学术论文常用句型分析解析
科技论文的常用句型与写作要点
科技论文的常用句型与写作要点科技论文的常用句型与写作要点在撰写科技论文时，合理的句型和写作要点能够使文章更加准确清晰地传递信息。
下面是一些常用的句型和写作要点，希望能对你的科技论文写作有所帮助。
一、引言部分1. 开篇引出研究主题- Nowadays, with the rapid development of technology, the issue of [研究主题] has gained significant attention.- In recent years, [研究主题] has become an important topic in the field of [相关领域].- The study of [研究主题] has attracted growing interest in both academia and industry.- The purpose of this paper is to investigate [研究主题] and propose a novel approach to address this problem.2. 简述研究现状和研究意义- Previous studies have shown that [现有研究结果].- However, there are still some unresolved issues in this area, including [未解决问题].- Therefore, it is necessary to further explore [研究主题].- The findings of this study will contribute to our understanding of [研究主题] and provide practical guidance for [相关领域].二、方法部分1. 描述研究对象- The samples used in this study were [样本来源和特点].- In order to achieve a representative sample, we selected [选择方法].- The data was collected from [数据来源] and verified by [其他数据].2. 介绍研究设计- This study adopts a [研究设计] approach.- A combination of [多个方法] was used to analyze the data.- We conducted a series of experiments to test the hypothesis.3. 讨论研究结果- The results indicate that [结果].- Our findings suggest that [发现].- It can be concluded that [总结].- The results are consistent with previous studies, which support the validity of our hypothesis.三、讨论部分1. 解释研究结果- The observed differences can be attributed to [解释原因].- It is likely that [可能原因].- The variation in [结果] may be due to [原因].- These findings provide evidence for [研究结论].2. 探讨研究局限性- One limitation of this study is that [局限性].- The sample size was relatively small, which may affect the generalizability of the findings.- Future research should consider [应注意问题].3. 提出研究建议- Future studies should focus on [进一步研究方向].- It is recommended that [建议].- More research is needed to explore the impact of [研究主题] on [相关领域].- Practical implications and potential applications of the findings should also be considered.四、结论部分1. 简述研究成果- In summary, this study has provided valuable insights into [研究主题].- The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of [研究主题].- These results have important implications for [相关领域].2. 总结研究贡献- This study has advanced the knowledge in [相关领域].- The methodology and findings of this study can be applied in [其他领域].- The results of this study fill a gap in the literature and provide afoundation for future research.3. 展望未来研究方向- Future research should focus on [发展方向].- It is recommended to explore [进一步研究内容].- Further investigation is needed to address [相关问题].总之，科技论文的写作要点包括明确引出研究主题、描述研究方法、讨论研究结果和提出研究建议。
学术写作常用词汇句型
学术写作常用词汇句型一、表示因果关系的词汇与句型。
1. 词汇。
- because [bɪˈkɔːz]：连词，“因为”。
例如：He didn't come because he was ill.- since [sɪns]：连词，“既然；因为”，可表示已知的原因。
例如：Since you are here, you can help me.- as [æz]：连词，“由于”，强调两个动作同时发生或某事为众人所知的原因。
例如：As it was raining heavily, we stayed at home.- therefore [ˈðeəfɔː(r)]：副词，“因此；所以”。
例如：He was ill, and therefore could not come.- consequently [ˈkɒnsɪkwəntli]：副词，“因此；结果”。
例如：She missed the train and consequently was late for the meeting.- so [səʊ]：连词，“所以”，口语和书面语都常用。
例如：It was raining, so we took an umbrella.2. 句型。
- The reason why... is that...：“……的原因是……”。
例如：The reason why he failed the exam is that he didn't study hard.- Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + noun phrase, clause：“由于……”。
- Due to [djuː tuː]：例如：Due to the bad weather, the flight was delayed.- Owing to [ˈəʊɪŋ tuː]：例如：Owing to his carelessness, he made a lot of mistakes.- Thanks to [θæŋks tuː]：常带有感激的意味，例如：Thanks to your help, I passed the exam.二、表示比较和对比的词汇与句型。
写作技巧与常用句型解析与应用
写作技巧与常用句型解析与应用在学习和应用写作技巧时，掌握常用句型是非常重要的。
本文将为大家介绍一些常用句型，并解析其应用方法，帮助大家提高写作水平。
一、表示观点和提出建议的句型1. It is widely believed that...广泛认为...这个句型常用于引用他人观点，用来支持自己的论述，可在学术论文、辩论式作文中应用。
例句：It is widely believed that regular exercise is crucial for maintaining good health.2. From my perspective, ...从我的角度来看...用于表达个人观点，适用于自我陈述和个人感受类作文。
例句：From my perspective, knowledge gained from traveling is invaluable and irreplaceable.3. In my opinion, ...在我看来...用于陈述个人观点，可用于各类写作，如议论文、说明文等。
例句：In my opinion, stricter gun control laws should be implementedto reduce crime rates.4. I would suggest that...我建议...用于提出建议或解决问题，适合应用于建议信、议论文等写作任务。
例句：I would suggest that the government invest more in renewable energy to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels.二、表示原因和结果的句型1. Due to...由于...用于解释原因和结果，适用于作文的论证和说明。
例句：Due to the heavy rain, the baseball game was postponed.2. As a result, ...因此...表示结果，可用于作文中的因果关系陈述。
英文学术论文写作常用句型
一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词+ (that) + 主词+ have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)~~~ the most + 形容词+ 名词+ (that) + 主词+ have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)Lack of interpersonal skills is one of the most serious defects that we have ever kn own about today’s college stude nts.缺乏人际交往技能是我们迄今所知的当今大学生的最大缺陷。
二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + VNothing is + more + 形容词+ than to + V例句：For parents, nothing is more important than to educate children in a proper way.没有比以一种正确方式教育孩子更重要的事情了。
三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.（再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。
）例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting celebrities’ privacy too much.我们再怎么强调保护名人隐私的也不为过。
四、There is no denying that + S + V ...（不可否认的...）例句：There is no denying that the practical ity of our higher education has gone from bad to worse.不可否认的，我们高等教育的实用性已经每况愈下。
sci不同部分的常用句式
sci不同部分的常用句式一、引言科学论文是科学研究成果的重要形式之一，论文中的句式使用直接影响到读者对论文内容的理解和接受程度。
本文将以SCI论文不同部分为切入点，分别列举常用的句式，旨在帮助科研人员提高论文写作的质量和效率。
二、引言部分常用句式1. 简介研究背景和意义：- 过去几十年里，关于...的研究取得了显著进展。
(In the past few decades, significant progress has been made in the research on...)- 这项研究的重要性在于...(The significance of this study lies in...)- 目前，对于...的认识仍然不够充分。
(Currently, our understanding of... remains incomplete.)2. 表明研究目的和问题：- 本研究旨在探讨...的影响。
(The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of...)- 本文的主要问题是...(The main question addressed in this paper is...)- 我们的研究目标是...。
(Our research aims to...)3. 介绍研究方法和实验设计：- 采用了...的方法进行实验。
(The experiment was conducted using the method of...)- 在实验设计中，我们考虑了...的因素。
(In the experimental design, we took into account the factors of...)- 为了验证我们的假设，我们采用了...的实验方案。
(To test our hypothesis, we employed an experimental design of...)三、方法部分常用句式1. 描述实验对象或样本：- 本研究选择了...作为研究对象。
写作常用句型及范文赏析
写作常用句型及范文赏析一、引言写作是一种表达和沟通的方式，对于提高写作能力，学习常用句型是非常重要的。
本文将介绍一些常用句型，并通过范文赏析来展示这些句型的运用。
二、表示观点的句型1. In my opinion, ...在我看来，...范文赏析：In my opinion, traveling is the best way to broaden one's horizons. It allows us to experience different cultures and customs firsthand, which can greatly enrich our knowledge and understanding of the world.2. It is widely believed that ...人们普遍认为...范文赏析：It is widely believed that reading is the key to knowledge. Books not only provide us with valuable information, but also inspire our imagination and creativity.3. From my perspective, ...从我的角度来看，...范文赏析：From my perspective, exercising regularly is essential for maintaining a healthy lifestyle. It helps to strengthen our body, boost our immune system, and relieve stress.三、表示举例的句型1. For example, ...例如，...范文赏析：For example, many successful entrepreneurs, such as Steve Jobs and Elon Musk, started their own businesses from scratch and achieved great success through hard work and determination.2. To illustrate, ...举例说明，...范文赏析：To illustrate, let's take the issue of climate change as an example. The melting of polar ice caps, the increase in extreme weather events, and the rising sea levels are all clear evidence of the negative impact of human activities on the environment.3. A case in point is ...一个典型的例子是...范文赏析：A case in point is the recent outbreak of COVID-19. This global pandemic has demonstrated the importance of international cooperation and the need for effective public health measures to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.四、表示原因和结果的句型1. Due to/owing to ...由于...范文赏析：Due to advances in technology, communication has become much more convenient and efficient. We can now easily connect with people from all over the world through various social media platforms.2. As a result/consequently, ...因此...范文赏析：As a result of deforestation, many animal species are facing the threat of extinction. The destruction of their habitats has disrupted the ecological balance and led to a decline in biodiversity.3. Therefore/Thus, ...因此...范文赏析：Therefore, it is crucial for government to invest in education. By providing quality education to all citizens, we can empower individuals to pursue their dreams and contribute to the development of society.五、表示建议和观点转折的句型1. On the one hand, ... On the other hand, ...一方面，... 另一方面，...范文赏析：On the one hand, technology has greatly improved our lives, making tasks easier and more efficient. On the other hand, excessive reliance on technology can lead to a sedentary lifestyle and reduced human interaction.2. While it is true that ..., it is also true that ...虽然确实..., 但也同样确实...范文赏析：While it is true that social media has connected people around the world, it is also true that it has led to a decrease in face-to-face communication and interpersonal skills.3. Instead of ..., it is advisable to ...与其..., 建议...范文赏析：Instead of relying solely on memorization, it is advisable for students to develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills. This will better prepare them for future challenges and promote lifelong learning.六、总结通过学习常用句型，并在写作中灵活运用，我们可以提高写作的质量和效率。
医学论文英文摘要部分的常用句型
01
Sleep disorder heredity
02
hormone level receptor levels
03
Sleep disorder is related to heredity, hormone level, central neurotransmitter and receptor levels, etc. By exploring the basic and clinical research of sleep and sleep disorder, this paper aims to study its causes and prevention and treatment.
Results: Delivery pain was markedly relieved in the laughing gas group; mild adverse reactions such as dizziness and drowsiness were reported in individual patients, but they subsided with(消失) the discontinuation of laughing gas inhalation.
疗效好：good therapeutic/curative effect
5）研究结果的表达
01
结果表明：The result showed that…
03
我们观察到：It was observed that/ we observed that…
02
（我们）发现：It was found that …/we found that…
摘要部分的常用句型
英语科技论文常用句型结构 new
英语科技论文常用句型结构1. Introduction(引言):引言中作者通常提出问题并说明论文的研究目的。
1）研究目的（1）论文导向使用paper, thesis或dissertation这样的特征名词，直接提及研究论文本身，而且此类句子通常采用一般现在时态。
常用的句型有：The purpose of this paper is…/The aim of this report is…/The objective of the paper is to obtain quantitative about the particles size distribution/to model the dynamic behavior in the super-or near-critical CO2 extraction.（2）研究导向study, research, investigation或experiment等特征名词被用来强调研究活动本身。
这类句子是表达已经过去的事情，所以使用一般过去时态。
The purpose of the experiment reported here was…/The aim of this study was…/The objective of this research was to determine the preferred viewing distance for work at a visual display unit./to examine the apparent osmotic behavior of some contemporary commercial reverse osmosis membranes.或用被动结构：In the research described here, /In this study, /In the present investigation, /In this research, /In the experimentsreported here, vertical nutrient mixing in late summer in a test area 20 kilometers off the coast was examined.描述研究目的时，最简单的句型是用this paper, this study, this project, this research等词做主语，后面用实意动词作谓语，如investigate, discuss, examine, test等，宾语为研究内容。
各类议论文常用句型
各类议论文常用句型一、对立观点论说文常用句型：引出话题✂一种观点认为✂另一种观点认为✂我的观点（结论）点明文章主题的常用句式1.…has become a hot topic among people recently. Opinions vary from person to person.2.there is an argument/much disagreement/no consensus of opinions among peoplecon cerning/over/as to/on…. 关于……，人们的看法不尽相同。
3.different people have different views/perspectives on….4.when being asked about …different people will offer different answers.具体介绍两种对立观点的常用句式：1. some people suggest/maintain/hold the opinion t hat….But/However/While/Nevertheless/Yet/other people hold a different point of view….2. some people are inclined to think that…. On the contrary/In contrast, there are still many people who won’t agree, and they claim that….3. When it comes to…, some people think/believe that ….while others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true.陈述自己观点的常用句式：1. For my part/As to me/ As far as I am concerned, I’d like to agree to the former./I’m in favor of the former./ I’m on the side of the former. /My favor goes to the first point of view.2. In my opinion, both sides are partly right. When we …, we should take into consideration all aspects of the problems and then make the right decision. 我认为双方都有一定的道理。
SCI论文写作中一些常用的句型总结
SCI论文写作中一些常用的句型总结(一)一、在Introduction里面经常会使用到的一个句子：很多文献已经讨论过了。
它的可能的说法有很多很多，这里列举几种我很久以前搜集的：A. Solar energy conversion by photoelectrochemical cells has been intensively investigated. (Nature 1991, 353, 737 - 740 )B. This was demonstrated in a number of studies that showed that composite plasmonic-metal/semiconductor photocatalysts achieved significantly higher rates in various photocatalytic reactions compared with their pure semiconductor counterparts.C. Several excellent reviews describing these applications are available, and we do not discuss these topicsD. Much work so far has focused on wide band gap semiconductors for water splitting for the sake of chemical stability.（DOI:10.1038/NMAT3151）E. Recent developments of Lewis acids and water-soluble organometallic catalysts have attracted much attention.（Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3641−3666）F. An interesting approach in the use of zeolite as a water-tolerant solid acid was described by Ogawa et al（Chem.Rev. 2002, 102, 3641−3666）G. Considerable research efforts have been devoted to the direct transition metal-catalyzed conversion of aryl halides toaryl nitriles. (J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 7984-7989)H. There are many excellent reviews in the literature dealing with the basic concepts of the photocatalytic processand the reader is referred in particular to those by Hoffmann and coworkers,Mills and coworkers, and Kamat.(Metal oxide catalysis,19,P755)I. Nishimiya and Tsutsumi have reported on（proposed）the influence of the Si/Al ratio of various zeolites on the acid strength, which were estimated by calorimetry using ammonia. (Chem.Rev. 2002, 102, 3641−3666)二、在results and discussion中经常会用到的：如图所示A. GIXRD patterns in Figure 1A show the bulk structural information on as-deposited films.B. As shown in Figure 7B, the steady-state current density decreases after cycling between 0.35 and 0.7 V, which is probably due to the dissolution of FeOx.C. As can be seen from parts a and b of Figure 7, the reaction cycles start with the thermodynamically most favorable VOx structures（J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 24950−24958）这与XX能够相互印证：A. This is supported by the appearance in the Ni-doped compounds of an ultraviolet–visible absorption band at 420–520nm (see Fig. 3 inset), corresponding to an energy range of about 2.9 to 2.3 eV.B. This is consistent with the observation from SEM–EDS. (Z.Zou et al. / Chemical Physics Letters 332 (2000) 271–277)C. This indicates a good agreement between the observed and calculated intensities in monoclinic with space groupP2/c when the O atoms are included in the model.D. The results are in good consistent with the observed photocatalytic activity...E. Identical conclusions were obtained in studies where the SPR intensity and wavelength were modulated by manipulating the composition, shape,or size of plasmonic nanostructures.F. It was also found that areas of persistent divergent surface flow coincide with regions where convection appears to be consistently suppressed even when SSTs are above 27.5°C.SCI论文写作中一些常用的句型总结(二)1. 值得注意的是...A. It must also be mentioned that the recycling of aqueous organic solvent is less desirable than that of pure organic liquid.B. Another interesting finding is that zeolites with 10-membered ring pores showed high selectivities (>99%) to cyclohexanol, whereas those with 12-membered ring pores, such as mordenite, produced large amounts of dicyclohexyl ether. (Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3641−3666)C. It should be pointed out that the nanometer-scale distribution of electrocatalyst centers on the electrode surface is also a predominant factor for high ORR electrocatalytic activity.D. Notably, the Ru II and Rh I complexes possessing the same BINAP chirality form antipodal amino acids as the predominant products. (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2002, 41: 2008–2022)E. Given the multitude of various transformations published, it is noteworthy that only very few distinct activation methods have been identified. (Chem. Soc. Rev., 2009, 38, 2178-2189)F. It is important to highlight that these two directing effects will lead to different enantiomers of the products even if both the “H-bond-catalyst” and the catalyst acting by steric shielding have the same absolute stereochemistry. (Chem. Soc. Rev., 2009, 38, 2178-2189)G. It is worthwhile mentioning that these PPNDs can be very stable for several months without the observations of any floating or precipitated dots, which is attributed to the electrostatic repulsions between the positively charge PPNDs resulting in electrosteric stabilization.(Adv. Mater., 2012, 24: 2037–2041)2. ...仍然是个挑战A. There is thereby an urgent need but it is still a significant challenge to rationally design and delicately tail or the electroactive MTMOs for advanced LIBs, ECs, MOBs, and FCs. （Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2 014, 53, 1488 –1504）B. However, systems that are sufficiently stable and efficient for practical use have not yet been realized.C. It remains challenging to develop highly active HER catalysts based on materials that are more abundant at lower costs. (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133, 7296–7299)D. One of the great challenges in the twenty-first century is unquestionably energy storage. (Nature Materials 2005, 4, 366 - 377 )3. 众所周知A. It is well established (accepted) / It is known to all / It is commonly known that many characteristics of functional materials, such as composition, crystalline phase, structural and morphological features, and the sur-/interface properties between the electrode and electrolyte, would greatly influence the performance of these unique MTMOs in electrochemical energy storage/conversion applications.（Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2014,53, 1488 –1504）B. It is generally accepted (believed) that for a-Fe2O3-based sensors the change in resistance is mainly caused by the adsorption and desorption of gases on the surface of the sensor structure. (Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 582)C. As we all know, soybean abounds with carbon, nitrogen and oxygen elements owing to the existence of sugar, proteins and lipids. (Chem. Commun., 2012, 48, 9367-9369)D. There is no denying that their presence may mediate spin moments to align parallel without acting alone to show d0-FM. (Nanoscale, 2013, 5, 3918-3930)SCI论文写作中一些常用的句型总结(三)1. 正如下文将提到的...A. As will be described below（也可以是As we shall see below）, as the Si/Al ratio increases, the surface of the zeolite becomes more hydrophobic and possesses stronger affinity for ethyl acetate and the number of acid sites decreases.（Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3641−3666）B. This behavior is to be expected and will be further discussed below. (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1955, 77, 3701–3707)C. There are also some small deviations with respect to the flow direction, which we will discuss below.（Science, 2001, 291, 630-633）D. Below, we will see what this implies.E. Complete details of this case will be provided at a later time.E. 很多论文中，也经常直接用see below来表示，比如：The observation of nanocluster spheres at the ends of the nanowires is suggestive of a VLS growth process (see below). (Science, 1998, 279, 208-211)2. 这与XX能够相互印证...A. This is supported by the appearance in the Ni-doped compounds of an ultraviolet–visible absorption band at 420–520 nm (see Fig. 3 inset), corresponding to an energy range of about 2.9 to 2.3 eVB.This is consistent with the observation from SEM–EDS. (Chem. Phys. Lett. 2000, 332, 271–277)C. Identical conclusions were obtained in studies where the SPR intensity and wavelength were modulated by manipulating the composition, shape, or size of plasmonic nanostructures. （Nat. Mater. 2011, DOI: 10.1038/NMAT3151）D. In addition, the shape of the titration curve versus the PPi/1 ratio, coinciding with that obtained by fluorescent titration studies, suggested that both 2:1 and 1:1 host-to-guest complexes are formed. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 9463-9464)E. This unusual luminescence behavior is in accord with a recent theoretical prediction; MoS2, an indirect bandgap material in its bulk form, becomes a direct bandgap semiconductor when thinned to a monolayer. (Nano Lett., 2010, 10, 1271–1275)3. 我们的研究可能在哪些方面得到应用A. Our findings suggest that the use of solar energy for photocatalytic water splitting might provide a viable source for ‘clean’ hydrogen fuel, once the catalytic efficiency of the semiconductor system has been improved by increasing its su rface area and suitable modifications of the surface sites.B. Along with this green and cost-effective protocol of synthesis, we expect that these novel carbon nanodots have potential applications in bioimaging and electrocatalysis.(Chem. Commun., 2012, 48, 9367-9369)C. This system could potentially be applied as the gain medium of solid-state organic-based lasers or as a component of high value photovoltaic (PV) materials, where destructive high energy UV radiation would be converted to useful low energy NIR radiation. (Chem. Soc. Rev., 2013, 42, 29-43)D. Since the use of graphene may enhance the photocatalytic properties of TiO2 under UV and visible-light irradiation, graphene–TiO2 composites may potentially be used to enhance the bactericidal activity. (Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 782-796)E. It is the first report that CQDs are both amino-functionalized and highly fluorescent, which suggests their promising applications in chemical sensing.(Carbon, 2012, 50, 2810–2815)SCI论文写作中一些常用的句型总结(四)1. 什么东西还尚未发现/系统研究A. However,systems that are sufficiently stable and efficient for practical use have not yet been realized.B. Nevertheless,for conventional nanostructured MTMOs as mentioned above, some problematic disadvantages cannot be overlooked.（Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2014,53, 1488 –1504）C. There are relatively few studies devoted to determination of cmc values for block copolymer micelles. (Macromolecules 1991, 24, 1033-1040)D. This might be the reason why, despite of the great influence of the preparation on the catalytic activity of gold catalysts, no systematic study concerning the synthesis conditions has been published yet. (Applied Catalysis A: General2002, 226, 1–13)E. These possibilities remain to be explored.F. Further effort is required to understand and better control the parameters dominating the particle surface passivation and resulting properties for carbon dots of brighter photoluminescence. (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 128 , 7756–7757)2. 由于/因为...A. Liquid ammonia is particularly attractive as an alternative to water due to its stability in the presence of strong reducing agents such as alkali metals that are used to access lower oxidation states.B. The unique nature of the cyanide ligand results from its ability to act both as a σdonor and a πacceptor combined with its negativecharge and ambidentate nature.C. Qdots are also excellent probes for two-photon confocal microscopy because they are characterized by a very large absorption cross section (Science 2005, 307, 538-544).D. As a result of the reductive strategy we used and of the strong bonding between the surface and the aryl groups, low residual currents (similar to those observed at a bare electrode) were obtained over a large window of potentials, the same as for the unmodified parent GC electrode. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 5883-5884)E. The small Tafel slope of the defect-rich MoS2 ultrathin nanosheets is advantageous for practical applications, since it will lead to a faster increment of HER rate with increasing overpotential.(Adv. Mater., 2013, 25: 5807–5813)F. Fluorescent carbon-based materials have drawn increasing attention in recent years owing toexceptional advantages such as high optical absorptivity, chemical stability, biocompatibility, and low toxicity.(Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2013, 52: 3953–3957)G. On the basis of measurements of the heat of immersion of water on zeolites, Tsutsumi etal. claimed that the surface consists of siloxane bondings and is hydrophobi cin the region of low Al content. (Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3641−3666)H. Nanoparticle spatial distributions might have a large significance for catalyst stability, given that metal particle growth is a relevant deactivation mechanism for commercial catalysts.3. ...很重要A. The inhibition of additional nucleation during growth, in other words, the complete separation of nucleation and growth, is critical(essential, important) for the successful synthesis of monodisperse nanocrystals. (Nature Materials 3, 891 - 895 (2004))B. In the current study, Cys, homocysteine (Hcy) and glutathione (GSH) were chosen as model thiol compounds since they play important (significant, vital, critical) roles in many biological processes and monitoring of these thiol compounds is of great importance for diagnosis of diseases.(Chem. Commun., 2012, 48, 1147-1149)C. This is because according to nucleation theory, what really matters in addition to the change in temperature ΔT (or supersaturation) is the cooling rate.(Chem. Soc. Rev., 2014, 43, 2013-2026)SCI论文写作中一些常用的句型总结(五)1. 相反/不同于A. On the contrary, mononuclear complexes, called single-ion magnets (SIM), have shown hysteresis loops of butterfly/phonon bottleneck type, with negligible coercivity, and therefore with much shorter relaxation times of magnetization. (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53: 4413–4417)B. In contrast, the Dy compound has significantly larger value of the transversal magnetic moment already in the ground state (ca. 10−1μB), therefore allowing a fast QTM. （Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53: 4413–4417）C. In contrast to the structural similarity of these complexes, their magnetic behavior exhibits strong divergence. (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53: 4413–4417)D. Contrary to other conducting polymer semiconductors, carbon nitride is chemically and thermally stable and does not rely on complicated device manufacturing. (Nature materials, 2009, 8(1): 76-80.)E. Unlike the spherical particles they are derived from that Rayleigh light-scatter in the blue, these nanoprisms exhibit scattering in the red, which could be useful in developing multicolor diagnostic labels on the basis not only of nanoparticle composition and size but also of shape. (Science 2001, 294, 1901-1903)2. 发现，阐明，报道，证实可供选择的词包括：verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of举例：A. These stacks appear as nanorods in the two-dimensional TEM images, but tilting experiments confirm that they are nanoprisms. (Science 2001, 294, 1901-1903)B. Note that TEM shows that about 20% of the nanoprisms are truncated. (Science 2001, 294, 1901-1903)C. Therefore, these calculations not only allow us to identify the important features in the spectrum of the nanoprisms but also the subtle relation between particle shape and the frequency of the bands that make up their spectra. (Science 2001, 294, 1901-1903)D. We observed a decrease in intensity of the characteristic surface plasmon band in the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy for the spherical particles at λmax = 400 nm with a concomitant growth of three new bands of λmax = 335 (weak), 470 (medium), and 670 nm (strong), respectively. (Science 2001, 294, 1901-1903)E. In this article, we present data demonstrating that opiate and nonopiate analgesia systems can be selectively activated by different environmental manipulations and describe the neural circuitry involved. (Science 1982, 216, 1185-1192)F. This suggests that the cobalt in CoP has a partial positive charge (δ+), while the phosphorus has a partial negative charge (δ−), implying a transfer of electron density from Co to P. (Angew. Chem., 2014, 126: 6828–6832)3. 如何指出当前研究的不足A. Although these inorganic substructures can exhibit a high density of functional groups, such as bridging OH groups, and the substructures contribute significantly to the adsorption properties of the material,surprisingly little attention has been devoted to the post-synthetic functionalization of the inorganic units within MOFs. (Chem. Eur. J., 2013, 19: 5533–5536.)B. Little is known, however, about the microstructure of this material. (Nature Materials 2013,12, 554–561)C. So far, very little information is available, and only in the absorber film, not in the whole operational devices. （Nano Lett., 2014, 14 (2), pp 888–893）D. In fact it should be noted that very little optimisation work has been carried out on these devices. (Chem. Commun., 2013, 49, 7893-7895)E. By far the most architectures have been prepared using a solution processed perovskite material, yet a few examples have been reported that have used an evaporated perovskite layer. (Adv. Mater., 2014, 27: 1837–1841.)F. Water balance issues have been effectively addressed in PEMFC technology through a large body of work encompassing imaging, detailed water content and water balance measurements, materials optimization and modeling, but very few of these activities have been undertaken for anion exchange membrane fuel cells, primarily due to limited materials availability and device lifetime. (J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys., 2013, 51: 1727–1735)G. However, none of these studies tested for Th17 memory, a recently identified T cell that specializes in controlling extracellular bacterial infections at mucosal surfaces. (PNAS, 2013, 111, 787–792)H. However, uncertainty still remains as to the mechanism by which Li salt addition results in an extension of the cathodic reduction limit. (Energy Environ. Sci., 2014, 7, 232-250)I. There have been a number of high profile cases where failure to identify the most stable crystal form of a drug has led to severe formulation problems in manufacture. (Chem. Soc. Rev., 2014, 43, 2080-2088)J. However, these measurements systematically underestimate the amount of ordered material. ( Nature Materials 2013, 12, 1038–1044)SCI论文写作中一些常用的句型总结(六)1. 取决于a. This is an important distinction, as the overall activity of a catalyst will depend on the material properties, synthesis method, and other possible species that can be formed during activation. (Nat. Mater. 2017,16,225–229)b. This quantitative partitioning was determined by growing crystals of the 1:1 host–guest complex between ExBox4+ and corannulene. (Nat. Chem. 2014, 6177–178)c. They suggested that the Au particle size may be the decisive factor for achieving highly active Au catalysts.(Acc. Chem. Res., 2014, 47, 740–749)d. Low-valent late transition-metal catalysis has become indispensable to chemical synthesis, but homogeneous high-valent transition-metal catalysis is underdeveloped, mainly owing to the reactivity of high-valent transition-metal complexes and the challenges associated with synthesizing them. (Nature 2015, 517,449–454)e. The polar effect is a remarkable property that enables considerably endergonic C–H abstractions that would not be possible otherwise. (Nature 2015, 525, 87–90)f. Advances in heterogeneous catalysis must rely on the rational design of new catalysts. (Nat. Nanotechnol. 2017, 12, 100–101)g. Likely, the origin of the chemoselectivity may be also closely related to the H bonding with the N or O atom of the nitroso moiety, a similar H-bonding effect is known in enamine-based nitroso chemistry. (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53: 4149–4153)2. 有很大潜力a. The quest for new methodologies to assemble complex organic molecules continues to be a great impetus to research efforts to discover or to optimize new catalytic transformations. (Nat. Chem. 2015, 7, 477–482)b. Nanosized faujasite (FAU) crystals have great potential as catalysts or adsorbents to more efficiently process present and forthcoming synthetic and renewable feedstocks in oil refining, petrochemistry and fine chemistry. (Nat. Mater. 2015, 14, 447–451)c. For this purpose, vibrational spectroscopy has proved promising and very useful. (Acc Chem Res. 2015, 48, 407–413.)d. While a detailed mechanism remains to be elucidated and there is room for improvement in the yields and selectivities, it should be remarked that chirality transfer upon trifluoromethylation of enantioenriched allylsilanes was shown. (Top Catal. 2014, 57: 967. )e. The future looks bright for the use of PGMs as catalysts, both on laboratory and industrial scales, because the preparation of most kinds of single-atom metal catalyst is likely to be straightforward, and because characterization of such catalysts has become easier with the advent of techniques that readily discriminate single atoms from small clusters and nanoparticles. (Nature 2015, 525, 325–326)f. The unique mesostructure of the 3D-dendritic MSNSs with mesopore channels of short length and large diameter is supposed to be the key role in immobilization of active and robust heterogeneous catalysts, and it would have more hopeful prospects in catalytic applications. (ACSAppl. Mater. Interfaces, 2015, 7, 17450–17459)g. Visible-light photoredox catalysis offers exciting opportunities to achieve challenging carbon–carbon bond formations under mild and ecologically benign conditions. (Acc. Chem. Res., 2016, 49, 1990–1996)3. 因此同义词：Therefore, thus, consequently, hence, accordingly, so, as a result这一条比较简单，这里主要讲一下这些词的副词词性和灵活运用。
学术论文的语言表达
学术论文的语言表达学术论文是一种专业性较强的文体，其语言表达需要严谨准确，通顺流畅，以确保读者能够清晰理解作者的观点和研究成果。
本文将从几个方面介绍学术论文的语言表达技巧。
一、应遵循学术规范在进行学术研究和撰写论文时，作者需要遵循学术规范，包括确保论文的原创性、正确引用文献、不抄袭他人成果等。
语言表达方面，应注意以下几点：1.避免使用口语化表达：学术论文应准确使用专业术语和学术语言，避免使用口语化的表达方式，例如缩写词、流行词汇等。
2.使用正式语气：学术论文应使用正式的语气来表达观点，避免使用感情色彩浓厚的词语或主观评价。
3.正确引用文献：在引用他人研究成果时，应注明引用来源，确保论文的学术诚信。
二、句型结构的多样化运用为了使学术论文的语言表达生动有力，可以合理运用句型结构的多样化，同时避免句式过于复杂和晦涩难懂，以下是一些常见的句型结构：1.主谓结构：简洁明了的描述观点和研究结果。
2.并列句：用于列举或对比不同的观点或研究成果。
3.复合句：通过引导词来表达因果关系、条件关系或目的等。
4.倒装句：强调某个观点或与常规表达方式不同的情况。
5.强调句：用于突出某个重要观点或研究成果。
三、术语的准确使用学术论文中使用的术语应准确无误，不仅可以减少歧义，还能提高读者对论文内容的理解。
在使用术语时，需要注意以下几点：1.准确理解术语含义：在使用术语之前，需要确保对其含义有准确的理解，避免使用错误的术语或误解。
2.使用标准术语：学术界有许多通用的标准术语，应尽量使用这些标准术语，以便与其他相关研究进行对比和交流。
3.解释新术语：如果论文中出现了读者可能不熟悉的新术语，应在第一次使用时进行解释，以确保读者能够理解论文的内容。
四、段落结构的合理安排合理的段落结构能够使论文的内容更加清晰有序，以下是一些建议：1.一个段落一个主题：每个段落应围绕一个主题进行展开，确保每个段落的信息更加集中，便于读者理解。
2.段落间的过渡：各个段落之间应通过过渡句或连接词进行衔接，使得论文的整体结构更加连贯。
SCI论文写作中常用句型汇总
SCI论文写作中常用句型汇总SCI 不会写？其实英语基础好一点，文献多看一点，多写写自然就能自己写出来了。
当然，英文水平捉襟见肘，在写论文的时候十分恼火，通篇采用"We have proposed xxx", "XX is important", "We can use xxx to handle xxx"这类句式，论文的档次一下子就没了。
地道的英语多被动，句式喜多变，多掌握一些常用句式能够很好地提升paper的可读性，顺便还能提升自己的英文水平。
我给你们整理了一套万能模板，涵盖了论文不同部分的常用句型。
SCI论文写作中常用句型汇总Introduction 写作指南1.陈述研究背景，以及本篇论文的研究价值、意义2.指出该领域存在的问题，争议3.确定本篇论文聚焦的主题或关键词4.对该领域之前工作作一个的概览和回顾5.简要介绍本篇论文的工作和创新点下面列举一些Introduction中可能经常用到的句式：强调研究主题的重要性：(显式重要型)X is fundamental to ...X has a pivotal role in ...X is frequently prescribed for ...X is fast becoming a key instrument in ...X plays a vital role in the metabolism of ...X plays a critical role in the maintenance of ...X is essential for a wide range of technologies.X can play an important role in addressing the issue of ...There is evidence that X plays a crucial role in xxx ...(隐式重要型)The issue of X has received considerable critical attention.The past decade has seen the rapid development of X in many ...X is a common condition which has considerable impact on ...Since it was reported in 2002, X has been attracting a lot of interest.Recently, a considerable literature has grown up around the theme of ...Evidence suggests that X is among the most important factors for ...In the history of xxx, X has been thought of as a key factor in ... Xs are one of the most widely used groups of Y and have been extensively used for ...强调这个领域研究者和相关工作较少：XXX had been a largely under explored domain(under 表否定、下等)too little work has been devoted to强调当前研究中存在的困难：One of the main obstacles ...One of the greatest challenges ...A key issue is the safe disposal of ...The main disadvantage of X is that ...X is associated with increased risk of ...It is now well established that X can impair ...(impair 损害)X has led to the declines in the populations of ...X is a growing public xxx concern in xxx.X is one of the most frequently stated problems with ...The main challenge faced by many experiments is the ...Lack of X has existed as a xxx problem for many years.X is a major public problem, and the main cause of ...Xs are one of the most rapidly declining groups of insects in ...X is the leading cause of death in xxx.Despite its long success, X has a number of problems in use.There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged ...There is an urgent need to address the safety problems caused by ...Questions have been raised about the safety of the prolonged use of ...The prevalence of X is increasing at an alarming rate in all age groups.Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks:Along with this growth in X, however, there is increasing concern over ...X is increasingly recognised as a serious, worldwide public concern.X and its consequences are an important, but understudied, cause for concern.SCI论文写作中常用句型汇总强调研究中存在的困难还可以用如下说法：(注意加一些转折副词, however, nevertheless...)：X may cause ...X is limited by ...X suffers from ...X is too expensive to be used for ...X has accentuated the problem of ...the performance of X is limited by ...X could be a contributing factor to ...the synthesis of X remains a major challenge.X can be extremely harmful to xxx.research has consistently shown that X lacks ...a major problem with this kind of application is ...the determination of X is technically challenging.current methods of X have proven to be unreliable.these rapid changes are having a serious effect on ...X can be adversely affected under certain conditions.observations have indicated a serious decline in the population of ...文献概述常用句式：Recent evidence suggests that ...Previous studies have reported ...Several studies have documented ...Studies of X show the importance of ...Several attempts have been made to ...A number of researchers have reported ...Previous research comparing X and Y has found ...Existing research recognizes the critical role played by ...Recently investigators have examined the effects of X on Y.Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) showed that ...Factors found to be influencing X have been explored in several studies.Studies over the past two decades have provided important information on ...A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies ...In the past two decades, a number of researchers have sought to determine ...There have been a number of longitudinal studies involving X that have reported ...SCI论文写作中常用句型汇总It has been + ()型:(小伙伴们最喜欢的It is xxx that句式来了，初中英语必备^_^)noted that ...argued that ...shown that ...reported that ...assumed that ...suggested that ... established that ... demonstrated that .... conclusively shown that ...强调研究的价值和意义：This research sheds new light on ...This study provides new insights into ...The study offers some important insights into ...The present study fills a gap in the literature by ...Understanding the link between X and Y will help ...The present research explores, for the first time, the effects of ...The findings should make an important contribution to thefield of ....This study provides an exciting opportunity to advance our knowledge of ...This study aims to contribute to this growing area of research by exploring ...Therefore, this study makes a major contribution to research on X by demonstrating ...概括本篇论文的结构：(一般写在Introduction最后)The first section of this paper will examine...My thesis is composed of four themed chapters.The essay has been organised in the following way.The remaining part of the paper proceeds as follows: ...The main issues addressed in this paper are: a), b and c).This paper has been divided into four parts. The first part deals with ...The contributions of this paper can be summarized as follows:(很常见的句式，简单)The overall structure of the study takes the form of six chapters, including this introductory chapter. Chapter Two begins by laying out the theoretical dimensions of the research, and looks at how ... The third chapter is concerned with the methodology used for this study.The fourth section presents the findings of the research, focusing on the three key themes that ... Chapter 6 analyses the results of interviews and focus group discussions undertaken during ...。
SCI写作常用句型之讨论+结论+致谢
本文的常用句型分为三个部分，讨论、结论和致谢，下列的9个类别中，1-4是讨论，5-7是结论部分，8是致谢的相关表达。
索引1. 表达观点和可能性2. 论文中前后参照3. 概述作品的意义和可能的应用4. 研究意义（展望未来）5. 突出成果（结论部分）6. 重申局限性（结论部分）7. 重申研究目的8. 致谢注：斜线间隔符是把同义的动词、副词、固定短语等隔开，所以大家使用的时候可以灵活选取，文中每一条并不是连起来的一整个句子。
一、表达观点和可能性1. To the best of our knowledge / As far as we know / We believe that no other authors have found that x = y.2. It would seem / appear that …3.Our findings would seem to show / demonstrate / suggest / imply that x = y.4.This factor may be responsible / is probably responsible / could well be responsible for this result.5. Presumably / We hypothesize / I argue that this factor is …6. We believe that our method could be used / probably be usefully employed in…Our approach would lend itself well for use by / may be useful for …7. In our opinion / view, this method could be used in …We believe / feel strongly that …8. There is evidence to suggest / support the hypothesis that …9. It is proposed / This may mean / It seems likely / It may be assumed that …10.This implies / suggests / would appear to indicate that …The results point to the likelihood / probability that …There isa strong / definite / clear / good probability that …二、论文中前后参照1. As was mentioned / stated / noted / discussed / reported in the Methods, …As reported above / previously / earlier / before …2.As mentioned / stated / outlined in the literature review …The above- / afore-mentioned X is …3.More details on this will be given below / in the next section / in the appendix. The following is / Here follows / Below is a list of …4. Please refer to Appendix 2 / Table 6 / the Supplementary Material for….三、概述作品的意义可能的应用1. This study is the first step / has gone some way towards enhancing our understanding of …2. These observations have several / three main / many implications for research into …3. This work has revealed / shown / highlighted / demonstrated / proved that …4. The present findings might help to solve / have important implications for solving / suggest several courses of action in order to solve this problem.5. X is suitable for / has the potential to …6.Our method / technique / approach / procedure could be applied to …7. One possible / potential / promising application of our technique would be …8. Results so far have been very promising / encouraging and …9. This approach has the potential / requirements / characteristics / features to …10. This could eventually / conceivably / potentially / hypothetically lead to …11. Our data suggest that X could be used / exploited / taken advantage of / made use of in order to …In our view these results are / constitute / represent an excellent initial step toward …12.We believe / are confident that our results may improve knowledge about …These early successes may hope to resolve / tackle / solve / deal with …Another / An additional / A further important implication is …13.Our research could help / be a useful aid for / possibly support decision makers because …We think that our findings could / might be useful for …14.We hope that our research will be helpful / useful / beneficial / constructive / valuable in solving the difficulty of …At the same time / In addition / Further / Furthermore we believethat …15.Our research suggests that the policy makers should encourage / it is important for policy makers toencourage stakeholders to …16. The findings of my research have serious / considerable / important managerial implications.四、研究意义（展望未来）1. Further work needs to be done / carried out / performed to establish whether …2. Further experimental investigations / tests / studies are needed to estimate …3. More / Additional / Further work on X, would help us to do Y.4. We hope / believe / are confident that our research will serve as a base for future studies on …5. It is recommended / We recommend / We suggest / We propose that further research should be undertaken in the following areas:6. More broadly / On a wider level, research is also needed to determine ….7. This research has raised / given rise to / thrown up many questions in need of further investigation / study / examination.8. This is an important / a fundamental / a vital issue for future research.9. The design and development of Xs will challenge / be a challenge for us for years. Future work should concentrate / focus on enhancing the quality of X.10. Future studies should target / aim at / examine / deal with / address X.11. Future studies on the current topic are therefore required / needed / recommended / suggested in order to establish / verify / validate / elucidate …12. Our results are encouraging / promising and should be validated by a larger sample size.13. These findings suggest the following directions / opportunities for future research: ….14. An important issue / matter / question / problem to resolve for future studies is …15. The prospect of being able to do X, serves as a continuous incentive for / stimulus for / impulse for / spur to future research.五、突出成果(结论部分)1. Our research / This paper has highlighted / stressed / underlined the importance of …We have managed to do / succeeded in doing / been able to do / found a way to do X. Wehave found an innovative / a new / a novel / acutting-edge solution for …2. We have obtained accurate / satisfactory / comprehensive results proving / demonstrating / showing that …3. We have devised a methodology / procedure / strategy which …4. We have confirmed / provided further evidence / demonstrated that …5. Considerable progress has been made / insight has been gained with regard to …6.Taken together, these findings suggest / implicate / highlight a role for X7. Our study provides the framework / a springboard / the backbone / the basis / a blueprint / an agenda/ a stimulus / encouragement for a new way to do X.8.The strength / strong point / value / impact / benefit / usefulness / significance / importance of our work / study / contribution lies in …9. X provides a powerful tool / methodology for …10.X ensures / guarantees that X will do Y, and it can be generalized to …11.Our investigations into this area are still ongoing / in progress and seem likely to confirm our hypothesis.12. These findings add to a growing body of literature on / substantially to our understanding of X.六、重申局限性(结论部分)1. Our work clearly has some limitations. Nevertheless / Despite this we believe our work could be the basis / a framework / a starting point / a springboard for2. Despite the fact that there are / In spite of the fact that / Although there are limitations due to Y, we…3. The most important limitation lies in / is due to / is a result of the fact that …4. The current study was limited by / unable to / not specifically designed to…5. The present study has only investigated / examined X. Therefore / Consequently …6. The project / analysis / testing / sampling was limited in several ways. First, …7.Finally, a number of potential limitations / weaknesses / shortfalls / shortcomings / weak points need to be considered. First, …8. However, given the small sample size, caution mustbe exercised / taken / used / applied. The findings might not be transferable to / generalized to / representative of …9. The picture / situation is thus still incomplete.七、重申研究目的1.As stated in the Introduction, our main aim / objective / target / purpose / goal was to …2.As stated in the Introduction, the research was conducted / undertaken / carried out in order to …3. Given that / Since our main aim was, as mentioned in the Introduction, to …4.Before interpreting our results, we remind the reader of / would just like to restate our main aims.5.Returning to the hypothesis / question posed at the beginning of this study, it is now possible to state that …八、致谢1.This work was carried out / performed within the framework of an EU project and was partly sponsored by …2. This research was made possible by / benefited from a grant from …3. Support was given by the Institute of X, who funded the work in all its / its initial stages.4.We thank / would like to thank the following people for their support, without whose help this work would never have been possible:5. We gratefully acknowledge the help provided by Dr. X / constructive comments of the anonymous referees.6. We are indebted / particularly grateful to Dr. Alvarez for …7. We thank / are grateful to / gratefully acknowledge Dr. Y for her help / valuable suggestions and discussions.8. Thanks are also due to / The authors wish to thank Prof. X, who gave us much valuable advice in the early stages of this work.9. Dr. Y collaborated with / worked alongside our staff during this research project.10. We also thank Prof. Lim for her ongoing collaboration with our department / technical assistance in all our experimental work.。
学术论文模板万能句型-四级模版万能句型
学术论文模板万能句型-四级模版万能句型引言部分- 本文旨在探讨/分析/介绍...- 近年来，... (可根据具体研究内容填写)- 在当前社会背景下，... (可根据具体研究内容填写)- 本文将从以下几个方面进行阐述...文献综述部分- 以下是对相关研究文章进行的综述：- A研究指出...- B研究声称...- C研究证明...- D研究提出...- 然而，对于这些研究成果，仍然存在一些争议，例如...方法论部分- 本文采用了定量/定性/实证研究方法进行调查研究。
- 研究对象包括...- 数据收集方面，我们使用了问卷调查/访谈等方法。
- 在数据分析过程中，我们运用了统计方法/内容分析等方法。
结果分析部分- 通过对数据的分析，我们得到了以下结论：- A方面的结果表明...- B方面的结果显示...- C方面的结果表明...- D方面的结果呈现...- 因此，我们可以得出结论...讨论部分- 通过对结果的讨论，我们得出以下结论：- 与之前的研究结论相符/相悖...- 对于这些结果，我们提出了以下几点看法：1. 观点12. 观点23. 观点3结论部分- 综上所述，本文对... (具体研究内容进行总结)- 本文的研究结果对于...具有重要的启示和指导意义。
- 然而，本研究仍然存在一些局限性，例如...- 基于以上讨论，我们对进一步的研究提出了以下几点建议：1. 建议12. 建议23. 建议3参考文献部分- 根据论文引用格式，列举了参考文献。
以上是学术论文模板万能句型的四级模板，希望对您的写作有所帮助。
学术论文常用句型总结（最全面英文论文句式）
学术论文常用句型总结（最全面英文论文句式）学术论文常用句型Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a deign of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for amethodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ?-.. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine deion of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describesthe xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifyingthe proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system ofobjectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure Time1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization ofa recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both deive and preive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well inmethodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex。
学术类作文常用句型汇总
的视野
better personal resources to draw on
花一些时间到其他地方旅行的学生对生活有更开阔的视野和更多可借鉴的个人资源
26.优先考虑… Give priority to…
Confronted with (面临) increasingly fierce
competition for jobs, most college students
helps mold their character
道德教育教会学生伦理原则和道德价值观, 这有助于塑造他们的性格
11.磨练性格
Sharpen one’s character 类似:磨练技能 Sharpen one’s skills \ abilities
12.激发 \ 打击某 Trigger off \ Dampen Job satisfaction is very likely to (很可能)
网络使人们更容易获得各种各样信息
31. … 为某人做 …open up more
Going abroad for study opens up more
某事提供了 更多 opportunities for sb to do opportunities for students to know about the
2.学生应该学会适应越来越激烈的竞争
22. 采取…措施去 Take … measures to do 做某事
The government should take immediate measures to cope with environment
处理….
Deal with… \ cope with…
政府应该采取及时的措施去处理环境问题
医学论文英文摘要常用句型
医学论文英文摘要常用句型英文摘要限500个实词左右，一般须以第三人称过去式叙述。
用词准确，逻辑性强，结构严谨。
结果和结论一般用句子表达；而目的、方法（设计、地点和对象）等，则常用短语表达。
（1）英文摘要的时态与语态1)研究目的通常用一般现在时或一般过去时。
2)方法和结果一般用一般过去时、第三人称的被动语态表达。
3结论通常用一般现在时、被动语态表达，也可用主动语态表达。
（2）常用句型1)表达论文内容的常用句型A 第三人称主动态①This paper(article，report)describes…本文叙述…②This paper (article)reports…本文报告…③This report(paper，article)presents…本文介绍…④This paper(article，report)discusses…本文讨论…常用的动词还有analyze(分析)，evaluate(评价)，compare(比较)，describe（描述）等。
B 第一人称主动态⑤We report(on)…我们报告…⑥We describe a case of… 我们描述1例…⑦In this paper，we present… 本文介绍…⑧In this paper，we report… 本文报告…主语除we之外，还可用the authors(作者)等。
C 一般现在时被动语态⑨A case is reported in which… 本文报告1例…⑩A study of…is repo rted本文报告…的研究⑧…is(are)described．本文描述…⑥In this paper．…is(are)presented．本文介绍…2)表达目的常用句型A 一般过去时、被动语态①The purpose（aim，objective）of this study was to… 本研究旨在…②The goal（aim）of this investigation was to… 本研究旨在…③This study was designed to… 本研究旨在…④This study was undertaken to… 本研究旨在…⑤This prospective study was performed to… 本前瞻性研究的目的是…⑥A study to…was carried out(during) (在…期间)所作研究的目的是…⑦An attempt has been made to… 为了…而作试验B 动词不定式短语To evaluate，report，investigate，study，analyze…C 一般过去时、主动语态⑧We（the authors）conducted a study to… 为了…我们进行了研究⑨To determine…，we studied… 为了确定…，我们研究了…⑩In an attempt to…，in an effort to…或in order to…，we carried out a pilot study… 为了…，我们进行了…的初步研究表示目的的常用动词有：evaluate(评价)，examine(检查，观察)，determine(确定，查明)，elucidate(阐明)，explore(探索)，test(测试)，compare(比较)，estimate(评估)，assess(估价)，investigate(调查)等。
论文句子翻译赏析
1: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are toxic and mainly contribute to the formation of photochemical smog with a consequent remarkable impact to the air quality.翻译：挥发性有机物是有毒的，而且会造成光化学烟雾的形成，从而对空气质量造成很大的影响。
分析: 该句子虽然结构复杂，但是内容非常紧凑，用少量的单词表达了很具体的意思，值得学习。
其中and为连词，连接前后的并列句。
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)为主语，前半句Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are toxic为主系表结构，后半句谓语动词为contribute这个词用的非常好，用动词表现出了形容词的意思，适合科技论文的写法，with a consequent remarkable impact是with 结构做定语修饰photochemical smog，to the air quality也是定语结构修饰photochemical smog。
2：Pt and Pd over alumina were found both highly active for the oxidation of benzene and butanol, while ethyl acetate was more difficultly oxidized.翻译：氧化铝负载的铅和铂对氧化苯和丁醇均有很高活性，但是乙酸乙酯更难被氧化。
分析：该句使用了while做连词，而且主句使用了were found的结构，由于科技论文不以人为主语，所以这种用法在科技论文中非常常见，值得学习记住。
Pt and Pd是主语，were found是谓语，highly active for the oxidation of benzene and butanol均是主语补足语，这个用法非常的好。
学术论文的语言表达
学术论文的语言表达一．时态☆ 当提到本文、此图、此表等说明了、表达了什么时要用一般现在时，而不用一般过去时。
This paper describe s ……The focus of this paper is ……Figure 1 show s ……Most of the common condensation polymers are listed in Table 1-1.二．数☆ 在学术论文里，有是很难顾及数上的逻辑。
但一般不将逻辑上的问题视为语法错误。
只须注意在一个句子中的数和谓语动词的统一即可。
单、复数的选用有一些非定性、但可供参考的趋向：◆ 当含意上强调复数时建议用复数。
The catalyst concentration s for the different reactions are different.Our research focuses on the synthe ses and characterization s of a series of polycarbonates with different chemical structures.The physical and chemical propert ies of this compound have been studied.The chain length s of the oligomers with different molecular weights are different.◆ 在标题、小标题中 或 描述一类事物、现象等时：当提到具体物质时常用复数。
2-1 PolyestersPolymer s are macromolecule s built up by large numbers of small molecules. The small molecule s which combine with each other to form polymer molecule s are termed monomer s.☆ 当同时提及几个图、表、方程式时要用复数（分别单个地提及则不用）： Figs. 4 and 5 show ……三．冠词☆ 单数名词前一般要加冠词：a , the等； 但以下情况可不加：表示不特指的、较抽象的概念：This chapter will consider the characteristics of step polymerization （沉淀聚合） in detail.An understanding of the relative ease of cyclization or linear polymerization comes from a variety of sources.但需注意这些单词前加冠词也是经常见到的，这是由它在句中的含义确定的<如有一定的特指意义>：Polyisoprene is a typical elastomer – it is amorphous, easily crossed, has a low Tg (-73°C) and a high Tm (14°C).☆ 目录、标题中通常省略冠词：1-1Types of Polymers and Polymerizations…1-4 Molecular Weight1-5 Physical State图、表的题目中有时可省略冠词：Fig. 2-2 Second order plot of the self-catalyzed polyesterification of adipic acid with diethylene glycol at 166 °C.Fig. 8 Dependence of the ease of cyclization on the size of the ring.表示一类东西时：A computer is importantComputers are importantThe computer is important.☆ 图中的横、纵坐标的名称前不加冠词：MolecularWeightConcentration四．大、小写：☆ 请注意以下结构的大、小写：当提及具体第几章、节；图、表；方程式时，首个字母通常要大写：As discussed in C hapter 2, ……In S ection 1.2, we ……As shown in F igure 1, ……The results are listed in T able 3.当不指明是第几章、节；图、表；方程式时，首个字母如在句中通常用小写：In the previous chapter, ……As shown in this figure, ……五．缩写：以下全名和缩写在文中通常视为同等，可以互换。
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…已有共识
There is now a general consensus that two members of the common γ chain cytokine family, namely IL-7 and IL-15, control the homeostasis of CD8+ memory cells
9. Whether the failure to silence TRAIL synthesis upon rechallenge explains this example of AICD remains to be investigated. 10. Whether the receiving cell must make contact with the producing cell or whether there is a role for soluble IL-15/IL-15Rα complexes in CD8+ memory T cell homeostasis is not clear.
7．The main source of IL-17 at the local site of inflammation still remains unknown. 8. Whether such a mechanism is relevant to CD4+ T helper cells remains an open iexpectedly, the newest „lineage‟ of helper T cells, TH-17 cells, also received a great deal of attention at the Ringberg meeting. 4. While the interactions of DC with naive T cells within LN have been analysed in detail,…
11. But the question of whether they need tonic signals via their TCR is still open. 12. Exactly what CD4+ T cells provide to maintain CD8+ T cell memory remains a mystery.
3. Although why this subset of T cells is uniquely sensitive to IL-2 is currently unclear. 4. experiments directly interrogating the physiological requirements for DC-produced IL-2 have yet to be published.
…仍不清楚
1. However, the factors that govern the homeostasis of CD4+ memory cells have yet to be fully defined. 2. Although molecular details of the process are poorly understood.
像…一样
As with naive T cells, memory T cells are also capable of undergoing more rapid cell division under lymphopenic conditions, known as acute homeostatic proliferation.
学术论文常用表达
Regular Academic Expressions
热点，广泛关注、研究
1．The mechanisms governing the homeostasis of memory T cells have been an area of intense investigation. 2．Extensive work has been done in the area of cytokine signaling.
5. While interactions of DC with naive T cells in LN have been extensively examined by 2P-IVM, 6. Although the signals that control neutrophil migration from the blood to sites of infection have been well characterized, little is known about their migration patterns within lymph nodes or the strategies that neutrophils use to find their local sites of action.
13． Large questions remain as to how chemokine signaling regulates or is regulated to coordinate the complex in vivo dynamics of the T lymphocytes。 14. However, what has not been delineated is the response of effector T cells at nonlymphoid tissue sites when they reencounter Ag.
5. Among the questions that remain to be resolved arehow IL-2 may play both supportive and restrictive roles in the same transgenic OT-1 CD8+ T cells. 6. The cause of this disease has been elusive because the SAP gene is not affected in XLP 2 patients.