人体着装动态模型
面向静态体压分布和垂向振动响应的坐姿人体模型建模
摘要近些年，座椅舒适性得到越来越多的关注，成为汽车设计的一项关键指标。
通过建立人-椅系统模型采用仿真方法对座椅舒适性进行研究，能够节约时间、降低成本。
静态体压分布和垂向振动响应作为座椅舒适性的关键评价指标，建立合理的人体生物力学模型进行静态体压分布和垂向振动响应预测，是仿真进行座椅舒适性研究的基础。
本文面向座椅静态和动态舒适性，建立了坐姿人体静态体压和坐姿人体垂向振动模型，并提出一种定制坐垫接触面体压映射设计方法。
基于美国50百分位碰撞假人模型，对模型几何、材料和关节运动副进行修改，建立了姿势可调的中国95百分位坐姿人体静态体压模型，并结合前人实验研究成果对模型的质量分布进行了验证。
通过单轴压缩实验得到泡沫材料特性曲线，根据硬木板和泡沫坐垫座椅实物，建立了座椅模型。
进行硬木板和泡沫坐垫座椅下的体压分布测试，结合实验结果对人-椅模型的准确性进行了验证。
通过人-椅模型仿真，研究了椅面高度、坐垫倾角和靠背倾角对体压分布和软组织应力的影响。
在坐姿人体静态体压模型基础上，采用线弹性材料模拟人体臀部软组织材料，对关节转动副施加刚度和阻尼，得到了坐姿人体垂向振动模型。
分析了坐姿人体垂向振动模型的模态，得到10 Hz以内的三阶主要模态（第一阶1.39 Hz，第二阶4.14 Hz，第三阶4.60 Hz）。
在硬木板坐垫无靠背支撑条件下，进行人体的垂向振动仿真，垂向动态等效质量、水平动态等效质量、座椅-头部传递函数和动态体压分布仿真结果均能与前人实验研究成果很好的吻合，坐姿人体垂向振动模型的准确性得到验证。
通过人体模型垂向振动仿真，分析了人体模型参数对垂向动态等效质量、水平动态等效质量和座椅-头部传递函数函的影响。
提出一种结合静态体压仿真结果的定制坐垫接触面体压映射设计方法（Simulated Pressure and Deformation Mapping method，SPDM方法）。
SPDM方法能够根据人体参数、坐垫材料曲线和压力数据进行接触面定制化设计。
着装人体热感觉预测模型
环境温度
摩擦系数
环境湿 度
表 面粗糙度
所 有 的服装都 被 清洗 、 干 ， 后 置 于人 工 气 候 环 境 中平 衡 ８ｈ 受 试 者 穿 用 服装 的顺 序 是 随机 的 。在 晾 然 ， 测试 时 ， 每个 受试 者都 穿用 相 同下装 ， 上身 只有 相 同胸衣 。首先在 室 温 ２ ９℃ ， 相对 湿 度 ７ ６ 环境 中 ， 试 ５， ９的 受 者 穿上 实验 服 。 住 双眼 。实 验开 始时 ， 试者 先在 固定 的脚 踏 车上 运 动 １ ｎ 骑 车速度 控 制在 ６ ／ ｎ 蒙 受 ０ｍｉ， ０ｒｍｉ， 使 受试 者在 大运 动条 件下 大量 出汗 ， 后进 入人 工气 候 室 内 ， 照表 ２所列 出 的环境 条件 及 表 ３中所 列 出的 然 按 主观感 觉量值 方法 主观感 觉进 行评 分 。整个 着 装 实验 过程共 需 ９ ｎ 受试 者经 历 ４个 环境 状态 ： 卜。对 ０ｍｉ， 即 低 温 高湿一 温低 湿一 温高 湿一 温高 湿 ， 高 高 低 风速 始终保 持 在 ０ １ｍ／ ． ｓ的 自然 风 速条 件下 。
实、 毛涤混纺以及苎麻、
亚麻 等 １ ５种织 物 ， 中 ， 织面 料除 两块 为斜 纹织 物外 ， 余全 部 为平 纹织 其 机 其 物 。织物 的平方 米 重量 、 度 和经 纬 密 均 按有 关 国家 标 准 进行 测 试 。将实 厚 验 面料做 成相 同及 规格 相 同的 上装 ， 以尽 量排 除 由于 款式 及 规 格 等 附 加 因 素对 主观 实验 结果 的影 响 。主要 测定 项 目见 表 １所示 。
１ 实验
１ １ 受试者 ．
在 实验 中， 试 者全 部是 女性 ， 要 是 因 为女 性 对外 界 刺 激 的反 映较 灵 敏 。测试对象要求具备下述特 受 主 征： 心理 及 生理健 全 ， 高 １０ｃ 身 ７ ｍ士２ａ 体 重 ５ ￣６ ｇ 年龄 １￣２ ｍ， ０ ０ｋ ， ８ ３岁 。 为 了避 免籍 贯不 同而 可 能导 致 的感 觉 差 异 ， 试 者 全 部 为南 方 籍 。在 整 个 受 测 试过 程 中 ， 受试 者 眼 睛被遮 住 ， 防止视 觉感 觉对 受试 者 的影 响 。 以
《服装人体动态导学案-服装设计基础》
《服装人体动态》导学案第一课时导学目标：1. 了解服装设计中人体动态的重要性2. 精通人体各部位的运动规律3. 精通服装设计中思量人体动态的方法导入引导：你有没有注意到，穿在身上的服装是会随着我们的动作而变化的呢？为什么有些服装设计得很合身，而有些却会显得很僵硬呢？今日我们就来进修一下服装设计中的“人体动态”。
一、人体各部位的运动规律1. 头部：头部的运动范围较小，主要是摆布颠簸和上下点头。
2. 肩部：肩部的活动范围相对较大，可做前后、上下、摆布等方向的运动。
3. 胸部：胸部的活动范围主要是呼吸运动，上下升沉。
4. 手臂：手臂可以做前后、上下、摆布等各种方向的运动。
5. 腰部：腰部是人体的主要运动部位，可以做各种扭动和弯曲的动作。
6. 臀部：臀部可以做前后、摆布等方向的运动。
7. 腿部：腿部包括大腿和小腿，可以做弯曲、伸直、旋转等各种动作。
二、服装设计中思量人体动态的方法1. 了解人体各部位的运动规律，防止设计过于紧身或过于宽松的服装。
2. 选择合适的面料和剪裁方式，使服装在穿着时更贴合身体，不会约束运动。
3. 思量到人体动态的变化，设计出具有弹性和延展性的服装，使穿着者在运动时更加舒适。
4. 注意人体各部位的比例和曲线，设计出符合人体曲线美学的服装。
5. 在设计细节上加入活动部位的缝合和收放设计，使服装更具动感。
三、案例分析以篮球运动服为例，设计师在服装的剪裁、面料选择和细节设计上都思量到了人体动态的需求。
服装接受透气吸汗的面料，剪裁宽松且具有弹性，便于运动员在竞争中自由活动。
同时，在肩部、手臂和腰部等活动部位加入了收放设计，使运动员在运动时更加舒适和灵活。
四、练习与拓展1. 请观察身边的人在做不同动作时，服装会发生什么变化？2. 设计一款适合跳舞运动的服装，思量到人体动态的需求。
3. 选择一种运动，分析其运动规律，设计出适合的运动服装。
4. 沉思如何利用人体动态的特点，设计出具有创意和个性的服装。
女性人体模型模具3D制作人体素描人体雕塑10
• 下面我们正式开始制作女性的头部。
• 由于女性的头部大多偏圆形，所以不建议大家用BOX作初 始型。
• 我们建立一个sphere，段数调整为8-8，并删除一半（左右 均可，视个人习惯而定）。
• 基本形状完成。这期间还要不停的进行完 善。
• 3．背部
• 背部的肌肉群不算多，所以布线相对于前 面来讲相对简单。
• 3．背部 • 这里最明显骨点就是肩胛骨
• 3．背部 • 下面我们继续添加结构：
• 3．背部
• 4．腹部和臀部
• 女性的腹肌并不明显，制作的时候时刻记 住要做的柔一些，模型的凹凸不要太过。
• 女性脚部的制作
• 我们开始制作它的结构。
• 女性的胸部
• 虽然结构线还需要进一步调整，但整体布 线已经有了，继续调整即可。
• 2．肩部周围区域
• 肩部周围区域结构较为明显，其连接的锁 骨是几个骨点之一，而且它的结构走线会 影响肩部及上肢的结构布线，所以肩部周 围区域非常重要。
• 为了方便观察模型，我们要把上肢和下肢 全部隐藏。
• 整体来讲，女性的身体造型呈正三角，而男性的身体造型 呈倒三角。好，我们现在用以前学过的几何体搭建方式来 制作一个几何比例模型。
• 女性人体的布线
• 女性人体的基本布线
• 首先，我们来制作颈部和肩部： • 颈部的主要两块肌肉分别是胸锁乳突肌和斜方
肌，所以制作的时候尽量把握好这两块肌肉的走 势。如下所示：
• 女性人体的布线 • 女性人体的基本布线 • 下面我们继续制作躯干的大概型
JEDEC JESD22-A114E-Y2007 ESD 人体模型测试
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着装人体热应激评估中热生理模型的研究进展
着装人体热应激评估中热生理模型的研究进展作者：刘冰清王中昱王云仪来源：《丝绸》2024年第05期Research progress on thermo-physiological models in the assessment ofthermal stress in dressed human bodies摘要：在消防及工业场景中，穿戴防护服的作业人员于高温热环境下工作，可能面临体温升高、脱水、疲劳及中暑等热应激问题。
相较于真人实验、假人测试及热应力预测模型，热生理模型具有建模灵活、预测稳定等优势，已被广泛应用于高温环境中的热应激评估。
文章从人体建模仿真、人体环境传热模型和服装传热模拟三个方面，归纳了热生理模型评估的影响因素，并展望了未来研究的发展方向。
首先，结合生理学、神经科学等领域的研究，以提高高温环境下人体热调节模拟的准确性;其次，整合动态传热系数于人体与环境传热模型，克服模型区段差异和高温热传递模拟的挑战;最后，进一步细化服装模型，并加强与热生理模型的结合。
关键词：热生理模型;防护服;人体安全评估;热应激;体温调节中图分类号：TS941.16文献标志码：A文章编号： 10017003（2024）05期数0069起始页码09篇页数DOI： 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7003.2024.05期數.009（篇序）收稿日期：20230930;修回日期：20240402基金项目：中央高校基本科研业务费专项基金项目（2232023G-08）;上海市科学技术委员会“科技创新行动计划”“一带一路”国际合作项目（21130750100）作者简介：刘冰清（1999），女，硕士研究生，研究方向为服装舒适性与功能服装。
通信作者：王云仪，教授，*****************.cn。
在工业作业和消防救援过程中，作业人员经常面临外界高温、烈火、强辐射及蒸汽等极端环境的威胁［1］，同时负担高强度的工作任务。
章3-角色(二、三维角色人体模型,场景建模)
图 2-3 人体骨骼组织结构图 对所有的骨骼要有一个统一的编号。在载入过程中，只需记录每 块骨骼的父骨骼信息和子骨骼信息， 这实际上是一个双向链式树形结 构。这样，当在应用程序实时运行的时候，一旦需要获得父骨骼的平 移旋转信息， 凭借父骨骼编号， 就可以迅速的找到对应的父骨骼节点。 可以定义下面的数据结构予以保存 骨骼数据结构 {
3.2.2 骨骼动画简介
骨骼动画(SkeletalAnimation，又叫 BoneAnimation)可以看作 是关节动画和关键帧动画的结合。 骨骼动画兼具了两类动画的优点又 克服了它们的缺点。 骨骼动画的实现思路是从人身体的运动方式而来 的， 它基于面模型的方法把角色建模为两层： 骨架层 （Skeleton layer） 和皮肤层（Skin layer） ，与基于层次式模型方法不同，骨骼动画建
第三章角色 3.1 前言
“角色”一词的源于戏剧，自 1934 年米德（G.H.Mead）首先运用 角色的概念来说明个体在社会舞台上的身份及其行以后， 角色的概念 被广泛应用于社会学与心理学的研究中。 社会学对角色的定义是“与 社会地位相一致的社会限度的特征和期望的集合体”。 角色是一个抽 象的概念，不是具体的个人，它本质上反映一种社会关系，具体的个 人是一定角色的扮演者。 而在我们动漫产业中，角色更是一个非常重要的元素，没有一个 吸引人的角色， 就出不了一个好的作品。 我们本章来介绍角色的建模。
3.2 骨骼动画原理
骨骼动画(Skeletal Animation)[9]又叫Bone Animation，它与 关键帧动画(Key-frame Animation)相比，占用空间小，因为它不需 要像关键帧动画那样在每一帧中存储各个顶点的数据， 而只需要存储 骨骼变换数据，骨骼与顶点相比，当然要少得多。所以骨骼动画有很 多优势，当然其技术难度也很高。骨骼动画在计算机图形学中是一个 十分重要的内容，不管是在游戏、电影动画还是虚拟现实中，生动逼 真的角色动画（人、动物等）会使其增色不少。 骨骼动画的实现思路是从人的身体的运动方式而来的。 动画模型 的身体是一个网格(Mesh)模型，网格的内部是一个骨架结构。当人物
服装人体着装课件
门襟线要根据身体的动态来画
接缝线的方向画 错了
省道线要根装画中，人体的透视比例关系要找准。
膝盖线
●前中心线非常重要，服装的所有细节均以人 脚踝线 体的前中心线为参照。
第 二 部 分
绘
第
第
画
一 步
二 步
步
； 首
； 绘
骤
先 绘
制 出
制
人
好
体
人
的
体
前
动
中
态
心
图
线
绘画步骤
第三步；选定好服装款式图
绘画步骤
第 四 步 ； 从 领 子 开 始 画 起
第 五 步 ； 沿着前 中心线 画出门 襟和上 衣外轮 廓
绘画步骤
第
第
六
七
步
步
；
；
画
画
出
出
裤
服
子
装
的
的
外
内
轮
结
廓
构
绘画步骤
第 八 步 ； 画 出 服 装 褶 皱 和 辑 线 等
第 九 步 ； 擦去多 余辅助 线和人 体被遮 住部分， 使画面 有整体 感。
简化步骤
画人体着装图时易犯的错误
高领应该围绕在脖子 上，画的太平面了 翻领画的过于潦草，而且没有串口线 袖子里没有体现出手臂的形态
服装结构线与人体结构线的关系
出肩袖 短袖
中袖 七分袖 迷你裙、热裤 短裙、裤 及膝裙、裤
七分裙、裤
长裙、裤
肩线 胸线
前中心线 腰线
低腰线
●影响穿在人体上的服装造型的主要因素是人体 动态线。
●当人体形成一定的姿态时，这些横向动态线会 有规律的发生倾斜变化，从而使服装的外轮廓及 内部结构等造型线发生相应的变化。
任意衣物和人体的3D试穿实时仿真-精品文档
任意衣物和人体的3D试穿实时仿真0引言近年来，三维动画游戏或电影中对虚拟服饰的真实感要求越来越高。
同时，网购的盛行则激发了对虚拟衣物试穿的研究，并不断对其效果提出更高的要求。
事实上，基于物理的服装仿真动画技术一直受到国内外研究学者的广泛关注。
Fuhrmann等[1]和Goldenthal等[2]利用约束和迭代求解系统控制方程代替大型平面逼近的方法来加速衣物模拟。
Stumpp等[3]在预处理中将布料网格分割为一组重叠的簇集以便仿真时将质点与之进行匹配，从而确定质点位置及偏移。
该方法在簇集规模不大时计算效率较高。
Volino等[4]则对真实布料本身的拉伸弹力进行实验测试，获取数据再进行仿真，可有效计算静态窗帘和动态动画。
Chen等[5]提出一种基于网格插值的纯几何方法，并采用能量最小化方法求解布料或服装的最终悬垂状态，该方法稳定性较好。
Feng等[6]通过捕捉两步之间衣物形变的关系提高仿真效率。
Rohmer等[7]利用几何方法模拟了服装面上褶皱，采用隐式变形器计算最终精化的变形平面。
孙守迁等[8]引入约束凸包简化和预计算外围映射体的方法提高了质点穿透判断和碰撞响应求解的速度。
Guan等[9]将二维衣片信息输入成熟的仿真软件来获得静态的褶皱等效果，再对不同姿势或体型的人体模型穿衣后的静态仿真结果进行训练，最终实现多样化的试穿仿真。
毛天露等[10]通过骨架驱动变形（SkeletonDrivenDeformation，SDD）方法模拟了紧贴人体皮肤的局部区域的服装变形。
石敏等[11]对弹性变形模型进行了各种不同的改进或约束，以尽可能趋近于布料的真实变形行为。
上述方法都在不断改进，但很多都着眼于局部算法效率提高[1～7，11]而非设计完整系统。
孙守迁等[8]和Guan[9]的方法是以衣服试穿为目标的，但前者旨在获得较高的仿真效率，而未将重点放在人体和衣物的任意性上；而后者的思路是通过大量的数据训练来获得良好的仿真效果。
1.3 服装人体动态
教师授课计划教学过程教学环节教师讲授、指导（主导）内容学生学习、操作（主体）活动时间分配组织教学复习提问新授检查学生出缺席及课前准备情况1、手、脚的基本结构和比例2、头部的比例关系第三节服装人体动态一、人体关节与动态要画好人体的姿态和动作，就要清楚人体姿态和动作产生的原因。
人体千姿百态的动作都和关节的变化有关，关节的屈、伸、扭、转会带动全身并与人体其他部位相互协调从而完成动作。
1．肩关节和髋关节肩关节呈左右侧接状态，上肢的前后运动和向外侧运动就非常自由，外展动作灵活而且幅度很大。
髋关节是上下对接状态，对下肢的活动有所限制，下肢的前抬动作幅度较大，后伸和外展的动作幅度很小。
2.肘关节和膝关节肘关节和膝关节都是只能做屈伸变化的关节，不同的是：肘关节只能向前弯曲，膝关节只能向后弯曲。
肘关节还可左右扭转使手心和手背灵活地翻转，而膝关节左右扭转的幅度非常小。
教师提问，启发学生回忆上节课的内容教师启发学生分析这两个关节的运动规律教师启发学生分析关节的特点,并介绍它们在画图中的形态表现3.腕关节和踝关节腕关节和踝关节的运动幅度都很小，只能做前后、左右的屈伸变化，不能做扭转运动。
二、人体动态要素1.“二横”的变化肩线和髋线是胸部和臀部运动方向及相互关系的基本尺度，两横线的变化往往标明了胸和臀的位置关系。
二、人体动态要素1.“二横”的变化肩线和髋线是胸部和臀部运动方向及相互关系的基本尺度，两横线的变化往往标明了胸和臀的位置关系。
除了人体在立正及双腿同时受力时“二横”线是平行的外，人的所有运动（如腰的屈伸扭转）都会使两横线呈一定角度的倾斜。
因此，在勾画服装人体时，若想画出动态较大的人体，就应该把“二横”线的相互角度画得大一些，使人体的动作生利用图片讲解形状特点，反复强调促使学生牢记。
结合上节的手脚进行讲解以学生为模特,请大家观察人体重心转移后二横线的变化规律动起来。
勾画人体草图时，一般不要限制其动态，要尽量发挥自己的想象力，画出能够想到的各种姿态。
UG CATIA二维人体模型制作方法
方法一
1、打开UG进入建模模块，调出总布置设计工具包，如下图
2、点击2D虚拟人体按钮，弹出窗口如下，选择SAE选B类，具体划分方 法见SAE 1100标准
4、经过驾驶姿势检查，一般不用理他
5、导出为igs，用catia打开，可以用来投图啥的都好用，注意保留ug源文件，以 方便后期修改
方法二
此方法为借用通过ug生成的二维人体，通过catia自带的函数功能实现了人 体模板的参数化，对于需要频繁调整人体时用起来很方便。
调整方法：
座椅滑移行程 驾驶员踵点X坐标 驾驶员踵点Y坐标 驾驶员R点X坐标 驾驶员R点X坐标 驾驶员R点X坐标 靠背角 足角
通过修改相应的值人体即可做相应的调整
人体标本模型大全
S E I TSomso Modelle Artificial Bone Models Extremities and JointsM ARCUS S OMMER S OMSO M ODELLES E I TFriedrich-Rueckert-Straße 54, D-96450 CoburgPhone 0049 9561 85740, Fax 0049 9561 857411e-mail: somso@somso.de, Internet: www.somso.deA NATOMY14 Extremities and Joints T HE HUMAN FOOT- A MARVEL COM AND19 MUSCLESNS 1 · N ORMAL F OOTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast. Showing the anatomical structure and the distal end of tibia. In one piece. Length (Pternion-Akropodion): 24 cm., height: 13 cm., width: 26 cm., depth: 10 cm., weight: 450 gNS 2 · F LAT F OOTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast. Showing the anatomical structure and the distal end of tibia. In one piece. Height: 13 cm., width: 26 cm., depth: 9 cm., weight: 450 gNS3 · A RCHED F OOTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast.Showing the anatomicalstructure and the distalend of tibia. In one piece.Height: 16 cm.,width: 24 cm.,depth: 10 cm.,weight: 450 gNS4 · C LUB FOOTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast.The model had been developedin cooperation withDr. Urs Schneider, Tübingen.Showing the pathologicalanatomy of the footand distal tibia.Height: 13 cm.,width: 20,5 cm.,depth: 10,5 cm.,weight: 410 gNS9 ·M USCLES OFTHE F OOTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast. Showing the network ofnerves and vessels, the layers of the muscles of the sole of the foot are removable (M. flexor digitorum brevis, M. quadratus plantae, M. extensor digitorum longus, Tendo calcaneus (Achillis), M. abductor digiti minimi, M. flexor hallucis bre-vis, M. adductor hallucis (caput obliquum) and M. abductor hallucis), ligamentous apparatus is shown. Altogether in 9 parts. On a stand with base. Height: 18 cm., width: 33 cm., depth: 18 cm., weight: 1.1 kgNS7 · N ORMAL F OOTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast.Showing the surface muscles. Inone piece. On a stand with base.Height: 29 cm., width: 32 cm., depth:17.5 cm., weight: 600 gNS8 · N ORMAL F OOTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast.Sagittal section through the insideof the foot. Showing the surfacemuscles at the right half of thefoot. In one piece. On a standwith base. Height: 28 cm., width:29 cm., depth: 17.5 cm., weight:98S E I TPRISING26 BONES , 107 LIGAMENTS99Nature is our ModelSomso ModelleNS 10 · M USCLES OF THE L EG WITH B ASE OF P EL VISA little under natural size, in SOMSO-Plast. Showing the most important blood vessels and nerves in the left leg. The following muscles are removable: the greater gluteal muscle, tensor muscle of the broad fascia, sartorius muscle, straight muscle of the femur, semimembranous muscle, semitendinous muscle, biceps muscle of the femur, digitorum longus muscle, triceps muscle of the calf. Separates altogether in 10 parts. Standing upright, revolving on a stand with base. Height: 108 cm., width:39 cm., depth: 26 cm., weight: 5 kgNS5 ·H ALLUX VALGUS MODELIn cooperation withDr. Urs Schneider, TübingenNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast. The purchased hallux valgus model is a frequent orthopaedic clinical picture as an accompanying aspect of splay feet or pes phanovalgus. On the one hand the model shows the "first ray" pathology with abduction of the first metatarsal bone, adduction and pronation of the proximal phalanx as well as the faculta-tive flexed distal phalanx. On the other hand the significance of the pathological muscle pull for the ethiology and thera-py of the deformity is shown. The role of a pathological muscle pull direction in the progression of the hallux valgus can be studied as an example for many other deformities. Height: 13 cm., width:25 cm., depth: 10 cm., weight: 430 gThis leaflet is an over-worked extract from our complete catalogue A 74. On page 98-104 you will find the extremities and joints and on page 110-139 the artificial bone preparations are shown. Our models are protected by copyright. ©2004 by Marcus Sommer ,SOMSO Modelle.Duplication andreprinting in any form by any method, whether digital or conventional processes, are prohi-bited.A NATOMY 14Extremities and JointsA RM AND LEG MODELS SHOW THE A BONES , TENDONS , JOINTS AND BLOO100NS 15 · M USCLES OF THE A RM WITH S HOULDER G IRDLENatural size, in SOMSO-Plast. Showing the network of blood vessels and nerves in the right arm. The following muscles are removable: deltoid muscle, lateral head of the triceps muscle of the arm, short and long extensor muscle of the radial wrist with brachioradial muscle, round pronator muscle - flexor muscle of the radial wrist - long palmar muscle, superficial flexor muscle of the fingers. Altogether in 6 parts. Standing upright and revolving on a stand with base. Height: 105 cm.,width: 39 cm., depth: 26 cm., weight: 4.6 kgNS 13 ·M USCLES OF THE H AND WITH B ASE OF F ORE -A RMNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast. Aponeu-rosis of the inner hand with the superfici-al muscles removable in layers (Mm. lum-bricales, M. abductor pollicis brevis, M.abductor digiti minimi und M. flexor di-giti minimi brevis). Showing the network of blood vessels and nerves as well as liga-mentous apparatus. Altogether in 5 parts.On a stand with base. Height: 34 cm.,width: 14 cm., depth: 12 cm., weight: 500 gS E I TNATOMY OF THE MUSCLES ,D VESSELSNature is our ModelSomso Modelle101NS 17 · S HOULDER J OINTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast. With ligaments and synovial capsule. In one piece. On a stand with base. Height:23 cm., width: 19 cm., depth: 19 cm.,weight: 500 gNS 18 · E LBOW J OINTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast. Showing the ligaments. In one piece. On a base.Height: 21 cm., width: 13 cm., depth:12 cm., weight: 200 gNS 19 · K NEE J OINTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast. Showing the ligaments and menisci. In one piece.On a base. Height: 24 cm., width: 12 cm.,depth: 14 cm., weight: 300 gNS 20 · H IP J OINTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast. Showing the ligaments. In one piece. On a base.Height: 28 cm., width: 18 cm., depth:18 cm., weight: 600 gNS 50 · FUNCTIONALM ODELOFTHE KNEE J OINTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast. Thefollowing movements are possible:flexion, extension, inner and outer rota-tion. On a base. Height: 34 cm., width:18 cm., depth: 18 cm., weight: 1 kgThe advantages of SOMSO functional models1. Authentic repro-duction of the arti-cular anatomy2. Top quality,tough and durable flexible plastic for the ligaments3. Use of screw connectionswherever possible 4. Practical to hand-le by removal from the stand5. Key on base6. 5-year warrantyFFF102A NATOMY 14Extremities and JointsS OMSO FUNCTIONAL MODELS ALLOWNATURAL LOCOMOTIVE PROCESSESFFF103Bending movements of the toe jointsS E I TA DETAILED PRESENTATION OFNature is our ModelSomso ModelleNS 37 ·L IGAMENTSTHE A NKLEO PEN T ALONAVICULAR J OINTNS21 · A NKLE J OINTSWITH L IGAMENTSNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast. Consi-sting of the bones of the foot and thedistal ends of tibia and fibulawith ligamentous apparatus.Length(Pternion-Akropodion):21.5 cm. Inone piece. On astand with base.Height: 38 cm.,width: 18 cm.,depth: 18 cm.,weight:400 g104A NATOMY14Extremities and JointsT HE SECTIONS OF JOINT IN SOMSO-P LAST, DOCUMENTED IN A SERIES OF MODELSNS 43 - NS 48. C ASTS FROM NATURAL BONE SECTIONS WITH TOPOGRAPHY OFMUSCLES, LIGAMENTS, VESSELS AND NERVES. E ACH WITH EXPLANATION ON THE BASEPLATE. U NDER REMOVABLE TRANSPARENT COVERNS 43 · S ECTION THROUGHTHE K NEE J OINTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast. Sagittalsection. In one piece. Height: 26 cm.,width: 32 cm., depth: 4 cm., weight:800 gNS 44 · S ECTION THROUGHTHE H IP J OINTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast. Frontalsection. In one piece. Height: 26 cm.,width: 32 cm., depth: 4 cm., weight:900 gNS 45 · S ECTIONTHROUGH THE H ANDNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast.Sagittal section. In one piece. Height:26 cm., width: 32 cm., depth: 4 cm.,weight: 800 gNS 47 · S ECTIONTHROUGH A N ORMAL F OOTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast.Sagittal section. In one piece. Height:26 cm., width: 32 cm., depth: 4 cm.,weight: 800 gNS 48 · S ECTION THROUGHTHE S HOULDER J OINTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast.Frontal section. In one piece. Height:26 cm., width: 32 cm., depth: 4 cm.,weight: 900 g.NS 46 · S ECTIONTHROUGH THE E LBOWNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast.Sagittal section. In one piece. Height:26 cm., width: 32 cm., depth: 4 cm.,weight: 800 gSOMSO - a fullfive-year guaranteefive-year warranty - on nearly all models - that covers both durabilityand workmanship.Nature is OurModelEach and every model in the rangedemonstrates SOMSO’scommitment to the highest standards of scientific accuracy and artistry.From concept through prototype to limited or series production, only specialist scientists,model makers and technicians are employed to produce the highestquality models, accurate down to the finest detail.SOMSO MODELLE - subject to stringent quality controlsSOMSO’s primary concern is for quality.Quality that passes the tests for scientific accuracy, paintwork, function, durability and materials. Genuine SOMSOMODELLE reflect these quality criteria,and their base material is virtually un-breakable SOMSO-PLAST.World-wide appreciation from the science and teaching professions and from museumsSOMSO MODELLE are indispensable for practical teaching of general biology in schools. The …Nature is Our Model“ range is superbly instructive, particularly in accuracy, quality and colour, enabling students to experience nature in an incomparable, hands-on manner.Appropriately proportioned SOMSO MODELLE are in use in science labora-tories and lecture halls of universities and colleges throughout the world, making an important contribution to the efficient instruction of trainee doctors and nurses.For many decades, SOMSO MODELLE have been permanently displayed in private collections and public museums,and are of unique interest to specialists and lay visitors alike.The family members are personallyresponsible for the production of every model, and the guaranteed quality oftheir products.Hand assembly and finishing by GermancraftsmenSOMSO MODELLE are produced only in Sonneberg or Coburg - nowhere else -by highly qualified and skilled craftsmen.Some components are now machine-made, but all models are assembled and painted entirely by hand so that each is a unique work of art.Over 1,000anatomical, zoological and botanical modelsApplying to nearly every one of these models is the …SOMSO SUN“,the in-stantly recognisable and world famous registered trade mark.To produce the teaching aids for studying anatomy ,zoology and botany the com-pany has a quite simple, but demanding philosophy: …Nature is Our Model“.SOMSO SUN, the symbol of qualitySOMSO was founded in Sonneberg,Thuringia more than 125 years ago. Since then, SOMSO MODELLE have proved to be the benchmark to which others aspire, recognised by the most discerning experts as the ultimate for teaching aids and scientific demonstration. For the Sommer family this is the motivation that drives them to contribute now, and in the future, to training and teaching in the service of science.A family-run firm founded in 1876The company has been owned and managed by five generations of the Sommer family since it was first established in 1876.The Sommer family110QS 2 · A RTIFICIAL H UMAN S KULLNatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. Remo-vable vault, the lower jaw is movable and modelled to show the roots of the teeth and their network of vessels. Base of the skull and roof with markings in colour of the venous sinus of the dura mater of the brain and the arteries.Separates into 3 parts. Length: 17.5 cm.,width: 14.1 cm., size: 51.2 cm., weight:800 gA NATOMY 16Artificial Bone ModelsN ATURAL BONE STRUCTURE IS THE FOR S OMSO ARTIFICIAL BONE PREPA111ESSENTIAL YARDSTICK RATIONSNature is our ModelSomso ModelleQS 7/T ·A RTIFICIAL TRANSPARENTHUMANS KULLNatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. Remova-ble vault, lower jaw movable. Life-like reproduction of the bony structure. Sepa-rates into 3 parts. Weight: 800 gQS 7/1 ·A RTIFICIAL H UMAN S KULLNatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. As QS 7,but with notation and explanation in English and Latin. Separates into 3parts. Weight: 800 gQS 7/E · A RTIFICIAL H UMAN S KULLNatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. Remova-ble vault, lower jaw movable. Separates into 3 parts. Length: 17.5 cm., width:14.1 cm., size 51.2 cm., weight: 800 gQS 7/2 · A RTIFICIAL B ASE OF THE S KULLNatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. Designed for medical students'studies. In one piece. Length: 17.5 cm., width: 14.1 cm., size:51.2 cm., weight: 530 gQS 7 · A RTIFICIAL H UMAN S KULLNatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. Removable vault, lower jaw movable. Life-like reproduction of the bony skull. Separates into 3 parts. Length. 17.5 cm., width: 14,1 cm., size: 51.2 cm., weight:800 gIllustration of the skullbase from below.The structure of the bones is identical to the models QS 2, QS 2/1, QS 7 and QS 7/1S E I TA NATOMY 16Artificial Bone ModelsT HE H UMAN CRANIUM CLASSICALL YLAST DETAIL112QS 7/6-1 · A RTIFICIAL H UMAN S KULL , F EMALENatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. As QS 7/6, but with notation. Explanation in English and Latin. Separates into 3 parts. Weight: 700 gQS 7/6 · A RTIFICIALH UMAN S KULL , F EMALENatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. Remo-vable vault, lower jaw movable. Life-like reproduction of the bony structure.Separates into 3 parts. Length: 18.3 cm.,width: 12.8 cm., size: 50.8 cm., weight:700 gQS 3 · A RTIFICIALS KULL OF A N EWBORNModeled according to nature, in SOMSO-Plast. Upper and lower jaw are open. Altogether in 2 parts. Length:12.1 cm., width: 9.6 cm., size: 33.9 cm.,weight: 180 gQS 3/3 ·A RTIFICIAL S KULL OF A F ETUSNatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. In one piece. Length: 10.5 cm., width: 8.5 cm.,size: 29.7 cm., weight: 130 gQS 3/2 ·A RTIFICIAL S KULL OF C HILD (A BOUT 6 Y EARS O LD )Natural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. Lower jaw movable. Upper and lower jaw are open to show the emergent second den-tition. Altogether 2 parts. Length:16 cm., width: 11.5 cm., size: 44 cm.,weight: 380 gQS 7/5 ·A RTIFICIALH UMAN S KULLNatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. As QS 7/1, but showing the areas of origin and insertion of the most important muscles of the head. Separates into 3 parts.Length: 17.5 cm., width: 14.1 cm., size:51.2 cm., weight: 800 gQS 1 ·A RTIFICIAL H UMAN S KULLNatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. With closed vault, lower jaw removable. Sepa-rates into 2 parts. Weight: 700 gQS 7/3 ·A RTIFICIAL H YOID B ONENatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. In one piece. On a stand with base. Height:13 cm., width: 12 cm., depth: 12 cm.,weight: 130 gQS 8 ·T RANSPARENTD USTPROOF C OVERSuitable for the artificial human skulls.Height: 21 cm., width: 32 cm., depth:19 cm., weight: 600 gS E I TPREPARED RIGHT DOWN TO THENature is our ModelSomso Modelle113QS 8/10 ·A RTIFICIAL S KULL OF AN A DULTNatural cast, made of SOMSO-Plast.Designed to be separated into 10 parts.Design as QS 8/11, but without repre-sentation of the blood vessels and nerves. Weight: 1 kgQS 8/11 ·A RTIFICIAL D EMONSTRATION S KULL OF AN A DULTNatural cast, made of SOMSO-Plast.With representation of the blood vessels and nerves (N. trigeminus and N. opti-cus etc.). Designed to be separated into 10 parts as follows:1. Cranium with coloured vessels and blood supply of the hard meninx2. Base of the skull, sectioned through median line into two halves3. Nasal septum detachable. Theparanasal sinuses and turbinate bones are shown4. The frontal sinus can be opened5. The maxillary sinus can be opened6. The right temporal bone can be taken out and opened. Representation of the bony labyrinths, the semicircular canals,the eardrum and the chain of auditory ossicles. A radial mastoidectomy is shown on the left temporal bone.7. Detachable lower jaw and roots of the teeth are exposed (flap). Complete set of teethLength: 18 cm., width: 13.1 cm., size:50.4 cm., weight: 1 kgQS 8/11-S · A RTIFICIALD EMONSTRATION S KULLOF ANADULTNatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. As QS 8/11, but with notation. Key in Englishand Latin. Weight: 1 kg114QS 8/2 ·14-P IECE M ODEL OF THE S KULLNatural size, made from SOMSO-Plast after Prof.Dr. Dr. J. W . Rohen, De-partment of Anatomy,University of Erlangen.The model is construc-ted from 14 individual parts, which can easily be dismantled and put back together by way of interconnecting plugs.The sphenoid bone, oc-cipital bone and the two temporal bones form the basis of the skull;the two parietal bones and the frontal bone attach to the anterior of the sphenoid bone. The facial part of the skull is then completed through attachment of the right and left maxilla, each of which also includes the lacrimal, nasal and pala-tine bones. Facial and cranial bones are con-nected to each other on each side by the zygo-matic bone, which in the model is a separate element that can be in-dividually removed. The mandible is fixed into sockets on either side of the skull through a hin-ge-joint. Weight: 700 gA NATOMY 16Artificial Bone Models C OMPLEX CRANIAL ANATOMY - 14P115QS 8/3 · 14-P IECE M ODEL OF THE H UMAN S KULLNatural size, made from SOMSO-Plast after Prof. Dr. Dr. J. W . Rohen, Department of Anatomy, University of Erlangen. The same model as QS 8/2, but in colour. Here, the individual bones are identified by different colours. This version of the model eases learning of the shape and size of the individual bones and thereby assists in the under-standing of the mosaic-like structure of the human skull. Weight: 700 gQS 8/4 ·T RANSPARENT C ASEHinged and made out of transparent synthetic material. Suitable for SOMSO skulls. Weight: 900 gQS 69 · T HE T HREE A UDITORY O SSICLESCast from natural specimen 1 : 1, in SOM-SO-Plast. Malleus, incus and stapes mo-unted under "Plexiglas" cover, removable.On a base plate. Height: 3 cm., width:12 cm., depth: 12 cm., weight: 80 gQS 69/1 · T HET HREE A UDITORY O SSICLESNatural cast 1 : 1, in SOMSO-Plast. Mal-leus, Incus and Stapes mounted in natural position under "Plexiglas cover". Can be removed, on stand. Height: 3 cm., width:12 cm., length: 12 cm., weight 80 g.QS 70 · A RTIFICIALBONY LABYRINTHCast from natural specimen 1:1, in SOM-SO-Plast. The labyrinth is mounted under "Plexiglas" cover, removable. On a base plate. Height: 3 cm., width: 12 cm., depth:12 cm., weight: 80 gQS 8/51 · A RTIFICIAL T EMPORAL B ONENatural cast, in OMSO-Plast. In one part. On stand with base. Height:17cm., width:12cm., depth:12cm., weight: 150 gQS 8/53 · A RTIFICIAL T EMPORAL B ONENatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. The opened tympanic cavity shows the tym-panic membrane, the three auditory ossicles, the cochlea and the semicircular canals. Separates into 2 parts. On a stand with base. Height: 17 cm., width: 12 cm.,depth: 12 cm., weight: 150 gS E I TART STEP BY STEP SEPARATIONNature is our ModelSomso ModelleQS 70/1 · T HE T HREEA UDITORY O SSICLES WITHBONY LABYRINTHNatural cast 1 : 1, in SOMSO-Plast.Under "Plexiglas cover". Can be remo-ved, on stand. Height: 3 cm., width:12 cm., length: 12 cm., weight 80 gA NATOMY 16Artificial Bone Models T HE DISMANTABLE S KULL M ODEL A ALSO AVAIABLE IN 18P IECES AND M116QS 8/218 · 18-P IECES M ODEL OF THE S KULLNatural size, made from SOMSO-Plast,after Prof. Dr. Dr. J. W . Rohen, Depart-ment of Anatomy, University of Erlan-gen. The model comprises 18 elements corresponding to the natural bones.Apart from the cranium (frontal, pa-rietal, occipital and sphenoid bones), the bones of the viscero cranium (ethmoid bone, vomer, palatine bone, zygomatic bone, maxilla and mandible) and the in-ferior nasal concha can be removed and reassembled to form the complete skull.Weight: 640 gQS 8/2C+M ·14-P IECES M ODEL OF THE S KULL WITHMUSCLES OF MASTICA -TION AND CERVICAL VERTEBRAL , COLUMN AND HYOID BONENatural size, made from SOMSO-Plast, after Prof. Dr.Dr. J. W . Rohen, Department of Anatomy, University of Erlangen. As QS 8/2, but with the 4 muscles of mastication and cervical vertebral, column and hyoid bone. Weight:1.720 kgMoreover the skull (18-pieces)with muscles of mastication,cervical vertebral column and hyoid bone is available under article number QS 8/218C+M and the coloured versions areavailable with article number QS 8/3C+M (14-pieces skull) as well as QS 8/318C+M (18-pieces skull).QS 8/318 · 18-P IECES M ODEL OF THE S KULLNatural size, made from SOMSO-Plast,after Prof. Dr. Dr. J. W . Rohen, Depart-ment of Anatomy, University of Erlan-gen. The model comprises 18 elements corresponding to the natural bones.Weight: 640 g117S E I TNature is our ModelSomso ModelleFTER P ROFESSOR R OHEN NOW USCLES OF MASTICATIONQS 8/218M · 18-P IECESM ODEL OF THE S KULL WITHMUSCLES OF MASTICATIONNatural size, made from SOMSO-Plast,after Prof. Dr. Dr. J. W . Rohen, Depart-ment of Anatomy, University of Erlan-gen. Version as QS 8/218 but with the 4 masticatory muscles. Weight: 715 g The 14-pieces model of the skull with muscles of mastication has the article number QS 8/2M.QS 8/3M · 14-P IECES M ODEL OF THE S KULL WITH MUSCLESOF MASTICATIONNatural size, made from SOMSO-Plast,after Prof. Dr. Dr. J. W . Rohen, Depart-ment of Anatomy, University of Erlan-gen. Version as QS 8/3 but with the 4masticatory muscles. Weight: 715 gThe 18-pieces model of the skull with muscles of mastication has the articlenumber QS 8/318M.Lower jaw with the 4 muscles of mastication QS 8/1 ·M ETAL S TAND WITH B ASESuitable for the SOMSO skull models.Height: 19 cm., width: 18 cm., depth:18 cm., weight: 300 g; Illustration of the stand with the skull model see QS 8/3CQS 8/3C · 14-P IECESM ODEL OF THE S KULL WITH C ERVICAL V ERTEBRALC OLUMN AND H YOID B ONENatural size, made from SOMSO-Plast,after Prof. Dr. Dr. J. W . Rohen, Depart-ment of Anatomy, University of Erlan-gen. Version as QS 8/3 but with cervical vertebral column and hyoid bone.Weight 1.220 kgQS 8/6 · F ALX C EREBRINatural size, made from SOMSO-Plast,after Prof. Dr. Dr. J. W . Rohen.The 14or 18 piece skull model can also be supplied with a transparent plastic falx cereberi with tentorium cerebelli.Weight: 66 gs e e b a cktit l e s-118QS 9/5 · A RTIFICIALB AUCHENE S KULL OFAN A DULTNatural cast, inSOMSO-Plast. The samemodel as QS 9,but coloured.Height: 40 cm.,width: 26 cm.,depth: 39 cm.,weight: 1.9 kgQS 9/1 ·A RTIFICIALB AUCHENE S KULLOF AN A DULTNatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. Unmo-unted in a case, altogether 22 parts.Height: 12 cm., width: 42 cm., depth:30 cm., weight: 3 kgQS 9/4 · T RANSPARENTS TORAGE C ASEFitting to unmounted single bonesof the baucheneskull.Height:12cm.,width:42cm.,depth: 30cm.,weight: 2.4kgIllustrationof the individuell bonesQS 9/1, QS 9/2 and QS 9/3119QS 9/2 ·A RTIFICIALB AUCHENES KULL OF AN A DUL TNatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast.Unmounted, each bone individuallypacked in a suitable transparent box,altogether 22 parts. Weight: 2.2 kg.Illustration of the individual bonessee QS 9/1QS 9/3 ·A RTIFICIALB AUCHENES KULL OF AN A DUL TNatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast.All bones loose and unmounted inplastic sacks included in a carton,altogether 22 parts. Weight: 550 g.Illustration of the individual bonessee QS 9/1S E I TTHE ART OF BONE PREPARATION Nature is our Model Somso ModelleThe height and dimensions comply withthe Central European average.Maximumcranium circumference:Female = 50.8 cm.,male = 51.2 cm.Cranium length (Glabel-la-Ophistocranion line):Female = 18.3 cm.,male = 17.5 cm.Cranium width(Euryon distance):Female = 12.8 cm.,male = 14.1 cm.Hand skeleton length(Stylion-Dactylion III):Female = 18 cm.,male = 19 cm.Foot skeleton length(Pternion-Acropodion):Female = 22.2 cm.,male = 25 cm.A NATOMY16Artificial Bone ModelsT HE HUMAN SKELETAL SYSTEM- THE 120QS 10 · A RTIFICIAL H UMANS KELETONNatural cast of the bones of a male adult,in SOMSO-Plast. Showing life-size allthe anatomical details of the bone struc-ture. Skull with removable vault andmandible. Joints mounted and movable,upper and lower extremities removable.The right and left foot can be detachedfrom the leg. Mounted upright on astand. With a dustproof cover. Height:179 cm. (skeleton 170 cm.), width:55 cm., depth: 55 cm., weight: 10 kgQS 10/1 · A RTIFICIALH UMAN S KELETONNatural cast of the bones of a maleadult, in SOMSO-Plast. As QS 10, butwith rollers on the base of the stand.Height: 180 cm. (skeleton 170 cm.),width: 55 cm., depth: 55 cm., weight:10.4 kgQS 10/E · A RTIFICIALH UMAN S KELETON(without ill.)Natural cast of the bones of a maleadult, in SOMSO-Plast. Showing life-size all the anatomical details of thebone structure. Skull with removablevault and mandible. Joints mounted andmovable, upper and lower extremitiesremovable, except of the hands and feet.Mounted upright with rollers on the baseof the stand. With a dustproof cover.Height: 180 cm. (skeleton 170 cm.), width:55 cm., depth: 55 cm., weight: 10 kgMaleSkeletonQS 10FS E I TS OMSO PROGRAMME Nature is our Model Somso Modelle121 Detail QS 10/2 – Muscular functionDetail QS 10/3, QS 10/10, QS 10/11 –Hook for hangingDetail - Standfor hangingQS 10/4QS 10/12QS 10/13QS 10/13GAQS 10/14FemaleSkeletonQS 10/7FF QS 10/2 · A RTIFICIALH UMAN S KELETONNatural cast of the bones of a maleadult, in SOMSO-Plast. As QS 10, buton one arm the flexible muscles of theupper arm are reproduced. By bendingor stretching the arm the flexion orextension of the muscles can be shown.Schematic working model. Height:179 cm. (skeleton 170 cm.), width:55 cm., depth: 55 cm., weight: 10.1 kgQS 10/3 · A RTIFICIALH UMAN S KELETONNatural cast of the bones of a maleadult, in SOMSO-Plast. As QS 10, butwith hook for hanging at the skull(without stand). Height: 170 cm., width:38 cm., depth: 28 cm., weight: 8.8 kgQS 10/4 · A RTIFICIALH UMAN S KELETONNatural cast of the bones of a maleadult, in SOMSO-Plast. As QS 10/3,but with stand for hanging and base.Height: 180 cm. (skeleton 170 cm.),width: 55 cm., depth: 55 cm., weight:11.5 kgQS 10/7 · A RTIFICIALH UMAN S KELETONNatural cast of the bones of a femaleadult, in SOMSO-Plast. Life-like repre-sentation of bone structure with fullanatomical detail. Skull with removablevault and mandible. Joints movable,upper and lower limbs removable. Bothright and left foot can be detached fromthe leg. Mounted upright on stand.Height: 180 cm. (skeleton 171 cm.),width: 55 cm., depth: 55 cm., weight:10.4 kgQS 10/8 · A RTIFICIALH UMAN S KELETONNatural cast of the bones of a femaleadult, in SOMSO-Plast. As QS 10/7,but with rollers on the base of the stand.Height: 180 cm. (skeleton 171 cm.),width: 55 cm., depth: 55 cm., weight:10.7 kgQS 10/10 · A RTIFICIALH UMAN S KELETONNatural cast of the bones of a femaleadult, in SOMSO-Plast. As QS 10/7 butwith hook for hanging on the skull(without stand). Height: 171 cm., width:39 cm., depth: 28 cm., weight: 8.5 kgRollers on the baseof the stand (5 arms)The artificial skeletons are articulatedstanding or suspended, rigid or articulated,with muscular attachments, numbering,articular ligaments or muscle function,according to the customer’s requirements.。
服装人体动态的特点PPT教案
服装人体的绘制
一、服装人体的绘制步骤
1、勾画草图 勾画草图，也称勾画人体动态草图，就是运用
“人体简化法”勾画人体各种姿态。
构画服装人体，可以依据“动中取静，静中求 动”的原则，确定人体姿态。
“动中取静”就是在动作较大的姿态中，要强调 稳定的因素，如人体一腿站立，一腿抬起的动态， 上肢的安排就要左右均衡起到稳定作用；
2、服装人体“三三制” 服装人体的勾画在掌握整体比例的同时，还要了解人体各
部分局部长高比例的分配。
服装人体“三三制”，就是将人体各局部长高比例， 定为三分值，以求渐变合理的刻画人体各局部长度的一种 分配方法。具体内容如下：
（1）体高三值。肩平线至股骨头连线（以前中线为准） 为一份；股骨头连线至膝盖为一份；膝盖至踝骨（小腿长） 为一份。
出半圆形的乳房。
（2）臀部 前面有内收的腰部向正梯形前下角画外弧线，
是鼓起的腹部。后侧也画一条上平下圆的外弧线。
（3）大腿 下肢的轮廓线是从臀部下端中间引出的直线，它
上半部表示的是大腿的中心线；下半部表示的是 小腿的前边线。
（4）小腿
小腿前边线也就是在轮廓线的位置画一条 稍稍向后弧的曲线。下肢伸直时，膝盖呈 台阶状；下肢屈曲时，膝盖呈折角。
3、关节 两块以上骨骼的连接处，称之为关节，它 人体的枢纽。全身的关节有着不同的类型 形状，行使屈伸、内收、外展、回旋等运动。 3、肌肉 由于肌肉的收缩牵引着关节运动，产生了 体的动作，因此肌肉的外形特征对人体造 起着重要的作用。
二、服装人体的特点
1、概念 服装人体，是指为表现服装而描绘的人体形
上肢
添加形体时，草图中最初勾画的上肢直线都是上肢的外边 线。上臂的形体成上下等宽圆柱形；前臂在长度的三分之 一处最宽，腕部最细，成粉笔状
面向振动响应特性的坐姿人体动力学模型
面向振动响应特性的坐姿人体动力学模型张志飞;胡正权;徐中明;贺岩松;黄深荣【摘要】为了能准确地模拟人体的振动响应特性，并减少模型的复杂程度，结合分析力学和人体各部位实际状况，建立了六自由度坐姿人体动力学模型。
列出了该模型的运动微分方程，并推导出人体振动响应特性的计算公式，以试验数据为依据，以动态等效质量和座位处到头部传递函数为目标，运用多目标优化方法获得了模型参数。
结果显示，六自由度模型能准确的拟合人体振动响应特性曲线。
将该模型与经典的集中参数模型（ISO 5982（2001）模型）和复杂生物力学模型（Tae －Hyeong Kim 的模型）进行对比分析，该模型能更好地拟合试验数据，其结构简单却能相对完整、准确地反映人体动态特性，可用于人体振动响应仿真分析。
%To precisely simulate the dynamic response of a seated human body and simplify its mechanical model, a six-DOF dynamical model was developed by combining analytical mechanics and actual situations of each segment of a human body.Its equations of motion and formulas of dynamic response were presented and parameters of the model were derived with measured data of apparent masses,vertical and rotational vibration transfer functions from seat to human head using curvefitting.Results showed that the model can precisely fit the dynamic response of the seated human body. Comparing the proposed model with the classical lumped model (a model recommended by ISO 5982(2001 ))and a complex biodynamic model (Tae-Hyeong Kim's model),it was shown that the proposed model can fit the dynamic response the seatedhuman body more precisely with a simpler structure,and it can be used to simulate the dynamic response of the seated human body.【期刊名称】《振动与冲击》【年(卷),期】2016(000)004【总页数】6页(P104-109)【关键词】人体动力学模型;全身振动;动态等效质量;传递函数;参数识别【作者】张志飞;胡正权;徐中明;贺岩松;黄深荣【作者单位】重庆大学机械传动国家重点实验室，重庆 400030; 重庆大学汽车工程学院，重庆 400030;重庆大学汽车工程学院，重庆 400030;重庆大学机械传动国家重点实验室，重庆 400030; 重庆大学汽车工程学院，重庆 400030;重庆大学汽车工程学院，重庆 400030;重庆大学汽车工程学院，重庆 400030【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TH113.1振动会使人体感到不舒适、疲劳，甚至对人体造成损伤，坐姿时，人体对低频(5 Hz左右)激励引起的全身振动尤为敏感[1-2]。