语法复习十一：非谓语动词之动词不定式
非谓语之动词不定式用法详解
动词不定式的用法二、动词不定式充当的句子成分不定式具有名词、动词、形容词和副词的特性，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。
（一）、作主语：1、不定式作主语多表示具体的、一次性的动作；动名词作主语多表示经常性的、习惯性的动作。
如：To swim today is a good idea Eating too much is bad for your health.2、不定式作主语时，常可以用it 作形式主语，而将真正的不定式主语后置。
但要熟记以下使用动名词作主语的句型：常用动名词作主语的句型有：It is/was +There is/was +更糟糕的）注意：There is no need for sb to do sth.2. 一般情况下，不定式作主语，谓语动词一般用单数形式。
如：To see is to believe.3. 当主语为不定式时，表语也用不定式来表示一致性。
如：To see is to believe.（二）、作宾语1、不定式作宾语通常表示具体的、一次性的动作。
如：Tom likes playing football, but he likes to play basketball today.但需要牢记以下的动词只使用v-ing 为宾语：avoid, miss, delay / postpone, suggest / advise, finish, practice, enjoy/appreciate, imagine, resist, admit, deny, envy, escape / envy, risk, pardon / excuse, keep / keep on, stand, mind;有些动词后面只能接不定式作宾语,如：decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish, manage, refuse, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, help, wait, happen, afford, fail, threaten;有些动词短语后面也只能接动名词作宾语,如：lead to, get down to, look forward to, pay attention to, stick to，be addicted to, adjust/adapt to, devote to，object to，get to/be used to（习惯于），prefer…to…, can't stand（忍不住），give up，insist on，keep（on），put off，be worth，be/keep busy，have difficulty/trouble/problem（in），feel/look/seem like，set about，depend on，prevent sb. from，succeed in, thank you for, apologize for；有些动词后面既可以接不定式作宾语，又可以接动名词作宾语，如：continue，begin，start，prefer，like，love，hate，forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try，need, require, want 等。
2023年中考英语语法专题：非谓语动词之动词不定式(to do)) 课件
3.用作宾补（V.+ sb. + to do）
eg: 她要我帮她 She asked me to help her.
eg: 老师告诉他让他准时来 The teacher told him to come on time.
eg: 汤姆的妈妈教他读英语 Tom’s mother taught him to read English.
动词不定式
定义：不定式的构成是to+动词原形，当然to有时也可 以省略。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，可以作除谓语 外的任何成分。
肯定式：to + 动词原形 否定式：not to + 动词原形
1.用作主语
A.动词不定式做主语，谓语动词用单数。
eg: 眼见为真 To see is to believe. eg: 学好英语对我们来说很重要 To learn English well is important for us.
2.用作宾语（V.+ to do）
eg: 我想买一台新电脑 I want to buy a new computer. eg: 我决定回家 I decide to go home.
eg: 她希望能找到一份更好的工作 She hopes to find a better job.
常用动词不定式作宾语 的动词有：hope, refuse, learn, need, choose, decide, agree, start, begin, like, try, plan.
Practice
1. Let him __fin_i_sh__ (finish) the work at once. 2. ——Is Wang Fang good at drawing?
高中语法非谓语动词之动词不定式讲解及练习
(7)动词不定式作独立成分 这些短语有： to begin with, to tell the truth,to make a long story short,so to speak,to be brief,to be frank,to conclude. 例：To begin with,I'like to introduce myself to you all.
2)在too...to结构中，后面的形容词是为 ready,eager,anxious,apt,willing,glad, pleased等词时，动词不定式不再有否定的意思。 too在此处可以理解成very的意思。 例：She is too ready to help. 她极其乐于帮助别人
原因状语： 动词不定式常跟在一些形容词后，说明产生这些情 绪的原因。这类形容词有： happy,surprised,sorry,glad,eager等 例：I am sorry to interrupt you.
2)be to 含有按计划，按命令做的事情或应该、可能、 注定发生的事情
例：We are to meet once a week. 我们按计划将一个月碰一次头。 What is to be done?应该怎么办？ The key is nowhere to be found.可能
(4)动词不定式作宾语补足语或在被动语态中作主语补 足语 例：We'd love you to give us a hand. He was made to repair the broken chair. ※ 注意： 1）在一些动词后，作宾语补足语的动词不定式to要省 略掉。这类动词包括感官动词和使役动词。如： see,hear,watch,have,make,let等。但如果句子是被动语 态，动词不定式为主补时，要带to（let 除外） I heard her sing a song in the next room yesterday.
初中英语语法课件-非谓语动词之动词不定式的用法
“疑问词＋不定式”作宾语可转换为宾语从句。 Can you tell me where to get the book？ ＝Can you tell me where I can get the book? 你能告诉我哪里能得到这本书吗？
THE END
一些感官动词和使役动词要用不带to的动词不定式 作宾语补足语：这些动词有 一感(feel) 二听(hear, listen to) 三让(let, make, have) 四看(look at, see, watch, notice) 注： 变被动语态时必须加上to
5. 作定语
动词不定式作定语时，应放在所修饰词的 后面，它与被修饰词有逻辑上的动宾关系。 I have a lot of homework to do. 我有许多家庭作业要做。
动词不定式具有动词的特点，可以有自己的宾语和状 语，但它没有人称与数的变化，在句中也不能作谓语 ，动词不定式和自己的宾语或状语构成不定式短语。
My father asked me not to read in bed. 我爸爸告诉我不要在床上读书。 My job is to drive them to school every day. 我的工作是每天开车把他们送去学校。
初中英语语法
非谓语动词之 动词不定式
作为非谓语动词的一种，动词不定式 是我们英语学习中的重点以及难点！
动词不定式的构成 动词不定式由“to+ 动词原形”构成，如： to study, to play，to eat 动词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词用，但仍保留着 动词的特征，它可以带有所需要的宾语或状语而 构成动词不定式短语，如： to study hard, to play table tennis
非谓语动词(不定式)的用法
非谓语动词(不定式)的用法非谓语动词（动词不定式的具体用法）动词不定式有三大语法功能：1.充当名词，可作主语、宾语或表语；2.充当形容词，可作后置定语或宾语补足语；3.充当副词，可作状语。
构成不定式需要使用“to+动词原形”的形式，否定式则在不定式符号之前加入否定词“not/never”。
一、不定式作主语的用法不定式作主语的特点是具有名词的功能，可表示意愿或未完成的事情，谓语动词要用单数。
常见的此类名词有：plan（计划）、purpose（目的）、attempt（企图）、goal（目标）、aim（目的）、n（雄心）、dream（梦想）、ideal（理想）、wish（希望/愿望）、hope（希望）、n（决定）、n（决定）、proposal（提议/建议）等。
为了避免主语过长，不定式短语可放在句末，用形式主语“it”代替原来的主语位置，不定式则成为真正的主语。
例如：___.（赢得冠军是我的雄心。
）To master a foreign language is necessary.（掌握一门外语是有必要的。
）To e President of the United States used to be my goal.（过去我的梦想是成为美国总统。
）Speaking perfect English is always my dream.（说一口流利的英语一直是我的梦想。
）It is ___.（保护环境是有必要的。
）There are two special ___:1) It is + adj + of sb + to do sth.2) It is + adj + for sb + to do sth.___ characteristics and differences are:1) If ___ characteristics or traits。
the logical subject of the ___ "of."Examples:It is very affable of you to help me。
(完整)非谓语动词之不定式用法详解
(完整)非谓语动词之不定式用法详解定义动词不定式与动名词,分词一样是动词的一种非谓语形式,它与动词原形同行,但它前面一般带有一个不定式的符号“to”，我们为了把它与介词的to 区别开来,也叫它小品词，它只是一个符号，没有词性,但动词不定式有时也不带to 。
形式1. 不定式作名词的用法不定式在句子中的作用有时和名词相同,在句子中可以当主语，表语,宾语. it 作形式主语而将真正的主语（不定式短语)放在谓语之后。
例如：例2可变为It is important to obey the laws.例3可变为It is impossible to finish so much homework in a day. 常见的带形式主语it 的句型有：句型一：＊It is easy (difficult ， hard, important ， right ， wrong, possible, impossible, necessary ， unnecessary, foolish ， wise, kind ， cruel ， nice…) to do …句型二：It is a pleasure (pity ， pleasant thing, crime, an honor… ) to do sth. 句型三:It takes （sb 。
） some time to do sth 。
花了某人一些时间去做某事 在句型一中我们常用for sb.或of sb 。
来做不定式的逻辑主语.但是什么情况下用for 或of ，主要从以下两个方面来区别： 1两者所使用的形容词不同a.for sb 。
的句型通常使用表示客观情况的形容词。
如easy, difficult, hard ， important, possible, impossible ， necessary ， unnecessary, interesting 等。
·It is important for us to express our opinions 。
语法填空非谓语动词不定式
第二部分知识透析1．概述动词不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式，在句中不能单独作谓语。
动词不定式具有动词的性质，它可以有自己的宾语和状语，从而构成动词不定式短语。
它还可以有形式的变化，即一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行时，主动式和被动式。
同时，动词不定式也具有非动词的性质，相当于一个名词、形容词或副词，可以在句中担任主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。
2.动词不定式的构成动词不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下to也可省略。
主动形式被动形式否定式一般式to do to be done not to do/ not to bedone进行式to be doing not to be doing完成式to have done to have been done not to have (been)done完成进行式to have beennot to have been doingdoing2.1不定式的一般式不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。
He appears to be very happy. 他看起来好像很高兴。
（同时发生）To catch the train, we'd better hurry to the station by taxi.为了赶上火车，我们最好赶紧乘出租车去车站。
（赶火车发生在到站之后）2.2不定式的进行式不定式的进行式表示正在进行的或与谓语动词同时发生的动作。
It happened to be raining when I got there. 我到达那里的时候，天碰巧在下雨。
I'm glad to be traveling with you. 我很高兴和你一起旅游。
有时表示即将发生的动作The old man seems to be dying.2.3不定式的完成式2.3.1不定式的完成式表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生。
非谓语动词之不定式
动词不定式一．定义1•由“ to+动词原形”构成，是动词的一种非谓语形式，在句中作除谓语之外的其他成分。
to 是不定式的标志，无词义。
不定式无人称和数的变化，2. 肯定形式to do; 否定形式not to do 。
3. 不定式仍有动词的特点，即可以有自己的宾语和状语。
二．功能：不定式有名词、形容词、副词的功能，在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语。
就是不作谓语。
1. 作主语（谓语动词使用三单形式） , 一般表示具体的某次动作。
①直接放在句首To help each other is good.②用it 作形式主语，而将作真正的主语（不定式）置于句末，如以下结构：♦It is easy/ hard/ difficult/important/necessary/interesting …（for sb.） to do sth.It is important for us to learn English we l.l♦It is our duty to do sth.It is our duty to keep our classroom clea. n注：-ing形式与不定式作主语之区别：-ing 作主语，通常是某种经常性的活动，即泛指某种抽象的动作；不定式作主语，通常表示某次具体的动作。
2. 作宾语①常只跟to do 作宾语的动词如下：hope, plan, decide, expect, agree, choose, seem, happen, learn, teach, prepare, promise, wish, wait, fail, afford, manage, refuse, pretend, offer, arrange 等②即跟to do又跟-ing作宾语，意义差别不大的有：begin/start; continue;③即跟to do又跟-ing作宾语，且意义差别很大的有：remember, forget, mean, try, regret, stop, can'thelp 等。
非谓语动词讲解(超全
非谓语动词讲解(超全非谓语动词是指动词的非谓语形式，包括动词不定式、动名词和现在分词。
与主谓结构不同，非谓语动词可在句子中作状语、定语或表语。
在英语中，非谓语动词的形式是相对固定的，但在不同的语法环境中所表示的意义和用法有所差异。
1. 动词不定式（to-infinitive）动词不定式由“to + 动词原形”构成，常常用作动词的宾语、主语、状语或定语。
例如：- 宾语：I want to go to the zoo.（我想去动物园。
）- 主语：To speak English fluently is important for your career.（流利地说英语对你的事业很重要。
）- 状语：He went to the store to buy some groceries.（他去商店买了些杂货。
）- 定语：She needs a pen to write her essay.（她需要一支笔来写作文。
）2. 动名词（gerund）动名词是将动词加上-ing构成，常常用作动词的宾语、主语、状语或定语。
例如：- 宾语：I enjoy reading books in my spare time.（我闲暇时喜欢读书。
）- 主语：Swimming is good exercise.（游泳是很好的锻炼。
）- 状语：She left the party early, feeling tired.（她因为感觉累了，所以提前离开了聚会。
）- 定语：The crying baby woke up the whole neighborhood.（哭闹的婴儿把整个邻居都吵醒了。
）3. 现在分词（present participle）现在分词由动词原形加上-ing构成，常常用作动词的宾语、主语、状语或定语。
例如：- 宾语：He enjoys playing soccer on weekends.（他喜欢周末踢足球。
）- 主语：Listening to music helps me relax.（听音乐帮助我放松。
非谓语动词之动词不定式的用法
非谓语动词之动词不定式（to do）的用法非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要形式有：不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）。
1.“to do”动词不定式的变形2.动词不定式的用法（1）充当主语（一般会用it 当形式主语）To swim here is dangerous. =It is dangerous to swim here.To pass this English exam is unlikely. =（2）充当表语（多数情况下，可以转换成动词不定式做主语）My job is to help with your English learning.To help with your English learning is my job.（3）充当宾语（只能做某些动词的宾语，一般不做介词的宾语；有时用“it”做形式宾语）I decided to attend this meeting last night.I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.注意：当以下动词欲接动词作宾语时，只能跟不定式作宾语。
decide, determine, learn, wish, hopeagree, plan, pretend, dare, refuse, failprepare, try, manage, help, promiseoffer, beg, demand, afford, arrange, be supposed（4）充当宾语补足语I persuaded him to make a speech in public.注意：在感官动词／使役动词／help后（see, hear, watch, notice,make, have, let后不定式做宾补时，可省略“to”）I saw them have a disagreement on who should sweep the floor.（我看到了他们争论的整个过程）但，感官动词后面也可接Ving形式，表示正在进行。
高考英语语法非谓语动词之动词不定式
高考重点语法项目复习——非谓语动词I动词不定式一、理解并背诵下面的口诀英语句子一个主，并不并列一谓语。
再有动词怎么用，动名词分词不定式。
动名词能定主宾表，分词能表定状补。
不定式功能都具备，主表将来目的较具体。
区别不难细体悟，心中常青语法树。
二、不定式的基本形式。
主动被动一般式进行式完成式一般式完成式不定式to do to be doing to have done to be done to have been done否定式not todon not to be doing not to havedonenot to bedonenot to have beendone三、动词不定式的功能和作用。
1. 不定式可以作句子的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语或插入语。
To make a new dress takes her a lot or time.He pretended to be working hard.His ambition is to become a chemist.He is always the first to come to school.To learn English well, you must practice more..His teacher encouraged him to work harder.To be honest, I don’t agree with you.2.不定式在时间上表示将来，作状语时一般表目的，强调动作时表某一次具体的动作。
注：不定式也可作结果状语，表示意料之外的结果。
Eg. He hurried to the station, only to find the bus had gone.3.不定式作主语时，常用it做形式主语，将to do放在位于之后，使句子保持平衡。
句型1：It + 谓语+ to doeg: It takes us an hour to get there by bus.句型2：It’s + n. + to doeg: It’s our duty to help the poor.句型3：It is adj. for/of sb. to do sth.eg: It’s very kind of you to help me.It’s very difficult for him to solve the problem.四、不定式的时态和语态1. 时态: 一般式表示的动作通常与句中谓语动作同时或在其后发生We saw him go to the shop.进行式表示不定式的动作正在进行.eg: He pretended to be working hard.完成式表示不定式动作在谓语动作/状态前发生.I’m glad to have seen your mother.eg: I happened to have read the book.2.语态在下列结构中，不定式常用主动形式表示被动含义1)主语+be+adj.+to doEg. The house is comfortable to live in.常用的形容词有：easy, difficult, hard, impossible, nice, heavy, pleasant, important, interesting等。
语法解析：非谓语动词不定式讲解
语法解析：非谓语动词不定式讲解定义：动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能独立作谓语，但它仍保持动词的特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语。
一、不定式的意义1不定式的一般式：一般式表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后。
当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动式tobedoneeg:2不定式的进行式：进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语的动作同时发生。
不定式的完成式：如果不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示动作或状态之前，就用完成式；若是在此基础上的被动含义，就用完成被动式tohavebeendone不定式的完成进行式：如果不定式的动作是在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行或有可能继续进行的动作，就要用完成进行式eg:We’reha euebuthere,thoughwehadinvitedhimto学以致用：’t’ttae,buthismothertoldhim______’veheardhim_______aboutyouoften,todayhewasmade______byhislittlesister ；tocry ；；cry ；cryA towashB washingC washD tobewashing’A learn’resomanyindsoftaaeuind_______tobuy ’’18“Haveyoudecidedwh en______”“Yes,tomorrowmorning ”’tnow______tostayornot’tturnedupyet[参考答案]1-5DBBAA6-10CCAAA11-15CADAB16-20BBAAA解析：1．告诉某人不做某事2．taesthforgranted“把某事想当然”，是一个固定词组。
’ttaeitforgrantedthateveryoneshouldhelpyou你不要认为每个人都理应帮助你。
非谓语动词动词不定式
非谓语动词顾名思义，非谓语动词就是不能作谓语的动词。
包括：不定式、现在分词、过去分词和动名词。
不定式1.不定式的构成不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下to也可省略。
不定式一般有时态和语态的变化，通常有下表中的几种形式（以do为例）：主动式被动式一般式to do to be done完成式to have done to have been done进行式to be doing /完成进行式to have been doing /1). 不定式的一般式不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。
如：They invited us to go there this summer. 他们邀请我们今年夏天去那儿。
He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一边让我通过。
2). 不定式的完成式不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，它在句中可作表语、状语、宾语，有时也可作主语、定语等。
如：She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已听说过这件事。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉让你等了这么久。
I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thing to do.我本来想告诉你这件事的，但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。
It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country.对我来说，在你们国家旅行这么多地方是一件很荣幸的事情。
3). 不定式的进行式不定式的进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。
它在句中可以用作除谓语以外的所有成分。
(完整版)非谓语动词之动词不定式被动语态形
非谓语动词之动词不定式被动语态形一、复习各种时态的被动语态★被动语态的基本结构: be+ done（以the book , publish 为例）一般现在/过去时：The book is/ was published.一般/过去将来时:The book will/would be published.The book is/was going to be published.现在/过去进行时：The book is/was being published.现在/过去完成时:The book has/had been published.情态动词：The book can/could/may/might…be published.1）一般式：（not/never ）to be done2）完成式：（not/ never）to have been done （表示不定式动作发生在谓语动词之前）三、▲通常在believe, suppose, say, report等动词构成的句子中可以进行主动语态到被动语态以及被动语态和动词不定式的转换.如:They say that Mike is sick in bed.=It is said that Mike is sick in bed.=Mike is said to be sick in bed.据说麦克卧床不起.People believe that he was killed.=It is believed that he was killed.=He is believed to have been killed.大家相信他被杀了.四、当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者而非发出者时，不定式一般要采用被动形式(to be done).语法功能：1．作主语：It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.2．作宾语：She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang.3．构成复合宾语：He wanted the letter to be typed at once.She didn’t like herself to be praised like that.4．构成复合谓语：The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.5．作定语：Are you going to the meeting to be held in the teachers’ office?6．作状语：She was too young to be assigned such work.五、不定式有时还可以有完成式的被动式to have been done（表示该动作是发生在主句之前的一个被动动作），在句中作主语、宾语、定语，或者构成复合宾语、复合谓语等，如：It is a good thing for him to have been criticized.（主语）She preferred to have been given heavier work to do. (宾语)）He thought it an honour to have been invited to the party. （复合宾语）The book is said to have been translated into many languages. （复合谓语）She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post. （定语）六、不定式的主动形式表示被动1．There be 结构中，用不定式的主动和被动式来修饰主语，区别不大。
第11讲 非谓语动词：动词不定式(练习)(教师版) 2025年高考英语一轮复习讲练测(新教材新高考)
第13讲动词不定式题型一不定式作状语的考查1.（江苏省连云港外国语学校2023-2024学年高三试题）For thousands of years, people have told fables (寓言) ___ (teach) a lesson or to pass on wisdom.分析句子可知，此处为动词不定式to do表示“为了……”作目的状语，满足句意要求。
故填to assist。
3.（福建省宁德第一中学2023-2024学年高三检测试题）He used the ancient mortise and tenon technique (construct) the Turret of Palace Museum at a 1:81 mini-scale.【答案】to instruct【解析】考查非谓语动词。
句意：他运用古代的榫卯技术，按1：81的小比例雕刻了故宫的角楼。
非谓语动词担当目的状语，用动词不定式形式。
故填to instruct。
4.（福建省宁德第一中学2023-2024学年高三检测试题）He used the ancient mortise and tenon technique ________ (construct) the Turret of Palace Museum at a 1:81 mini-scale.【答案】to instruct【解析】考查非谓语动词。
句意：他运用古代的榫卯技术，按1：81的小比例雕刻了故宫的角楼。
非谓语动词担当目的状语，用动词不定式形式。
故填to instruct。
（河北省他的本科学习，以提高自己的知识。
非谓语动词担当目的状语，用动词不定式形式。
故填to improve。
(take)for our decision and action.【答案】to take【解析】考查非谓语动词。
句意：我们也必须有足够的勇气为我们的决定和行动负责。
非谓语动词 -不定式
非谓语动词-不定式原形动词前加to,构成动词不定式。
不定式不作谓语，属非谓语动词。
第一节不定式的时态和语态 一 不定式的时态 1 时态的构成(1) 一般是的使用范围○1 不定式所示动作或状态与谓语动词所示的动作或状态同时或几乎同时发生或存 在，用一般式：I ’m glad to see you.I saw her enter the room just now.○2 不定式所示动作或状态发生在谓语动词所示动作或状态之后，也用一般式： My uncle asked me to see him this summer.I ’m glad to take my younger sister to the countryside. (2) 完成式的使用范围不定式所示动作或状态发生在谓语动词所示动作或状态之前，用完成式： I ’m glad to have seen your mother yesterday.He is said to have written a novel about the Long March(长征). (3) 进行式的使用范围当谓语动词的动作或状态发生时，不等式动词所示动作正在进行时，用进行时： They seemed to be talking about you.You are said to be writing a paper on pollution. 二 不定式的被动语态1 被动语态的两种时态不定式被动语态常用于两种时态，一种是一般式被动语态，一种是完成时被动语 皇帝下令织这种神奇的布These students want to be sent work in our company.这些学生想要分到我们公司工作(2) 完成式举例：He is said to have been killed. The assistant seemed to have been fired. 2 被动语态的用法在下列情况下不定式要用被动语态：(1) 当句子的主语是这个不定式所示动作的承受者时：The girl is to be taken to the Summer Palace. The book is said to be put into English.(2) 当不定式所修饰的名词是此不等式的逻辑宾语，且句中又无它的逻辑主语时： He wanted the letter to be typed at once.Are you going to the meeting to be held this afternoon?(3) 当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语，且不定式本身又带有一个宾语时： She is too nervous to be told such bad news. I ’m glad to be given a gold ring. (4) 当句子的主语和表语是指同一人（物），不定式修饰这个表语名词，且与这个名词有动宾关系时：He is a man to be trusted. 但也可用主动式：This is a nice place to visit.(5) 不定式作定语，且与所修饰的名词有动宾关系时：The plan to be made is a five-year plan.注意：不定式动作是相关名词的执行者还是承受者，对这个不定式用主动还是 被动语态关系很大，试比较下列各组句子:It ’s a good thing to be elected a model worker.被选为模范工人是好事 It ’s a good thing to elect him a model worker.选他当模范工人是好事Have you anything to be done this afternoon?今天下午你有什么事要人做？ Have you anything to do this afternoon?今天下午你有什么事情要自己做？ 三 不定式的主动态代替被动态在下列情况下，不定式可用主动态代替被动态：1 当不定式与最近的名词（代词）有动宾关系，且与句中另一名词（代词）有主谓关系时：He has nothing to eat . I ’ll give you a book to read. I have a lot of papers to type.Would you bring me a bench to sit down? 2 当不定式在“主语+表语（形容词）”结构中作状语，且句中主语是这个不定式的逻辑宾语时：This test is easy to recite.The washing –machine is too expensive for me to buy. 3 当不定式修饰there(here) be 引导的句子中的主语时： There are two tractors to repair.Here is a baby to take care of.当然也可用被动态：There is nothing to fear(to be feared).句中不定式如有逻辑主语，则只用主动语态：There is nothing for us to fear.4 to let, to blame,等不定式一般只用主动语态：The house is to let.房子要出租I’m to blame. 我要受责备的第二节不定式的语法功能一作主语1 直接用作主语：To get to the palace with just a flower is to say “I’m poor.”How to get rid of (清除)these things is a big problem.2 用it代替不定式作形式主语：It’s bad manners to be rude to people.It made us very happy to hear from him.How would it be to start tomorrow?It was decided to bring the matter up at the meeting.已决定把这件事提交会议讨论1，2 两种形式可以互换：It made us very excited to hear of his success.=To hear of his success made us very excited.但如果不定式短语在疑问句或感叹句中作主语，则只能用it作形式主语：To watch the TV play is very interesting.(改为一般问句)Is it very interesting to watch the TV play?To get to the station took me two hours.(特殊问句)How long did it take you to the station?To lose this necklace was a pity.(感叹句)What a pity it was to lose this necklace!二作宾语1 可用不定式直接作宾语的动词want, like, wish, hate, prefer, continue, refuse, mange, try, ask, offer, start, forget, promise, mean, pretend, begin, decide, learn, agree, care, choose, determine,expect, afford等2 需用it代不等式作宾语的动词: find, make, think, consider, feel等：He found it important to study the situation in Russia.This has made it necessary for agriculture and industry工农业to develop very quickly.I thought it impossible to arrive there in half an hour.Do you consider it better not to go. I feel my duty to say that you are wrong.3 不能直接用不定式作宾语的动词：单词know需在不定式前加连接代词或副词：They knew how to weave cloth. I know when to start.We don’t know where to go. They don’t know whether to stay or not.Nobody knew what to do next. Does he know which to take?但why不能用于此句型，不说：I don’t know why to do it.有些动词根据意思的需要，也可在不等式前加连接代词或连接副词：The computer will then tell what to do.I’ve forgot which way to takeThe students of today will have to decide how to use the computers of tomorrow.Everyone wanted to learn how to make silk.You must remember when to begin.4 不能接不定式作宾语的动词：enjoy, finish, suggest, excuse, pardon, give up, avoid,advise, can’t help, delay, escape, miss, imagine, mind, keep, practice, consider等三作宾补1 可接不定式作宾补的动词：（1）love, teach, ask, get, tell, invite, force, oblige, beg, allow, wish, want, like, hate, prefer, expect, encourage, advise, persuade, forbid, lead, trouble,summon, 等。
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语法复习十一：非谓语动词（一）——动词不定式动词不定式、分词(现在分词，过去分词)和动名词统称为非谓语动词。
现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作v + ing形式。
这些动词的形式不能在句中单独作谓语用，因而没有语法主语。
但可以有逻辑主语。
由于没有语法主语，也就不受人称和数的限定，因为不是谓语，也就没有时态和语态，但这些词仍能表示动作和状态，所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式。
由于与其它词有逻辑上的主谓关系，因此也有表示主、被动的形式，同时也有自己的宾语和状语，一起构成非谓语动词的短语(动词不定式短语，分词短语，动名词短语)。
非谓语动词在英语语法中占有特殊且重要的位置。
非谓语动词形式多样，应用广泛，且在句中起着很活跃的作用，也是语法项目中的重点和难点，学好非谓语动词，才能正确进行口语和书面的交流。
动词不定式、过去分词及v-ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用，所以叫做非谓语动词。
（一）动词不定式：动词不定式由―to+ 动词原形‖构成，如：to study, to play，动词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词用，但仍留着动词的特征，它可以带有所需要的宾语或状语而构成动词不定式短语，如：to study hard, to play table tennis。
2、动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用，如：（1）作主语：To help each other is good.（动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，如：It is good to help each other.（2）作表语：My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 动词不定式在系动词be之后作表语，与表示将来时的be + 动词不定式结构有所区别，如：Our plan is to set up another middle school fo r the peasants’ children.我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学。
（句中的谓语动词为is，动词不定式to set up… 为表语，主语为plan，但plan并不是动词不定式的逻辑主语，即动词不定式to set up所表示的动作不是主语plan产生的。
）We are to set up another middle school for the peasants’ children.我们将为农民的子弟再成立一所中学。
（句中的are to set up整个结构为句中谓语，主语为we，同时也是动词不定式to set up所表示的动作的逻辑主语，即动词不定式to set up所表示的动作是由we产生的）。
（3）作宾语：①作及物动词的宾语，如：She wishes to be a musician.；②作某些形容词的宾语：可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等，如：I am determined to give up smoking.；③动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语，但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时，就可作介词的宾语，如：Can you give us some advice on what to do next?（4）作宾语补足语，如：Tell the children not to play on the street. 如果句中的谓语动词为see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去，如：I saw a little girl run across the street.（5）动词不定式在句中作宾语，如带有宾语补足语时，须先用it作形式宾语，而将该动词不定式后置，如：I don’t think it right to do it that way.（6）作定语：动词不定式作定语时，须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，如：Is this the best way to help him? 和定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面就要用必要的介词，如：He is the man to depend on. 如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way，不定式后面的介词，习惯上可以省去，如：The old man is looking for a quiet place to live.（7）作状语：动词不定式可以作下列的状语：①目的状语：Every morning he gets up very early to read English. 为了强调不定式表示目的的作用，可在不定式前加in order to或so as to （以便或为了），但应注意in order to位于句首或句中均可，而so as to不能位于句首，如：She reads China Daily every day in order to (so as to) improve her English. 将表示目的的不定式置于句首，也可强调目的的作用，如：To master a foreign language, one must work hard at it. ②结果状语：They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放。
③too + 形容词或副词+ 动词不定式，表示―足能…‖的结果，如：You are old enough to take care of yourself now.3、复合结构不定式：由for + 名词（或代词宾格）+ 动词不定式即构成复合结构的动词不定式。
其中for本身无意义。
for后面的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语，这种不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语，如：It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，就用介词of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语，这些形容词一般有good, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等，如：It is very kind of you to help him every day.4、疑问词+ 动词不定式：疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如：How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.5、动词不定式的否定式：动词不定式的否定式是由not + 动词不定式构成，如：It’s wrong of you not to attend the meeting.6、动词不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系：（1）一般式：动词不定式一般式所表示的动作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，但在多数情况下，是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生，如：We decided to plant more trees this spring.（其后），They often watch us play table tennis.（同时）；（2）完成式：动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，如：I am sorryto have kept you waiting.（3）进行式：动词不定式进行式所表示的动作正在进行中，而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，如：She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in.7、动词不定式的被动语态用法：如果动词不定式的逻辑主语为这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般就用被动语态形式，如：What is to be done next hasn’t been decided yet.练习、非谓语动词（一）1. ---- Can you ride a horse? ---- No, I never had the chance ____.A. for learning itB. for learning howC. how to learn itD. to learn how2. Paul said, "Give me a chair _____."A. to sitB. sitC. sit onD. to sit on3. I ran too fast ______ where I was going.A. to noticeB. for me to noticeC. to notice for meD. and notice4. ---- Have you enjoyed your visit here? ---- Yes, I'll be very sorry______ .A. for leavingB.of leavingC. to leaveD. with leaving5. ---- I'll help you whenever you need me. ---- Good. I'd like _____me tomorrow.A. you helpingB. that you will helpC. you to helpD. that you help6. ---- I didn't hear you come in last night. ---- That's good. We tried_____ noisy.A. not beB. not to beC. to be notD. to not be7. Because of air pollution being greatly reduced, this city is still ______.A. a good place which to be lived inB. lived as a good placeC. a good place to live inD. living in as a good place8. ---- Why was the official meeting called? ---- ______ new officers.A. SelectB. SelectingC. To selectD. For selecting9. ---- Where did he go? ---- He went to another store ______.A. to buy pencilsB. for buying pencilsC. buy pencilsD. buying pencils10. ---- My baby has a heart trouble. ---- Did the doctor find it difficult ______ ?A. in treatingB. treatingC. for treatingD. to treat11. ---- Did the judge ask you many questions? ---- Yes, and ______.A. they were difficult to be answeredB. to answer them was to be difficultC. they were difficult to answerD. they had difficulty in answering12. That beggar seems _____ anything yesterday.A. not to have eatenB. not to eatC. didn't eatD. to not have eaten13. The lost child desired nothing but _____ home.A. goB. to goC. going .D. went14.That box is____.A. too heavy for me to carryB. too heavy for me to carry itC. so heavy for me to carryD. very heavy for me to carry15. Would you be ______ to do me a favour, please?A. so kind as .B. too kindC. as kind asD. enough kind16. To learn to speak English well,_____.A. much practice is neededB. one needs much practiceC. much practice is needed by oneD. one is needed much practice17. Tom kept quiet about the accident ______ lose his job.A. so not as toB. so as not toC. so as to notD. not so as to18. Last summer I took a course on ______ .A. how to make dressesB. how dresses be madeC. how to be made dressesD. how dresses to be made19. The house is not large enough ____ .A. to live inB. to be lived inC. to liveD. for living20. Nobody likes ______.A. to speak ill ofB. to be spoken ill ofC. speaking ill ofD. spoken ill of21. I know him ______ a good football player while in college.A. to have beenB. to beC. wasD. had been22. I was surprised______.A. watching him to eat so quicklyB. watch him eat so quicklyC. watching him eat so quicklyD. to watch him eat so quickly23. Mr. White was seen ______ the Palace Museum.A. enterB. to enterC. enteredD. to entering24. I saw Mary ____ the house.A. open the door and go intoB. to open the door and to go intoC. open the door and to go intoD. open the door and went into25. Paul does nothing but _____ all day long.A. playB. to playC. playingD. played26. Now we could not do anything but ______ for him here.A. waitedB. waitingC. to waitD. wait27. I don't know her and I don't ______ .A. wantB. want toC. want itD. to want28. ---- Go to the theatre with me, will you? ---- I should like ______, but I don't have time.A. toB. tooC. to doD. to go to29. To play fair is as important as ______.A. to play wellB. play wellC. we play wellD. playing well30. It is the greatest happiness on earth ______.A. loving and to be lovedB. to love and being lovedC. to love and to be lovedD. love and be loved31. _____ is better to love than _____ .A. That, to be lovedB. That, be lovedC. It, be lovedD. It, to be loved32. It's very foolish _____ it?A. for you to sayB. of you to sayC. with you sayingD. in your saying33. It ______ me two hours to find your new house.A. costB. tookC. spentD. used34. We did not expect our offer _____ so quickly.A. rejectedB. to reject .C. to be rejectedD. rejecting35. He told her ______ there at once.A. getB. getsC. should getD. to get36. We all think it most foolish ______ this mistake.A. for you makingB. of you to makeC. you to makeD. for you to make37. I really don't know ____ .A. to swimB. how to swimC. to swim howD. how swim38. ---- What do you think about English? ---- It's a difficult language _____.A. speakingB. to be spokenC. to speakD. spoken语法复习十二：非谓语动词（二）——动词-ing形式（二）-ing形式：动词的-ing形式也是一种非谓语动词。