破解托福阅读理解长难句

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一举拿下托福阅读长难句之插入语

首先，在进行对应的讲解之前，我们必须搞清楚插入语的概念，在英语的语言使用习惯中，若有这么一部分内容，在句中以标点形式和主句分隔(常见为双逗号或破折号)，不作句子的何种成分，也不和句子的何种成分发生结构关系，同时既不起连接作用，也不表示语气，这样的成分称之为插入语。

最大的原则在于如果将其删除，句子本身结构依旧完整。

就作用而言，插入语一般用于对主句的额外补充说明或解释，表示说话人的观点或想法，强调或突出主句意思，或进行逻辑上的承接和过渡等。

关于插入语的分类：1.形容词或形容词短语作插入语(true，wonderful，excellent，strange to say，most important of all， sure enough等)例一：True，he left us.例二：Most important of all，we must do enough research before writinga paper.2.副词或副词短语作插入语(indeed，surely，still，otherwise，certainly，however，generally， personally，honestly，fortunately，luckily，though，besides，exactly，perhaps，maybe，probably，frankly，or rather等)例一：Indeed，it was the attitude and not the result that is important. 例二：When we got there，we found，however，he had already gone.3.介词短语作插入语(in fact，in one’s opinion，in general，in a word，in other words，in a few words，of course，by the way，as a result，for example，on the contrary，on the other hand，to one’s surprise，in short，as a matter of fact，in conclusion，in brief等)例一：In fact，I failed the exam finally.例二：As a matter of fact，we are supposed to gain something after working hard.4.分词或分词短语作插入语(现在分词-ing，过去分词-ed)现在分词：例一：Generally speaking，men are stronger than women.例二：Judging from the tone，I think Tom is in a bad mood.过去分词：例一：Compared with women，men are stronger.5.不定式或不定式短语作插入语(to be frank，to be honest，to be sure，to tell you the truth，to make matters worse，to sum up，to start with，to begin with等)例一：To tell the truth，it was Tom who stole the bag.例二：To conclude，chances are for the people who have prepared better.6.句子作插入语(I am sure，I believe，I think，I know，I suppose，I hope，I’m afraid，you see， what’s more，that is to say，as we know，as I see，believe it or not等)例一：What’s more，enough sleep ensures a better exertion.例二：We will win the match finally，I believe.若对英语中句子成分进行划分，有以下几类：主谓宾定状补表，尤其注意，在进行理解和分类时，综上所述的插入语部分，并不在此列，属于主句以外单独的成分，实际对于主干的理解影响并不是特别重大。

托福长难句120句解析

托福长难句120句解析一、句子解析1. The professor's lecture was so convoluted that it was difficult for the students to follow.解析：这个句子中，convoluted意为“复杂的”，表示教授的讲座内容非常复杂，以至于学生很难理解和跟随。

2. Despite her extensive preparation, she struggled with the difficult questions on the exam.解析：这个句子中，despite意为“尽管”，表示尽管她做了大量的准备工作，但仍然在考试中遇到了困难的问题。

3. The author uses a series of rhetorical questions to engage the reader and provoke thought.解析：这个句子中，rhetorical questions意为“修辞性问题”，表示作者使用了一系列的修辞性问题来吸引读者并引发思考。

4. The government's decision to increase taxes was met with widespread opposition from the public.解析：这个句子中，met with意为“遭遇”，表示政府增税的决定受到了公众的广泛反对。

5. The new technology has the potential to revolutionize the way we live and work.解析：这个句子中，has the potential to意为“有潜力”，表示新技术有潜力彻底改变我们的生活和工作方式。

6. The company's profits have plummeted as a result of the economic downturn.解析：这个句子中，plummeted意为“暴跌”，表示由于经济衰退，公司的利润暴跌。

2016年这才是干货：如何看懂托福阅读长难句

阅读应该是托福四门科⽬中最基础的⼀门了，阅读能⼒的提⾼直接影响其他三个科⽬的成绩。

此话怎讲?如果你连听⼒⽂本都看不懂，那么也休想听懂;阅读是输⼊型科⽬，如果没有⾜量的输⼊，那么需要输出能⼒的⼝语和写作也不可能考好。

所以我们也可以说，得阅读者，得托福。

那么托福阅读的核⼼是什么呢?长难句的地位是⽆法动摇的。

⾸先，⼗⼤题型中有⼀个就是句⼦简化题，顾名思义，把⽂章中⼀个冗长的句⼦去粗取精，留下句⼦的essential information, 考察内容其实就是长难句理解。

其次，题量占⽐例的是事实信息题及其否定题，精确定位后，我们不难发现所涉及的句⼦⼗有⼋九就是⼀个少则两⾏多则三四⾏的长难句，如果定不下⼼来，草草看到某个词，再看到选项找对应的那个词，那么恭喜你，成功避开了正确答案。

理由很简单，这两个题型也是在考长难句理解，并且要求考⽣熟练把握核⼼信息的同义替换。

最后，句⼦插⼊题和修辞⽬的题，看似真的和长难句⼋竿⼦打不着，其实，你错了。

它们都是在考察句⼦与句⼦的关系，只有上下⽂衔接得当才能正确插⼊句⼦，只有理解这句话才知道这句话在这段的⽬的。

长难句的重要性笔者就不再赘述了，下⾯要着重阐述⼤部分考⽣对于长难句理解的误区。

误区⼀，单词。

只要是和英语有关的考试，考⽣就去买相关的单词书，倾尽所有⼒⽓先背上⼏轮才肯罢休，因为学⽣认定句⼦看不懂的原因绝对是词汇量不⾏。

但是，有没有那么⼀句话，所有单词你都认识，这句话想要表达什么你还是云⾥雾⾥的?Definitely yes, absolutely yes, and so many times. 所以长难句不⾏不等于单词匮乏。

误区⼆，语法。

还有⼀些学⽣在捶墙说⾼中语法已经忘光了，然后⼜去书店买了本语法书啃起来，去研究冠词、名词性从句、状语从句、主语从句和倒装，去研究深奥⼜难懂的术语，去做⼀道道选择题，⽐如：other, the other, others, the others 的区别?语法不⾏不代表要专门买本语法书，了解每⼀个术语，做题时，只要知道它是从句，它是修饰哪些成分，就已经⾜够了。

【必备资料】托福TPO阅读长难句解析及专项训练(七)

【必备资料】托福TPO阅读长难句解析及专项训练（七）在以下的内容中为大家整理了具有代表意义的托福阅读长难句，给出了专业的语法解析、原句翻译及意群训练，作为托福备考的重要资料。

考生可以通过这些长难句的专项训练，迅速掌握阅读长难句的理解方法和做题技巧。

For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essentialto their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts oftheir oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admiredthem for their artistic qualities rather than for their religioususefulness.托福阅读长难句类型：复杂修饰本句的主句结构应该是 some early societies ceased to consider certain rites andabandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition andadmired them for their artistic qualities. 在 rites 后面有 essential to theirwell-being 做后置定语的修饰成分，在 tradition 后面有一个 the myths that had grown up around therites 的同位语从句，在 artistic qualities 后面有一个 rather than for their religioususefulness进行转折。

托福阅读中的一句长难句讲解

托福阅读中的一句长难句讲解This nascent world system developed as a result of insatiable demands for nonlocal raw materials in different ecological regions where societies were developing along very similar evolutionary tracks toward greater complexity.本句话是来自tpo63：The Sumerians and Regional Interdependence 苏美尔人与区域相互依存这一句的难点在于：词汇难，术语多，结构复杂. 上下文逻辑理困难.第一步：句子成分划分和翻译同学们可以自己先划分句子成分，再看老师的划分。

This nascent world system + developed[ as a result of insatiable demands for nonlocal raw materials/ in different ecological regions]（where societies + were developing /along very similar evolutionary tracks/ toward greater complexity. )这句话主要有2部分：（一）主干句：主语：This nascent world system 谓语：developed 状语：as a result of insatiable demands for nonlocal raw materials in different ecological regions.这是一个有3个介词短语组成的状语结构：① as a result of insatiable demands由于贪得无厌的需求② (demands) for nonlocal raw materials对非本地的原材料的需求③ in different ecological regions（原材料）来自不同的生态区域⭐️难点2：这一些较难的生词/术语：1️⃣ nascent：“初生的、萌芽的”。

托福阅读考试长难句分析

托福阅读考试长难句分析托福阅读长难句分析(1)In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet itspurpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them——evenwhile building materials have changed dramatically.(44)大家先自己理解，多想想，先别看解析，看不明白，再看下面的解析。

(In order for the structure) (to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose), architecture employs methods of support that, (because they are based on physical laws), have changed little since people first discovered them—— (even while building materials have changed dramatically. )老邪分析：一个句子重点在于主干，看懂了主干，就看懂了句子的主要成分。

以下主干为句子中红色部分，括号里均是修饰成分。

修饰一：(In order for the structure)，介词短语修饰二：(to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose)，非谓语做形容词性修饰structure修饰三：(because they are based on physical laws)，插入语，插入语记得先跳过去，断句别出问题，that和have changed是在一起的。

托福阅读paraphrase题型解题思路技巧实例分析

托福阅读paraphrase题型解题思路技巧实例分析托福阅读中有一种题型会要求大家概括解释某个段落或是某个长难句，并给出选项让大家选择，今天小编给大家带来了托福阅读paraphrase题型解题思路技巧实例分析。

希望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

托福阅读paraphrase题型解题思路技巧实例分析托福阅读中的paraphrase问题如何应对?在托福阅读中，还有一类题型经常出现，那就是paraphrase。

这类问题需要大家在给出的选项选择与文章中的长难句意义相近的一句话。

这类问题还是有一定难度的，因为选项中存在一些干扰项。

那么这类问题有哪些解题技巧呢?Strategies to answer this question：1. 划分句子主谓宾，充分理解句子意思;2. 将句子大意用自己的话复述一遍，简化句子成分;3. 看问题选项中有没有跟刚复述的句子意义相似的句子;4. 选出正确答案后，看一下其他错误选项。

这些错误选项有的意思跟原文不同，有的漏掉了原文中的重要内容。

找出这些错误，确保万无一失。

Example:大家先来看一个例子：Rather than sell the painting, which is most likely worth millions of dollars, the Jesuits decided to make it available to the nation of Ireland for viewing. Thus, the painting is on “indefinite loan” to the National Gallery of Ireland. Nevertheless, the painting continues its travels as it features in exhibitions around the world, from the United States to Amsterdam.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence?a. The National Gallery of Ireland now owns the painting.b. The National Gallery of Ireland bought the painting from the Jesuits.c. The National Gallery of Ireland can display the painting, but the Jesuits still own it.d. The National Gallery of Ireland can display the painting as long as they allow it to travel.想要回答正确，就要准确理解文中indefinite loan的意思。

托福阅读备考之长难句分析：地球上的二氧化碳

托福阅读备考之长难句分析：地球上的二氧化碳下面给大家分享托福阅读备考之长难句分析：消失的化石记录的相关内容，希望你们喜欢。

托福阅读备考之长难句分析：地球上的二氧化碳The answer to the first question is that carbon dioxide is still found in abundance on Earth, but now, instead of being in the form of atmospheric carbon dioxide, it is either dissolved in the oceans or chemically bound into carbonate rocks, such as the limestone and marble that formed in the oceans. ( TPO41, 53) abundance /?'b?nd(?)ns/ n. 丰富，充裕atmospheric /?tm?s'fer?k/ adj. 大气的dissolve /d?'z?lv/ v. 溶解limestone /?la?m?st??n/ n. 石灰石marble /'mɑ?b(?)l/ n. 大理石大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解The answer to the first question is ( that carbon dioxide is still found in abundance on Earth), but now, (instead of being in the form of atmospheric carbon dioxide), it is either dissolved in the oceans or chemically bound into carbonate rocks, (such as the limestone and marble) (that formed in the oceans.) ( TPO41, 53) 托福阅读长难句分析：这个句子的主干是：The answer to the first question is 从句 , but now, it is either dissolved in the oceans or chemically bound into carbonate rocks 修饰一：(that carbon dioxide is still found in abundance on Earth) ，从句中文：在地球上二氧化碳依然可以大量被找到修饰二：(instead of being in the form of atmospheric carbon dioxide) ，介词短语中文：它不是以大气中的二氧化碳的形式出现修饰三：(such as the limestone and marble that formed in the oceans.) ，介词短语中文：例如在海洋中形成的石灰石和大理石修饰四：(that formed in the oceans.) ，从句中文：在海洋中形成的参考翻译：第一个问题的答案是，在地球上二氧化碳依然可以大量被找到，但是现在，它不是以大气中的二氧化碳的形式出现，它溶解在海洋里或者通过化学作用进入碳酸盐岩中，例如在海洋中形成的石灰石和大理石。

新托福阅读长难句120句(分析+译文)

新托福阅读长难句120句（分析+译文）这份托福阅读长难句120句，是已经流传甚久的经典托福复习资料，对每个难句的结构都进行了解析，并给出了翻译。

1. Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface，the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans，in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space. (定语后置in some ways…)由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。

分句1：Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures分句2：hundreds of times greater than at the E arth’s surface分句3：the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans分句4：in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space 分句2修饰分句1结尾的短语intense pressures，分句1是分句3的原因状语分句3是整个长句子的主句分句4是分句3的后置定语，修饰分句3的a hostile environment to humans 整个句子结构是：原因状语+主句+后置定语这是主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分，但是本句其实不是复合句。

句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。

托福阅读长难句200句和详细解析

托福阅读长难句200句和详细解析同学们，有没有这样的情况发生?一个句子当中每一个单词你都认识，但你看不懂这句话，这个感觉是不是十分的诡异?托福阅读长难句因为词汇只是基础，句子才是交流最基本的单位，看阅读是看句子，句子看不懂就是啥也没懂。

小编为大家列举200句及对应解析，希望帮助大家掌握理解长难句的分析方法，攻克这一难关。

1. Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity.2. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.3. Their seed heads raised just high enough above the ground to catch the wind, the plants are no bigger than they need be, their stems are hollow, and all the rigidity comes from their water content.4. By contrast, in the United States an estimated 97 million birds are killed each year when they collide with buildings made of plate glass, 57 million are killed on highways each year; at least 3.8 million die annually from pollution and poisoning; and millions of birds are electrocuted each year by transmission and distribution lines carrying power produced by nuclear and coal power plants.5. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."6. Scientists first identified this impact in 1980 from the worldwide layer of sediment deposited from the dust cloud that enveloped the planet after the impact.7. Only a few organisms especially tolerant of very salty conditions remained.8. Paleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dinosaurs was caused by climatic alterations associated with slow changes in the positions of continents and seas resulting from plate tectonics.9. The answer may be that virtually all the water on Mars is now locked in the permafrost layer under the surface, with more contained in the planet’s polar caps.10. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect.11. Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks.12. Interestingly enough, several of these hydrodynamic adaptations resemble features designed to improve the aerodynamics of high-speed aircraft.13. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands.第五类14. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.15. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations.16. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down.17. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy.18. Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting.19. It has been suggested that these figurines were an ideal type or an expression of a desire for fertility.20. A third likely explanation for infantile amnesia involves incompatibilities between the ways in which infants encode information and the ways in which older children and adults retrieve it.21. Whether people can remember an event depends critically on the fit between the way in which they earlier encoded the information and the way in which they later attempt to retrieve it.22. Critics also point out that the shallow seaways had retreated from and advanced on the continents numerous times during the Mesozoic, so why did the dinosaurs survive the climatic changes associated with the earlier fluctuations but not with this one?23. This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of North America to what is today the state of Washington.24. Teachers, it is thought, benefit from the practice of reflection, the conscious act of thinking deeply about and carefully examining the interactions and events within their own classrooms.25. They describe the initial understanding in the teachers with whom they were working as being "utilitarian...and not rich or detailed enough to drive systematic reflection."26. Liston (1987) point out the inconsistency between the role of the teacher asa (reflective) professional decision maker and the more usual role of the teacher asa technician, putting into practice the ideas of others.27. Other features, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans.28. Sociobiology views much social behavior, including aggressive behavior, as genetically determined.29. The Democrats tended to view society as a continuing conflict between "the people”-farmers, planters, and workers-and a set of greedy aristocrats.30. Nor did the Whigs envision any conflict in society between farmers and workers on the one hand and businesspeople and bankers on the other.解析：1、系好安全带能够挽救性命，它能将丧生和重伤的概率减少一半以上。

托福黄金阅读技巧：长难句分析

托福黄金阅读技巧：长难句分析长难句是我们做托福阅读是最怕遇到的，现在小编分享一些长难句分析给大家，希望对你们的学习有帮助。

长难句分析：二战之后的加拿大Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country's impressive population growth.(倒装结构Basic to any understanding…is…)要理解二战之后20年中的加拿大，就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。

分句1：Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War分句2：is分句3：the country's impressive population growth分句1，2，3共同构成倒装句，正常的语序应该是3，2，1，即：该句的正常语序是The country's impressive population growth is basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War.本句是一个简单句，只不过使用了倒装，谓语动词是is.长难句分析：昆虫的数量The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests does not seem surprising，considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species.(同位语从句fact that…;定语从句that comprise the bulk…)【译句】考虑到组成大部分物种的昆虫的巨大数量，认为半数的已知物种栖息在世界的雨林中这一事实看起来并不令人吃惊。

托福阅读备考之分析长难句：举行集会

托福阅读备考之分析长难句：举行集会在托福阅读考试当中，大家都知道长难句是最大的一个难点，很多考生也为之头疼不已。

对于托福阅读文章本来就很长，对于一篇文章也只有20来分钟的时间，其中就有12-14道题，给了考生很大的压力。

那么应该如何应对托福阅读考试的这个长呢?下面小编给大家带来托福阅读备考之长难句分析：举行集会。

托福阅读备考之长难句分析：举行集会The focus of life was the agora, the open marketplace where assemblies could be held and where issues of the day, as well as more fundamental topics such as the purpose of government or the relationship between law and freedom, could be discussed and decisions made by individuals in person. ( TPO43, 50) assembly /?'sembl?/ n. 集合，集会;装配，安装大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解The focus of life was the agora, (the open marketplace) (where assemblies could be held) and (where issues of the day, as well as more fundamental topics such as the purpose of government or the relationship between law and freedom, could be discussed and decisions made by individuals in person). ( TPO43, 50)托福阅读长难句解析这个句子的主干就是：The focus of life was the agora修饰一：(the open marketplace) ，同位语中文：开发的市场修饰二：(where assemblies could be held) ，从句中文：在那里可以举行集会修饰三：(where issues of the day, as well as more fundamental topics such as the purpose of government or therelationship between law and freedom, could be discussed and decisions made by individuals in person) ，从句其中还有一个插入语：as well as more fundamental topics such as the purpose of government or the relationship between law and freedom 中文：在那里讨论当天的问题，以及像政府的目的或法律与自由的关系这样的基本问题，并且每个人都做出自己的决定。

托福阅读paraphrase题型解题思路技巧实例分析通用4篇

托福阅读paraphrase题型解题思路技巧实例分析通用4篇托福考试阅读长难句解析篇一Their competition and collaboration werecreating the broadcasting industry in the United States, beginning with theintroduction of commercial radio programming in the early 1920s.记忆单词：competition n.比赛competitor n.参赛者competent adj.有能力的competence n.能力collaboration n.合作collaborate v.合作commercial adj.商业的commodity n.商品理解句子：此句结构清晰，划线部分为分词作状语。

托福阅读paraphrase题型解题思路技巧实例分析篇二托福阅读中的paraphrase问题如何应对？在托福阅读中，还有一类题型经常出现，那就是paraphrase。

这类问题需要大家在给出的选项选择与文章中的长难句意义相近的一句话。

这类问题还是有一定难度的，因为选项中存在一些干扰项。

那么这类问题有哪些解题技巧呢？Strategies to answer this question：1、划分句子主谓宾，充分理解句子意思；2、将句子大意用自己的话复述一遍，简化句子成分；3、看问题选项中有没有跟刚复述的句子意义相似的句子；4、选出正确答案后，看一下其他错误选项。

这些错误选项有的意思跟原文不同，有的漏掉了原文中的重要内容。

找出这些错误，确保万无一失。

Example:大家先来看一个例子：Rather than sell the painting, which is most likely worthmillions of dollars, the Jesuits decided to make it available to the nation of Ireland for viewing. Thus, the painting is on “indefinite loan” to the National Gallery of Ireland. Nevertheless, the painting continues its travels as it features in exhibitions around the world, from the United States to Amsterdam.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence?a. The National Gallery of Ireland now owns the painting.b. The National Gallery of Ireland bought the painting from the Jesuits.c. The National Gallery of Ireland can display the painting, but the Jesuits still own it.d. The National Gallery of Ireland can display the painting as long as they allow it to travel.想要回答正确，就要准确理解文中indefinite loan的意思。

TOEFL托福阅读长难句分析汇总

TOEFL托福阅读长难句分析汇总为了让大家更好的预备托福考试，我给大家整理托福阅读长难句，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。

托福阅读长难句1As relative newcomers to the Southwest, a place where their climate, neighbors,and rulers could be equally inhospitable, the Navajo created these art forms to affect the world around them, not just through the recounting of the actions symbolized, but through the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves. (TPO41, 49)大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解(As relative newcomers to the Southwest), (a place) (where their climate, neighbors, and rulers could be equally inhospitable), the Navajo created these art forms to affect the world around them, (not just through the recounting of the actions symbolized, but through the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves. ) (TPO41, 49)托福阅读长难句100句分析：这个句子的主干局部：the Navajo created these art forms to affect the world around them修饰一：(As relative newcomers to the Southwest)，介词短语中文：作为西南部相对较新的人修饰二：(a place) ，同位语中文：一个地方修饰三：(where their climate, neighbors,and rulers could be equally inhospitable) ，从句中文：在那里气候恶劣、邻居冷漠以及统治者暴政修饰四：(not just through the recounting of the actions symbolized, but through the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves. )，介词短语留意这里有一个搭配：not just … but …不仅…而且中文：不仅是通过详述这些象征性的行为，而且还通过艺术品本身的美和和谐托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译：作为西南部(在那里气候恶劣、邻居冷漠以及统治者暴政)相对较新的人，纳瓦霍人不仅是通过详述这些象征性的行为，而且还通过艺术品本身的美和和谐，制造了这些艺术形式来影响他们四周的世界。

toefl长难句200例精讲与精练

Toefl长难句200例精讲与精练导言托福（T OE FL）考试中，长难句是阅读和听力部分常见的难点之一。

掌握长难句的解读和运用对于备考者来说至关重要。

本文将提供200个精选的长难句例题，并进行深入解析和练习，帮助考生更好地掌握托福长难句。

第一部分：例题解析1.1长难句例题1高考英语试卷中，“I t is+被强调部分+th a t/wh o+其他部分”的句型非常常见。

请分析下面这个例句：>I ti st he sh ee rs cal e of th eI nt er ne t's i nf lu en ce th at mak e si ts or e ma rk ab le.这个句子的主干是“t he sh ee rs ca le of t he In te rn et's inf l ue nc e”，而主语是整个句子的强调部分。

1.2长难句例题2在阅读中，遇到由一个“主语从句”和一个“宾语从句”组成的句子结构时，要注意从属连词的引导和从句中的主谓一致。

请分析下面这个例句：>I ti si mp or ta nt tha t st ud en ts un de rst a nd th ei mp or ta nce o ft im em a na ge me nt if th eyw a nt to su cc ee d.这个句子的主句是“I t is im po rt an t”，从句是“t ha ts tu de nt su nd e rs ta nd th ei mp ort a nc eo ft im em an age m en ti ft he y wa nt to su cc ee d”，注意从句中的主谓一致现象。

1.3长难句例题3有时候，长难句会通过添加让步状语从句来增加句子的复杂度和意义。

请分析下面这个例句：>D es pi te be in gt ire d,I de ci de dt og ofo r ar un.这个句子中，“D esp i t e be in gt ir ed”是一个让步状语从句，它表达了尽管疲倦，但我还是决定去跑步的意思。

如何应对托福阅读长难句

如何应对托福阅读长难句应对托福阅读长难句你需要打好这些基础, 长难句复杂修饰成分介绍，今天我给大家带来了应对托福阅读长难句你需要打好这些基础，希望能够帮助到大家，下面我就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

应对托福阅读长难句你需要打好这些基础长难句复杂修饰成分介绍托福阅读长难句基础：扩大词汇量不可否认，掌握句子结构对于分析长难句十分重要，但是要想彻底明白句子的含义，除了掌握句子结构之外，还要有丰富的词汇量。

由于托福阅读文章偏学术性，因此不可避免地会出现一些学术词汇。

然而，托福文章所涉及的文章体裁十分广泛，想穷尽所有考试中的学术词汇是不切实际的。

我们只需在练习时把遇到的学术词汇进行整理，仅仅以“认识单词”为目标，不求会写、会说，这样来积累一定的学术词汇，以保证考试遇到相关学术词汇时头脑中有一个基本的概念。

托福阅读长难句基础：巩固语法知识长难句之所以看不懂，是因为句子结构分析不清楚。

而句子结构分析不清楚，其根本原因就是语法知识掌握得不够牢固。

要想把句子结构分析清楚，首先要掌握英语中的五大基本句型。

这五种基本句型分别是：1. 主+谓(例：I swim.)2. 主+谓+宾(例：I ate an apple.)3. 主+谓+宾+宾补(例：She found the computer useful.)4. 主+谓+双宾(例：He gave me a book.)5. 主+系+表(He is a doctor.)掌握以上这几种基本句型可以帮助你迅速找到句子的主干，而找到句子的主干是分析句子结构的关键。

长难句之所以会感觉到难，是因为句子中含有很多修饰性成分，这些修饰性成分往往给考生分析句子结构带来干扰。

因此，考生有必要了解常见的修饰性成分都有哪些。

托福阅读长难句常见复杂修饰性成分介绍1. 从句(定语从句、状语从句、同位语从句等)例：This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valley. 这是一个由which引导的定语从句，先行词是前面的trees。

新托福 TPO 阅读长难句解析

新托福 TPO 阅读长难句解析1. Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage：Streams flowed where nature intended them to and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons.2. Early in the century, a pump had come into use in which expanding steam raised apiston(活塞) in a cylinder(汽缸)，and atmospheric pressure brought it down again when the steam condensed inside the cylinder to form a vacuum．3. The final step came when steam was introduced into the cylinder to drive the piston backward as well as forward thereby increasing the speed of the engine and cutting its fuel consumption.4. Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles, and early in the new century, well—to—do Londoners grow accustomed to gaslights houses and even streets.5. Iron manufacturers which had starved for fuel while depending on charcoal also benefitedfrom ever-increasing supplies of coal; blast furnaces with steam-powered bellows turned out more iron and steel for the new machinery．6. At the same time, operators of the first printing presses run by steam rather than by hand found it possible to produce a thousand pages in an hour rather than thirty．7. In some industrial regions, heavily laden wagons，with flanged wheels，were being hauled by horses along metal rails; and the stationary steam engine was puffing in the factory and mine.8. Another generation passed before Inventors succeeded in combining these ingredients by putting the engine on wheels and the wheels on the rails, so as to provide a machine to take the place of the horse.9. When he grew older William Smith taught himself surveying from books he bought with his small savings and at the age of eighteen he was apprenticed to a surveyor of the local parish.10. The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well asto determine the best courses for the canals.11. He later worked on similar jobs across the length and breadth of England all the while studying the newly revealed strata and collecting all the fossils he could find．12. But as more and more accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and more places, it became clear that the sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region to region and that no rock type was ever going to become a reliable time marker throughout the world.13. Quartz is quartz—a silicon ion surrounded by four oxygen ions—there’s no difference at all between two-million-year-old Pleistocene quartz and Cambrian quartz created over 500 million years ago．14. As he collected fossils from strata throughout England, Smith began to see that the fossils told a different story from the rocks particularly in the younger strata the rocks were often so similar that he had trouble distinguishing the strata, but he never had trouble telling the fossils apart.15. While rock between two consistent strata might in one place be shale and in sandstone,the fossils in that shale or sandstone were always the same.16. Some fossils endured through so many millions of years that they appear in many strata, but others occur only in a few strata, and a few species had their births and extinctions within one particular stratum.17. By following the fossils, Smith was able to put all the strata of England's earth into relative temporal sequence.18. Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or-300 million years later-in the Jurassic strata but a trilobite—the ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrian—will never be found in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the Cambrian.19. The sheer passage of time does not account for it; adults have excellent recognition of pictures of people who attended high school with them 35 years earlier.20. Children two and a half to three years old remember experiences that occurred in their first year, and eleven month older than them can remember some events a year later.21. Nor does the hypothesis that infantile amnesia reflects repression- or holding back- of sexually charged episodes explain the phenomenon.22. Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain continues throughout early childhood, and this part of the brain may be critical for remembering particular episodes in ways that can be retrieved later.23. Consistent with this view parents and children increasingly engage in discussions of past events when children are about three years old.24. The better able the person is to reconstruct the perspective from which the material was encoded, the more likely that recall will be successful.25. The world looks very different to a person whose head is only two or three feet above the ground than to one whose head is five or six feet above it, 0lder children and adults often try to retrieve the names of things they saw, but infants would not have encoded the information verbally．26. Conversely，improved encoding of whatthey hear may help them better understand and remember stories and thus make the stories more useful for remembering future events.27. Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.28. Pakicetus was found embedded in rocks formed from river deposits that were 52 million years old.29. The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales.30. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert.31. The expansion of desert like conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification.32. In some cases the loose soil is blown completely away, leaving a stony surface.33. Desertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by wind and water.34. The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration.35. The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established.36. In some regions, the increase in desert areas is occurring largely as the result of a trend toward drier climatic conditions.37. The process may be accelerated in subsequent decades if global warming resulting from air pollution seriously increases.38. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures.39. During the dry periods that are common phenomena along the desert margins, though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity, and desertification results.40. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion.41. The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil.42. The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs.43. The increasing use of dried animal waste as a substitute fuel has also hurt the soil because this valuable soil conditioner and source of plant nutrients is no longer being returned to the land.44. The water evaporates and the salts areleft behind, creating a white crustal layer that prevents air and water from reaching the underlying soil.45. The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.46. In areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface.47. The cinema did not emerge as a form of mass consumption until its technology evolved from the initial "peepshow" format to the point where images were projected on a screen in a darkened theater.48. For the price of 25 cents (or 5 cents per machine), customers moved from machine to machine to watch five different films (or, in the case of famous prizefights, successive rounds of a single fight).49. In the phonograph parlors, customers listened to recordings through individual eartubes, moving from one machine to the next to hear different recorded speeches or pieces of music.50. He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several.51. Exhibitors, however, wanted to maximize their profits, which they could do more readily by projecting a handful of films to hundreds of customers at a time (rather than one at a time) and by charging 25 to 50 cents admission. 52. But the movies differed significantly from these other forms of entertainment, which depended on either live performance or (in the case of the slide-and-lantern shows) the active involvement of a master of ceremonies who assembled the final program.53. Although early exhibitors regularly accompanied movies with live acts, the substance of the movies themselves ismass-produced, prerecorded material that can easily be reproduced by theaters with little or no active participation by the exhibitor.54. Even though early exhibitors shaped their film programs by mixing films and other entertainments together in whichever way they thought would be most attractive to audiences or by accompanying them with lectures, their creative control remained limited.55. What audiences came to see was the technological marvel of the movies; the lifelike reproduction of the commonplace motion of trains, of waves striking the shore, and of people walking in the street; and the magic made possible by trick photography and the manipulation of the camera.56. With the advent of projection, theviewer's relationship with the image was no longer private, as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope, which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive images on individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid.57. At the same time, the image that the spectator looked at expanded from the minuscule peepshow dimensions of 1 or 2 inches (in height) to the life-size proportions of 6 or 9 feet.58. Those individuals who possess characteristics that provide them with an advantage in the struggle for existence are more likely to survive and contribute their genes to the next generation.59. Because aggressive individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce, whatever genes are linked to aggressive behavior are more likely to be transmitted to subsequent generations.60. One is that people's capacity to outwit other species, not their aggressiveness, appears to be the dominant factor in human survival.61. Another is that there is too much variation among people to believe that they are dominated by, or at the mercy of, aggressive impulses.62. For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime-are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.63. People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation of other people's motives.64. Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior.65. Also, skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts of intense labor alternating with more leisurely time.66. Goods produced by factories were not as finished or elegant as those done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase rates of productivity.67. Factory life necessitated a more regimented schedule, where work began at the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a constant pace.68. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.69. The labor movement gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression that followed, labor's strength collapsed.70. More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 1850’s, and the courts also recognized workers' right to strike, but these gains had little immediate impact.71. Interestingly enough, several of these hydrodynamic adaptations resemble features designed to improve the aerodynamics ofhigh-speed aircraft.72. They are also covered with a slick, transparent lid that reduces drag.73. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.74. The keels, finlets, and corselet help direct the flow of water over the body surface in such as way as to reduce resistance (see the figure).75. One potential problem is that opening themouth to breathe detracts from the streamlining of these fishes and tends to slow them down.76. Their high, narrow tails with swept-back tips are almost perfectly adapted to provide propulsion with the least possible effort.77. They can glide past eddies that would slow them down and then gain extra thrust by "pushing off" the eddies.78. They have evolved special "heaters" of modified muscle tissue that warm the eyes and brain, maintaining peak performance of these critical organs.79. Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them-clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal-it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the "applied arts."80. The applied arts are thus bound by the laws of physics, which pertain to both the materials used in their making and the substances and things to be contained, supported, and sheltered.81. Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits.82．What varies is not the basic form but the incidental details that do not obstruct the object's primary function.83. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work.84. In other words, the demands of the laws of physics, not the sculptor's aesthetic intentions, placed the ball there.85. That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannonball quickly disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bronze).86. Even though the fine arts in the twentieth century often treat materials in new ways, the basic difference in attitude of artists in relation to their materials in the fine arts and the applied arts remains relatively constant.87. It would therefore not be too great an exaggeration to say that practitioners of the fine arts work to overcome the limitations of their materials, whereas those engaged in the applied arts work in concert with their materials.88. This "paper money aristocracy" of bankers and investors manipulated the banking system for their own profit, Democrats claimed, and sapped the nation's virtue by encouraging speculation and the desire for sudden, unearned wealth.89. They wanted the wealth that the market offered without the competitive, changing society; the complex dealing; the dominance of urban centers; and the loss of independence that came with it.90. Nor did the Whigs envision any conflict in society between farmers and workers on the one hand and business people and bankers on the other.91. Religion and politics, they believed, should be kept clearly separate, and they generally opposed humanitarian legislation.92. Whigs appealed to planters who needed credit to finance their cotton and rice trade in the world market, to farmers who were eager to sell their surpluses, and to workers who wished to improve themselves.93. Neither party could win an election by appealing exclusively to the rich or the poor.94. Democrats attracted farmers isolated from the market or uncomfortable with it, workers alienated from the emerging industrial system, and rising entrepreneurs who wanted to break monopolies and open the economy to newcomers like themselves.95. The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democrats dominated areas ofsemi-subsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.96. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. 97. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of tencultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions.98. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction.99. "The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions."100. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous.101. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses.)102. Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by''crow’s feet" wrinkles around the eyes and asubtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings103. Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression “keep a stiff upper lip” as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a “stiff” lip suppresses emotional response -- as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension.104. Hills and mountains are often regarded as the epitome of permanence, successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature, but in fact they tend to be relatively short-lived in geological terms.105. Lower mountains tend to be older, and are often the eroded relics of much higher mountain chains.106. Some mountains were formed as a result of these plates crashing into each other and forcing up the rock at the plate margins.107. Other mountains may be raised by earthquakes, which fracture the Earth's crust and can displace enough rock to produce Block Mountains.108. The exposed rocks are attacked by the various weather processes and gradually broken down into fragments, which are then carried away and later deposited as sediments.109. Rain washes away loose soil and penetrates cracks in the rocks.110. Glaciers may form in permanently cold areas, and these slowly moving masses of ice cut out valleys, carrying with them huge quantities of eroded rock debris.111. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle.112. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.113. The commonest spaces are those among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel.114. Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common.115. They are found wherever fast riverscarrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. 116. The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down. 117. The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth,fan-shaped slope.118. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.119. In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they are now below the water’s upper surface (the water table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars, will be saturated with groundwater.120. This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards.121. But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.122. Much of the water in a sample ofwater-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place.123. It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry.124. The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.125. If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.126. The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual.127. Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces.128. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.129. But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites.130. When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns.131. Although origin in ritual has long been the most popular, it is by no means the only theory about how the theater came into being.132. Thus, the recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other feat) is elaborated through the narrator’s pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a different person.133. A closely related theory sees theater as evolving out of dances that are primarily pantomimic, rhythmical or gymnastic, or from imitations of animal noises and sounds.134. Admiration for the performer’s skill, virtuosity, and grace are seen as motivation for elaborating the activities into fully realized theatrical performances.135. For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, sincecomedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather than as serious threats to the welfare of the entire group.136. For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to theirwell-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.137. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses.138. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.139. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline.140. This is particularly true for trees in themiddle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys.141. Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves.142. Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes.143. Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor.144. Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants.145. At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts146. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface.147. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover.148. The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an important member of the architectural team.149. The mediocre design of many contemporary buildings can be traced to both clients and architects.150. In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them-even while building materials have changed dramatically.151. Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and。