 (3)

随便文本文档 (3)
当前人们为了温饱犯愁却还不甚忽略精神粮时,今天的人们成为一个被手机、电脑、电视支配着丧失思考能力的动物。
动物的本得思考,懂得感受。那些速食文化、娱乐也带给我们的仅仅是表面感观上的刺激而真正“内涵”带来的愉悦才能长久保存。这要你真正去感受过了才知道。
在享受的时代学会感受
关于杨振宁,你会想起什么?
诺贝尔奖?华裔科学家?还是那场出现在娱乐版的黄昏?
关于韩国,你会想想什么?
尖端科技?现代企管,还是那些感天动地催人泪下的言情剧?
关于《红楼梦》,你会想起什么?
中国四大名著之一?中国文学史上的里程碑?还是那荒诞的选秀活动里的林妹妹、宝哥哥?
有着五千年历史,崇尚温良恭俭让的中国,其最大的特点便是内敛。中国的文化是内敛的,它从不凌驾于其它文化之上,而以包容的心态去对待它国文化。所以,一座座孔子学院建了起来,春节成为了世界性节日.中国民族性格是内敛的,它反对侵略,崇尚和平,所以中国从来都是各国发展的好伙伴。
因此,放下手机,走到桌旁,拿出一张白纸,写下你想对朋友说的话,那是更为真挚的感情交流。
抛开所谓的白话《诗歌解放》,拿起一本《唐诗三百首》,直接地体味作者的情感。
然而,在这个娱乐充斥着人们的感观、韩美速食文化肆意侵略、人人追求享受的时代,人们似乎都不再去感受,不再去用心品味历史、前人们留给我们的财富。
还有多少人愿意在某个下午,来到湖边,捧起《论语》,细细解读孔圣人的智慧?若有,我们还会看到那么的你虞我诈,斤斤计较,争名夺利。
还有多少人愿意花一天的时间参观某个纪念馆,感受革命前辈身上的伟大人格。若有,我们不会听到某个歌星问“雷锋是谁”这样的话。

魔法识字 文档 (3)

魔法识字 文档 (3)

魔法玩字1一人展臂大(大)太大多一点(太)头大一点点(头)买顶破帽头(买)卖了十元钱(卖)读书爱发言(读)2一点一撇火(火)一来就压灭(灭)一撇变成灰(灰)宝宝避灾祸(灾)3二人合作飞上天(天)天上长角把门关(关)夫人力大顶破天(夫)一撇丢失落左边(失)4短横长横二人转(二)工字一竖藏中间(工)小苗破土向上长(土)由于竖钩下边连(于)5一十合力要大干(干)干到中午撇上肩(午)干到两点很平常(平)干到三点流大汗(汗)6十下一壮士(士)雄心立大志(志)张口说吉祥(吉)竖撇造声势(声)7十人在伐木(木)千人去种禾(禾)学一点技术(术)一本证书得(本)人人身体好(体) 一去休息了(休)8木上长横到期末(末)木上多横变未来(未)左边一撇人姓朱(朱)王冠上面镶珍珠(珠)9大口回来套小口(回)吕家住着小两口(吕)三口品出滋味美(品)饥饿吞下一大口(吞)10八只小白兔(只)十棵古槐树(古)银杏十八株(杏)千口巧舌妇(舌)11先头公告已发出(告)小王呈上批阅件(呈)立在木上直发呆(呆)三点一刻才发言(言)一撇写在石墙上(石)姚明用手正扣篮(扣)12大在框里有原因因人在框里受囚禁囚才在框里团团转团木在框里被围困困13一撇日变白(白)一呼百人应(百)二日多昌盛(昌)三日亮晶晶(晶)14竖旁日变旧(旧)横上日为旦(旦)一直起得早(早)上面出青草(草)15一日目标将实现(目)激动泪水已涟涟(泪)自己肩头扛一撇(自)出口成章就是咱(咱)紧要关头首长见(首)并肩走在大道边(道)16由字是上出(由)甲字是下出(甲)申字上下出(申)电字拐弯出(电)17田间树木已结果(果)田中土地里联合(里)男子下田要出力(男)18田头雷雨天(雷)用心来思念(思)大家齐奋斗(奋)草丛变苗田(苗)丝线细密缝(细)一亩多一点(亩)19种子埋土里(埋)小王会管理(理)一日来测量(量)千斤重量级(重)20三横一竖敢称王(王)王上多点做主人(主)主点移动变成玉(玉)宝玉进口入国门(国)21不上不下卡中间(卡)停止再把一竖添(止)一横急忙去改正(正)不正即歪上下连(歪)22一撇抬头升起来(升)一横盖上不能开(开)一下落进水井里(井)抬头两点站并排(并)23左边刚开工(左)右边就张口(右)一子尚存留(存)推荐草字头(荐)24月上有一撇有甩出竖弯钩甩一直很管用用角顶刀字头角25 午时牛出头牛一生要奋斗生日落看星星星月旁胜地游胜26张口问姓名名加倍叫多多多山下问年岁岁梦见林海阔梦27 外出上街买萝卜外遇一歹徒正抢劫歹手持匕首致人死死葬在草中上下遮葬28出题爱刁难刁重点要复习习撇在刀中立刀利刃多点击刃29张口说句话句勺子小一点勺提速很均匀匀撇折勾动点勾两撇匆匆进匆勿要丢掉点勿30一人入内观看内两人吃肉真香肉山冈有乂安定乂两乂织成罗网网31一口同志心中暖同庆祝建校十周年周十一冉冉升国旗冉一上飞机说再见再32一撇用力穿过刀力上下两点为了啥为左右两点有办法办十分用力协助他协威胁害怕月光照胁草中白苏正开花苏33云在天上浮动动穴居因为贫穷穷工厂历史悠久历少儿顽劣无形劣34 高高竖起一座山山一入吉凶难判断凶水连横撇信函发函田野如同画一般画35出门两座山出岩石山下边岩射击到土山击陆地耳字边陆36 乂又闯进误区区内有马儿一匹匹工匠斤斤计较匠矢字进入行医医37缺口巨浪涌出巨群臣上下列席臣大王匡扶正义匡河水城外汇集汇38一点请来客户户用捺衡量尺度尺两点客人散尽尽元旦昼夜欢呼昼39八路公交车站公站台门口向南台什么多了一撇么允许儿子去玩允充分一点更好充一丝不苟统管统40一撇一页书打开页坚贞不屈竖横排贞工人农民作贡献贡负责刀具管起来负教员口才实在好员十贯铜钱身上戴贯41 大家一起搞卫生卫园中花草节日红节父亲爷爷都参加爷合家欢乐听命令命42撇短捺长是个八八向上攀登用手扒扒足跟踮起向前趴趴六字点横下是八六43八乂称父人尊敬父一片土地可丈量丈六亿平安疏交通交历史课上开口讲史介绍一位旧官吏吏缩头更深一内藏更44一向很平静平有人把伞撑伞拾米人下蹲米突然来一横来45只因一点平凡事凡乂字进来起风波风夙愿实现治歹徒夙凤凰飞来又做窝凤46自己大张口己已经半开口已巳时全封闭巳一只小巴狗巴47且和目的相关且厶字打底为县县一颗心在下悬悬八一具体实现具十分认真仔细真直接送走撇点直48每天认真写作业(业)只有一次得亚军(亚)撇在下边严格要求(严)哑口无言受培训(哑)生病恶心又头晕(恶)49一点一点入冬季(冬)条条木板好整齐(条)各位金口请发言(各)服务一定要尽力(务)科学种田准备好(备)身心疲惫就休息(惫)50横竖顶起千斤载(斤)口袋背在身后边(后)自相矛盾说不通(盾)宝贝质量不一般(质)51目瞪口呆认真听(听)一户一斤所写成(所)走近仔细瞧一瞧(近)芹菜也是草本生(芹)52多点斥责(斥)有言诉说(诉)伸手拆开(拆)少点折磨(折)53小王舞刀又弄枪(弄)玩到巳时变异样(异)弃暗投明驾云雾(弃)十种花卉竞开放(卉)沿着大路奔前方(奔)54广大人民齐响应应八方群众都高兴兴两人一直举红旗举发言赞誉好名声誉55一天小雨水里游鱼乌龟甩尾竖弯钩龟鱼羊合餐特鲜美鲜今日鲁菜少放肉鲁56竖折连着全世界世一个中心搞改革革又去广州度假日度出席会议有巾帼席57小大上头尖尖小土尘飞扬尘自小在一省省一撇少年郎少58 平撇连着竖折乐乐有人与你去游览你心存感激您上车您59口巾作吊带 (吊) 一点上市卖 (市) 一撇布头小(布)心中恐怖来(怖)改错有希望(希))禾苗稀疏栽(稀)60人到云上相会(会)一直去云间去追(去)去上有撇丢失丢云走运动风吹运61左点乒(乒)右点乓(乓)左右两点把兵当兵山岳连绵好风光岳62 三人同日去春游(春)三人同天去演奏(奏)三人种禾秦岭南(秦)三人饮水正在泰山 (泰)63竖撇帅哥真精神(帅)歪戴小帽点纸币(币)有人佩服才十几(佩)礼品礼盒撇装饰(饰)64手搭目上向前看看看到两点才见着着失去目标工作差差丑妞害羞往家跑羞65此姓少有应是卬卬卯兔一撇腿跑的忙卯卵石两颗一点点卵印象很深一起唱印66一撇交朋友友平撇来反对反十字很支持支国土神圣卫圣67大狗有点像警犬犬翘起尾巴尤勇敢尤一撇穿过变成龙(龙)当成宝贝很得宠(宠)68可上可下当哥哥哥他欠人家一支歌歌开口唱得乐呵呵呵他还问人歌如何何69这人办事很仔细仔字里饱满花生米籽李子树木五年结李禾苗生长按季节季宝宝练字很认真字他又带动俩同学学70有点广阔I 广广土山庄庄人人入座座精致木床床国庆大典庆舞龙阵庞庞71二小好显小示老大很无奈奈森林禁烟火禁出入鬼祟态祟72智慧超群是人才才修建房屋用木材材躲进门里被关闭闭宝贝多了要发财财。

实验3 Word2010文字处理软件操作

实验3 Word2010文字处理软件操作

【实验内容】
进入“上篇-实验指导\实验指导素材库\实验 3.3的文字图片素材及样张”文件夹,打开 “E3_3.docx“文档,并对文档中的文字进行 编辑排版,并按要求插入图片和绘制图形,实 现图文混排,最后将文档以“Word3.docx”为 文件名保存在你的专业+学号命名的文件夹, 具体要求如下:
(5)将正文第二段("美国DisplaySearch 研究公司……微上扬的可能。")设置为首字 下沉两行、隶书、距正文0.4厘米。将正文第 三段("美国DisplaySearch研究公司……需 求量20%左右。“)分为等宽的两栏,栏宽设 置为18字符。
(6)将正文第三段(“DisplaySearch研究 公司……需求量20%左右”)加浅绿色段落底 纹。
8.设置“黄山四绝”为文字水印,字体为 “楷体”、字号72、颜色为红色,选“斜 式”、“半透明”。
9.将“黄山四绝—奇松 怪石 温泉 云海”设 置为页眉,字体隶书、三号、加粗、红色, 居中对齐。
全部操作完成后以文件名“Word3.docx”保 存于你的专业+学号命名的文件夹中。
在实验3.3中 “Word3.docx” 文档的样张如图 3-3-8所示
(7)插入页眉:“液晶显示器市场将复苏”, 字体为华文行楷、三号,居中,文本效果为 “渐变填充-紫色,强调文字颜色4,映像“; 以系统日期和时间为内容插入页脚,字体为 华文细黑、小三号,文本右对齐,文本效果 为”填充-无,轮廓-强调文字颜色2“。
最后将文件以文件名“Word2_1.docx”保存 于你的专业+学号命名的文件夹中。
(3)将正文各段("大型TFT液晶市场……超 出需求量20%左右。")的中文文字设置为四 号楷体、英文文字设置为四号Arial,各段落 左、右各缩进0.5字符,首行缩进2字符,段 前间距0.5行,1.3倍行距。

三、WORD

三、WORD

一级模拟试题——WORD一、选择题:1、在Word的编辑状态下文件中有一行被选择,当按Delete(Del)键后,B(A)删除了插入点所在的行 (B)删除了被选择的一行(C)删除了被选择行及其后的所有内容 (D)删除了插入点及其之前的所有内容2、下列关于文档窗口的说法中正确的是C(A)只能打开一个文档窗口(B)可以同时打开多个文档窗口,被打开的窗口都是活动窗口(C)可以同时打开多个文档窗口,但其中只有一个是活动窗口(D)可以同时打开多个文档窗口,但在屏幕上只能见到一个文档的窗口3、中文Word编辑软件的运行环境是:C(A)DOS (B)WPS (C)Windows (D)高级语言4、段落标记是在输入什么之后产生的? B(A)句号(B)Enter键 (C)Shift+Enter (D)分页符5、在Word编辑状态下,若要调整左右边界,利用下列哪种方法更直接、快捷:D(A)工具栏 (B)格式栏 (C)菜单(D)标尺6、在Word编辑状态下,当前输入的文字显示在:B(A)鼠标光标处(B)插入点 (C)文件尾部 (D)当前行尾部7、在Word编辑状态下,操作的对象经常是被选择的内容,若鼠标在某行行首的左边,下列哪种操作可以仅选择光标所在的行? A(A)单击鼠标左键 (B)将鼠标左键击三下 (C)双击鼠标左键 (D)单击鼠标右键8、Word文档文件的扩展名是:B(A)TXT (B)DOC (C)WPS (D)BLP9、要将在Windows的其他软件环境中制作的图片复制到当前Word文档中,下列说法中正确的是B(A)不能将其他软件中制作的图片复制到当前Word文档中(B)可以通过剪贴板将其他软件的图片复制到当前Word文档中(C)先在屏幕上显示要复制的图片,当打开Word文档时便可以使图片复制到Word文档中(D)先打开Word文档,然后直接在Word环境下显示要复制的图片10、Word文档中,每个段落都有自己的段落标记,段落标记的位置在B(A)段落的首部(B)段落的结尾处 (C)段落的中间位置 (D)段落中,但用户找不到的位置11、Word具有分栏功能,下列关于分栏的说法中正确的是C(A)最多可以设4栏 (B)各栏的宽度必须相同(C)各栏的宽度可以不同 (D)各栏不同的间距是固定的12.在Word中,调整表格同列中单元格的宽度时,可以利用()调整。

培训协议 Word 文档 (3)

培训协议 Word 文档 (3)

培训协议编号:甲方:企业:乙方:员工:为了促进甲乙双方的共同发展,根据我国劳动法律法规,甲乙双方在平等协商基础上特签订本协议,双方需共同遵守本协议所列各项条款。

1、甲方同意乙方参加培训。

该培训以的形式进行。

培训期间自年月日起至年月日止。

2、该培训旨在提高乙方的准专业技术能力,培训内容如下:1、培训缴费类型培训费由甲方统一支付,培训结束后,按本协议约定,乙方应为甲方服务满规定期限。

2、培训期间工作安排、工资及福利待遇按乙方工作期间正常工资执行。

培训补助按《满江红公司差旅费报销制度》。

经甲乙双方协商一致,平等自愿签订本协议,内容如下。

1.、乙方在培训学习期间,应严格保守企业机密,遵纪守法,虚心学习先进的经验和技术,圆满完成培训学习任务。

2、乙方在培训学习期间,除应遵守培训单位的各项规章制度外,还应遵守甲方的所有规定。

3、由乙方先行支付培训费用的,乙方培训期间无论何种原因致使双方解除劳动合同,甲方不再有报销乙方培训费用的义务。

4、乙方培训学习结束返回工作岗位后,两周内,需向甲方人力资源部提交一份培训报告,甲方不再有报销乙方培训费用的义务。

5、服务期限约定:(1)由甲方统一支付非学历培训费用的,乙方应为甲方服务满个月(年),自年月日至年月日。

(2)其他约定10、违约责任:甲方为乙方支付或报销培训费用后,乙方未能为甲方工作达到本协议约定期限的,按下列标准执行。

(1)乙方原因提出提前解除劳动合同,从乙方离职之月起,计算乙方未满服务期应支付的违约金。

违约金(元)={服务期限(月)—已经履行期限(月)}/服务期限(月)*培训费用(元)(2)因违反甲方管理规章制度被辞退、除名或开除的,或在合同期内擅自离职,除应支付未满期限的违约金额为补偿外,还应赔偿未满服务期给甲方造成的经济损失,每月元。

(3)除上述(1)、(2)条所列原因外,其他原因使员工未能为甲方工作达到约定期限而提前与甲方解除劳动合同的,除解除劳动合同之月起,计算乙方未满服务期应支付的违约金。

花钟文档 (3)

花钟文档 (3)

教材分析《花钟》一课是义务教育课程标准实验教材(人教版)小学语文三年级上册中的一课。

课文是按照“归纳现象——提示原因——实际运用”的思路,说明不同的花会在不同的时间开放及其原因。

作者先讲观察后的发现:一天之内,不同的花开放时间是不同的,并形象列举了牵牛花等9种花不同的开花时间来说明这个发现;接着分析回答了不同的植物开花时间不同的两个原因:开花时间与温度、湿度、光照有关,与昆虫的活动时间有关;最后扩展开去,谈到植物学家修建“花钟”,其做法很奇妙。

本文思路清晰,语言优美,趣味性强,能极大地激发学生的阅读兴趣。

教学目标1、认8个生字,会写14个生字,正确读写“争奇斗艳、苏醒”等词2、正确、流利、有感情地朗读课文。

积累描写精彩的语句。

3、读懂课文内容,激发学生的观察兴趣,初步培养学生留心周围事物,认真观察和思考的习惯。

教学重点、难点:在理解课文内容的基础上,理解不同的表达句式,对一些句子尝试换一种说法。

教学准备:九种花的图片生字、词语卡片教学流程引导:我们都喜欢鲜花,它装扮着我们的世界,丰富了我们的生活。

同学们,今天让我们再次走入花的世界,体验花儿带给我们的神奇和快乐,这些花儿不仅美丽,而且在它们身上还蕴藏着许多奥秘呢。

今天就让我们一起学习一篇有关花的课文《花钟》(出示课题,读题)师:读题后,你有什么疑问吗?预设:这里的花是指哪些花呢?花和钟是什么关系呢?为什么叫花钟呢?师:这些问题的答案也许都在课文里藏着呢,我们一起去寻找吧!二、整体感知课文1、生自由读课文,注意把生字读正确,读流利,遇到生字圈起来多读几次。

2、师检查生字词:凌晨暮色干燥灼伤昆虫吻合花圃大致传播昙花蔷薇争奇斗艳芬芳迷人欣然怒放淡雅艳丽1)生通读,开火车读2)个别读,引导学生发现红色加粗字词的意思和联系“晨”和“暮”,两个字都有日,一个日在上,表示早上;一个日在下,表示太阳下山。

形象记字的方法。

“燥”和“灼”两个字都是火字旁,都与火有关。

3.word知识题正确答案

3.word知识题正确答案

第3章文字处理Word 2010(单选题)完成下列题目,这些题目与期末考试题或将来的统考题类似,请同学们认真做一遍。

注意:上传你所做的答案后就可以下载我的参考答案。

一. Word 2010概述1、Word具有的功能是____。

A.表格处理 ---- Word既能处理文字又能处理表格B.绘制图形 ---- 利用“插入”选项卡下的“图形”按钮可以绘制图形C.自动更正---- 能对写错的英文单词进行“自动更正”D.以上三项都是[解析]略2、通常情况下,下列选项中不能用于启动Word 2010的操作是______。

A.双击Windows桌面上的Word 2010快捷方式图标B.单击"开始"→"所有程序"→"Microsoft Office"→"Microsoft Word 2010"C.在Windows资源管理器中双击Word文档图标D.单击Windows桌面上的Word 2010快捷方式图标3、在Word 2010中,用快捷键退出Word的最快方法是______。

+F4 ------- 记一下:一般的应用程序均可按Alt+F4快捷键退出。

+F5+F4+Shift[解析]一般关闭Word,可单击Word窗口右上角的关闭按钮,但也可以按Alt+F4,若兴趣可以试一下。

4、下面关于Word标题栏的叙述中,错误的是______。

A.双击标题栏,可最大化或还原Word窗口B.拖曳标题栏,可将最大化窗口拖到新位置 ---- 若窗口已最大化,则不能拖动窗口。

C.拖曳标题栏,可将非最大化窗口拖到新位置D.以上三项都不是[解析]略5、Word 2010的"文件"选项卡下的"最近所用文件"选项所对应的文件是______。

A.当前被操作的文件B.当前已经打开的Word文件C.最近被操作过的word文件 ---- 对!也可以说为“最近使用的文档”D.扩展名是.docx的所有文件[解析]略6、在Word 2010编辑状态中,能设定文档行间距的功能按钮是位于______中。

文档三库管理规范

文档三库管理规范

文档三库管理规范1. 背景为了更好地管理和组织公司的文档资源,确保文档的安全性和可访问性,制定本文档三库管理规范。

这个规范适用于公司内所有文档的创建、存储、共享和管理。

2. 三库定义三库是指公司的文档资源分为三个层次的库:公共库、部门库和个人库。

每个库的访问权限有所不同,以满足不同层级和需求的用户。

2.1 公共库公共库包含公司范围内所有人可以访问的文档资源。

这些文档可能包括公司政策、流程、标准模板和公告等。

公共库的目的是促进信息共享和团队合作。

2.2 部门库部门库是指每个部门或团队的文档资源库。

部门库内的文档只对该部门或团队成员可见和可编辑。

部门库的目的是方便部门内部的信息沟通和协作。

2.3 个人库个人库是指每个员工个人专有的文档资源库。

个人库内的文档只有该员工可见和可编辑。

个人库的目的是方便员工存储和管理个人事务的文档。

3. 管理规范为了有效管理三库的文档资源,以下是一些规范和建议:3.1 文档命名规范- 统一使用清晰简洁的名称来命名文档;- 避免使用特殊字符和空格;- 采用日期和版本号等信息来标识文档的更新。

3.2 文档分类和归档- 在创建文档时,选择适当的分类标签,方便日后检索和归档;- 定期检查和清理文档,将不再需要的文档归档或删除。

3.3 权限管理- 针对不同库的文档,设置不同的访问权限;- 定期审核权限设置,确保只有需要访问权限的人能够访问对应文档。

3.4 共享文档- 在公共库内,鼓励团队成员共享有价值的文档资源;- 在共享文档时,请确保文档的准确性和可靠性。

3.5 文档版本管理- 对于经常更新的文档,及时记录和管理文档的不同版本;- 创建版本历史记录,以便比较和恢复旧版本的文档。

4. 监管和执行为了确保本规范的有效实施,公司应当建立相应的监管机制和执行流程。

4.1 监管机制- 设立文档管理部门或指定专人负责文档管理;- 定期进行文档管理的评估和检查,及时发现和解决问题。

4.2 执行流程- 全员培训,确保员工了解和遵守本规范;- 对违反规范的行为进行相应的纠正和处罚。

新概念文本3

新概念文本3

Lesson1 A puma at largePumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America. When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar.The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw ’a large cat’ only five yards away from her. It immediately ran away when she saw it, and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered(adj.被困得走投无路的). The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at another place twenty miles away in the evening. Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits. Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes. Several pe ople complained of ’cat-like noises’ at night and a businessman on a fishing trip saw the puma up a tree. The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma, but where had it come from ? As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country, this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape. The hunt went on for several weeks, but the puma was not caught. It is disturbing to think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.Lesson 2 Thirteen equals oneOur vicar is always raising money for one cause or another, but he has never managed to get enough money to have the church clock repaired. The big clock which used to strike the hours day and night was damaged many years ago and has been silent ever since.One night, however, our vicar woke up with a start: the clock was striking the hours! Looking at his watch, he saw that it was one o’clock, but the bell struck thirteen times before it stopped. Armed with a torch, the v icar went up into the clock tower to see what was going on. In the torchlight, he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately recognized as Bill Wilkins, our local grocer. ’Whatever are you doing up here Bill ?’ asked the vicar in surprise.I’m trying to repair the bell,’ answered Bill.’ I’ve been coming up here night after night for weeks now. You see, I was hoping to give you a surprise.’You certainly did give me a surprise!’ said the vicar. ’You’ve probably woken up everyone in the village as well. Still, I’m glad the bell is working again.’That’s the trouble, vicar,’ answered Bill. ’It’s working all right, but I’m afraid that at one o’clock it will strike thirteen times and there’s nothing I can do about it.’We’ll get used to that Bill,’ said the vicar. ’Thirteen is not as good as one but it’s better than nothing. Now let’s go downstairs and have a cup of tea.Lesson 3 An unknown goddessSome time ago,an interesting discovery was made by archaeologists on the Aegean(adj.爱琴海的;n.)island of Kea.An American team explored a temple which stands in an ancient city on the promontory of Ayia Irini.The city at one time must have been prosperous,for it enjoyed a high level of civilization.Houses--oftenthree storeys high--were built of stone.They had large rooms with beautifully decorated walls.The city was even equipped with a drainage system,for a great many clay pipes were found beneath the narrow streets.The temple which the archaeologists explored was used as a place of worship from the fifteenth century B.C. until Roman times. In the most sacred room of the temple, clay fragments of fifteen statues were found. Each of these represented a goddess and had, at one time, been painted. The body of one statue was found among remains dating from the fifteenth century B.C. Its missing head happened to be among remains of the fifth century B.C. This head must have been found in Classical times and carefully preserved. It was very old and precious even then. When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman. She stood three feet high and her hands rested on her hip. She was wearing a full-length skirt which swept the ground. Despite her great age, she was very graceful indeed, but, so far, the archaeologists have been unable to discover her identity.Lesson4 The double life of Alfred BloggsThese days, people who do manual work often receive far more money than clerks who work in offices. People who work in offices are frequently referred to as’ white collar workers’ for the simple reason that th ey usually wear a collar and tie to go to work. Such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers. This can give rise to curious situations, as it did in the case of Alfred Bloggs who worked as a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation.When he got married, Alf was too embarrassed to say anything to his wife about his job. He simply told her that he worked for the Corporation. Every morning, he left home dressed in a smart black suit. He then changed into overalls(n.工作服) and spent the next eight hours as a dustman. Before returning home at night, he took a shower and changed back into his suit. Alf did this for over two years and his fellow dustmen kept his secret. Alf’s wife has never discovered that she married a dustman and she never will, for Alf has just found another job. He will soon be working in an office as a junior clerk. He will be earning only half as much as he used to, but he feels that his rise in status is well worth the loss of money. From now on, he will wear a suit all day and others will call him Mr. Bloggs, not Alf.Lesson 5 The factsEditors of newspapers and magazines often go to extremes to provide their readers with unimportant facts and statistics. Last year a journalist had been instructed by a well-known magazine to write an article on the president’s palace in a new African republic. When the article arrived, the editor read the first sentence and then refused to publish it. The article began: ’Hundreds of steps lead to the high wall which surrounds the president’s palace. The editor at oncesent the journalist a fax instructing him to find out the exact number of steps and the height of the wall.The journalist immediately set out to obtain these important facts, but he took a long time to send them. Meanwhile, the editor was getting impatient, for the magazine would soon go to press. He sent the journalist two urgent telegrams, but received no reply. He sent yet another telegram informing the journalist that if he did not reply soon he would be fired. When the journalist again failed to reply, the editor reluctantly published the article as it had originally been written. A week later, the editor at last received a telegram from the journalist. Not onlyhad the poor man been arrested, but he had been sent to prison as well. However, he had at last been allowed to send a cable in which he informed the editor that he had been arrested while counting the 1084 steps leading to the 15-foot wall which surrounded the president’s palace.Lesson 6 Smash-and-grabThe expensive shops in a famous arcade near Piccadilly were just opening. At this time of the morning, the arcade was almost empty. Mr Taylor, the owner of a jewellery shop was admiring a new window display. Two of his assistants had been working busily since 8 o’clock and had only jus t finished. Diamond necklaces and rings had been beautifully arranged on a background of black velvet. After gazing at the display for several minutes, Mr Taylor went back into his shop.The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade. It came to a stop outside the jeweler’s. One man stayed at the wheel while two others with black stockings over their faces jumped out and smashed the window of the shop with iron bars. While this was going on, Mr Taylor was upstairs. He and his staff began throwing furniture out of the window. Chairs and tables went flying into the arcade. One of the thieves was struck by a heavy statue, but he was too busy helping himself to diamonds to notice any pain. The raid was all over in three minutes, for the men scrambled back into the car and it moved off at a fantastic speed. Just as it was leaving, Mr Taylor rushed out and ran after it throwing ashtrays and vases, but it was impossible to stop the thieves. They had got away with thousands of pounds worth of diamonds.Lesson 7 Mutilated ladiesChildren often have far more sense than their elders. This simple truth was demonstrated rather dramatically during a civil defence exercise in a small town in Canada. Most of the inhabitants were asked to take part in the exercise during which they had to pretend that their city had been bombed. Air-raid warnings were sounded and thousands of people went into special air-raid shelters. Doctors and nurses remained above ground while Police patrolled the streets in case anyone tried to leave the shelters too soon.The police did not have much to do because the citizens took the exercise seriously. They stayed underground for twenty minutes and waited for the siren to sound again. On leaving the air-raid shelters, they saw that doctors and nurses were busy. A great many people had volunteered to act as casualties. Theatrical make-up and artificial blood had been used to make the injuries look realistic. A lot of People were lying ’dead’ in the streets. The living helped to carry the dead and wounded to special stations. A Child of six was brought in by two adults. The child was supposed to be dead. With theatrical make-up on his face, he looked as if he had died of shock. Some people were so moved by the sight that they began to cry. However, the child suddenly sat u p and a doctor asked him to comment on his death. The child looked around for a moment and said, ’I think they’re all crazy!Lesson8 A famous monasteryThe Great St Bernard Pass connects Switzerland to Italy. At 2470 metres, it is the highest mountain pass in Europe. The famous monastery of St Bernard, which was founded in the eleventh century, lies about a mile away. For hundreds of years, St Bernard dogs have saved the lives of travellers crossing the dangerous Pass. Thesefriendly dogs, which were first brought from Asia, were used as watch-dogs even in Roman times. Now that a tunnel has been built through the mountains, the Pass is less dangerous, but each year, the dogs are still sent out into the snow whenever a traveller is in difficulty. Despite the new tunnel, there are still a few people who rashly attempt to cross the Pass on foot.During the summer months, the monastery is very busy, for it is visited by thousands of people who cross the Pass in cars, As there are so many people about, the dogs have to be kept in a special enclosure. In winter, however, life at the monastery is quite different. The temperature drops to -30 and very few people attempt to cross the Pass. The monks Prefer winter to summer for they have more privacy. The dogs have greater freedom, too, for they are allowed to wander outside their enclosure. The only regular visitors to the monastery in winter are parties of skiers who go there at Christmas and Easter. These young people, who love the peace of the mountains, always receive a warm.Welcome at St Bernard’s monastery.Lesson9By now, a rocket will have set off on its 35 million mile trip to Mars and scientists must be waiting anxiously for the results. The rocket will be travelling for six months before it reaches the planet.It contains a number of scientific instruments, including a television camera. Any pictures that are taken will have to travel for three minutes before they reach the earth. If the pictures are successful, they may solve a number of problems about Mars and provide information about the markings on its surface which, nearly 100 years ago, the astronomer, Schiaparelli, thought to be canals.It will be a long time before any landing on Mars can be attempted. This will only be possible when scientists have learnt a lot more about the atmosphere that surrounds the planet. If a satellite can one day be put into orbit round Mars, scientists will be able to find out a great deal. An interesting suggestion for measuring the atmosphere around Mars has been put forward. A rubber ball containing a radio transmitter could be dropped from a satellite so that it would fall towards the surface of the planet. The radio would signal the rate which the ball was slowed down and scientists would be able to calculate how dense the atmosphere is. It may even be possible to drop a capsule containing scientific instruments on to the planet’s surface. Only when a great deal more information has been obtained, will it be possible to plan a manned trip to Mars.Lesson10 The loss of TitanicThe great ship, Titanic, sailed for New York from Southampton on April 10th, 1912. She was carrying 1316 passengers and a crew of 89l. Even by modern standards, the 46,000 ton Titanic was a colossal ship. At that time, however, she was not only the largest ship that had ever been built, but was regarded as unsinkable, for she had sixteen water- tight compartments. Even if two of these were flooded, she would still be able to float. The tragic sinking of this great liner will always be remembered, for she went down on her first voyage with heavy loss of life.Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a look-out. After the alarm had been given, the great ship turned sharply to avoid a direct collision. The Titanic turned just in time, narrowly missing the immense wall of ice which roseover 100 feet out of the water beside her. Suddenly, there was a slight trembling sound from below, and the captain went down to see what had happened. The noise had been so faint that no one thought that the ship had been damaged. Below, the captain realized to his horror that the Titanic was sinking rapidly, for five of her sixteen water-tight compartments had already been flooded ! The order to abandon ship was given and hundreds of people plunged into the icy water. As there were not enough life-boats for everybody, 1500 lives were lost.Lesson11 Not guiltyGoing through the Customs is a tiresome business. The strangest thing about it is that really honest people are often made to feel guilty. The hardened professional smuggler, on the other hand, is never troubled by such feelings, even if he has five hundred gold watches hidden in his suitcase. When I returned from abroad recently, a particularly officious young Customs Officer clearly regarded me as a smuggler.Have you anything to declare?’ he asked, looking me in the eye.No,’ I answered confidently.Would you mind unlocking this suitcase please ?’Not at all,’ I answered.The Officer went through the case with great care. All the things I had packed so carefully were soon in a dreadful mess. I felt sure I would never be able to close the case again. Suddenly, I saw the Officer’s face light up. He had spotted a tiny bottle at the bottom of my case and he pounced on it with delight.Perfume, eh?’ he asked sarcastically. ’You should have declared that.’ Perfume is not exempt from import duty.But it isn’t perfume,’ I said.’ It’s hair-oil.’ Then I added with a smile,’ It’s a strange mixture I make myself.’ As I expected, he did not believe me.Try it!’ I said encouragingly.The Officer unscrewed the cap and put the bottle to his nostrils. He was greeted by an unpleasant smell which convinced him that I was telling the truth. A few minutes later, I was able to hurry away with precious chalk-marks on my baggage.Lesson12 Life on a desert islandMost of us have formed an unrealistic picture of life on a desert island. We sometimes imagine a desert island to be a sort of paradise where the sun always shines. Life there is simple and good.Ripe fruit falls from the trees and you never have to work. The other side of the picture is quite the opposite. Life on a desert island is wretched. You either starve to death or live like Robinson Crusoe, waiting for a boat which never comes. Perhaps there is an element of truth in both these pictures, but few of us have had the opportunity to find out.Two men who recently spent five days on a coral island wished they had stayed there longer. They were taking a badly damaged boat from the Virgin Islands to Miami to have it repaired. During the journey, their boat began to sink. They quickly loaded a small rubber dinghy with food, matches, and tins of beer and rowed for a few miles across the Caribbean until they arrived at a tiny coral island. There were hardly any trees on the islandand there was no water, but this did not prove to be a problem. The men collected rain-water in the rubber dinghy. As they had brought a spear gun with them, they had plenty to eat. They caught lobster and fish every day, and, as one of them put it ’ate like kings’. When a passing tanker rescued them five days later, both m en were genuinely sorry that they had to leave.Lesson13 It’s only meAfter her husband had gone to work, Mrs Richards sent her children to school and went upstairs to her bedroom. She was too excited to do any housework that morning, for in the evening she would be going to a fancy dress party with her husband. She intended to dress up as a ghost and as she had made her costume the night before, she was impatient to try it on. Though the costume consisted only of a sheet, it was very effective. After putting it on, Mrs Richards went downstairs. She wanted to find out whether it would be comfortable to wear.Just as Mrs Richards was entering the dining-room, there was a knock on the front door. She knew that it must be the baker. She had told him to come straight in if ever she failed to open the door and to leave the bread on the kitchen table. Not wanting to frighten the poor man, Mrs Richards quickly hid in the small store-room under the stairs. She heard the front door open and heavy footsteps in the hall. Suddenly the door of the store-room was opened and a man entered. Mrs Richards realized that it must be the man from the Electricity Board who had come to read the meter. She tried to explain the situation, saying’ It’s only me’, but it was too late. The man let out a cry and jumped back several paces. When Mrs Richards walked towards him, he fled, slamming the door behind him.Lesson14 A noble gangsterThere was a time when the owners of shop and businesses in Chicago had to pay large sums of money to gangsters in return for’ protection’ If the money was not paid promptly, the gangsters would quick ly put a man out of business by destroying his shop. Obtaining ’protechon money’ is not a modern crime. As long ago as the fourteenth century, an Englishman, Sir John Hawkwood, made the remarkable discovery that people would rather pay large sums of money than have their life work destroyed by gangsters.Six hundred years ago, Sir John Hawkwood arrived in Italy with a band of soldiers and settled near Florence. He soon made a name for himself and came to be known to the Italians as Giovanni Acuto. Whenever the Italian city-states were at war with each other, Hawkwood used to hire his soldiers to princes who were willing to pay the high price he demanded. In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men would march into a city-state and, after burning down a few farms, would offer to go away if protection money was paid to them. Hawkwood made large sums of money in this way. In spite of this, the Italians regarded him as a sort of hero. When he died at the age of eighty, the Florentines gave him a state funeral and had a picture painted which was dedicated to the memory of ’the most valiant soldier and most notable leader, Signor Giovanni Haukodue’.Lesson15 Fifty pence worth of troubleChildren always appreciate small gifts of money. Father, of course, provides a regular supply of pocket-money, but uncles and aunts are always a source of extra income. With some children, small sums go a long way. If sixpences are not exchanged for sweets, they rattle for months inside money-boxes. Only verythrifty children manage to fill up a money-box. For most of them, sixpence is a small price to pay for a satisfying bar of chocolate.My nephew, George, has a money-box but it is always empty. Very few of the sixpences I have given him have found their way there. I gave him sixpence yesterday and advised him to save it. Instead, he bought himself sixpence worth of trouble. On his way to the sweet shop, he dropped his sixpence and it rolled along the pavement and then disappeared down a drain. George took offhis jacket, rolled up his sleeves and pushed his right arm through the drain cover. He could not find his sixpence anywhere, and what is more, he could not get his arm out. A crowd of people gathered round him and a lady rubbed his arm with soap and butter, but George was firmly stuck. The fire-brigade was called and two firemen freed George using a special type of grease. George was not too upset by his experience because the lady who owns the sweet shop heard about his troubles and rewarded him with a large box of chocolates.Lesson16 Mary had a little lambMary and her husband Dimitri lived in the tiny village of Perachora in southern Greece. One of Mary’s prize possessions was a little white lamb which her husband had given her. She kept it tied to a tree in a field during the day and went to fetch it every evening. One evening, however, the lamb was missing. The rope had been cut, so it was obvious that the lamb had been stolen. When Dimitri came in from the fields, his wife told him what had happened. Dimitri at once set out to find the thief.He knew it would not prove difficult in such a small village. After telling several of his friends about the theft, Dimitri found out that his neighbour, Aleko, had suddenly acquired a new lamb. Dimitri immediately went to Aleko’s house and angrily accus ed him of stealing the lamb. He told him he had better return it or he would call the police. Aleko denied taking it and led Dimitri into his back-yard. It was true that he had just bought a lamb, he explained, but his lamb was black. Ashamed of having acted so rashly, Dimitri apologized to Aleko for having accused him. While they were talking it began to rain and Dimitri stayed in Aleko’s house until the rain stopped. When he went outside half an hour later, he was astonished to find that the little black lamb was almost white. Its wool, which had been dyed black, had been washed clean by the rain !Lesson17 The longest suspension bridge in the worldVerrazano, an Italian about whom little is known, sailed into New York Harbour in 1524 and named it Angouleme. He described it as ’a very agreeable situation located within two small hills in the midst of which flowed a great river.’ Though Verrazano is by no means considered to be a great explorer, his name will probably remain immortal, for on November 21st, 1964, the greatest bridge in the world was named after him.The Verrazano Bridge, which was designed by Othmar Ammann, joins Brooklyn to Staten Island. It has a span of 4260 feet. The bridge is so long that the shape of the earth had to be taken into account by its designer. Two great towers support four huge cables. The towers are built on immense underwater platforms made of steel and concrete. The platforms extend to a depth of over 100 feet under the sea. These alone took sixteen months to build. Above the surface of the water, the towers rise to a height of nearly 700 feet. They support the cables from which the bridge has been suspended. Each of the four cables contains 26,108 lengths of wire. It has been estimated that if the bridge were packed with cars, it would still only be carrying a third of its total capacity.However, size and strength are not the only important things about this bridge. Despite its immensity, it is both simple and elegant, fulfilling its designer’s dream to create an enormous object drawn as faintly as possible.Lesson18 Electric currents in modern artModern sculpture rarely surprises us any more. The idea that modern art can only be seen in museums is mistaken. Even people who take no interest in art cannot have failed to notice examples of modern sculpture on display in public places. Strange forms stand in gardens, and outside buildings and shops. We have got quite used to them. Some so-called modern pieces have been on display for nearly fifty years.In spite of this, some people--including myself--were surprised by a recent exhibition of modern sculpture. The first thing I saw when I entered the art gallery was a notice which said:Do not touch the exhibits. Some of them are dangerous!’ The objects on display were pieces of moving sculpture. Oddly shaped forms that are suspended from the ceiling and move in response to a gust of wind are quite familiar to everybody. These objects, however, were different. Lined up against the wall, there were long thin wires attached to metal spheres. The spheres had been magnetized and attracted or repelled each other all the time. In the centre of the hall, there were a number of tall structures which contained coloured lights. These lights flickered continuously like traffic lights which have gone mad. Sparks were emitted from small black boxes and red lamps flashed on and off angrily. It was rather like an exhibition of prehistoric electronic equipment. These Peculiar forms not only seemed designed to shock people emotionally, but to give them electric shocks as well !Lesson19 A very dear catKidnappers are rarely interested in Animals, but they recently took considerable interest in Mrs Eleanor Ramsay’s cat. Mrs Eleanor Ramsay, a very wealthy old lady, has shared a flat with her cat, Rastus, for a great many years. Rastus leads an orderly life. He usually takes a short walk in the evenings and is always home by seven o’clock. One evening, however, he failed to arrive. Mrs Ramsay got very worried. She looked everywhere for him but could not find him.Three day a fter Rastus’ disappearance, Mrs Ramsay received an anonymous letter. The writer stated that Rastus was in safe hands and would be returned immediately if Mrs Ramsay paid a ransom of &1000. Mrs Ramsay was instructed to place the money in a cardboard box and to leave it outside her door. At first, she decided to go to the police, but fearing that she would never see Rastus again --the letter had made that quite clear--she changed her mind. She drew &1000 from her bank and followed the kidnapper’s instructions. The next morning, the box had disappeared but Mrs Ramsay was sure that the kidnapper would keep his word. Sure enough, Rastus arrived punctually at seven o’clock that evening. He looked very well, though he was rather thirsty, for he drank half a bottle of milk. The police were astounded when Mrs Ramsay told them what she had done. She explained that Rastus was very dear to her. Considering the amount she paid, he was dear in more ways than one!Lesson20 Pioneer pilotsIn 1908 Lord Northcliffe offered a prize of &1000 to the first man who would fly across the English Channel. Over a year passed before the first attempt was made. On July 19th, 1909, in the early morning, Hubert Latham took off from the French coast in his plane the Antoinette IV. He had travelled only seven miles acrossthe Channel when his engine failed and he was forced to land on the sea. The ’Antoinette’ floated on the water until Latham was picked up by a ship.Two days later, Louis Bleriot arrived near Calais with a plane called ’No. XI’. Bleriot had been making planes since 1905 and this was his latest model. A week before, he had completed a successful overland flight during which he covered twenty-six miles. Latham, however did not give up easily. He, too, arrived near Calais on the same day with a new ’Antonette’. It looks as if there would be an exciting race across the Channel. Both planes were going to take off on July 25th, but Latham failed to get up early enough. After making a short test flight at 4.15 a.m., Bleriot set off half an hour later. His great flight lasted thirty seven minutes. When he landed near Dover, the first person to greet him was a local policeman. Latham made another attempt a week later and got within half a mile of Dover, but he was unlucky again. His engine failed and he landed on the sea for the second time.Lesson21 Daniel MendozaBoxing matches were very popular in England two hundred years ago. In those days, boxers fought with bare fists for Prize money. Because of this, they were known as ’prize-fighters’. However, boxing was very crude, for there were no rules and a prize-fighter could be seriously injured or even killed during a match.One of the most colourful figures in boxing history was Daniel Mendoza who was born in 1764. The use of gloves was not introduced until 1860 when the Marquis of Queensberry drew up the first set Of rules. Though he was technically a prize-fighter, Mendoza did much to change crude prize-fighting into a sport, for he brought science to the game. In his day, Mendoza enjoyed tremendous popularity. He was adored by rich and poor alike. Mendoza rose to fame swiftly after a boxing-match when he was only fourteen years old. This attracted the attention of Richard Humphries who was then the most eminent boxer in England. He offered to train Mendoza and his young pupil was quick to learn. In fact, Mendoza soon became so successful that Humphries turned against him. The two men quarrelled bitterly and it was clear that the argument could only be settled by a fight. A match was held at Stilton where both men fought for an hour. The public bet a great deal of money on Mendoza, but he was defeated. Mendoza met Humphries in the ring on a later occasion and he lost for a second time. It was not until his third match in 1790 that he finally beat Humphries and became Champion of England. Meanwhile, he founded a highly successful Academy and even Lord Byron became one of his pupils. He earned enormous sums of money and was paid as much as &100 for a single appearance. Despite this, he was so extravagant that he was always in debt. After he was defeated by a boxer called Gentleman Jackson, he was quickly forgotten. He was sent to prison for failing to pay his debts and died in poverty in 1836.Lesson22 By heartSome plays are so successful that they run for years on end. In many ways, this is unfortunate for the poor actors who are required to go on repeating the same lines night after night. One would expect them to know their parts by heart and never have cause to falter. Yet this is not always the case.A famous actor in a highly successful play was once cast in the role of an aristocrat who had been imprisoned in the Bastille for twenty years. In the last act, a gaoler would always come on to the stage with a letter which he would hand to the prisoner. Even though the noble was expected to read the。

phpspreadsheet中文文档(三)计算引擎

phpspreadsheet中文文档(三)计算引擎

phpspreadsheet中⽂⽂档(三)计算引擎2019年10⽉11⽇13:59:52使⽤PhpSpreadsheet计算引擎执⾏公式计算由于PhpSpreadsheet表⽰内存中的电⼦表格,因此它还提供公式计算功能。

单元格可以是值类型(包含数字或⽂本),也可以是公式类型(包含可以求值的公式)。

例如,该公式=SUM(A1:A10)计算得出A1,A2,...,A10中的值之和。

要计算公式,可以调⽤包含公式⽅法的单元格getCalculatedValue(),例如:$spreadsheet->getActiveSheet()->getCell('E11')->getCalculatedValue();如果您在PhpSpreadsheet随附的发票演⽰中编写了以下代码⾏,则其评估值为“ 64”:PhpSpreadsheet公式解析器的另⼀个不错的功能是,它可以在插⼊/删除⾏/列时⾃动调整公式。

这是⼀个例⼦:您会看到单元格E11中包含的公式是“ SUM(E4:E9)”。

现在,当我编写以下代码⾏时,添加了两个新的产品线:$spreadsheet->getActiveSheet()->insertNewRowBefore(7, 2);你注意到了吗?以前的单元格E11中的公式(当我插⼊2个新⾏时为E13)更改为“ SUM(E4:E11)”。

同样,插⼊的单元格将复制前⼀个单元格的样式信息,就像Excel的⾏为⼀样。

请注意,您可以插⼊⾏和列。

计算缓存⼀旦计算引擎评估了单元格中的公式后,结果将被缓存,因此,如果您getCalculatedValue()再次调⽤同⼀单元格,则结果将从缓存中返回,⽽不是第⼆次评估公式。

这有助于提⾼性能,因为就性能和速度⽽⾔,评估公式是⼀项昂贵的操作。

但是,有时您可能不希望这样,也许您已经更改了基础数据,并且需要使⽤该新数据重新评估相同的公式。

第三单元 文档的格式设置与编排

第三单元 文档的格式设置与编排

第三单元文档的格式设置与编排3.1 第1题【操作要求】打开文档A3.docx,按下列要求设置、编排文档格式。

一、设置【文本3-1A】如【样文3-1A】所示1.设置字体格式:●将文档标题行的字体设置为华文行楷,字号为一号,并为其添加“填充–蓝色,透明强调文字颜色1,轮廓–强调文字颜色1”的文本效果。

●将文档副标题的字体设置为华文新魏,字号为四号,颜色为标准色中的“深红”色。

●将正文诗词部分的字体设置为方正姚体,字号为小四,字形为倾斜。

●将文本“注释译文”的字体设置为微软雅黑,字号为小四,并为其添加“双波浪线”下划线。

2.设置段落格式:●将文档的标题和副标题设置为居中对齐。

●将正文诗词部分的左缩进10个字符,段落间距为段后段前各0.5行,行距为固定值18磅。

●将正文最后两段的首行缩进2个字符,并设置行距为1.5倍行距。

二、设置【文本3-1B】如【样文3-1B】所示1.拼写检查:改正【文本3-1B】中拼写错误的单词。

2.设置项目符号或编号:按照【样文3-1B】为文档段落添加项目符号。

三、设置【文本3-1C】如【3-1C】所示●按照【样文3-1C】所示,为【文本3-1C】中的文本添加拼音,并设置拼音的对齐方式为“居中”,偏移量为3磅,字号为14磅。

【样文3-1A】【样文3-1B】【样文3-1C】3.2 第2题【操作要求】打开文档A3.docx,按下列要求设置、编排文档格式。

一、设置【文本3-2A】如【样文3-2A】所示1.设置字体格式:●将文档标题行的字体设置为华文中宋,字号为小初,并为其添加“渐变填充-紫色,强调文字颜色4,映像”的文本效果。

●将文档副标题的字体设置为隶书,字号为四号,并为其添加“红色,8pt发光,强调文字颜色2”的发光文本效果。

●将正文歌词部分的字体设置为楷体_GB2312,字号为四号,字形为加粗。

●将文档最后一段的字体设置为微软雅黑,字号为小四,并为文本“《北京精神》”添加着重符。

金属政策 文档 (3)

金属政策 文档 (3)

Metal Control Policy金属控制政策The following policy covers:下列政策包含Section A - Introduction to metal control章节A—金属控制(政策)介绍∙Why is metal control important?∙为什么金属控制很重要?∙What areas does metal control cover?∙金属控制包括哪些方面?∙What needs to be in place for an effective Metal control policy?∙有效的金属控制政策需要做什么?∙What are the consequences of poor metal control to Primark and to you?∙不良的金属控制对Primark和你的后果是什么?Section B - How good are your metal control procedures?章节B—怎样才是良好的金属控制程序?∙ A questionnaire for suppliers/factories to complete to determine how good their existing systems are and to examine the risks∙填写工厂/供应商问卷以判断其现有的系统是否完善以及检测其风险Section C - Metal control procedures章节C—金属控制程序∙Needle control∙针的控制∙Metal tools and trims∙金属工具和剪刀∙Metal detection∙金属检测Section D - Example record formats and the Self-Assessment checklist章节D—记录样本和自查表∙Examples of record sheets for needle and metal detection and a self-assessment checklist for suppliers to determine how well their existing systems are working∙针和金属检查的记录表样本,以及供应商判断其现有系统是否良好工作的自查表Section E- Photograph Guide章节E—图片指引∙Photos of good and bad practice from actual factory sites∙好的和不好的工厂现场(金属)管理图片Section A - An introduction to metal control章节A—金属控制(政策)介绍Why is metal control important?为什么金属控制很重要?Primark/Penneys have a duty to its customers to provide safe, quality products. This duty is drawn both from our company values and from EU legislation.Primark/Penneys有责任为其顾客提供安全、合格的产品。

中文版Office2016大全Word篇第三章初识文档操作

中文版Office2016大全Word篇第三章初识文档操作
3.2 保存和关闭文档
创建文档之后,对文档进行编辑,最后的步 骤将涉及保存和关闭操作。保存则可以将添加的 文档内容进行存储。存储之后,对于不需要的文 档进行关闭。在本节中将详细介绍如何对文档进 行保存和关闭。
3.2.1 文档的保存
第一次保存文档时,应该选择它的保存位置, 给文件指定一个有效的文件名称。Word 会根据文 档的第一行文本内容给文件提供一个建议名称, 但在再次打开文件时,这种文件名称不易查找; 所以在存储文件命名时,需要为其提供一个容易 记住和方便查找的名称,以便打开进行查阅和 修改。
图 3-17
方法二:按 Ctrl+O 快捷键。 方法三:双击桌面上的 (计算机)图标,打 开计算机中文件所在的位置,找到相应的文件后, 双击文件,即可打开。
3.3.2 以副本方式打开文档
以副本方式打开文档可以将一份相同的文档 打开为两份。打开文档的目的,往往是为了对文 档进行编辑、修改并使用它。在不同的应用场合, 文档需要以不同的方式打开。如对于一些重要文 档,需要保留一份文档的原件,在文档的副本中 对文档进行修改;如果只是查看文档而不需要对 文档进行修改,则可以以只读形式打开它。具体 操作步骤如下。
关闭文档的方法有以下 3 种。
22
3

方法一:单击 Word 窗口右上角的 (关闭)
按钮。

方法二:选择菜单“文件”|“关闭”命令。

方法三:按 Ctrl+W 快捷键。





图 3-15
3.3 打开已存文档
用户经常会再次访问以前的工作,进行编辑 和修改,例如要对以前使用的 Word 内容进行修 改或增删数据。要执行这些操作,需要重新打开 以前创建并保存的文档。

3《植物妈妈有办法》-word文档

3《植物妈妈有办法》-word文档

3《植物妈妈有办法》课前透视《植物妈妈有办法》是一首充满儿童情趣、富有韵律感的诗歌。

全诗生动形象地把自然知识蕴含其中,语言朗朗上口,内容浅显易懂,是优秀的科普作品。

课文共有五小节,分别介绍了蒲公英、苍耳、豌豆是怎样传播种子的,配有两幅插图。

教学中应抓住诗歌利于朗读,内容充满情趣的特点,激发学生童心,引导学生在多读读好上下功夫,进而体会文章表达的精妙和其中蕴含的知识。

课文是用拟人手法告诉我们科学知识的,学生容易被吸引,并且文中介绍的内容大多数的学生有一定的了解和体验。

教学时应在读中感悟的基础上,联系实际,创设情境,激发学生了解植物知识、探索大自然奥秘的兴趣,培养学生留心身边的事物、认真观察的好习惯,有一定词语积累。

教学目标:1、会认12个生字,会写10个生字。

2、正确、流利、有感情地朗读课文。

背诵课文。

3、有观察植物、了解植物知识、探究植物奥秘的兴趣。

教学重点:1、在读中感悟课文的韵律美,了解课文告诉我们的知识。

2、识字写字。

信息资料1、教师准备有关网站、演示课件或相关的挂图,生字卡片。

2、学生了解有关“植物传播种子的方法”的知识。

教学时数两课时第一课时切入举偶1、谈话引入:小朋友,秋天是植物种子成熟的季节,种子宝宝要告别妈妈开始自己的生活,你们想知道植物妈妈是用什么好办法来送别自己的孩子的吗?今天我们就来学习《植物妈妈有办法》。

板书课题。

(本课内容充满童趣,谈话直奔课文主旨,吸引学生,激发学习兴趣。

)2、课件演示:播放蒲公英、苍耳等植物传播种子的动画,引导学生观察。

今天《植物妈妈有办法》这一课要告诉我们植物传播种子的巧妙办法,现在我们就来学习。

板书课题。

(采用学生喜欢的形式,引导学生观看动画,整体感知,激发学习兴趣和求知欲望。

)对话平台感知1、自由读课文,不认识的字借助拼音多读几遍。

2、小组内互相读读,说说你读懂了什么。

3、交流。

小组选出代表,汇报小组读书的收获。

(这只是初读,学生能说出自己的读书所得就要加以表扬,不能要求过高。

3 地下商城分析文档

3 地下商城分析文档

地下商城分析近几年来,全国各地地下商业街的开发可以说是如火如荼,在各大、中城市都大量的开发了规模不一的地下商业街项目,为投资界所关注。

那么为什么在地上商业项目林立的情况下会涌现出大量的地下商业街?地下商业街又为什么成为投资者青睐的热点?我们从地下商业街的由来及优势说明如下:一、地下街的由来:世界上第一条地下商业街是1957年建成的大阪“唯波地下街”。

1963年大阪又建成“梅田地下街”,接着又建成当时全国最长的地下街——“虹地下商业街”。

“虹地下商业街”总面积近4万平方米,街顶距地面8米,长1000米,宽50米,高6米,内有4个广场、三四百家商店和许多餐馆、酒吧、咖啡店等相关配套场所。

商店出售各种商品,从日常生活用品到高级装饰品,从现代电器到名贵古董等,凡是地上商场有的地下商业街大体俱全。

究其发展缘由有以下三条:1、地面商业资源的弥足珍贵,土地价格太高:随着城市的进化,核心商业街区的土地资源的价格上涨,尤其是成熟商业用地的稀缺,带来高额的开发成本,而且由于新建成的商业大厦竞争环境的恶化,使商业项目开发风险越来越大,因此政府及开发商将目光投向地下。

目前的地下商业街正从政府投资的人防工程兼做地下商业街,向开发商主动进行商业化开发、兼有人防功能的趋势转型。

从被动利用地下人防工程进行商业化利用,转向主动开发城市核心地段的地下空间,有目的的发展特色地下商业。

因是民间资本进入地下人防工程,因此相应的土地资本大幅降低,尤其是政府可以为此类项目办理产权,达到平、占共享资源的良好开端,是一个可喜的转型。

在科学的规划建设下,实现科学开发,有效利用,赢得了好的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益。

2、地面购物环境的恶化:地面购物环境的恶化促生了地下商业街,核心商业区地面交通车辆拥堵、噪音、粉尘、气候的变化都对消费者的出行购物带来不利的影响。

而地下商业街在地下内建成宽阔的街道,街道两旁商店标立,和地面上的街道完全一样。

地下街有充足的光源,光线柔和,强制换风带来充足新鲜的空气,适宜的湿度和温度,冬暖夏凉的空调比地面上更舒适,也没有地上街的车辆、噪音和灰尘。

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昆明工业职业技术学院(2012届)专科毕业设计(论文)对带钢在冷轧前须酸洗的研究学院:昆明工业职业技术学院专业:材料成型与控制技术学生姓名:熊树奇班级:材料成型与控制技术(一)班学号:2009216241指导老师:朱英职称:教师最终评定成绩:2012年6月摘要从热轧厂运送来的热轧带钢卷,是在高温下进行轧制和卷取,带钢表面在该条件下生成的氧化铁皮,能够很牢固地覆盖在带钢的表面上,并掩盖着带钢表面的缺陷。

若将这些带着氧化铁皮的带钢直接送到冷轧机去轧制,则其一,在大压下量的条件下进行轧制,会将氧化铁皮压入带钢的基体,影响冷轧板的表面质量及加工性能,甚至造成废品;其二,氧化铁皮破碎后进入冷却润滑轧辊的乳化液系统,会损坏循环设备,缩短乳化液的使用寿命;其三,会损坏表面粗糙度很低,价格昂贵的冷轧辊。

因此,带钢在冷轧之前,必须清除其表面的氧化铁皮,除掉有缺陷的带钢。

然而这一工序就是要靠酸洗来完成。

关键词:酸洗氧化铁皮酸洗机组目录1.1连续式酸洗机组的概述 (19)1.2带钢表面氧化铁皮 (23)1.3酸洗原理与影响酸洗的因素 (28)1.4现代连续式酸洗机组的工艺与设备 (42)1.5推拉式酸洗 (56)1.6带钢酸洗技术的新发展 (59)1.1连续式酸洗机组的概述在冶金工厂,带钢酸洗设备面前有3种形式,即半连续酸洗机组,连续卧式机组和连续塔式机组。

半连续酸洗机组也称推式(或推拉式)酸洗机组,它的工艺操作过程是:带钢板卷经开卷机开卷后,随之进入矫直机矫直带钢,以保证带钢顺利通过机组,被矫直的带钢经酸洗槽内的酸液除掉其表面的氧化铁皮;随后进入清洗槽,以除去带钢自酸洗槽中带出的残酸,再经热风烘干装置将其表面烘干,最后经过剪边,切掉头尾舌头并在卷取机上卷成带钢卷。

连续卧式酸洗机组所以被称为连续的,是因为带钢连续通过盛有酸溶液的酸洗槽。

为了使过程连续,将后一卷带钢的端头与前一卷带钢的尾端焊接起来,再从酸洗槽通过,待带钢卷到一定重量,切断带钢。

并把卷成的带钢卷卸下。

连续酸洗机组根据工作性质可分为3部分或称三段。

其中,上料,拆卷,破碎带钢表面氧化铁皮,矫直,切头切尾,焊接,光整为原料准备段;拉矫,酸洗,漂洗,烘干为酸洗工艺段;剪边,涂油,卷取及卸下带钢卷为酸洗成品段。

连续酸洗机组的3段,也可按照带钢的运行方向,称之为头部,中部尾部。

由于机组各段工作性质的特殊性和工作速度上的差异,所以要将这3段紧密的联系起来,实际上是不可能的。

为了保证各段工作的独立性,满足酸洗段的连续进行,特在机组每两段之间各立一个活套车,以储备一定数量的带钢。

带钢的储量是不固定的,在准备带钢上料,卸下带钢及生产的期间,储备量会增大或减少。

1.3本文的主要内容第2章可编程控制器(PLC)2.1 PLC基本概念现代社会要求制造业对市场需求作出迅速反应,生产出小批量、多品种、多规格、低成本和高质量的产品,为满足这一要求,生产设备和自动生产线的控制系统必须具备极高的可靠性和灵活性,可编程控制器(Programmable Logic Controller,PLC正是顺应这一要求出现的,它是以微处理器为基础的通用工业控制装置。

PLC应用面广、功能强大、使用方便,已经广泛的应用在各种机械设备和生产过程的自动控制系统中,PLC在其他领域,例如民用和家庭自动化的应用已得到了迅速的发展。

它不仅是单机自动化中应用最广的控制设备,在大型工业网络控制系统中也占有不可动摇的地位,PLC应用程度之广、普及程度之高,是其他计算机控制设备无法比拟的。

国际电工委员会(IEC)对PLC作了如下定义:“可编程序控制器是一种数字运算操作的电子系统,专为在工业环境下而设计。

它采用可编程序的存储器,用来在其内部存储执行逻辑运算、顺序控制、定时、计数和算术运算等操作指令、并通过数字式、模拟式的输入和输出,控制各种类型的机械和生产过程,可编程序控制器及其有关设备,都应按易于使工业控制系统形成一个整体,易于扩充其功能的原则设计”。

由以上定义可以看出,PLC是一种用程序里改变控制功能的工业控制计算机,除了各种各样的控制功能外,还有与其它计算机通和信联网的功能。

此实验是以三菱公司的PLC为基础而进行实验的。

2.2 PLC的发展历程在可编程控制器出现前,在工业电气控制领域中,继电器控制占主导地位,应用广泛。

但是电器控制系统存在体积大、可靠性低、查找和排除故障困难等缺点,特别是其接线复杂、不易更改,对生产工艺变化的适应性差。

1968年美国通用汽车公司(G.M)为了适应汽车型号的不断更新,生产工艺不断变化的需要,实现小批量、多品种生产,希望能有一种新型工业控制器,它能做到尽可能减少重新设计和更换电器控制系统及接线,以降低成本,缩短周期。

于是就设想将计算机功能强大、灵活、通用性好等优点与电器控制系统简单易懂、价格便宜等优点结合起来,制成一种通用控制装置,而且这种装置采用面向控制过程、面向问题的“自然语言”进行编程,使不熟悉计算机的人也能很快掌握使用。

1969年美国数字设备公司(DEC)根据美国通用汽车公司的这种要求,研制成功了世界上第一台可编程控制器,并在通用汽车公司的自动装配线上试用,取得很好的效果。

从此这项技术迅速发展起来。

早期的可编程控制器仅有逻辑运算、定时、计数等顺序控制功能,只是用来取代传统的继电器控制,通常称为可编程逻辑控制器(Programmable Logic Controller )。

随着微电子技术和计算机技术的发展,20世纪70年代中期微处理器技术应用到PLC中,使PLC不仅具有逻辑控制功能,还增加了算术运算、数据传送和数据处理等功能。

20世纪80年代以后,随着大规模、超大规模集成电路等微电子技术的迅速发展,16位和32位微处理器应用于PLC中,使PLC得到迅速发展。

PLC不仅控制功能增强,同时可靠性提高,功耗、体积减小,成本降低,编程和故障检测更加灵活方便,而且具有通信和联网、数据处理和图象显示等功能,使PLC真正成为具有逻辑控制、过程控制、运动控制、数据处理、联网通信等功能的名符其实的多功能控制器。

PLC的发展过程大致可以分为如下几个阶段:1970—1980年:PLC的结构定型阶段。

在这一阶段,由于PLC刚诞生,各种类型的顺序控制器不断出现(如逻辑电路型、1位机型、通用计算机型、单板机型等),但迅速被淘汰。

最终以微处理器为核心的现有PLC结构形成,取得了市场的认可,得以迅速发展.推广。

PLC的原理、结构、软件、硬件趋向统一与成熟,PLC的应用领域由最初的小范围、有选择使用、逐步向机床、生产线扩展。

1980—1990年:PLC的普及阶段。

在这一阶段,PLC的生产规模日益扩大,价格不断下降,PLC被迅速普及。

各PLC生产厂家产品的价格.品种开始系列化,并且形成了固定I/O点型、基本单元加扩展块型、模块化结构型这三种延续至今的基本结构模型。

PLC的应用范围开始向顺序控制的全部领域扩展。

比如三菱公司本阶段的主要产品有F.F1.F2小型PLC系列产品,K/A系列中、大型PLC产品等。

1990—2000年,PLC的高性能与小型化阶段。

在这一阶段,随着微电子技术的进步,PLC的功能日益增强,PLC的CPU运算速度大幅度上升、位数不断增加,使得适用于各种特殊控制的功能模块不断被开发,PLC的应用范围由单一的顺序控制向现场控制拓展。

此外,PLC的体积大幅度缩小,出现了各类微型化PLC。

三菱公司本阶段的主要产品有FX小型PLC系列产品,AIS/A2US/Q2A系列中,大型PLC系列产品等。

2000年至今:PLC的高性能与网络化阶段。

在本阶段,为了适应信息技术的发展与工厂自动化的需要,PLC的各种功能不断进步。

一方面,PLC在继续提高CPU运算速度,位数的同时,开发了适用于过程控制,运动控制的特殊功能与模块,使PLC的应用范围开始涉及工业自动化的全部领域。

与此同时,PLC的网络与通信功能得到迅速发展,PLC不仅可以连接传统的编程与通入/输出设备,还可以通过各种总线构成网络,为工厂自动化奠定了基础。

三菱公司本阶段的主要产品有FX小型PLC系列产品(包括最新的FX3u系列产品),Qn,QnPH系列中,大型PLC系列产品等。

2.3 PLC的发展趋势从当前产品技术性能来看,PLC发展趋势仍然主要体现在体积的缩小与性能的提高两大方面。

①体积小型化。

电子产品体积的小型化是微电子技术发展的必然结果。

现代PLC无论从内部元件组成还是硬件、软件结构都已经与早期的PLC有了很大的不同,PLC体积被大幅度缩小。

②性能的提高。

PLC的性能主要包括CPU性能与I/O性能两大方面。

可编程序控制器在我国的发展状况如下:(1) 我国可编程序控制器的发展与国际上的发展有所不同,国际上可编程序控制器的发展是从研制、开发、生产到应用,而我国则是从成套设备引进、可编程序控制器引进应用、消化移植、合资生产到广泛应用。

大致可划分为下述三个阶段:①可编程序控制器的初级认识阶段(70 年代后期到 80 年代初期)国际上可编程序控制器的发展,首先引起了国内工程技术界的极大兴趣,所以我国对可编程序控制器的认识始于 70 年代后期到 80 年代初期的成套设备引进中,当时的上海宝钢一期工程中有多项工程引进了十几种机型约 200 多台可编程序控制器。

这些可编程序控制器用于原料码头到高炉、轧钢、钢管等整个钢铁冶炼以及加工生产线上,取代了传统的继电器逻辑系统,并部分取代了模拟量控制和小型DDC 系统。

继宝钢一期工程后,国内许多厂家陆续引进的设备和生产线大都配备了可编程序控制器,其应用范围包括电站、石油化工、汽车制造、港口和码头等各领域。

正是在成套设备引进过程中,我们打开了眼界,了解认识了可编程序控制器,这也促进了可编程序控制器在我国的发展。

②可编程序控制器的引进应用和消化移植阶段(80 年代初期到90年代初期)80年代初期开始,随着我国改革开放的不断深入,在成套设备引进的同时,国外原装的可编程序控制器开始涌入国内市场。

许多部门和单位相继引进可编程序控制器并自己设计组成控制系统,其应用范围也扩大到建材、轻工、煤炭、水处理、食品、制药、造纸、橡胶和精细化工等工业领域。

③可编程序控制器的广泛发展阶段(90 年代初期到现在)进入90年代,我国的可编程序控制器进入了广泛发展阶段,主要表现在以下几个方面:(2)政府重视可编程序控制器的发展得到了政府的高度重视,在当时机械电子工业部的领导下,于 1991 年成立了可编程序控制器行业协会。

可编程序控制器行业协会在政府和企事业之间起到了桥梁作用,沟通了情况,为做出决策提供了依据。

同时可编程序控制器的标准化工作也受到了有关部门的重视,于 1993 年成立了可编程序控制器标准化技术委员会,为我国可编程序控制器的进一步发展打下了基础。

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