托福阅读长难句的逻辑关系
托福阅读句子要点题把握逻辑关系稳抓同义替换
托福阅读句子要点题把握逻辑关系稳抓同义替换句子简化题的出题思路一般分为两类:一是对长难句的化繁为简,即原句比较长,规律关系简单,选项只保留了原句的主要信息,下面我就和大家共享托福阅读句子要点题,盼望能够关心到大家,来观赏一下吧。
托福阅读句子要点题:把握规律关系,稳抓同义替换托福阅读句子要点题又称托福阅读句子简化题,顾名思义是对长难句的简化筛出句子最精华的要点,一般出题形式是在文章中高亮标示出一个句子,要求考生选择与原文基本信息最接近的选项,这类题目的提问方式一般为:“Which is the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.”句子简化题的出题思路一般分为两类:一是对长难句的化繁为简,即原句比较长,规律关系简单,选项只保留了原句的主要信息,而省略了原句的次要信息(犹如位语、例子)等;二是对相对简洁的句子的同义改写,即原句难度不大,规律关系简洁,选项是原句的同义改写。
从做题方法上来说,对于其次种出题思路的题目,考生应当采纳通读的方法,在理解原句意思的基础上再答题。
而针对第一种出题思路的题目,考生一般把握住原句的几个关键点就可以见微知著,找到破句子简化题的良方。
对于句子简化题,有一些题目假如句子不长,我们做题的基本原则就是:同义替换。
找到原句中的关键词在选项当中进行同义替换。
如:In evolutionary history, the development of language set humans apart from the rest of the animal kingdom. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in thepassage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.先来看题干:Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.该题要求从选项中选择一个能够表达原文阴影句子核心信息的句子。
托福阅读长难名必看之逻辑关系篇
托福阅读长难名必看之逻辑关系篇众所周知,长难句,就是又长又难的句子。
在托福阅读这条不归路上,长难句分析一直是困扰着所有考生的梦魇……在多年的教学生涯里,学生们都不停的问我,长难句分析这里,有没有什么技巧可以遵循?语言学上,在理解一个句子的时候,往往我们要着重的理解句子的三层信息逻辑信息主要信息次要信息逻辑信息,顾名思义,就是逻辑,这里面的逻辑分为两种,常见逻辑,以及指向性逻辑,第一种就是由逻辑词所引导的常见逻辑,比如因果关系里,therefore,so,thus,as a result等逻辑连词,后接结论,而because, since, for 等逻辑连词后接原因,but,although,even though, despite, let alone等词(短语)表示转折,让步,递进等逻辑关系例如: The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing.在分析这句话时,首先,我们把however这一个词拿掉,因为它表示的是句间逻辑,只有结合上一句话的时候才是有用的这句话里面的逻辑词是even though,因此以逗号为分割线,把这句话横切成了两句,去掉of所表示的修饰结构,去掉方式状语,得到:前半句 structure shows Ambulocetus swam like modern whales,后半句,even though a fluke was missing此时,句子就不难理解了吧只要关注一下逻辑所承接的内容是否会误读即可,没什么难的,一切很轻松当然,前提是你去冗赘的能力没问题,那样,我们来识别逻辑就很简单很简单啦第二种逻辑,则更多的类似于主被动关系,因此,在理解句子的时候,一定要确定施动者和受动者分别是谁,并且,一旦动词发生了变化,那么,主被动关系虽然不会发生改变,但是句式结构一定会发生改变例如 The growth of the electric-power industry was the result of a remarkable series of scientific discoveries and development in electrotechnology during the 19th century, but significant changes in what we might now call hydro technology also played their part.这句话中乍一看,有个but,但是,这却并非是主要逻辑,因为当你读完这句话以后,你会发现,but前后与其说是转折,不如说是递进,而真正的逻辑其实是前面的 was the result of因此,这是一个因果关系为主要逻辑,转折为次要逻辑,表示递进的句子那么,以逗号分割,这句话仍旧是两个句子,我们采用一个简化概念的方式,去掉没用的东西,只留下能够表示句子主干信息和意思的词:前半句:The growth of the electric-power industry was the result of a remarkable series of scientific discoveries and development in electrotechnology during the 19th century因此得出这样一个关系, The growth 是 Electrotechnology 的结果后半句:but significant changes in what we might now call hydro technology also played their part.Hydro technology也参与到了其中因此可以理解成: Hydro technology 和 Electrotechnology共同导致了 Power industry的Growth而这句话,在四个选项的转述的过程中,就有如下几个版本:我们化繁为简,拿出两个来看看一般的理解上大家容易出现的薄弱点:错误选项AA. The growth of electric-power industry stimulated significant changes in hydro technology and scientific progress in electrotechnology in the 19th century这句话明确的犯了一个错误,用stimulated这个词表示这样一个主被动关系,但是,我们都知道,原因刺激结果的产生,因此,应该是两个技术刺激电力产业的增长,故此,这句话要么前后主语宾语调换位置,要么就把主动改成被动BD两个选项也是一样,犯了主被动关系错误的情况正确选项C. Advances in electrotechnology in the 19th century and changes in hydro technology were responsible for the growth of electric-power industry.Hydro technology 和 Electrotechnology共同导致了 Power industry的Growth,与原句的意思一致,因此,为正确选项因此,我们可以看出,表示逻辑词很多时候,是会不断的切换的,在切换逻辑词的过程中,注意逻辑承接关系就尤文重要了既然说到这里,我们就必须得说,逻辑关系仅仅是长难句分析里需要攻克的众多难点之一词汇,语法结构,逻辑,这三样都是考察考生内力的地方,其中,攻克逻辑关系尤为重要,因为逻辑关系或多或少反映出句子结构,因此识别逻辑,在长难句分析中,是重中之重。
托福阅读中逻辑关系是怎样引导的呢
托福阅读中逻辑关系是怎样引导的呢考过托福阅读的同学可以发觉虽然托福阅读文章篇幅长,介绍的内容也许多,下面我就和大家共享托福阅读中规律关系是怎样引导的呢,盼望能够关心到大家,来观赏一下吧。
托福阅读中规律关系是怎样引导的呢托福阅读文章规律关系第一种:因果关系因:because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of,with果:so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence,thus,consequently, accordingly因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外,隐性的因果同样是不行忽视的一个重要部分。
隐性因果:A 导致(因-果):cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support,push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for如The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants sothat many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs.在这段话中,有lead to, 表示了导致的意思,即结果; 而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果,所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的规律。
B 由…而来(果-因):result from, derive from, originate from,initiate from, stem from, beresponsive to, be attributable to如“The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendousnumbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing theprocess.”在这段话中,依据result from可以推断出有因果关系,那假如是解释句子题时,选项中有因果关系就可以优先考虑。
2016年这才是干货:如何看懂托福阅读长难句
阅读应该是托福四门科⽬中最基础的⼀门了,阅读能⼒的提⾼直接影响其他三个科⽬的成绩。
此话怎讲?如果你连听⼒⽂本都看不懂,那么也休想听懂;阅读是输⼊型科⽬,如果没有⾜量的输⼊,那么需要输出能⼒的⼝语和写作也不可能考好。
所以我们也可以说,得阅读者,得托福。
那么托福阅读的核⼼是什么呢?长难句的地位是⽆法动摇的。
⾸先,⼗⼤题型中有⼀个就是句⼦简化题,顾名思义,把⽂章中⼀个冗长的句⼦去粗取精,留下句⼦的essential information, 考察内容其实就是长难句理解。
其次,题量占⽐例的是事实信息题及其否定题,精确定位后,我们不难发现所涉及的句⼦⼗有⼋九就是⼀个少则两⾏多则三四⾏的长难句,如果定不下⼼来,草草看到某个词,再看到选项找对应的那个词,那么恭喜你,成功避开了正确答案。
理由很简单,这两个题型也是在考长难句理解,并且要求考⽣熟练把握核⼼信息的同义替换。
最后,句⼦插⼊题和修辞⽬的题,看似真的和长难句⼋竿⼦打不着,其实,你错了。
它们都是在考察句⼦与句⼦的关系,只有上下⽂衔接得当才能正确插⼊句⼦,只有理解这句话才知道这句话在这段的⽬的。
长难句的重要性笔者就不再赘述了,下⾯要着重阐述⼤部分考⽣对于长难句理解的误区。
误区⼀,单词。
只要是和英语有关的考试,考⽣就去买相关的单词书,倾尽所有⼒⽓先背上⼏轮才肯罢休,因为学⽣认定句⼦看不懂的原因绝对是词汇量不⾏。
但是,有没有那么⼀句话,所有单词你都认识,这句话想要表达什么你还是云⾥雾⾥的?Definitely yes, absolutely yes, and so many times. 所以长难句不⾏不等于单词匮乏。
误区⼆,语法。
还有⼀些学⽣在捶墙说⾼中语法已经忘光了,然后⼜去书店买了本语法书啃起来,去研究冠词、名词性从句、状语从句、主语从句和倒装,去研究深奥⼜难懂的术语,去做⼀道道选择题,⽐如:other, the other, others, the others 的区别?语法不⾏不代表要专门买本语法书,了解每⼀个术语,做题时,只要知道它是从句,它是修饰哪些成分,就已经⾜够了。
托福阅读把握技巧长难句不再难
托福阅读把握技巧长难句不再难托福阅读长难句, 把握技巧长难句不再难,今日我给大家带来托福阅读把握技巧长难句不再难,盼望能够关心到大家,下面我就和大家共享,来观赏一下吧。
托福阅读长难句把握技巧长难句不再难一.托福阅读难点分析我们知道,托福阅读备考过程中,需要攻克的难点依次是词汇,语法以及规律,即得有肯定的词汇量作为基础,熟识一些语法学问,明白句子的规律关系,尤其是长难句的分析,还有就是篇章结构的训练,这三点对于提升阅读力量和分数必不行少。
二.托福阅读长难句解析1.长难句难点解析面对托福阅读中的句子,有的长达3-4行,且生词许多,即使同学词汇量预备充分,但对于句子还是不能精确理解,那问题是什么呢?其实,本质还是对于句子语序不理解导致的。
2.长难句分析方法首先要明确,并不是每个难句我们都需要读懂。
我们都知道托福是一门标准化考试,这意味着它的出题点一般都是不会变的,有规律可循。
以前考过的学问点,以后确定还会连续考查同种类型的;而以前没有考过的,那么以后确定也就不会考了。
根据我一贯的做事风格,确定是要把难句的全部类型先全部列出来,然后再逐个去想应当如何解决。
这样就可以保证我们在考试的时候遇到的每一个难句都能被清晰地归类,由于曾经训练过,所以虽然是新的题目,但却属于熟识的类型,我们便可根据既定方法从容应对。
对于难度较大的托福阅读长难句,基本方法是确定句子的主、谓、宾,找出句子的主干,忽视其他的成分,将长句变成短句,托福阅读要学会将句型结构简单的句子变成句型结构简洁的句子。
(1)不定式及不定式短语做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语例1.To hold people accountable for their actions is important.中文译文:督促人们为自己的行为负责是非常重要的。
结构分析:不定式短语to hold people accountable for their action 做主语。
(2)动名词及动名词短语做主语、表语、宾语例2. It involves probing for deeply rooted concerns, devising creative solutions,and making trade-offs and compromises where interests are opposed.中文译文:它涉及到探究深层次的关注,想出有制造性的解决方案,以及当利益冲突时,做出交易和妥协。
托福阅读长难句如何分析
托福阅读长难句如何分析托福阅读长难句如何分析?简化句式是关键,今天我给大家带来了托福阅读长难句如何分析,希望能够帮助到大家,下面我就和大家分享,来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读长难句如何分析?简化句式是关键一.托福阅读长难句定义当我们拿到一道句子简化题的时候,首先要做的就是对于题目中出现的长难句进行句类的判断。
如果该句只含有一个主谓结构,并且句子各成分都只由单词或者短语构成,那么这个句子就是简单句。
如果该句包含分句,那么这个句子就是复杂句。
二.找主干可简化长难句当我们完成对于长难句的句类判断时,我们就要开始对这个句子内部的逻辑关系进行分析。
对于简单句来说,我们要找出这个句子的主干,也就是主谓宾语。
而对于复杂句来说,我们需要做的就是分析复杂句内部各分句之间的逻辑关系。
在句子简化题中最常考的逻辑关系分别有四种:并列、因果、转折、比较。
要判断逻辑关系,考生可以在阅读过程中寻找相应的逻辑词,如and、but、because等等。
三.找逻辑关系帮助理解长难句当我们完成对句子的分析之后,我们就要去看选项了。
但是这个时候我们不能只是去看选项,我们要做的是在选项里寻找我们刚刚对句子进行分析的结果:主干和逻辑关系。
下面小站君将选取官方真题Official中的一道题来具体讲解上面方法在实际中的运用。
该题考到的长难句和问题如下:If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held。
托福阅读如何正确理解句子逻辑关系
托福阅读如何正确理解句子逻辑关系托福阅读如何正确理解句子逻辑关系?这3类常见易混淆关系详解,今天给大家带来了托福阅读如何正确理解句子逻辑关系,希望能够帮助到大家在托福考试中拿高分,下面就和大家分享,来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读如何正确理解句子逻辑关系?这3类常见易混淆关系详解托福阅读句子逻辑关系分析:因果关系涉及的题型有:细节题、修辞目的题、推理题、句子插入题。
因果关系在整个托福阅读中的出镜频率非常高,我曾做过一个统计,在托福给出的官方练习题中,细节题中考查到因果关系的比例高达三分之一。
所以,无论是从考试的角度,还是提高阅读力本身,掌握因果关系在句子之间的体现都是非常重要的。
以很多学生们非常熟悉的一篇*"The origin of theaters"为例,有一道细节题问到考生为什么人们会逐渐放弃当时的"rituals"。
在定位词出现的句子中,我们会非常容易看到句子开头有一个短语叫做"as a result"。
根据题目要求,答案的出处应该就在前一句话中,而只要能够认识"detached"这个单词,考生还是能比较顺利地选出正确答案。
类似于"as a result"这样具有因果关系提示的词组还有很多,写作的时候也能派上用场,所以提醒各位考生一定要踏实地做好积累。
比如,"attribute X to Y"这个短语在官方练习题中就出现过三次,并且都是决定考生是否能读懂*的必备词汇。
同理,在推理题中,我们也可以利用常见的因果关联词找到推理的方向。
官方大纲中也明确指出,推理题会“给出一个结论,让考生推理结论产生的原因”。
在官方练习题中一篇名为"The extinctions of dinosaurs"的*里就有一道非常典型的推理题,根据段落最后一句话句首的"So",考生可以将解题的突破囗锁定在前一句话中。
托福阅读考试四种常见逻辑关系
托福阅读考试四种常见逻辑关系托福阅读考试四种常见逻辑关系逻辑关系是托福阅读题的一个重点考点,因此我们就必须要掌握一些常见的逻辑关系,下面店铺就来和大家说说吧!第一种因果关系因:because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of,with果:so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus,consequently, accordingly因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外,隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。
隐性因果:A 导致(因-果):cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support,push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for如The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants sothat many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs.在这段话中,有lead to, 表示了导致的意思,即结果; 而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果,所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的.逻辑。
B 由…而来(果-因):result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, beresponsive to, be attributable to 如“The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendousnumbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing theprocess.”在这段话中,根据result from可以推断出有因果关系,那如果是解释句子题时,选项中有因果关系就可以优先考虑。
托福阅读难句关系的总结
托福阅读难句关系的总结一、长难句的因果逻辑关系:常见的表达因果关系的关联词有:因:because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of, with果:so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus, consequently,accordingly因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外,隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。
隐性因果:A 导致(因- 果):cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render,make, let, ask, support, push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible forB 由…而来(果- 因):result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from,stem from, be responsive to, be attributable toC 反映,体现(果- 因):reflect, present, demonstrate, suggest, imply,show This result demonstrates that…D 考虑到:given, considering, in view of, thanks to, according to He succeeded thanks to (in view of) his effort。
E 依赖于:rely on, depend on, resort to, He resorted to books when he had problems。
F 条件关系:when, once, as soon as, as long as As soon as he got the money, he would leave the country at once。
托福阅读中的一句长难句讲解
托福阅读中的一句长难句讲解This nascent world system developed as a result of insatiable demands for nonlocal raw materials in different ecological regions where societies were developing along very similar evolutionary tracks toward greater complexity.本句话是来自tpo63:The Sumerians and Regional Interdependence 苏美尔人与区域相互依存这一句的难点在于:词汇难,术语多,结构复杂. 上下文逻辑理困难.第一步:句子成分划分和翻译同学们可以自己先划分句子成分,再看老师的划分。
This nascent world system + developed[ as a result of insatiable demands for nonlocal raw materials/ in different ecological regions](where societies + were developing /along very similar evolutionary tracks/ toward greater complexity. )这句话主要有2部分:(一)主干句:主语:This nascent world system 谓语:developed 状语:as a result of insatiable demands for nonlocal raw materials in different ecological regions.这是一个有3个介词短语组成的状语结构:① as a result of insatiable demands由于贪得无厌的需求② (demands) for nonlocal raw materials对非本地的原材料的需求③ in different ecological regions(原材料)来自不同的生态区域⭐️难点2:这一些较难的生词/术语:1️⃣ nascent:“初生的、萌芽的”。
托福阅读中长难句简化原则
托福阅读中长难句简化原则托福阅读中有着几种题型是每次考试都爱出现的,其中托福阅读试题中的句子简化题便是一个,这种托福阅读题如果不会正确的方法可能会耽误不少时间,下面就来详细介绍一下这个问题。
句子简化的托福阅读试题可分为两种类型,那解答这种托福阅读题的方法也相应不同:第一种是有逻辑关系的句子。
那就需要分辨是哪一种逻辑关系,常见的逻辑关系有三种:转折、因果和比较;第二步就是要确定逻辑关系的双方:假如是因果关系就需要确定原因和结果分别是什么。
错误选项往往会因果倒置;假如是转折关系就需要确定作者更强调哪一部分信息。
错误选项往往把次要信息放在主要的位置上(如but后面);如果是比较关系的话,就需要确定比较的双方,比较的内容和比较的结果。
错误选项往往把比较结果弄反。
有些托福阅读题型句子逻辑和答案逻辑是相对应的,优先用逻辑解题比较简单,可以迅速正确解题,如例1。
Example 1 TPO5-2 The Origin of the Pacific Island PeopleContrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals.9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○ Some people have argued that the Pacific was settled b y traders who became lost while transporting domesticated plants and animals.○ The original Polynesian settlers were probably marooned on the islands, but they may have been joined later by carefully prepared colonization expeditions.○ Although it se ems reasonable to believe that colonization expeditions would set out fully stocked, this is contradicted by much of the evidence.○ The settlement of the Pacific islands was probably intentional and well planned rather than accidental as some people have proposed.先看原句,contrary to表示一个与主干部分相反的附加信息,主干部分在逗号之后,后半句说看起来合理的是这个壮举是由精心准备的殖民远征实现的,他们满载食物和动植物。
托福阅读长难句(pdf)
划出定语(后置) 定语从句 状语(地点 时间 程度副词) 插入语
• 剩下的部分, 主要是:主语+谓语+宾语
举例
• Over long periods of time, substances whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties overtime, sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years.
名词性从句
• In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they are now below the water’s upper surface (the water table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars, will be saturated with groundwater.
状语从句
• Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants.
托福阅读常见4种长难句逻辑关系分析
托福阅读常见4种长难句逻辑关系分析托福阅读长难句, 常见4种长难句逻辑关系分析。
今天给大家带来托福阅读常见4种长难句逻辑关系分析托福阅读长难句常见4种长难句逻辑关系分析一.托福阅读长难句运用其实长难句在考试中最直接的运用就是考察插入句子题和解释句子题。
对于这样的题目,我们在不能读懂句子的情况下,能够把握的就是句子的内在关系,即逻辑。
逻辑在解释句子题中的运用尤为重要,以前有学生反映,在考试中其实句子根本就不能读懂,而利用逻辑就能迅速排除选项,从而找到正确的答案。
所以说,逻辑是我们托福阅读中的隐形解题帮手,考生们一定要尤为关注。
下面是托福阅读中经常出现的四大逻辑关系,把握了它们就等于掌握了托福阅读解题技巧的一个重要部分。
二.托福阅读长难句常见逻辑关系分析1.因果关系因:because,because of,for,as,since,in that,on account of,with果:so,so that,therefore,thereby,as a result,hence,thus,coequently,accordingly因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外,隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。
隐性因果:A 导致(因-果):cause,reason,lead to,give rise to,result in,render,make,let,ask,push,stimulate,ark,ur,fuel,produce,be reoible for如:The increased presures of expanding population have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and tow are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees.在这段话中,有lead to,表示了导致的意思,即结果;而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果,所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。
托福阅读长难句 三招搞定
文都国际教育官方网站:/托福阅读长难句三招搞定
在托福阅读中,长难句是其中的一个难点,那么在托福阅读长难句中我们要怎么应对呢?下面是文都国际教育小编给大家介绍的内容,希望能给大家提供帮助。
一、判断句子是简单句还是复杂句
当我们拿到一道句子简化题的时候,首先要做的就是对于题目中出现的长难句进行句类的判断。
如果该句只含有一个主谓结构,并且句子各成分都只由单词或者短语构成,那么这个句子就是简单句。
如果该句包含分句,那么这个句子就是复杂句。
二、找主干,分析句内逻辑关系
判断出句子的类型,我们就要开始对这个句子内部的逻辑关系进行分析。
对于简单句来说,我们要找出这个句子的主干,也就是主谓宾语;而对于复杂句来说,我们需要做的就是分析复杂句内部各分句之间的逻辑关系。
在句子简化题中最常考的逻辑关系分别有四种:并列、因果、转折、比较。
要判断逻辑关系,考生可以在阅读过程中寻找相应的逻辑词,如and、but、because等等。
三、找选项主干和逻辑关系
当我们完成对句子的分析之后,我们就要去看选项了。
但是这个时候我们不能只是去看选项,我们要做的是在选项里寻找我们刚刚对句子进行分析的结果:主干和逻辑关系。
文章来源于文都国际教育:
文都国际教育官方网站:/。
托福长难句--掌握方法就不难
托福长难句—掌握方法就不难托福考试中长难句并不恐怖,其本质是把简单的句子复合起来或者把简单句子的成分拉长,信息量变大,结构变复杂的同时,使总体阅读难度增加。
所以分析长难句的本质就是先找到这个句子的主干部分。
读长难句,我们按照以下3个步骤来读:01 Step1判断长的句子由几个短句子组成,判断的标准是连词或者分号,并且通过连词判断句子和句子间的关系;解读:Run-on sentence: 逗号不能用来连接句子,能连接句子的只有分号和连词。
He likes basketball, and I like football. (正确,有连词)He likes basketball; I like football. (正确,有分号)He likes basketball, I like football. (不正确, run-on sentence)02 Step 2寻找每个句子的谓语动词(找谓语动词的方法:排除法),并通过谓语动词判断主语和宾语的关系。
解读:句子的谓语永远只能由一个单词组成,判断条件客观。
并且正如连词可以判定句子和句子的关系一样,谓语动词可以判断主语和宾语的关系,进而更好的做到有预期的阅读。
Eg. The "deindustrialization" thesis of Bluestone and Harrison asserts that the replacement of domestic with foreign manufacturing begun by United States corporations in the late 1960s resulted in a "hollowing out" of American industry.分析:这句话的谓语是assert, 但是从句特别长,那就找从句的主干结构。
关键找到从句的谓语动词,第一反应会是begun, 但是它肯定不是,因为正常应该是began to do , 所以排除掉。
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Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but is strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores.
Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.
The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.
Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension.
Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.
The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.
Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but is strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores.
逻辑:因果
主干:Seriousness results from A and B, as well as C or D.
解题要点
Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
果:so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus, consequently, accordingly(用于句首)
因果关系(隐性)
A. 导致(因-果):cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, make, render , push, fuel, stimulate, spark, spur
Eg. His rude remarks fueled her anger. This accidental killing sparked major riots in the cities. The shock of the discovery rendered him speechless. The girl’s loving care spurred his recovery. Unhygienic conditions give rise to disease.
Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.
对比转折关系
对比: while, whereas, on the other hand
Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.
Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.
因果关系(隐性)
B. 由…而来(果-因):result from, derive from, originate from, stem from, be attributable to
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. (句子转化)
Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.
(错误,遗漏重要信息。)
The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.
转折:but, however, yet, nevertheless, nonetheless, conversely, instead, on the contrary, by contrast
转折(句子转化) ★
If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.
Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension.
Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film.
1. 错误选项的特征: a.改变原意,通常与原句表达意思相反; b.遗漏原句的主要信息。
2. 抓住主要逻辑内容:逻辑关系+主要内容,优先考虑与原句逻辑 关系相同的选项。
3. 题目要求选择的是与原句主要意思相同的句子, 意味着并不是 原句中每一个微小细节都要在正确答案中得到复述。
Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.
托福阅读长难句的逻辑关系
王奇
四大逻辑关系
对比转折关系 ★ 因果关系 ★ 比较关系 否定关系
因果关系(显性)
因:because, for, as, since, in that +句子 because of, on account of +名词或名词短语
eg. She was fortunate in that she had friends to help her. She retired early on account of ill health.
转折(句子转化) ★
If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.