【托福阅读】托福阅读难点突破——词汇以及长难句
托福阅读备考之长难句分析：消失的化石记录
托福阅读备考之长难句分析：消失的化石记录下面给大家分享托福阅读备考之长难句分析：消失的化石记录的相关内容，希望你们喜欢。
托福阅读备考之长难句分析：消失的化石记录Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock documenting the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic (the era after the Mesozoic). (TPO 8 E某tinction of the Dinosaurs) 句子分析本句的主句是Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record，而as引导的是时间状语从句，表示“随着……〞。
在这个时间状语从句中，documenting和representing都是现在分词作后置定语，分别修饰前面的layers of rock和rocks。
词汇精记the Cretaceous指的是“白垩纪〞，是中生代的一个纪。
在这个时期里，大陆之间被海洋分开，地球变得温暖、干旱，于此同时，许多新的恐龙物种也开始出现。
the Cenozoic指的是“新生代〞，是地球历史上最新的一个地质时代。
随着恐龙的灭绝，中生代结束，新生代开始。
这一时期以哺乳动物和被子植物的高度繁盛为特点。
The Mesozoic就是“新生代之前的中生代时期〞。
abruptly作副词，表示“突然地〞，比方：It had never occurred to her that a new possibility would crop up abruptly. 她万万没有想到会突然出现一种新的可能性。
托福阅读长难句精选篇
托福阅读长难句精选篇为了让大家更好的预备托福考试，我给大家整理托福阅读长难句，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
托福阅读长难句1今日我们来看这样一个句子：这个句子看似不长，但有点抽象，看看大家能不能一遍或两遍就能看懂。
One of the most difficult aspects of deciding whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities is that it is hard to get a measureof what constitutes the natural variability of the climate. (TPO10, 38)我是分界线，大家先自己速读哦。
One of the most difficult aspects (of deciding)(whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities) is that it is hard to get a measure of (what constitutes the natural variability of the climate).(TPO10, 38)老邪分析：这个句子的主干就是：One of the most difficult aspects is that修饰一：(of deciding) ，介词短语，修饰aspects中文：确定修饰二：(whether current climatic events reveal evidence of theimpact of human activities) ，宾语从句，中文：现在气候大事是否揭露了是人类活动影响的证据修饰三：(what constitutes the natural variability of the climate) ，宾语从句中文：什么组成了气候的自然可变性参考翻译：确定现在气候大事是否揭露了是人类活动影响的证据，其中最大困难之一在于很难去测量是什么组成了气候的自然可变性。
托福考试阅读题答题技巧
托福考试阅读题答题技巧通过对〔托福〕阅读题型的分析，我们发现一些托福阅读题型答题技巧可以帮助考生节省答题时间并提升答对率。
今天我主要给大家分享托福考试阅读题答题技巧，希望对你们有帮助!词汇题解题技巧平常注重单词量的积存，力求达到随时随地记忆单词的境界。
事实上，当我们记忆单词的时候也可以适当地使用一些策略，也就是说，我们可以把自己的侧重点放在动词和形容词的记忆上。
考试结束后，你会发现这个策略的效果是原来的两倍。
此外，关于自己不知道的单词，我们应该主动回原文中寻找同义词，或者寻找相关的提示信息。
代词指代对象题的解题技巧在考试中，它们主要采用以下两种形式出现：(1)it、one、their、its、that类，这种题目主要是考查我们关于并列关系的掌握，这时，我们应该主动去看这个词所在的那整句话，从已知话中找到处于相同地位的词。
(2)考查由that、which涉及到的定语从句类，我们在面对这种题目时，应该有意识的在选项中找从句中谓语动词的发起者或接受者，因为只有这样才可以迈出通向胜利的第一步。
考查文章内容的题目的解题技巧在历年的托福考试中，也存在着两大主要题型，即：文章细节考查题和文章结构考查题。
1、文章细节考查题解答文章细节考查题，一般来说，我们可以回到原文中去做定位，找到相近或相似的内容，然后得到答案。
常见的定位有以下三种类型:(1)标题本身给出了定位。
(2)至少先可作出一个段落的定位。
(3)大部分位置被夹在前后两题之间。
2、文章结构考查题请务必注意:(1)千万不要依据你所读到的信息进行推断。
(2)不要把文章从头到尾当成一个整体，尽可能各段独立。
(3)依据经验，在考试中，整篇文章的最后一句话出题几率很大，所以应该仔细阅读这个重要的句子。
(完整word版)新托福阅读长难句120句(分析+译文)
新托福阅读长难句120句(分析+译文)1。
Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface，the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans，in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space。
(定语后置in some ways…)由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。
分句1：Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures分句2：hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface分句3:the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans分句4：in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space分句2修饰分句1结尾的短语intense pressures,分句1是分句3的原因状语分句3是整个长句子的主句分句4是分句3的后置定语，修饰分句3的a hostile environment to humans整个句子结构是：原因状语+主句+后置定语这是主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分，但是本句其实不是复合句。
句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。
2。
Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the要理解二战之后20年中的加拿大，就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。
托福阅读备考之长难句分析：地球上的二氧化碳
托福阅读备考之长难句分析：地球上的二氧化碳下面给大家分享托福阅读备考之长难句分析：消失的化石记录的相关内容，希望你们喜欢。
托福阅读备考之长难句分析：地球上的二氧化碳The answer to the first question is that carbon dioxide is still found in abundance on Earth, but now, instead of being in the form of atmospheric carbon dioxide, it is either dissolved in the oceans or chemically bound into carbonate rocks, such as the limestone and marble that formed in the oceans. ( TPO41, 53) abundance /?'b?nd(?)ns/ n. 丰富，充裕atmospheric /?tm?s'fer?k/ adj. 大气的dissolve /d?'z?lv/ v. 溶解limestone /?la?m?st??n/ n. 石灰石marble /'mɑ?b(?)l/ n. 大理石大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解The answer to the first question is ( that carbon dioxide is still found in abundance on Earth), but now, (instead of being in the form of atmospheric carbon dioxide), it is either dissolved in the oceans or chemically bound into carbonate rocks, (such as the limestone and marble) (that formed in the oceans.) ( TPO41, 53) 托福阅读长难句分析：这个句子的主干是：The answer to the first question is 从句 , but now, it is either dissolved in the oceans or chemically bound into carbonate rocks 修饰一：(that carbon dioxide is still found in abundance on Earth) ，从句中文：在地球上二氧化碳依然可以大量被找到修饰二：(instead of being in the form of atmospheric carbon dioxide) ，介词短语中文：它不是以大气中的二氧化碳的形式出现修饰三：(such as the limestone and marble that formed in the oceans.) ，介词短语中文：例如在海洋中形成的石灰石和大理石修饰四：(that formed in the oceans.) ，从句中文：在海洋中形成的参考翻译：第一个问题的答案是，在地球上二氧化碳依然可以大量被找到，但是现在，它不是以大气中的二氧化碳的形式出现，它溶解在海洋里或者通过化学作用进入碳酸盐岩中，例如在海洋中形成的石灰石和大理石。
托福阅读长难句200句和详细解析
托福阅读长难句200句和详细解析同学们，有没有这样的情况发生?一个句子当中每一个单词你都认识，但你看不懂这句话，这个感觉是不是十分的诡异?托福阅读长难句因为词汇只是基础，句子才是交流最基本的单位，看阅读是看句子，句子看不懂就是啥也没懂。
小编为大家列举200句及对应解析，希望帮助大家掌握理解长难句的分析方法，攻克这一难关。
1. Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity.2. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.3. Their seed heads raised just high enough above the ground to catch the wind, the plants are no bigger than they need be, their stems are hollow, and all the rigidity comes from their water content.4. By contrast, in the United States an estimated 97 million birds are killed each year when they collide with buildings made of plate glass, 57 million are killed on highways each year; at least 3.8 million die annually from pollution and poisoning; and millions of birds are electrocuted each year by transmission and distribution lines carrying power produced by nuclear and coal power plants.5. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."6. Scientists first identified this impact in 1980 from the worldwide layer of sediment deposited from the dust cloud that enveloped the planet after the impact.7. Only a few organisms especially tolerant of very salty conditions remained.8. Paleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dinosaurs was caused by climatic alterations associated with slow changes in the positions of continents and seas resulting from plate tectonics.9. The answer may be that virtually all the water on Mars is now locked in the permafrost layer under the surface, with more contained in the planet’s polar caps.10. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect.11. Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks.12. Interestingly enough, several of these hydrodynamic adaptations resemble features designed to improve the aerodynamics of high-speed aircraft.13. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands.第五类14. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.15. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations.16. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down.17. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy.18. Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting.19. It has been suggested that these figurines were an ideal type or an expression of a desire for fertility.20. A third likely explanation for infantile amnesia involves incompatibilities between the ways in which infants encode information and the ways in which older children and adults retrieve it.21. Whether people can remember an event depends critically on the fit between the way in which they earlier encoded the information and the way in which they later attempt to retrieve it.22. Critics also point out that the shallow seaways had retreated from and advanced on the continents numerous times during the Mesozoic, so why did the dinosaurs survive the climatic changes associated with the earlier fluctuations but not with this one?23. This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of North America to what is today the state of Washington.24. Teachers, it is thought, benefit from the practice of reflection, the conscious act of thinking deeply about and carefully examining the interactions and events within their own classrooms.25. They describe the initial understanding in the teachers with whom they were working as being "utilitarian...and not rich or detailed enough to drive systematic reflection."26. Liston (1987) point out the inconsistency between the role of the teacher asa (reflective) professional decision maker and the more usual role of the teacher asa technician, putting into practice the ideas of others.27. Other features, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans.28. Sociobiology views much social behavior, including aggressive behavior, as genetically determined.29. The Democrats tended to view society as a continuing conflict between "the people”-farmers, planters, and workers-and a set of greedy aristocrats.30. Nor did the Whigs envision any conflict in society between farmers and workers on the one hand and businesspeople and bankers on the other.解析：1、系好安全带能够挽救性命，它能将丧生和重伤的概率减少一半以上。
托福黄金阅读技巧：长难句分析
托福黄金阅读技巧：长难句分析长难句是我们做托福阅读是最怕遇到的，现在小编分享一些长难句分析给大家，希望对你们的学习有帮助。
长难句分析：二战之后的加拿大Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country's impressive population growth.(倒装结构Basic to any understanding…is…)要理解二战之后20年中的加拿大，就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。
分句1：Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War分句2：is分句3：the country's impressive population growth分句1，2，3共同构成倒装句，正常的语序应该是3，2，1，即：该句的正常语序是The country's impressive population growth is basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War.本句是一个简单句，只不过使用了倒装，谓语动词是is.长难句分析：昆虫的数量The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests does not seem surprising，considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species.(同位语从句fact that…;定语从句that comprise the bulk…)【译句】考虑到组成大部分物种的昆虫的巨大数量，认为半数的已知物种栖息在世界的雨林中这一事实看起来并不令人吃惊。
TOEFL托福阅读长难句分析汇总
TOEFL托福阅读长难句分析汇总为了让大家更好的预备托福考试，我给大家整理托福阅读长难句，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
托福阅读长难句1As relative newcomers to the Southwest, a place where their climate, neighbors,and rulers could be equally inhospitable, the Navajo created these art forms to affect the world around them, not just through the recounting of the actions symbolized, but through the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves. (TPO41, 49)大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解(As relative newcomers to the Southwest), (a place) (where their climate, neighbors, and rulers could be equally inhospitable), the Navajo created these art forms to affect the world around them, (not just through the recounting of the actions symbolized, but through the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves. ) (TPO41, 49)托福阅读长难句100句分析：这个句子的主干局部：the Navajo created these art forms to affect the world around them修饰一：(As relative newcomers to the Southwest)，介词短语中文：作为西南部相对较新的人修饰二：(a place) ，同位语中文：一个地方修饰三：(where their climate, neighbors,and rulers could be equally inhospitable) ，从句中文：在那里气候恶劣、邻居冷漠以及统治者暴政修饰四：(not just through the recounting of the actions symbolized, but through the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves. )，介词短语留意这里有一个搭配：not just … but …不仅…而且中文：不仅是通过详述这些象征性的行为，而且还通过艺术品本身的美和和谐托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译：作为西南部(在那里气候恶劣、邻居冷漠以及统治者暴政)相对较新的人，纳瓦霍人不仅是通过详述这些象征性的行为，而且还通过艺术品本身的美和和谐，制造了这些艺术形式来影响他们四周的世界。
托福阅读长难句太复杂完全看不懂
托福阅读长难句太复杂完全看不懂托福阅读长难句太复杂完全看不懂?来学习一下这11个经典难句翻译找感觉下面就和大家分享托福阅读长难句太复杂完全看不懂,希望能够帮助到大家，快来学习一下吧。
托福阅读长难句太复杂完全看不懂1. Accordingto conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy andserves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeperbreathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallowbreathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom.【译文】根据传统的理论，当人们无聊或者困倦的时候，打哈欠会出现。
打哈欠通过深呼吸来逆转血液中氧含量的降低，从而的起到提高警觉的功能。
而血液中氧含量的降低是由浅呼吸导致的，而浅呼吸又伴随着缺觉或无聊。
2. The keyfactor in the success of these countries (along with high literacy, whichcontributed to it) was their ability to adapt to the international division oflabor determined by the early industrializers and to stake out areas ofspecialization in international markets for which they were especially wellsuited.【译文】这些国家成功的关键因素(促成这个因素的是高识字率)是他们有能力适应由早期的工业化国家决定的劳动力国际分工并占领了他们特别适合的国际市场中的专业化领域。
托福阅读别看技巧了!这两点你做到没
托福阅读别看技巧了!这两点你做到没很多同学刚开始复习托福阅读的时候，比较专注于托福阅读技巧练习。
找关键词、关键句之类的，小编觉得托福阅读需要掌握一定技巧，但好像本末倒置了。
才刚开始复习，不应该要好好提升托福阅读能力吗?那么托福阅读能力又该怎样提高呢?下面和小编一起看看吧!托福阅读别看技巧了!这两点你做到没?一、托福阅读看词汇我给自己定的托福阅读目标是100分，但是第一次做真题下来，分数简直惨不忍睹!这可怎么是好?在阅读训练中，我发现词汇很多不认识，大大影响阅读速度和理解，所以我觉得词汇量真的是很重要的因素。
我大学四级才440分的水平，基本就没什么词汇量。
所以我开始沉下心来准备背单词征程，虽然这个过程中冗长且乏味。
我一共啃了两本单词书：大学四级单词新东方和托福单词21天。
乱序版的大学四级单词新东方背了7遍，呵呵，可想而知我有多熟。
把书扔掉的时候很多书页已经烂了。
托福单词21天背了4遍，不认识的单词，能够通过单词的长相词根词缀等准确的猜出单词的意思。
最后是一些分类词汇也间歇的看了一下。
觉得词汇量有着长足的进步。
二、托福阅读遇到长难句怎么办?托福阅读中遇到长难句子基本就懵比，是不是你的写照。
而且长难句的运用穿插在托福阅读十大题型中的任何一类，它不仅与句子简化题息息相关，更与细节题、推断题、修辞目的题等其它题型相扣。
而且看不懂长难句，无法迅速抓住这个句子的重点，托福阅读基本就死，就算答案定位准确了，也无法做对题目。
三、托福阅读如何练习看懂长难句(1)找到合适的长难句+拆解/翻译练习语法较规整且有很多的变化的长难句最适合用来做练习，接下来，就是做最基本的长句拆解翻译练习。
长句如何拆解，这个说起来挺复杂的，可以关注我们公众号：就爱说英语，会有相关资料推送。
(2)有一定逻辑、语法基础之后，可以去练习句子简化题。
(3)使用阅读文章中长的段落，进行上下文练习，这时的练习不仅仅包括对单个长难句的理解，还包括对段落特征词、功能词的理解，段落结构的理解。
如何应对托福阅读长难句
如何应对托福阅读长难句应对托福阅读长难句你需要打好这些基础, 长难句复杂修饰成分介绍，今天我给大家带来了应对托福阅读长难句你需要打好这些基础，希望能够帮助到大家，下面我就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
应对托福阅读长难句你需要打好这些基础长难句复杂修饰成分介绍托福阅读长难句基础：扩大词汇量不可否认，掌握句子结构对于分析长难句十分重要，但是要想彻底明白句子的含义，除了掌握句子结构之外，还要有丰富的词汇量。
由于托福阅读文章偏学术性，因此不可避免地会出现一些学术词汇。
然而，托福文章所涉及的文章体裁十分广泛，想穷尽所有考试中的学术词汇是不切实际的。
我们只需在练习时把遇到的学术词汇进行整理，仅仅以“认识单词”为目标，不求会写、会说，这样来积累一定的学术词汇，以保证考试遇到相关学术词汇时头脑中有一个基本的概念。
托福阅读长难句基础：巩固语法知识长难句之所以看不懂，是因为句子结构分析不清楚。
而句子结构分析不清楚，其根本原因就是语法知识掌握得不够牢固。
要想把句子结构分析清楚，首先要掌握英语中的五大基本句型。
这五种基本句型分别是：1. 主+谓(例：I swim.)2. 主+谓+宾(例：I ate an apple.)3. 主+谓+宾+宾补(例：She found the computer useful.)4. 主+谓+双宾(例：He gave me a book.)5. 主+系+表(He is a doctor.)掌握以上这几种基本句型可以帮助你迅速找到句子的主干，而找到句子的主干是分析句子结构的关键。
长难句之所以会感觉到难，是因为句子中含有很多修饰性成分，这些修饰性成分往往给考生分析句子结构带来干扰。
因此，考生有必要了解常见的修饰性成分都有哪些。
托福阅读长难句常见复杂修饰性成分介绍1. 从句(定语从句、状语从句、同位语从句等)例：This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valley. 这是一个由which引导的定语从句，先行词是前面的trees。
托福阅读知识点总结
托福阅读知识点总结托福阅读，那可真是个让人又爱又恨的家伙！想要征服它，咱得把知识点整得明明白白。
先说词汇吧，这就好比盖房子的砖头，没有足够的砖头，你怎么能盖起高楼大厦呢？托福阅读里的词汇那叫一个多，生僻的、专业的，啥样都有。
你要是词汇量不够，一篇文章读下来，那感觉就像是在看天书，云里雾里的。
比如说，“photosynthesis”（光合作用）这个词，要是不认识，遇到相关的文章，那还不得抓瞎？所以啊，平日里就得勤背单词，把词汇量提上去，这可是基础中的基础！再讲讲长难句，这就像是路上的大石头，不搬开它，你就没法顺利往前走。
那些句子长得哟，一口气都读不完，结构还复杂得很。
什么从句套从句，各种修饰成分一大堆。
就像“The book which I bought yesterday that was recommended by my friend is very interesting.” 这句子，要是理不清结构，你能明白说的是啥？所以得学会分析句子结构，找出主干，把那些修饰的部分先放一边，这样才能读懂句子的意思。
还有阅读技巧，这可太重要啦！比如说，快速浏览文章，抓住关键信息，就像在茫茫人海中一眼看到你熟悉的人一样。
别在那些不重要的细节上浪费时间，得学会分辨哪些是重点。
还有根据题目回原文定位找答案，这就像寻宝，得知道往哪儿找才能找到宝贝。
说到文章类型，托福阅读那是五花八门。
有科普的、历史的、文化的等等。
每种类型都有它的特点和套路。
科普类的文章可能会有很多专业术语，得靠你的知识积累和推理能力去理解；历史类的就得搞清楚时间线和重要事件；文化类的就得了解不同文化的特点和差异。
这不就跟不同的菜系一样吗？川菜辣，粤菜鲜，你得摸清它们的特点才能品出味道。
阅读速度也是个关键。
你想啊，如果读得太慢，时间不够用，题目做不完，那不就亏大了？所以平时就得练习提高阅读速度，一目十行不敢说，起码得做到快速准确地获取信息。
总之，托福阅读这玩意儿，虽然有点难搞，但只要咱把词汇、长难句、技巧、文章类型和阅读速度这些方面都搞定，还怕它不成？加油吧，小伙伴们，相信自己一定能在托福阅读的战场上大获全胜！。
托福阅读长难句
托福阅读长难句为了让大家更好的预备托福考试，我给大家整理托福阅读长难句，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
托福阅读长难句1In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessaryto meet itspurpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them——evenwhile building materials have changed dramatically.(44)大家先自己理解，多想想，先别看解析，看不明白，再看下面的解析。
(In order for the structure) (to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose), architecture employs methods of support that, (because they are based on physical laws), have changed little since people first discovered them—— (even while building materials have changed dramatically. )老邪分析：一个句子重点在于主干，看懂了主干，就看懂了句子的主要成分。
以下主干为句子中红色部分，括号里均是修饰成分。
修饰一：(In order for the structure)，介词短语修饰二：(to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose)，非谓语做形容词性修饰structure修饰三：(because they are based on physical laws)，插入语，插入语记得先跳过去，断句别出问题，that和have changed是在一起的。
新托福 TPO 阅读长难句解析
新托福 TPO 阅读长难句解析1. Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage：Streams flowed where nature intended them to and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons.2. Early in the century, a pump had come into use in which expanding steam raised apiston(活塞) in a cylinder(汽缸)，and atmospheric pressure brought it down again when the steam condensed inside the cylinder to form a vacuum．3. The final step came when steam was introduced into the cylinder to drive the piston backward as well as forward thereby increasing the speed of the engine and cutting its fuel consumption.4. Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles, and early in the new century, well—to—do Londoners grow accustomed to gaslights houses and even streets.5. Iron manufacturers which had starved for fuel while depending on charcoal also benefitedfrom ever-increasing supplies of coal; blast furnaces with steam-powered bellows turned out more iron and steel for the new machinery．6. At the same time, operators of the first printing presses run by steam rather than by hand found it possible to produce a thousand pages in an hour rather than thirty．7. In some industrial regions, heavily laden wagons，with flanged wheels，were being hauled by horses along metal rails; and the stationary steam engine was puffing in the factory and mine.8. Another generation passed before Inventors succeeded in combining these ingredients by putting the engine on wheels and the wheels on the rails, so as to provide a machine to take the place of the horse.9. When he grew older William Smith taught himself surveying from books he bought with his small savings and at the age of eighteen he was apprenticed to a surveyor of the local parish.10. The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well asto determine the best courses for the canals.11. He later worked on similar jobs across the length and breadth of England all the while studying the newly revealed strata and collecting all the fossils he could find．12. But as more and more accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and more places, it became clear that the sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region to region and that no rock type was ever going to become a reliable time marker throughout the world.13. Quartz is quartz—a silicon ion surrounded by four oxygen ions—there’s no difference at all between two-million-year-old Pleistocene quartz and Cambrian quartz created over 500 million years ago．14. As he collected fossils from strata throughout England, Smith began to see that the fossils told a different story from the rocks particularly in the younger strata the rocks were often so similar that he had trouble distinguishing the strata, but he never had trouble telling the fossils apart.15. While rock between two consistent strata might in one place be shale and in sandstone,the fossils in that shale or sandstone were always the same.16. Some fossils endured through so many millions of years that they appear in many strata, but others occur only in a few strata, and a few species had their births and extinctions within one particular stratum.17. By following the fossils, Smith was able to put all the strata of England's earth into relative temporal sequence.18. Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or-300 million years later-in the Jurassic strata but a trilobite—the ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrian—will never be found in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the Cambrian.19. The sheer passage of time does not account for it; adults have excellent recognition of pictures of people who attended high school with them 35 years earlier.20. Children two and a half to three years old remember experiences that occurred in their first year, and eleven month older than them can remember some events a year later.21. Nor does the hypothesis that infantile amnesia reflects repression- or holding back- of sexually charged episodes explain the phenomenon.22. Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain continues throughout early childhood, and this part of the brain may be critical for remembering particular episodes in ways that can be retrieved later.23. Consistent with this view parents and children increasingly engage in discussions of past events when children are about three years old.24. The better able the person is to reconstruct the perspective from which the material was encoded, the more likely that recall will be successful.25. The world looks very different to a person whose head is only two or three feet above the ground than to one whose head is five or six feet above it, 0lder children and adults often try to retrieve the names of things they saw, but infants would not have encoded the information verbally．26. Conversely，improved encoding of whatthey hear may help them better understand and remember stories and thus make the stories more useful for remembering future events.27. Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.28. Pakicetus was found embedded in rocks formed from river deposits that were 52 million years old.29. The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales.30. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert.31. The expansion of desert like conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification.32. In some cases the loose soil is blown completely away, leaving a stony surface.33. Desertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by wind and water.34. The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration.35. The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established.36. In some regions, the increase in desert areas is occurring largely as the result of a trend toward drier climatic conditions.37. The process may be accelerated in subsequent decades if global warming resulting from air pollution seriously increases.38. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures.39. During the dry periods that are common phenomena along the desert margins, though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity, and desertification results.40. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion.41. The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil.42. The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs.43. The increasing use of dried animal waste as a substitute fuel has also hurt the soil because this valuable soil conditioner and source of plant nutrients is no longer being returned to the land.44. The water evaporates and the salts areleft behind, creating a white crustal layer that prevents air and water from reaching the underlying soil.45. The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.46. In areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface.47. The cinema did not emerge as a form of mass consumption until its technology evolved from the initial "peepshow" format to the point where images were projected on a screen in a darkened theater.48. For the price of 25 cents (or 5 cents per machine), customers moved from machine to machine to watch five different films (or, in the case of famous prizefights, successive rounds of a single fight).49. In the phonograph parlors, customers listened to recordings through individual eartubes, moving from one machine to the next to hear different recorded speeches or pieces of music.50. He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several.51. Exhibitors, however, wanted to maximize their profits, which they could do more readily by projecting a handful of films to hundreds of customers at a time (rather than one at a time) and by charging 25 to 50 cents admission. 52. But the movies differed significantly from these other forms of entertainment, which depended on either live performance or (in the case of the slide-and-lantern shows) the active involvement of a master of ceremonies who assembled the final program.53. Although early exhibitors regularly accompanied movies with live acts, the substance of the movies themselves ismass-produced, prerecorded material that can easily be reproduced by theaters with little or no active participation by the exhibitor.54. Even though early exhibitors shaped their film programs by mixing films and other entertainments together in whichever way they thought would be most attractive to audiences or by accompanying them with lectures, their creative control remained limited.55. What audiences came to see was the technological marvel of the movies; the lifelike reproduction of the commonplace motion of trains, of waves striking the shore, and of people walking in the street; and the magic made possible by trick photography and the manipulation of the camera.56. With the advent of projection, theviewer's relationship with the image was no longer private, as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope, which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive images on individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid.57. At the same time, the image that the spectator looked at expanded from the minuscule peepshow dimensions of 1 or 2 inches (in height) to the life-size proportions of 6 or 9 feet.58. Those individuals who possess characteristics that provide them with an advantage in the struggle for existence are more likely to survive and contribute their genes to the next generation.59. Because aggressive individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce, whatever genes are linked to aggressive behavior are more likely to be transmitted to subsequent generations.60. One is that people's capacity to outwit other species, not their aggressiveness, appears to be the dominant factor in human survival.61. Another is that there is too much variation among people to believe that they are dominated by, or at the mercy of, aggressive impulses.62. For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime-are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.63. People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation of other people's motives.64. Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior.65. Also, skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts of intense labor alternating with more leisurely time.66. Goods produced by factories were not as finished or elegant as those done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase rates of productivity.67. Factory life necessitated a more regimented schedule, where work began at the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a constant pace.68. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.69. The labor movement gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression that followed, labor's strength collapsed.70. More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 1850’s, and the courts also recognized workers' right to strike, but these gains had little immediate impact.71. Interestingly enough, several of these hydrodynamic adaptations resemble features designed to improve the aerodynamics ofhigh-speed aircraft.72. They are also covered with a slick, transparent lid that reduces drag.73. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.74. The keels, finlets, and corselet help direct the flow of water over the body surface in such as way as to reduce resistance (see the figure).75. One potential problem is that opening themouth to breathe detracts from the streamlining of these fishes and tends to slow them down.76. Their high, narrow tails with swept-back tips are almost perfectly adapted to provide propulsion with the least possible effort.77. They can glide past eddies that would slow them down and then gain extra thrust by "pushing off" the eddies.78. They have evolved special "heaters" of modified muscle tissue that warm the eyes and brain, maintaining peak performance of these critical organs.79. Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them-clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal-it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the "applied arts."80. The applied arts are thus bound by the laws of physics, which pertain to both the materials used in their making and the substances and things to be contained, supported, and sheltered.81. Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits.82．What varies is not the basic form but the incidental details that do not obstruct the object's primary function.83. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work.84. In other words, the demands of the laws of physics, not the sculptor's aesthetic intentions, placed the ball there.85. That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannonball quickly disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bronze).86. Even though the fine arts in the twentieth century often treat materials in new ways, the basic difference in attitude of artists in relation to their materials in the fine arts and the applied arts remains relatively constant.87. It would therefore not be too great an exaggeration to say that practitioners of the fine arts work to overcome the limitations of their materials, whereas those engaged in the applied arts work in concert with their materials.88. This "paper money aristocracy" of bankers and investors manipulated the banking system for their own profit, Democrats claimed, and sapped the nation's virtue by encouraging speculation and the desire for sudden, unearned wealth.89. They wanted the wealth that the market offered without the competitive, changing society; the complex dealing; the dominance of urban centers; and the loss of independence that came with it.90. Nor did the Whigs envision any conflict in society between farmers and workers on the one hand and business people and bankers on the other.91. Religion and politics, they believed, should be kept clearly separate, and they generally opposed humanitarian legislation.92. Whigs appealed to planters who needed credit to finance their cotton and rice trade in the world market, to farmers who were eager to sell their surpluses, and to workers who wished to improve themselves.93. Neither party could win an election by appealing exclusively to the rich or the poor.94. Democrats attracted farmers isolated from the market or uncomfortable with it, workers alienated from the emerging industrial system, and rising entrepreneurs who wanted to break monopolies and open the economy to newcomers like themselves.95. The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democrats dominated areas ofsemi-subsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.96. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. 97. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of tencultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions.98. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction.99. "The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions."100. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous.101. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses.)102. Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by''crow’s feet" wrinkles around the eyes and asubtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings103. Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression “keep a stiff upper lip” as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a “stiff” lip suppresses emotional response -- as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension.104. Hills and mountains are often regarded as the epitome of permanence, successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature, but in fact they tend to be relatively short-lived in geological terms.105. Lower mountains tend to be older, and are often the eroded relics of much higher mountain chains.106. Some mountains were formed as a result of these plates crashing into each other and forcing up the rock at the plate margins.107. Other mountains may be raised by earthquakes, which fracture the Earth's crust and can displace enough rock to produce Block Mountains.108. The exposed rocks are attacked by the various weather processes and gradually broken down into fragments, which are then carried away and later deposited as sediments.109. Rain washes away loose soil and penetrates cracks in the rocks.110. Glaciers may form in permanently cold areas, and these slowly moving masses of ice cut out valleys, carrying with them huge quantities of eroded rock debris.111. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle.112. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.113. The commonest spaces are those among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel.114. Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common.115. They are found wherever fast riverscarrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. 116. The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down. 117. The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth,fan-shaped slope.118. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.119. In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they are now below the water’s upper surface (the water table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars, will be saturated with groundwater.120. This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards.121. But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.122. Much of the water in a sample ofwater-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place.123. It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry.124. The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.125. If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.126. The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual.127. Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces.128. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.129. But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites.130. When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns.131. Although origin in ritual has long been the most popular, it is by no means the only theory about how the theater came into being.132. Thus, the recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other feat) is elaborated through the narrator’s pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a different person.133. A closely related theory sees theater as evolving out of dances that are primarily pantomimic, rhythmical or gymnastic, or from imitations of animal noises and sounds.134. Admiration for the performer’s skill, virtuosity, and grace are seen as motivation for elaborating the activities into fully realized theatrical performances.135. For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, sincecomedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather than as serious threats to the welfare of the entire group.136. For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to theirwell-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.137. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses.138. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.139. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline.140. This is particularly true for trees in themiddle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys.141. Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves.142. Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes.143. Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor.144. Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants.145. At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts146. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface.147. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover.148. The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an important member of the architectural team.149. The mediocre design of many contemporary buildings can be traced to both clients and architects.150. In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them-even while building materials have changed dramatically.151. Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and。
托福阅读长难句句子分析汇总
托福阅读长难句句子分析汇总为了帮助大家备考托福。
提高阅读成绩，打有准备的仗，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读长难句句子分析汇总，希望大家喜欢。
托福阅读长难句：湖泊蓄水层的储量原文：Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.参考翻译：估计表明：蓄水层包含充足的水去填满Huron湖。
但很不幸，在目前这个地区半干旱气候条件下，蓄水层的补水率很小，总计大约一年50毫米。
词汇讲解：aquifer /'?kw?f?/ n. 含水土层semiarid /?sem(a)?'?r?d/ adj. 半干旱的结构划分：Estimates indicate (that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron), but unfortunately, (under the semiarid climatic conditions) (that presently exist in the region), rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, (amounting to about half a centimeter a year.)解析：修饰一：(under the semiarid climatic conditions)，介词短语，修饰后面红色主干部分中文：在半干旱气候条件下修饰二：(that presently exist in the region)，从句，修饰conditions中文：现在存在于这个地区修饰三：(amounting to about half a centimeter a year. ) ，非谓语动词，修饰前面红色主干中文：总计大约一年50毫米主干：rates ofaddition to the aquifer are minimal中文：蓄水层的补水率很小托福阅读长难句：甘薯的来源考据原文：As Patrick Kirch, an American anthropologist, points out, rather than being brought by rafting South Americans, sweet potatoes might just have easily been brought back by returning Polynesian navigators who could have reached the west coast of South America.翻译：正如美国人类学家Patrick Kirch所指出的，甘薯并不是南美人用筏运来的，而是通过已经去过南美西海岸的玻利尼西亚返航者很方便就带来了。
托福阅读长难句分析汇总
托福阅读长难句分析汇总为了让大家更好的准备托福考试，给大家整理托福阅读长难句，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读长难句1The new candid photography—unposed pictures that were made when thesubjects were unaware that their pictures were being taken—confirmed thesescientific results, and at the same time, thanks to the radical cropping (trimming) of images that the camera often imposed, suggested new compositionalformats. (TPO22,46)candid photography n. 快拍摄影subject n. 对象radical /r?d?kl/ adj. 根本的，基本的，彻底的crop v. 剪短impose /?mp??z/ v. 将某事物强加於compositional adj. 组成的大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解The new candid photography—(unposed pictures) (that were made) (when thesubjects were unaware) (that their pictures were being taken)—confirmedthesescientific results, and (at the same time), (thanks to the radical cropping (trimming) of images)(that the camera often imposed), suggested new compositional formats. (TPO22, 46)托福阅读长难句100句分析：这个句子主干：The new candid photography confirmed these scientific results and suggestednew compositional formats.修饰一：(unposed pictures) ，非谓语动词，修饰The new candid photography中文：没有摆拍的照片修饰二：(that were made) ，从句，修饰unposed pictures中文：被拍修饰三：(when the subjects were unaware) ，从句中文：当对象没有意识到修饰四：(that their pictures were beingtaken)，从句中文：他们正在被拍修饰五：(at the same time) ，介词短语中文：同时修饰六：(thanks to the radical cropping(trimming) of images) ，介词短语中文：由于对于图像彻底的裁剪修饰七：(that the camera often imposed) ，从句中文：相机经常自带有托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译：这种新的快拍摄影——在对象没有意识到他们正在被拍时，没有摆拍的照片——证实了这些科学结果，与此同时，由于相机经常自带对于图像彻底的裁剪，表明了新的构图方式。
托福阅读中难句分析
托福阅读中难句分析要做好托福阅读需要掌握一定策略，了解题型、考察点等等。
小编为大家解读托福阅读策略涉及的一些必知的托福阅读知识点，希望对大家有所帮助。
托福阅读除了词汇量较大以外，句子结构复杂也是托福阅读的障碍之一。
面对难句，必须迅速把握其主干和重点，因为考试时涉及答案的主要是句子的主干和重点，对于句子简化题（sentence simplification）尤其如此。
要把握难句的主干和重点，首先要弄清它们的类型。
简而言之，托福中的难句主要包括下列类型：1.定语（包含后置定语与定语从句）2.同位语3.并列结构4.that引导的各种从句5.插入结构6.独立主格7.倒装句8.强调句9.虚拟语气对于不同类型的难句，把握主干的方法也不一样。
以倒装句为例，主要有下列情况：1.方位副词放在句首采集者退散Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine。
2.介词放在句首Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate， lay eggs， and rear their young are common murres， Atlantic puffins， black-legged kittiwakes， and northern gannets。
3. 形容词放在句首Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well： that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony。
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【托福阅读】托福阅读难点突破——词汇以及长难句
为了帮助各位考生更高效地备考托福，熟悉托福阅读，晟睿教育的小编为大家带来“托福阅读难点突破——词汇以及长难句”一文，希望对大家托福备考有所帮助。
词汇
大部分学生第一次接触托福阅读考试，还没做题就被文章当中满篇的生词+长难句吓到了，耐着性子读了前几句，一头雾水，然后就开始怀疑人生，对托福阅读，或者说整个托福考试望而却步了。
在这里先明确一点，对于刚开始接触托福的学生来说，词汇量不足、生词太多是很正常的。
大家都知道，中国高中毕业生词汇量是3500左右，而托福考试词汇量的要求是8000+，这之间其实是有不小的差距的，需要学生在考前迅速拉高词汇量，这其实是一个很艰难的过程。
这里给大家几个背单词的建议：
1.背单词要尽早。
从3500到8000+，学生有几千的词汇缺口，很难在短时间内迅速拉高词汇量。
有些学生考前只有一两个月的时间备考，这段时间一边要熟悉考试、掌握技巧，另一边还要大量背诵单词打基础，常常感觉力不从心。
因此这里建议大家一定要尽早开始背单词。
单词的背诵是一个逐渐积累的过程，只有经过长期的积累才能最有效的掌握词汇。
哪怕短时间内没有托福备考的计划，也建议大家把单词先背记起来，基础打好之后学习考试技巧就很方便了。
2.背单词一定要坚持。
万事开头难，之后坚持更难。
很多学生下定决心开始背单词，但是刚看到abandon（放弃）这个词就abandon 了整本词汇书。
很多学生和家长会问我，到底选那本词汇书背下去比较好，这里我要告诉大家，哪本都一样，关键要坚持！现在市面上托福词汇书、网上背单词软件、手机APP都特别多，大家按照自己的喜好选择哪一个都是OK的，关键是一定要预先制定计划并遵守计划，坚持背诵并不断复习，才能真正背好单词。
3.背单词一定要注意联系语境。
很多学生每天背单词都特别努力，单词默写的正确率都在95%以上，但是发现过了一段时间在文章当中再遇到这些背过的单词又一片茫然，只能记得自己曾经背过了。
究其原因，还是因为背单词不得法，只是孤立地记单词的几个中文释义，而忽略词汇所在的语境，这样背下的单词是孤立的、片面的，就像背一串电话号码，背得快忘的更快。
背单词的时候一定要看单词所在的例句、看语境，才能真正掌握词汇的含义。
长难句
当考生的词汇量积累到一定程度之后，就可以开始着手分析句子了。
这时候很多学生会遇到这样的问题：句子、尤其是长句中的大部分单词我都认识，但是连在一起整个句子却完全看不懂，必须看个几遍才能大概看出个大意。
更无奈的是，好不容易看懂了一个句子，看了下句就忘了上句，非常有挫败感。
其实大家不要太灰心，刚开始接触托福阅读的时候看不懂长难句是很正常的，毕竟托福阅读的文章难度还是比较高的。
如果学生的词汇量达到一定水平，读句子最大的难点就在于句法的掌握不够熟练。
初高中课堂上老师都讲过语法，但是学生掌握的语法知识都只用来做题，很少用来阅读文章，很少看长难句，长时间缺乏训练会导致学生乍一接触托福阅读时困难重重。
这里建议大家：
1.系统的复习一遍句法。
对于绝大部分的学生而言，初高中课堂上已经学习过读长句所需的语法知识了，比如看长难句先找句子主干，这点大家都清楚。
但是很多学生长时间不接触长难句，已经很难分清什么是句子主干，什么是后置定语了，读句子全凭感觉。
对于极少数从小接受英文教育的学生来说，凭“语感”读句子是OK的，但对于绝大多数学生来说，语感这个东西不是很靠谱，全屏语感很容易出现理解偏差。
因此这里建议学生一定要把句法认真的复习一遍，如果自己记不起来的话上一两节语法课都可以。
总之读句子、读文章之前一定要把这个“拨乱反正”的步骤做好。
2.扩大阅读量。
有时间的话建议学生一定要多读读英文文章，不一定非要读学术类的文章，这种文章相对枯燥。
可以先读自己感兴趣的文章，比如英文的原版小说，把一本原版书真正从头读到尾，对于提高阅读能力来说非常重要。
对于那些备考时间比较紧的学生来说，就只能多读读TPO原文了，每做完一篇文章之后都要仔细分析原文，完整的疏通一篇文章。
以上就是小编为大家准备的"托福阅读难点突破——词汇以及长难句"的相关内容，希望大家能够
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最后，预祝大家在托福考试中取得高分成绩。