宏观经济学MBA教程2

• Investment (I):
äThe spending on capital equipment, inventories, and structures, including new housing.
The Four Components of GDP
• Government Purchases (G):
二、宏观经济计量与核算
MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME
The Circular Flow
Import Income Markets for Factor of Production
Foreign Country
Export
Factor Payments International Capital Flow Financial Markets
What Is Counted in GDP?
• GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally in markets.
What Is Not Counted in GDP?
• GDP excludes most items that are produced and consumed at home and that never enter the marketplace. • It excludes items produced and sold illicitly, such as illegal drugs.
Gross National Product
ITEM DATA
Gross national product Implicit price deflator Personal consumption expenditure Gross private domestic investment Fixed investment Change in business inventories Net exports Government purchases Final sales(GNP minus inventory change)
äThe spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal governments. äDoes not include transfer payments because they are not made in exchange for currently produced goods or services.
Important Features of GDP
• Output is valued at market prices. • It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once). • It includes both tangible goods (food, clothing, cars) and intangible services (haircuts, housecleaning, doctor visits).
Important Features of GDP
• It includes goods and services currently produced, not transactions involving goods produced in the past. • It measures the value of production within the geographic confines of a country.
Three Other Measures of Income
• Net National Product (NNP) • Personal Income • Disposable Personal Income
Net National Product (NNP)
• The total income of the residents of a nation after subtracting losses from depreciation.
From Statistical Abstract of the United States
DATA
The Four Components of GDP
• GDP (Y ) is the sum of the following:
äConsumption (C) äInvestment (I) äGovernment Purchases (G) äNet Exports (NX)
Consumption 68 %
Breakdown of U.S. GDP: 2000
Investment 15%
Government Purchases 19%
Consumption 68 %
Breakdown of U.S. GDP: 2000
Government Purchases Investment Net Exports 19% 15% -1 %
From Statistical Abstract of the United States
National Income
TYPE OF INCOME National income Compensation of employees Wages and salaries Supplements to wages, salaries Proprietors’ income Rental income of persons Corporate profits Profits before tax Inventory valuation adjustment Capital consumption adjustment Net interest
Personal Income
• The income that households and noncorporate businesses receive.
Disposable Personal Income
• The income that household and noncorporate businesses have left after satisfying their obligations to the government.
• 1984年获诺贝尔经济学奖。 • 二战期间，完成《战争财源分析及1938和1940国民收入 和支出估计》白皮书。时任英国财政部顾问的凯恩斯感 动地说：“我们在一个通过统计的快乐时代中”。 • 1945年任剑桥大学新成立的应用经济学系的第一任主任。 • 1950年，受联合国统计委员会委托，出版《国民帐户体 系》（SNA），1968年修订后正式出版。 • 1975年出版《社会和人口统计系统》（SSDS, Towards a system of social and demographic statistics ）。
Important Features of GDP
• It measures the value of production that takes place within a specific interval of time, usually a year or a quarter (three months).
Wassily Leontief(沃西里· 里昂惕夫)
• 1973年获诺贝尔经济学奖。 • 1906年出生在圣彼得堡，1929年任中国铁 道部顾问，1931年进入美国国民经济研究 局（NBER），1946年哈佛大学经济学教 授。 • 1941年出版《美国经济结构：1919-1929》， 第一次用投入产出法进行经济结构分析。 1966年出版《投入产出经济学》。
Private Saving
Government Deficit
Households
Taxes
Government
Firms
Government Purchases Investment Consumption Markets for Goods and Services Firm Revenue
Richard Stone(理查德· 斯通)
ITEM
Plus: Government transfer payments to persons Personal interest income Personal dividend income Business transfers Equals: Personal income Less: Personal tax and nontax payments Equals: disposable personal income Less: Personal outlays Equals: Personal saving
Gross National Product
• Gross national product (GNP) is the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a given period of time by a nation’s permanent residents, regardless of where they are.
Consumption 68 %
Real versus Nominal GDP
• Nominal GDP values the production of goods and services at current prices. • Real GDP values the production of goods and services at constant prices.
• Net Exports (NX):
äExports minus imports.
Breakdown of U.S. GDP: 2000
ຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu
Breakdown of U.S. GDP: 2000
Consumption 69 %
Breakdown of U.S. GDP: 2000
Investment 15%
From Statistical Abstract of the United States
GNP — National and Per Capita Income
ITEM
Gross national product Less: Capital consumption allowances Equals: Net national product Plus: Subsidies Less: Indirect business tax and nontax liability Equals: National income Less: corporate profits Net interest Contributions for social insurance
Y = C + I + G + NX
The Four Components of GDP
• Consumption (C):
äThe spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing.
国民帐户体系
A SYSTEM OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTS ●国民收入帐户 ●投入产出表 ●资金循环表 ●国际收支表 ●国民资产负债表
Gross Domestic Product
• Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of the income and expenditures of an economy. • It is the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given time period.