学术论文常用句型共67页
科技论文的常用句型与写作要点
科技论文的常用句型与写作要点科技论文是学术交流和研究成果发布的重要形式之一，对于科学研究人员而言，掌握科技论文的常用句型和写作要点是提高论文质量和影响力的关键。
本文将介绍一些常用的科技论文句型，并分享一些写作要点，帮助科研人员写出更加精彩和专业的科技论文。
一、常用句型1.表达引言和目的：–In recent years, there has been growing interest in…–The purpose of this study is to…–This paper aims to…–The intention of this research is to…这些句型常用于引出研究的背景和目的，为读者提供对研究主题的整体认识。
2.阐述问题：–One of the key research questions is…–The main problem addressed in this study is…– A major challenge in this field is…这些句型用于明确和阐述研究中需要解决的问题和挑战，引起读者的兴趣。
3.描述方法和实验过程：–The research was conducted using a quantitative/qualitative approach.–The experimental setup consisted of…–Data collection was performed through…在描述研究方法和实验过程时，可以使用这些句型来说明研究使用的方法和实验设计的细节。
4.呈现结果和数据分析：–The results of the study indicate…–The data analysis revealed that…–From the findings, it can be concluded that…通过使用这些句型，可以简明扼要地呈现研究的结果和对数据的分析。
论文写作常用短语
论文写作常用短语在论文写作中，使用合适的短语可以使文章更加流畅、连贯、有逻辑。
本文将介绍一些常用的论文写作短语，帮助您提高写作水平，使论文更具学术性和可读性。
一、引言部分1. 本文旨在探讨……2. 近年来，许多研究已经开展，以探究……3. 面临日益严峻的挑战，我们需要深入研究……4. 这一问题已引起广泛关注，一直是学界的研究热点之一。
5. 过去的研究表明，……6. 尽管相关研究已经进行，但仍有一些问题需要进一步解决。
7. 在此研究中，我们将重点关注……二、文献综述部分1. 先前的研究已经涉及到……2. 许多学者已经通过对……的研究来探讨……3. 这一领域的研究表明……4. 相关文献中指出……5. 尽管已有许多关于……的研究，但仍存在一些争议。
6. 以往的研究主要集中在……，而忽视了……7. 文献回顾表明……三、方法部分1. 为了解决这一问题，我们采用了……方法。
2. 针对我们的研究目的，我们设计了以下实验。
3. 实验采用了随机抽样的方法，以保证样本的代表性。
4. 我们使用了标准的测量工具来收集数据。
5. 为了确保数据的可靠性和有效性，我们采用了多重验证的方法。
6. 我们通过对……的分析来得出结论。
7. 为了消除潜在的偏差，我们进行了控制变量的处理。
四、结果部分1. 分析结果显示，……2. 实证研究显示，……3. 我们对数据进行了统计分析，并得出了如下结论。
4. 结果表明，……5. 进一步的数据分析揭示了……6. 相比之下，……呈现出显著差异。
7. 这一结果支持了我们的研究假设。
五、讨论部分1. 从结果的角度来看，我们可以得出以下结论。
2. 这一研究对理解……具有重要意义。
3. 本研究的发现与之前的研究结果一致。
4. 该研究结果与预期的假设不符，可能是由于……5. 我们的研究具有一定的局限性。
例如，……6. 进一步的研究可以探索……7. 综上所述，本研究有助于深入理解……六、结论部分1. 基于本研究的结果，我们可以得出以下结论。
SCI论文写作中一些常用的句型总结
SCI论文写作中一些常用的句型总结1.引言句型：- In recent years, there has been growing interest in...- With the rapid development of...- In the context of...- It is widely recognized that...2.目的句型：- The purpose of this study is to...- This research aims to...- The objective of this paper is to...3.方法句型：- The experimental design involves...- The research methodology employed in this study includes...4.结果句型：- The results indicate that...- It is evident from the findings that...- The study reveals that...- The data suggests that...5.讨论句型：- The current study has several implications for...- These results are consistent with previous research showing...- The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of...- The limitations of this study should be considered, such as...6.结论句型：- In conclusion...- To sum up...- Overall...- This study provides further evidence that...7.建议句型：- It is suggested that future research should focus on...- Further investigation is warranted to...8.引用句型：- According to (author's name), (quote)...- (Author's name) has argued that...- The literature suggests that...9.比较句型：- In contrast to...- On the other hand...- Similarly...10.解释句型：- This can be attributed to...- One possible explanation for this phenomenon is...- The results can be explained by...请注意，在撰写SCI论文时应避免直接复制粘贴以上句型，而是根据具体情况进行适当修改，以确保句子的流畅性和准确性。
学术写作常用词汇句型
学术写作常用词汇句型一、表示因果关系的词汇与句型。
1. 词汇。
- because [bɪˈkɔːz]：连词，“因为”。
例如：He didn't come because he was ill.- since [sɪns]：连词，“既然；因为”，可表示已知的原因。
例如：Since you are here, you can help me.- as [æz]：连词，“由于”，强调两个动作同时发生或某事为众人所知的原因。
例如：As it was raining heavily, we stayed at home.- therefore [ˈðeəfɔː(r)]：副词，“因此；所以”。
例如：He was ill, and therefore could not come.- consequently [ˈkɒnsɪkwəntli]：副词，“因此；结果”。
例如：She missed the train and consequently was late for the meeting.- so [səʊ]：连词，“所以”，口语和书面语都常用。
例如：It was raining, so we took an umbrella.2. 句型。
- The reason why... is that...：“……的原因是……”。
例如：The reason why he failed the exam is that he didn't study hard.- Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + noun phrase, clause：“由于……”。
- Due to [djuː tuː]：例如：Due to the bad weather, the flight was delayed.- Owing to [ˈəʊɪŋ tuː]：例如：Owing to his carelessness, he made a lot of mistakes.- Thanks to [θæŋks tuː]：常带有感激的意味，例如：Thanks to your help, I passed the exam.二、表示比较和对比的词汇与句型。
英语学术论文常用句型总结版
英语学术论文常用句型总结版1. According to previous studies, ...根据之前的研究，...2. The purpose of this study is to...本研究的目的是...3. The results indicate that...结果表明...4. Furthermore, it should be noted that...此外，值得注意的是...5. This study provides valuable insights into...本研究为...提供了有价值的见解。
6. The findings of this study have important implications for...本研究的发现对...有重要的意义。
7. It is worth mentioning that...值得一提的是...8. The limitations of this study should be acknowledged.应该承认本研究的局限性。
9. Future research should focus on...未来的研究应该关注...10. In conclusion, ...总之，...11. It can be concluded that...可以得出结论...12. This paper aims to explore...本文旨在探讨...13. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that...这一现象的可能解释是...14. The results are consistent with previous research, indicating...结果与之前的研究一致，表明...15. The present study contributes to the literature by...本研究通过...对文献做出了贡献。
英语学术论文常用句式
英语学术论文常用句型Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx Summary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well inmethodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex补充It is conceivable that + 句子（可想而知的）It is obvious that + 句子（明显的）It is apparent that + 句子（显然的）It pays to...（...是值得的）Spare no effort to...（不遗余力的）bring home to...（让...明白...事）be closely related to..（与...息息相关）Leave much to be desired（令人不满意）Pose a great threat to...（对...造成一大威胁）do one’s utmost to...（尽全力去...）Conclusion1) From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that ...2) It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop ...3) It is necessary that steps should be taken to ...4) In conclusion, it is imperative that ...5) There is no easy method, but ...might be of some help.6) To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must ...7) In summary, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue, more problems will crop up ﹙突然发生；突然出现﹚.8) Taking all these into account, we ...9) Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear...。
学术论文常用英语总结
再也不用愁SCI了，再也不愁论文中的英文怎么写了！！！英语学术论文常用句型英语学术论文常用句型Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibilityknowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling andprocessing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasonsfor their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments... This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newlydeveloped and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allowthe non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide muchattention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/Statethat/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution inhuman development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex赞(6)。
学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型
学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型1. Introduction （引言）- This paper aims to...- The purpose of this study is to...- The objective of this research is to...- This paper addresses the issue/problem of...2. Background （背景）- In recent years, there has been increasing interest in...- With the growing importance of...- Despite the extensive research on...- The existing literature has largely focused on...3. Methods （方法）- This study utilized a quantitative/qualitative research design.- Data was collected through surveys/interviews/observations.- The sample consisted of...- Statistical analysis was conducted using...4. Results （结果）- The findings of this study indicate that...- The results suggest that...- The analysis revealed that...- There is a significant correlation between...5. Discussion （讨论）- These results provide insights into...- The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of...- The present study contributes to the understanding of...- These findings are consistent with previous research in the field of...6. Conclusion （结论）- In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of...- Based on the findings, it can be concluded that...- This study provides valuable information for...- Further research is needed to explore...7. Limitations （限制）- Although this study has provided significant insights, it is not without limitations.- One limitation of this study is the small sample size.- Another limitation is the reliance on self-reported data.- Future research should address these limitations by...8. Implications （意义）- The findings of this study have practical implications for...- These results have important implications for policymakers/practitioners.- The implications of this study extend beyond the specific context of...- This research contributes to the theoretical understanding of...9. Future Directions （未来方向）- Future research should explore...- Further investigation is needed to determine...- Future studies could examine...- This research sets the stage for future research on...。
英文学术论文写作常用句型
一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词+ (that) + 主词+ have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)~~~ the most + 形容词+ 名词+ (that) + 主词+ have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)Lack of interpersonal skills is one of the most serious defects that we have ever kn own about today’s college stude nts.缺乏人际交往技能是我们迄今所知的当今大学生的最大缺陷。
二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + VNothing is + more + 形容词+ than to + V例句：For parents, nothing is more important than to educate children in a proper way.没有比以一种正确方式教育孩子更重要的事情了。
三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.（再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。
）例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting celebrities’ privacy too much.我们再怎么强调保护名人隐私的也不为过。
四、There is no denying that + S + V ...（不可否认的...）例句：There is no denying that the practical ity of our higher education has gone from bad to worse.不可否认的，我们高等教育的实用性已经每况愈下。
英语学术论文常用句型（大全）（免费）
英语学术论文常用经典句型 (1)Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding. 5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window 6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ... 7. 7. Section 3 Section 3 describes describes the the the system system system itself itself itself in in in a a a general general general way, way, way, including including including the the the ….. ….. ….. and and and also also also discusses discusses discusses how how how to to to evaluate evaluate system performance. 8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx. 9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx. 10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision. 11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules 12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies. 13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model. 14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation. 15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx. 16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process. 17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3. 18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data. 19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model .. 20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work. 21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example. 22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2. 23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system 24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy. 25. In Section 2 2 of of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense. 26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions. 27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments... This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described. 2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results. Next Section2. 2. The The The next next next section section section describes describes describes the the the mathematics mathematics mathematics that that that goes goes goes into into into the the the computer computer computer implementation implementation implementation of of of such such such fuzzy fuzzy fuzzy logic logic statements. 3. 3. However, However, However, it it it is is is cumbersome cumbersome cumbersome for for for this this this purpose purpose purpose and and and in in in practical practical practical applications applications applications the the the formulae formulae formulae were were were rearranged rearranged rearranged and and simplified as discussed in the next section. 4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use. 5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections. 6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx Summary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5. 2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation. 3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research. 4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper. 5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized 6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn. 7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper. Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables. 2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures. 3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx. 4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations. 5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision. 6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm. 7. The usefulness of xx is also considered. 8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed. 9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem. 10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices. 11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified. 12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given. 13. 13. Results Results Results of of of an an an experimental experimental experimental applications applications applications of of of this this this xx xx xx analysis analysis analysis procedure procedure procedure are are are given given given to to to illustrate illustrate illustrate the the the proposed proposed technique. 14. This paper analyses problems in 15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ... 16. This paper includes an illustration of the ... 17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching 18. 18. Emphasis Emphasis Emphasis is is is placed placed placed on on on the the the construction construction construction of of of a a a criterion criterion criterion function function function by by by which which which the the the xx xx xx in in in achieving achieving achieving a a a hierarchical hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated. 19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx 20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study. 21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx 22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables. 23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure Chapter 1. Introduction Time 1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive 2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world 3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the 4. The development of ... is explored 5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions 6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years 7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ... 8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve... 9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena. 10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx 11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed. 12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965]. 13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems. 英语学术论文常用经典句型(2)Objective / Goal / Purpose 1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows: 2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx. 3. The paper concerns the development of a xx 4. The scope of this research lies in 5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making. 6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ... 7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows: 8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of 9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide 10. The main objective of such a ... system is to 11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution. 12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements: 13. In order to take advantage of their similarity 14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed 15. In this trial, the objective is to generate... 16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues 17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx. 18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx. 19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods 20. This illustration points out the need to specify 21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive. 22. Chapter 2. Literature Review 23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx 24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade 25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx. 26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning 27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx. 28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications. 29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic. 30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis. 31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of 32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated. 33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature. 34. The central issue in all these studies is to 35. 35. The The The problem problem problem of of of xx xx xx has has has been been been studied studied studied by by by other other other investigators, investigators, investigators, however, however, however, these these these studies studies studies have have have been been been based based based upon upon classical statistical approaches. 36. Applied ... techniques to 37. Characterized the ... system as 38. Developed an algorithm to 39. Developed a system called ... which 40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce 41. Emphasized the need to 42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology 43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken 44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed 45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/ Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights 46. Point out that the problem of 47. A study on ...was done / developed by [] 48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with 49. The approach taken by [] is 50. The system developed by [] consists 51. A paper relevant to this research was published by [] 52. []'s model requires consideration of... 53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development 54. []'s model focuses on... 55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to 56. The published information that is relevant to this research... 57. This study further shows that 58. Their work is based on the principle of 59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979]. 60. Studies have been completed to established 61. The ...studies indicated that 62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking. Problem / Issue / Question 63. 63. Unfortunately, Unfortunately, Unfortunately, real-world real-world real-world engineering engineering engineering problems problems problems such such such as as as manufacturing manufacturing manufacturing planning planning planning do do do not not not fit fit fit well well well with with with this this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects. 64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems 67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved 68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed 69. An unanswered question 70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution. 71. An additional research issue to be tackled is .... 72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed 73. The three prime issues can be summarized: 74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ... 75. There have been many attempts to 76. It is expected to be serious barrier to 77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex 1. problem.1. There are several ways to get around this problem. 2. As difficult as it seems to be, xx is by no means new. 3. The problem is to recognize xx from a design representation. 4. A xx problem can trace its roots to xx. 5. xx [1987] used a heuristic approach to simplify the complexity of the problem. 6. Several problems are associated with them. 7. Although some progress has been made in this area, at least two major obstacles must be overcome before a fully automated system can be realized. 8. Most problems in practice are complicated 9. More problem surface here. 10. Hamper effort toward a xx system 11. In order to overcome the limitations due to incomplete and imprecise xx knowledge, a xx program has been developed, which bases its knowledge upon the statistical analysis of a sample population of xx 12. The above difficulties are real challenges faced by researchers attempting to develop 13. This type of mapping raises no controversy to the issue of membership function determination. 14. However, attempts to quantify the xx have met both theoretical and empirical problems. 15. It has become apparent that in order to apply this new methodological framework to real world problems and data, we have to pay attention to the problems of xx and xx. Chapter 3. Proposed methodologyAssumption 1. In the case when the assumption of a xx seems to be too restrictive or inadequate, the formulation with Fuzzy termination time, i.e. given by a fuzzy set in the space of control stages, may be applied. 2. We assume here the fuzzy constraints to be state dependent, and the fuzzy goal to be the same for all the control states, xx, which stems from the problem's nature. 3. An approach to the solution of this problem is presented under the assumption that the sampling rate Decision can can be be be made made made prior prior prior to to to the the the execution execution execution of of of the the the experiment, experiment, experiment, as as as opposed opposed opposed to to to being being being made made made while while while the the the experiment experiment experiment is is is in in progress. 4. Another assumption made above is that there are precise odds at which the expert is indifferent. 5. Main simplifying assumptions are: 6. This, in our view, is a questionable assumption. Outline / Structure / Module1. An outline of the research 2. Information is incorporated within the scheme 3. Is built into ... structure 4. A nice modular structure. 5. The principles of ... are applied as modularized criteria Classification1. A xx system comprises three main components: 2. Must decompose the original .. into a set of .. 3. Consists of the following steps: 4. This is summarized in the following steps: 5. Can be broadly classified into the following areas: l Can be characterized by its function of effectively processing the l Can allow further breadth of application of ...into more l The following steps should be followed l xx can be classified by a different ways. l Based on the xx, one may classify xx into the following: l This catalog may change due to wear, breakage, and purchasing. Systeml Unlike many conventional program, expert systems do not usually deal with problem for which there is clearly a right or wrong answer. l The system consists of both ... and ... l The system has a hierarchical modular architecture organized on three levels. l expert system domains are area of expertise l To develop a xx system for xx, the following factors must be considered: l The system has been developed / designed to determine l The system has proven to be able to l The domain in which an expert system operates is a particular domain l The system comprises a ... with l The system is [feature-oriented ] / based on the ... technique l The system environment must be relatively stable l The system is utilized to generate, load, store, update and retrieve ... l The development of a xx system has two stages: xx stage and xx stage. l The most essential part of .. system is the ... l The successful developments in ESs have made them an important tool in the development of l An automated system was developed for 英语学术论文常用经典句型 (3)l In this case, the system can be considered to be generative. l An interactive automatic ... system l A .. is commonly thought of as a truly integrated .. system l Should be capable of being generated from a ... system l xx is an important part of the integrated system. l The model model consists consists consists of of of four four four rule rule rule bases, bases, bases, each each each of of of which which which addresses addresses addresses a a a separate separate separate problem problem problem in in in the the the hierarchy hierarchy hierarchy of of scheduling decision. l The rule bases are linked to each other in a chin like manner in the sense that the consequent of one rule base constitutes a part of the antecedent of the next rule base. l The rule base consists of all possible combinations of the linguistic terms associated with the linguistic variable of the antecedent of a rule. Computer Systeml The system system has has has been been been implemented implemented implemented using using using Prolog Prolog Prolog language language language in in in an an an MS MS MS DOS DOS DOS environment. environment. environment. Prolog Prolog Prolog was was was chosen chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented. l The current version of the xx program when compiled with WA TFOR77 result s in an executable code of about 270K bytes. Typical run time, when run on a XX computer (an IBM compatible machine) operating at 4.77 Mhz with 640K RAM, ranges from 10 min to 2h, depending on the size (or complexity) of the problem. l Time Time consuming consuming procedures have have been been been implemented implemented in in C C C language language and and directly directly directly linked linked to to the the the Prolog Prolog environment. l The xx process, once the xx's data has been entered, requires approximately 180 seconds. l It should be noted that the computation was done with a 20 Hhz, 80386 209;based microcomputer equipped with a 80387 math co processor. l The computer computer programs programs programs used used used for for for the the the analyses, analyses, analyses, one one one based based based on on on the the the xx xx xx method method method and and and the the the other based other based on on the the the new new method, were written in FORTRAN with a compiler that supports the math co processor. l Lisp, Prolog give maximum flexibility but also maximizes development time. l Internal representation is the way a model is represented in the computer. l An interactive menu-driven procedure is used in this study l Shell can be develop very fast at the cost of time fairly severe limitations. l While there is no measurable saving of time for the case involving five criteria, the saving is dramatic for the case involving 10 criteria -- the computation time reduces from 10 hr 40 min to about 1 min. l This combination combination is is is being being being implemented implemented implemented in in in an an an objected objected objected oriented oriented oriented programming programming programming environment environment environment (Smalltalk (Smalltalk (Smalltalk 80 80 system) to solve problems encountered in construction xxx. Method / Approach / Study / Process Model / Equation /Algorithm / Rule / Formula / Techniquel A discussion is presented of a problem-solving system l To improve the efficiency of the method, the following approach may be applied. l In order to an investigation was made to find the causes of the l Although large collections of rules and equations have been complied, none are generally accepted l This approach will be explained and discussed thoroughly in the body of the report. l This can be accomplished by l This algorithm to compute the total cost can be described step by step as follows: l The above preliminary analysis has provided important information l Various methods have been proposed for selecting an optimum... l These concepts have been applied to l On the basis of the concept mentioned above, l This can be achieved by l This fact suggests that a new concept l This was accomplished by taking ... l The preparatory stage is very time consuming process. l Test are performed for validity, completeness, and compatibility l There is little hope of achieving successful ... l There has has been been been an an an increasing increasing increasing awareness awareness awareness of of of the the the potential potential potential of of of using using using most ..so most ..so far far made made made have have have not not not taken taken taken this this approach, with the exception of l Only a few studies can be found. l It is a very tedious process to go through l It is only when .. has been completed that .. may be effected l The entire interpretation process is conducted in one's head. l These approaches are sometimes very tedious. l Several techniques can be used l A polynomial parametric model can be written as [the following]/[follows]: l A xx model is constructed/formulated using xx. l A xx model represents an xx by its xx. l A process decision model captures the logic essential to l From the equation above, xx is equal to the summation of xx times the ... l The validity of a xx model can be checked using Euler's formula. l Given a model, one can mathematically determine whether ... or ... l Equations for xx need to be derived and implemented in the system. l A number of heuristic rules have been developed for l Optimum .. techniques can be made more reliable by ... so that l An algorithm based on the characteristic ... is used to determine l Euler's formula states the following: l The completed model should agree with the formula. l For manufacturing purposes, a detailed and precise model of the object is necessary l Engineering design models are very well defined; therefore, To keep the domain narrow enough to be implementable, yet wide enough to be useful. Point of View l from an implementation standpoint, l From the point of view of this application, l From this point of view, Zadeh suggested an inference rule named xxx (CRI for short). l Information is the meaningful interpretation and correlation of some aggregation of data in order to allow one to make decisions. l From a a practical practical practical point point point of of of view, view, view, the the the computational computational computational aspects aspects aspects of of of an an an FLC FLC FLC require require require a a a simplification simplification simplification of of of the the the fuzzy fuzzy control algorithm. l The use of a hammer to insert screws, although partly effective, tends to distort, destroy, and generally defeat the purpose of using a screw [Kusiak AI Implications for CIM p.129] Justificationl We choose the so called xx in our experiment because it has received wide acceptance and can l Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented. l The rationale behind this is that it can be much easier for an estimator to rate a cost as high than to attempt to place a dollar value on the estimate. l This strategy has been widely used in fuzzy control applications since it is natural and easy to implement. l A function function definition definition definition expresses expresses expresses the the the membership membership membership function of function of a fuzzy set set in in in a a a functional functional functional form, form, form, typically typically typically a a a bell bell shaped function, etc. Such functions are used in FLC because they lead themselves to manipulation through the use of fuzzy arithmetic. l It should be noted that in our daily life most of the information on which our decisions are based is linguistic rather than numerical in nature. Seen in this perspective, fuzzy control rules provide a natural framework for the characterization of human behavior and decisions analysis. l Many experts have found that fuzzy control rules provide a convenient way to express their domain knowledge. This explains why most FLCs are based on the knowledge and experience which are expressed in the language of fuzzy "if the" rule. 。
英语学术论文常用经典句型
英语学术论文常用经典句型Beginning1)In this paper, we focus on the need for …2)This paper proceeds as follows.3)The structure of the paper is as follows.4)In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts …5)To begin with, we will provide a brief background on the …Introduction1)This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailedpresentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2)Details on ... and … are discussed in later sections.3)In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involvingpossibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility mode is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non-fuzzy service rue is studied; asty, fuzzy service rue are considered.Review1)This review is followed by an introduction.2) A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in … and … is presented in Section 2.3)In the next section, a brief review of the ... is given.4)In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5)Section 2 reviews relevant research related to ….6)Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at thedifficulties posed by the plexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1) 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2) 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FC decision making logic.3) 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4) 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural languageunderstanding.5) 5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy timewindow6) 6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7)7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a genera way, including the ….. and also discusseshow to evaluate system performance.8)8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9)9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10)10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11)11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rues12)12. The main idea of the FC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xxstrategies.13)13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed mode.14)14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15)15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16)16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy mode of memory process.17)17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18)18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use onexperimental data.19)19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set mode ..20)20. Section 5 contains some conclusions pus some ideas for further work.21)21. Section 6 illustrates the mode with an example.22)22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly inSection 2.23)23. In Section 2 are presented the bock diagram expression of a whole mode24)of human DM system25)24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.26)25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for thefundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.27)26. In Section 3, we describe the primary results of an empiric study28)Currently in progress to verify the measurement mode and to construct membership functions.29)27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inferenceexperiments...This Section30) 1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed aredescribed.31) 2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for theunderstanding of subsequent results.32)Next Section33) 2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the puter implementation of suchfuzzy logic statements.34) 3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae wererearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.35) 4. The three ponents will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis ofa puter information system will then illustrate their use.36) 5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.37) 6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx Summary38) 1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.39) 2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.40) 3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.41) 4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.42) 5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized43) 6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.44)7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract45) 1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for themeasurement of experimental variables.46) 2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overesthe difficulties found in other xx measures.47) 3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.48) 4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy reactions.49) 5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.50) 6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.51)7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.52)8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.53)9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.54)10. A mode is developed for an xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.55)11. Algorithms to bine these estimates and produce an xx are presented and justified.56)12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.57)13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustratethe proposed technique.58)14. This paper analyses problems in59)15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...60)16. This paper incudes an illustration of the ...61)17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching62)18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achievinga hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.63)19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx.64)20. Our proposed mode is verified through experimental study.65)21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx66)22. The patibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguisticvariables.67)23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the putational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime68) 1. Over the course of the past 30 years, …has emerged form intuitive69) 2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial word70) 3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the71) 4. The development of ... is explored72) 5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions73) 6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years74)7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...75)8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...76)9. An xx is a lateer in the part representation arena.77)10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx78)11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient andeffective method has yet to be developed.79)12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].80)13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used inmercial systems.Objective / Goa / Purpose81) 1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:82) 2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the no experts to utilize the existing knowledgein the area of manual handing of loads, and to provide intelligent, puter aided instruction for xxx.83) 3. The paper concerns the development of a xx84) 4. The scope of this research lies in85) 5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rue based decision making.86) 6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...87)7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:88)8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of89)9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide90)10. The main objective of such a ... system is to91)11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.92)12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:93)13. In order to take advantage of their similarity94)14. more research is still required before final goa of ... can be peted95)15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...96)16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues97)17. A major goa of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure forthe xx.98)18. For an illustrative purpose, four we known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzydata: xx.99)19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring methods 100)20. This illustration points out the need to specify101)21. The ultimate goa is both descriptive and prescriptive.102)22. Chapter 2. literature Review103)23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx 104)24. A considerable amount of research has been done during the last decade105)25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx. 106)26. There is considerable amount of literature on panning107)27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.108)28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as we in method logical aspects as in concrete applications.109)29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.110)30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.111)31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of112)32. Many plex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.113)33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature. 114)34. The central issue in a these studies is to115)35. The Problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon cassia statistical approaches.116)36. Applied ... techniques to117)37. Characterized the ... system as118)38. Developed an algorithm to119)39. Developed a system cased ... which120)40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce121)41. Emphasized the need to122)42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology123)43. A prehensive study of the... has been undertaken124)44. Much work has been reported recently in these field125)45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/126)Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights127)46. Point out that the Problem of128)47. A study on ...was done / developed by []129)48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with130)49. The approach taken by [] is131)50. The system developed by [] consists132)51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []133)52. []'s mode requires consideration of...134)53. []' mode draws attention to evolution in human development135)54. []'s mode focuses on...136)55. litter research has been conducted in applying ... to137)56. The published information that is relevant to this research...138)57. This study further shows that139)58. Their work is based on the principle of140)59. More history of ... can be found in xx let a. [1979].141)60. Studies have been peted to established142)61. The ...studies indicated that143)62. Though application of xx in the field of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.144)Problem / Issue / Question145)63. Unfortunately, rea-word engineering Problems such as manufacturing panning do not fit we with this narrowly defined mode. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.146)64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these Problems147)67. ... is a difficult Problem, yet to be adequately resolved148)68. Two major Problems have yet to be addressed149)69. An unanswered question150)70. This Problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.151)71. An additional research issue to be tacked is....152)72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed153)73. The three prime issues can be summarized:154)74. The situation leads to the Problem of how to determine the ...155)75. There have been many attempts to156)76. It is expected to be serious barrier to157)77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a plexProblem.158)1. There are several ways to get around this Problem.159)2. As difficult as it seems to be, xx is by no means new.160)3. The Problem is to recognize xx from a design representation.161)4. An xx Problem can trace its roots to xx.162)5. XX[1987] used a heuristic approach to simplify the plexity of the Problem.163)6. Several Problems are associated with them.164)7. Although some progress has been made in this area, at least two major obstacles must be overe before a fully automated system can be realized.165)8. Most Problems in practice are plicated166)9. More Problem surface here.167)10. Hamper effort toward a xx system168)11. In order to overe the imitations due to inplete and imprecise xx knowledge, a xx program has been developed, which bases its knowledge upon the statistical analysis of a sample population of xx169)12. The above difficulties are rea challenges faced by researchers attempting to develop170)13. This type of mapping raises no controversy to the issue of membership function determination.171)14. However, attempts to quantify the xx have met both theoretical and empirical Problems. 172)15. It has bee apparent that in order to apply this new methodological framework to rea word Problems and data, we have to pay attention to the Problems of xx and xx.Chapter 3. Proposed methodologyAssumption173)1. In the case when the assumption of an xx seems to be too restrictive or inadequate, the formulation with Fuzzy termination time, i.e. given by a fuzzy set in the space of control stages, may be applied.174)2. We assume here the fuzzy constraints to be state dependent, and the fuzzy goa to be the same for the control states, xx, which stems from the Problem's nature.175)3. An approach to the solution of this Problem is presented under the assumption that the sampling rate Decision can be made prior to the execution of the experiment, as opposed to being made while the experiment is in progress.176)4. Another assumption made above is that there are precise odds at which the expert is indifferent.177)5. Main simplifying assumptions are:178)6. This, in our view, is a questionable assumption.179)Outline / Structure / Module180)1. An outline of the research181)2. Information is incorporated within the scheme182)3. Is built into ... structure183)4. A nice modular structure.184)5. The principles of ... are applied as modularized criteriaClassification185)1. A xx system prises three main ponents:186)2. Must depose the original … into a set of …187)3. Consists of the following steps:188)4. This is summarized in the following steps:189)5. Can be broadly classified into the following areas:Can be characterized by its function of effectively processing theCan allow further breadth of application of ...into moreThe following steps should be followedXX can be classified by a different ways.Based on the xx, one may classify xx into the following:This catalog may change due to wear, breakage, and purchasing.System190)Unlike many conventional program, expert systems do not usually deal wit191)Problem for which there is clary a right or wrong answer.192)The system consists of both ... and ...193)The system has a hierarchical modular architecture organized on three eves.194)expert system domains are area of expertise195)To develop a xx system for xx, the following factors must be considered:196)The system has been developed / designed to determine197)The system has proven to be label to198)The domain in which an expert system operates is a particular domain199)The system prises a ... with200)The system is [feature-oriented ] / based on the ... technique201)The system environment must be relatively stable202)The system is utilized to generate, load, store, update and retrieve ...203)The development of an xx system has two stages: xx stage and xx stage.204)The most essential part of … system is the ...205)The successful developments in ESs have made them an important too in the development of206)An automated system was developed for207)In this case, the system can be considered to be generative.208)An interactive automatic ... system209) A … is monly thought of as a truly integrated … system210)Should be capable of being generated from a ... system211)XX is an important part of the integrated system.212)The mode consists of four rue bases, each of which addresses a separate Problem in the hierarchy of scheduling decision.213)The rue bases are inked to each other in a chin like manner in the sense that the consequent of one rue base constitutes a part of the antecedent of the next rue base.214)The rue base consists of a possible binations of the linguistic terms associated with the linguistic variable of the antecedent of a rue.215)puter System216)The system has been implemented using Prolog language in an MS DOS environment.Prolog was chosen because it offers all we known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented.217)The current version of the xx program when plied with WATFOR77 result218)in an executable code of about 270K bytes. Typical run time, when run on a219)XX puter (an IBM patible machine) operating at 4.77 Mhz with 640K RAM, ranges from 10 min to 2h, depending on the size (or plexity) of the Problem.220)Time consuming procedures have been implemented in C language and directly linked to the Prolog environment.221)The xx process, once the xx's data has been entered, requires approximately 180 seconds. 222)It should be noted that the putation was done with a 20 Hhz, 80386223)based microputer equipped with a 80387 math col processor.224)The puter programs used for the analyses, one based on the xx method and the other based on the new method, were written in FORTRAN with a plier that supports the math col processor.225)Prolog give maximum flexibility but also maximizes development time.226)Internal representation is the way a mode is represented in the puter.227)An interactive menu-driven procedure is used in this study228)She can be develop very fast at the cost of time fairy severe limitations.229)While there is no measurable saving of time for the case involving five criteria, the saving is dramatic for the case involving 10 criteria -- the putation time reduces from 10 hr 40 min to about 1 min.230)This bination is being implemented in an objected oriented programming environment (Smatak 80 system) to solve Problems encountered in construction xxx.Method / Approach / Study / Process Mode / Equation /Algorithm / Rue / Formula / Technique231) A discussion is presented of a Problem-solving system232)To improve the efficiency of the method, the following approach may be applied.233)In order to an investigation was made to find the causes of the234)Although large collections of rues and equations have been plied, none are generally accepted235)This approach will be explained and discussed thoroughly in the body of the report.236)This can be acplished by237)This algorithm to pute the total cost can be described step by step as follows:238)The above preliminary analysis has provided important information239)Various methods have been proposed for selecting an optimum...240)These concepts have been applied to241)On the basis of the concept mentioned above,242)This can be achieved by243)This fact suggests that a new concept244)This was acplished by taking ...245)The preparatory stage is very time consuming process.246)Test are performed for validity, pleteness, and patibility247)There is little hope of achieving successful ...248)There has been an increasing awareness of the potential of using most ...so far made have not taken this approach, with the exception of249)Only a few studies can be found.250)It is a very tedious process to go through251)It is only when … has been peted that ... may be effected252)The entire interpretation process is conducted in one's head.253)These approaches are sometimes very tedious.254)Several techniques can be used255) A polynomial parametric mode can be written as [the following]/[follows]:256)All xx mode is constructed/formulated using xx.257)All xx mode represents an xx by its xx.258) A process decision mode captures the logic essential to259)From the equation above, xx is equal to the summation of xx times the ...260)The validity of all xx mode can be checked using Euler's formula.261)Given a mode, one can mathematically determine whether ... or ...262)Equations for xx need to be derived and implemented in the system.263) A number of heuristic rues have been developed for264)Optimum … techniques can be made more reliable by ... so that265)An algorithm based on the characteristic ... is used to determine266)Euler's formula states the following:267)The peted mode should agree with the formula.268)For manufacturing purposes, a detailed and precise mode of the object is necessary 269)Engineering design modes are very we defined; therefore,270)To keep the domain narrow enough to be implementable, yet wide enough to271)be useful.Point of View272)from an implementation standpoint,273)From the point of view of this application,274)From this point of view, Zadeh suggested an inference rue named xxx (CRI for short). 275)Information is the meaningful interpretation and correlation of some aggregation of data in order to allow one to make decisions.276)277)From a practical point of view, the putational aspects of an FC require a simplification of the fuzzy control algorithm.278)The use of a hammer to insert screws, although party effective, tends to distort, destroy, and generally defeat the purpose of using a screw [Kusiak AI Implications for CIM p.129]Justification279)We choose the so called xx in our experiment because it has received wide acceptance and can280)Prolog was chosen because it offers all we known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented.281)The rationale behind this is that it can be much easier for an estimator to rate a cost as high than to attempt to pace a dollar value on the estimate.282)This strategy has been widely used in fuzzy control applications since it is natural and easy to implement.283) A function definition expresses the membership function of a fuzzy set in a functional form, typically all be shaped function, etc. Such functions are used in FC because they lead themselves to manipulation through the use of fuzzy arithmetic.284)It should be noted that in our daily life most of the information on which our decisions are based is linguistic rather than numerical in nature. Seen in this perspective, fuzzy control rues provide a natural framework for the characterization of human behavior and decisions analysis. 285)Many experts have found that fuzzy control rues provide a convenient way to express their domain knowledge. This explains why most FCs are based on the knowledge and experience which are expressed in the language of fuzzy "if the" rue.Chapter 4. ExamplesExample/ Data286)The data used in the following example was taken from an experiment in which xx was measured between x and x using an xx technique.287)The data consists of over xx measurements.288)An example of xx is discussed and the control rues of xx are pared with a xx289)Examples of plex processes to which this technique may be applied are xx, xx, etc.290)The following example is constructed only for the purpose of illustrating the putational procedure discussed.291)This example ceay demonstrates that the profile of an individual xx, or a very small group of xx, with no enough data to be studied statistical y, can be meaningfully analyzed by fuzzy possibilistic methods.292)There is no space here to go into detail on a these methods, but deserve a mention and the biography will point to detailed references for those wishing this eve of detail.293)Note that the golf ball spotting example is used throughout the paper.parisons294)As we, the pros and cons of these representations from a process panning point of view will be discussed.295)The method of using xx to implement xx described by Zadeh (1973) appeared more suitable296)As discussed [in the previous section]/[preciously],297)Relation298)We can not invert F' directly because it defines a many-to-one mapping.299)The relationships appear very plicate300)Lifting tasks involve plex and imprecise relationship between the task variables and the human operator's characteristics.301)These methods are based on the relationship between ... and ...302)The fundamental concept of a fuzzy rating language is that we can establish a relationship among terms such as high, medium, and ow, and then modify these relationships.303)This article will thus mention the latter as we as the former.304)The former two bear a close relation to a fuzzy Cartesian product.Importance305)The emphasis is on an implementation of a genera approach to rue based decision making. Consideration / Attention306)Careful evaluation is necessary to ensure307)Such a formulation does not change further considerations.308)Considerable attention has been paid to309)Attention should be paid to an important finding of this investigation.310)Caution should be exercised in this process to avoid ...311)Primary consideration is given to ... ponents, though others can be acmodated312)After ... has been defined by ..., a carefully analysis is carried out/performed to determine 313) A number of factors such as ...need to be taken into consideration before making the appropriate decision.314)It should be noted that315)316)It is important to point out that ...317)These considerations have heightened interest in the possibility of providing ...。
学术英语写作
英语学术论文常用句型Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. V arious ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well inmethodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well withthis narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex写论文，参考文献的修改很麻烦，删除一个，添加一个，就需要改一长串数字。
论文写作常用句型
论文写作常用句型在论文写作中，使用一些常用句型可以帮助提升文章的表达能力和逻辑结构。
下面将介绍一些常用的论文写作句型，并提供实例来说明其用法和适用场景。
1. 引言句型引言部分是论文开篇的重要部分，可以使用以下句型引入话题和背景：- "In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in..."- "With the rapid development of technology, ..."例如："In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the effects of social media on teenagers' mental health."2. 提出观点句型在论文中，我们需要明确提出自己的观点或假设。
下面是一些常用的提出观点的句型：- "It can be argued that..."- "One possible explanation for this phenomenon is..."- "It is widely believed that..."例如："It can be argued that the implementation of stricter gun control laws can help reduce gun-related crimes."3. 支持观点句型在论文中，我们需要提供证据或理由来支持我们的观点。
以下是一些常用的支持观点的句型：- "Research has shown that..."- "According to a survey conducted by..."- "Numerous studies have demonstrated that..."例如："Research has shown that regular exercise can improve cognitive function and reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease."4. 引用他人观点句型在论文中，引用他人观点可以增强论证的力度，以下是一些常用的引用他人观点的句型：- "According to (author's name),..."- "(Author's name) argues that..."- "In the words of (author's name),..."例如："According to John Smith, a renowned economist, the implementation of sustainable development practices is crucial for long-term economic growth."5. 举例句型在论文中，举例可以帮助读者更好地理解和接受论点。
sci 常用句型
SCI论文写作中，有一些常用的句型可以帮助作者更清晰、有条理地表达自己的观点。
以下是一些经典和常用的句型：1. Introduction:- This was demonstrated in a number of studies that...（许多研究表明…）- Considerable research efforts have been devoted to...（大量研究工作致力于…）- In this paper, we aim to [research objective] by [research method/approach]. Example: In this paper, we aim to investigate the effects of social media on young adults' mental health by conducting a survey.（在本论文中，我们旨在通过[研究方法/方法]实现[研究目标]。
例如：在本论文中，我们旨在通过进行调查来研究社交媒体对青少年心理健康的影响。
）2. 经典替换词:- Replace "individuals", "characters", or "folks" with "people" or "persons".（将“个人”，“角色”或“人们”替换为“人”或“人”）- Use positive terms like "rosy", "promising", "perfect", "pleasurable", "excellent", "outstanding", and "superb" to describe your findings or results.（使用积极的术语如“有希望的”，“完美的”，“愉快的”，“优秀的”，“杰出的”和“极好的”来描述您的发现或结果。
英语学术论文常用经典句型
英语学术论文常用经典句型Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as foow.3. The structure of the paper is as foows.4. In this paper, we sha first briefy introduce fuzzy sets and reated concepts5. To begin with we wi provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This wi be foowed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the probem and a detaied presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Detais on xx and xx are discussed in ater sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic probem, various situations invoving possibiity knowedge are investigated: first, an entirey possibiity mode is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivas and non fuzzy service rue is studied; asty, fuzzy service rue are considered.Review1. This review is foowed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the reevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with specia regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews reevant research reated to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefy surveys the motivation for a methodoogy of action, whie 1.2 ooks at the difficuties posed by the compexity of systems and outines the need for deveopment of possibiity methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FC decision making ogic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the probem which incudes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some probems with and approaches to, natura anguage understanding.5. Section 2 expains how fexibiity which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itsef in a genera way, incuding the ….. and aso discusses how to evauate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibiity theory in the anaysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formuation of human decision.11. Section 3, is deveoped to the modeing and processing of fuzzy decision rues12. The main idea of the FC is described in Section 3 whie Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimenta studies for verifying the proposed mode.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific exampe of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimenta study to make a fuzzy mode of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the impication of the resuts of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 appies this fuzzy measure to the anaysis of xx and iustrate its use on experimenta data.19. Section 5 presents the primary resuts of the paper: a fuzzy set mode ..20. Section 5 contains some concusions pus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 iustrates the mode with an exampe.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefy in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the bock diagram expression of a whoe modeof human DM system24. In Section 2 we sha ist a coection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamenta measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense. 26. In Section 3, we describe the preiminary resuts of an empirica studycurrenty in progress to verify the measurement mode and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is anayzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We wi provide in this section basic terminoogies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent resuts.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer impementation of such fuzzy ogic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practica appications the formuae were rearranged and simpified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components wi be described in the next two section, and an exampe of xx anaysis of a computer information system wi then iustrate their use.5. We can interpret the resuts of Experiments I and II as in the foowing sections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is usefu for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concudes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the resuts of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the concusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finay, concusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and concusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the concusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic probem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimenta variabes.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficuties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the anaysis of the xx.4. The method invoves the construction of xx from fuzzy reations.5. The procedure is usefu in anayzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to empoy a newy deveoped and versatie xx agorithm.7. The usefuness of xx is aso considered.8. A brief methodoogy used in xx is discussed.9. The anaysis is usefu in xx and xx probem.10. A mode is deveoped for a xx anaysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Agorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an exampe is given.13. Resuts of an experimenta appications of this xx anaysis procedure are given to iustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper anayses probems in15. This paper outines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper incudes an iustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information usefu for approaching18. Emphasis is paced on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchica system of objectives are evauated.19. The main emphasis is paced on the probem of xx20. Our proposed mode is verified through experimenta study.21. The experimenta resuts revea interesting exampes of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibiity of a project in terms of cost, and xx are ikewise represented by inguistic variabes.23. A didactic exampe is incuded to iustrate the computationa procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. Technoogica revoutions have recenty hit the industria word3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The deveopment of ... is expored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has deveoped in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensivey in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodoogy in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a atecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is sti no standard way of xx11. Athough a ot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be deveoped.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods deveoped is perfect and a are far from ready to be used in commercia systems.Objective / Goa / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outined as foows:2. The utimate goa of the xx system is to aow the non experts to utiize the existing knowedge in the area of manua handing of oads, and to provide inteigent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the deveopment of a xx4. The scope of this research ies in5. The main theme of the paper is the appication of rue based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as foows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The utimate goa of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probabiity distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the foowing requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their simiarity14. more research is sti required before fina goa of ... can be competed15. In this tria, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goa of this report is to extend the utiization of a recenty deveoped procedure for the xx.18. For an iustrative purpose, four we known OR probems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This iustration points out the need to specify21. The utimate goa is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. iterature Review23. A weath of information is to be found in the statistics iterature, for exampe, regarding xx24. A considerabe amount of research has been done .. during the ast decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerabe amount of iterature on panning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensivey expored and it is sti under investigation as we in methodoogica aspects as in concrete appications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Probem of xx draws recenty more and more attention of system anaysis.31. Attempts to resove this diemma have resuted in the deveopment of32. Many compex processes unfortunatey, do not yied to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods deveoped so far are deterministic and /or probabiistic in nature.34. The centra issue in a these studies is to35. The probem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon cassica statistica approaches.36. Appied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Deveoped an agorithm to39. Deveoped a system caed ... which40. Uses an iterative agorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technoogy43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recenty in these fied45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Iustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highights46. Point out that the probem of47. A study on ...was done / deveoped by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], dea ony with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system deveoped by [] consists51. A paper reevant to this research was pubished by []52. []'s mode requires consideration of...53. []' mode draws attention to evoution in human deveopment54. []'s mode focuses on...55. itte research has been conducted in appying ... to56. The pubished information that is reevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principe of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et a. [1979].60. Studies have been competed to estabished61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though appication of xx in the fied of xx has proiferated in recent years, effort in anayzing xx, especiay xx, is acking.Probem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunatey, rea-word engineering probems such as manufacturing panning do not fit we with this narrowy defined mode. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of mutipe aspects.64. Remedy / sove / aeviate these probems67. ... is a difficut probem, yet to be adequatey resoved68. Two major probems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This probem in essence invoves using x to obtain a soution.71. An additiona research issue to be tacked is ....72. Some important issues in deveoping a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation eads to the probem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simpe soution in a imited domain for a compexprobem.1. There are severa ways to get around this probem.2. As difficut as it seems to be, xx is by no means new.3. The probem is to recognize xx from a design representation.4. A xx probem can trace its roots to xx.5. xx [1987] used a heuristic approach to simpify the compexity of the probem.6. Severa probems are associated with them.7. Athough some progress has been made in this area, at east two major obstaces must be overcome before a fuy automated system can be reaized.8. Most probems in practice are compicated9. More probem surface here.10. Hamper effort toward a xx system11. In order to overcome the imitations due to incompete and imprecise xx knowedge, a xx program has been deveoped, which bases its knowedge upon the statistica anaysis of a sampe popuation of xx12. The above difficuties are rea chaenges faced by researchers attempting to deveop13. This type of mapping raises no controversy to the issue of membership function determination.14. However, attempts to quantify the xx have met both theoretica and empirica probems.15. It has become apparent that in order to appy this new methodoogica framework to rea word probems and data, we have to pay attention to the probems of xx and xx. Chapter 3. Proposed methodoogyAssumption1. In the case when the assumption of a xx seems to be too restrictive or inadequate, the formuation with Fuzzy termination time, i.e. given by a fuzzy set in the space of contro stages, may be appied.2. We assume here the fuzzy constraints to be state dependent, and the fuzzy goa to be the same for a the contro states, xx, which stems from the probem's nature.3. An approach to the soution of this probem is presented under the assumption that the samping rate Decision can be made prior to the execution of the experiment, as opposed to being made whie the experiment is in progress.4. Another assumption made above is that there are precise odds at which the expert is indifferent.5. Main simpifying assumptions are:6. This, in our view, is a questionabe assumption.Outine / Structure / Modue1. An outine of the research2. Information is incorporated within the scheme3. Is buit into ... structure4. A nice moduar structure.5. The principes of ... are appied as moduarized criteriaCassification1. A xx system comprises three main components:2. Must decompose the origina .. into a set of ..3. Consists of the foowing steps:4. This is summarized in the foowing steps:5. Can be broady cassified into the foowing areas:Can be characterized by its function of effectivey processing theCan aow further breadth of appication of ...into moreThe foowing steps shoud be foowedxx can be cassified by a different ways.Based on the xx, one may cassify xx into the foowing:This cataog may change due to wear, breakage, and purchasing.SystemUnike many conventiona program, expert systems do not usuay dea with probem for which there is ceary a right or wrong answer.The system consists of both ... and ...The system has a hierarchica moduar architecture organized on three eves.expert system domains are area of expertiseTo deveop a xx system for xx, the foowing factors must be considered:The system has been deveoped / designed to determineThe system has proven to be abe toThe domain in which an expert system operates is a particuar domainThe system comprises a ... withThe system is [feature-oriented ] / based on the ... techniqueThe system environment must be reativey stabeThe system is utiized to generate, oad, store, update and retrieve ...The deveopment of a xx system has two stages: xx stage and xx stage.The most essentia part of .. system is the ...The successfu deveopments in ESs have made them an important too in the deveopment ofAn automated system was deveoped forIn this case, the system can be considered to be generative.An interactive automatic ... systemA .. is commony thought of as a truy integrated .. systemShoud be capabe of being generated from a ... systemxx is an important part of the integrated system.The mode consists of four rue bases, each of which addresses a separate probem in the hierarchy of scheduing decision.The rue bases are inked to each other in a chin ike manner in the sense that the consequent of one rue base constitutes a part of the antecedent of the next rue base.The rue base consists of a possibe combinations of the inguistic terms associated with the inguistic variabe of the antecedent of a rue.Computer SystemThe system has been impemented using Proog anguage in an MS DOS environment. Proog was chosen because it offers a we known and fexibe environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easiy impemented.The current version of the xx program when compied with WATFOR77 resuts in an executabe code of about 270K bytes. Typica run time, when run on aXX computer (an IBM compatibe machine) operating at 4.77 Mhz with 640K RAM, ranges from 10 min to 2h, depending on the size (or compexity) of the probem.Time consuming procedures have been impemented in C anguage and directy inked to the Proog environment.The xx process, once the xx's data has been entered, requires approximatey 180 seconds.It shoud be noted that the computation was done with a 20 Hhz, 80386209;based microcomputer equipped with a 80387 math co processor.The computer programs used for the anayses, one based on the xx method and the other based on the new method, were written in FORTRAN with a compier that supports the math co processor.isp, Proog give maximum fexibiity but aso maximizes deveopment time.Interna representation is the way a mode is represented in the computer.An interactive menu-driven procedure is used in this studyShe can be deveop very fast at the cost of time fairy severe imitations.Whie there is no measurabe saving of time for the case invoving five criteria, the saving is dramatic for the case invoving 10 criteria -- the computation time reduces from 10 hr 40 min to about 1 min.This combination is being impemented in an objected oriented programming environment (Smatak 80 system) to sove probems encountered in construction xxx. Method / Approach / Study / Process Mode / Equation /Agorithm / Rue / Formua / TechniqueA discussion is presented of a probem-soving systemTo improve the efficiency of the method, the foowing approach may be appied.In order to an investigation was made to find the causes of theAthough arge coections of rues and equations have been compied, none are generay acceptedThis approach wi be expained and discussed thoroughy in the body of the report.This can be accompished byThis agorithm to compute the tota cost can be described step by step as foows:The above preiminary anaysis has provided important informationVarious methods have been proposed for seecting an optimum...These concepts have been appied toOn the basis of the concept mentioned above,This can be achieved byThis fact suggests that a new conceptThis was accompished by taking ...The preparatory stage is very time consuming process.Test are performed for vaidity, competeness, and compatibiityThere is itte hope of achieving successfu ...There has been an increasing awareness of the potentia of using most ..so far made have not taken this approach, with the exception ofOny a few studies can be found.It is a very tedious process to go throughIt is ony when .. has been competed that .. may be effectedThe entire interpretation process is conducted in one's head.These approaches are sometimes very tedious.Severa techniques can be usedA poynomia parametric mode can be written as [the foowing]/[foows]:A xx mode is constructed/formuated using xx.A xx mode represents an xx by its xx.A process decision mode captures the ogic essentia toFrom the equation above, xx is equa to the summation of xx times the ...The vaidity of a xx mode can be checked using Euer's formua.Given a mode, one can mathematicay determine whether ... or ...Equations for xx need to be derived and impemented in the system.A number of heuristic rues have been deveoped forOptimum .. techniques can be made more reiabe by ... so thatAn agorithm based on the characteristic ... is used to determineEuer's formua states the foowing:The competed mode shoud agree with the formua.For manufacturing purposes, a detaied and precise mode of the object is necessaryEngineering design modes are very we defined; therefore,To keep the domain narrow enough to be impementabe, yet wide enough tobe usefu.Point of Viewfrom an impementation standpoint,From the point of view of this appication,From this point of view, Zadeh suggested an inference rue named xxx (CRI for short). Information is the meaningfu interpretation and correation of some aggregation of data in order to aow one to make decisions.From a practica point of view, the computationa aspects of an FC require a simpification of the fuzzy contro agorithm.The use of a hammer to insert screws, athough party effective, tends to distort, destroy, and generay defeat the purpose of using a screw [Kusiak AI Impications for CIM p.129]JustificationWe choose the so caed xx in our experiment because it has received wide acceptance and canProog was chosen because it offers a we known and fexibe environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easiy impemented.The rationae behind this is that it can be much easier for an estimator to rate a cost as high than to attempt to pace a doar vaue on the estimate.This strategy has been widey used in fuzzy contro appications since it is natura and easy to impement.A function definition expresses the membership function of a fuzzy set in a functiona form, typicay a be shaped function, etc. Such functions are used in FC because they ead themseves to manipuation through the use of fuzzy arithmetic.It shoud be noted that in our daiy ife most of the information on which our decisions are based is inguistic rather than numerica in nature. Seen in this perspective, fuzzy contro rues provide a natura framework for the characterization of human behavior and decisions anaysis.Many experts have found that fuzzy contro rues provide a convenient way to express their domain knowedge. This expains why most FCs are based on the knowedge and experience which are expressed in the anguage of fuzzy "if the" rue.Chapter 4. ExampesExampe/ DataThe data used in the foowing exampe was taken from an experiment in which xx was measured between x and x using a xx technique.The data consists of over xx measurements.An exampe of xx is discussed and the contro rues of xx are compared with a xxExampes of compex processes to which this technique may be appied are xx, xx, etc. The foowing exampe is constructed ony for the purpose of iustrating the computationa procedure discussed.This exampe ceary demonstrates that the profie of an individua xx, or a very sma group of xx, with no enough data to be studied statisticay, can be meaningfuy anayzed by fuzzy possibiistic methods.There is no space here to go into detai on a these methods, but deserve a mention and the bibiography wi point to detaied references for those wishing this eve of detai.Note that the gof ba spotting exampe is used throughout the paper.ComparisonsAs we, the pros and cons of these representations from a process panning point of view wi be discussed.The method of using xx to impement xx described by Zadeh (1973) appeared more suitabeAs discussed [in the previous section]/[preciousy],ReationWe can not invert F' directy because it defines a many-to-one mapping.The reationships appear very compicateifting tasks invove compex and imprecise reationship between the task variabes and the human operator's characteristics.These methods are based on the reationship between ... and ...The fundamenta concept of a fuzzy rating anguage is that we can estabish a reationship among terms such as high, medium, and ow, and then modify these reationships.This artice wi thus mention the atter as we as the former.The former two bear a cose reation to a fuzzy Cartesian product.ImportanceThe emphasis is on an impementation of a genera approach to rue based decision making.Consideration / AttentionCarefu evauation is necessary to ensureSuch a formuation does not change further considerations.Considerabe attention has been paid toAttention shoud be paid to an important finding of this investigation.Caution shoud be exercised in this process to avoid ...Primary consideration is given to ... components, though others can be accommodated After ... has been defined by ..., a carefuy anaysis is carried out/performed to determine A number of factors such as ...need to be taken into consideration before making the appropriate decision.It shoud be noted thatIt is important to point out that ...These considerations have heightened interest in the possibiity of providing ...We shoud stress the fundamenta importance of the xxChapter 5. Resuts.Advantages / DisadvantageOne of the major advantages of this new measure of xx is that it can be appied to the experimenta study ofOne advantage of using a .. is the ease of preparing it.The xx system is versatieIt has a very fast decision making processA the agorithms invove mosty ogica operations.It can be easiy and without additiona cost impemented in a microprocessor based environment.It can reduce the waste of designing from scratch.The advantages of using a xx to represent xx are the foowing:However, xx is not without its shortcomings.In most cases, the xxx shows an improvement over the existing xxx.Compared to the existing xx, the impacts of the xx are generay reduced by 5% to 9%. The "best case" resuts shows a savings of 6% to 9%.Most of the existing works based on xx approach can ony recognize a xx .Most of the above methods are computationa expansive and imited to xx.Some other advantages of xx are the foowing:The probem is the imitation of this method to a imited domain of parts.It proved imited in appication because it demanded precision in system modeing that was impossibe in practice.There are advantages to be gained in the structuring of costs and benefits, the use of xx,The disadvantages of this method are aso disadvantages of conventiona xx approaches. This combines the best features of both techniquesHopefuy, this too can be as the reference framework of for deveoping a xx patform, and heping the administration, marketing, and knowedge management activities in virtua communities.ResutsAn improvement on the resut shown above can be made by based on the data provided Discussion of these theories is beyond the scope of this reviewBased on the information contained in thisThe resut can be categorized into nine cassesThe resuts are iustrated by an exampeThe experimenta resuts for each xx time are reported in Tabe 2.From the resuts obtained so far, it seem thatBecause of the inaccuracy of the ..., a concusion cannot be drawn asAthough much effort has been made to., this reaity is far from competion.The resuts indicate that the tota benefits are higher than the tota costs.Their resuts may then serve as guideines for ower eve modes, ess fuzzy and more detaied.Chapter 6. ConcusionFrom the discussion, one may concude that ...Form the above discussion, the concusion can be reached thatThe concusions drawn are aso vaidIn concusion to this, it becomes obvious that the probem of xx ies not ony in...We have attempted to introduce some concepts associated with a theory ofxx based on fuzzy sets.Considerabe more work, hopefuy, wi be done in this areaA fuzzy set procedure is proposed to sove xx seection probems interwoven with imprecise dataEmpoying the compositiona rue of inference, the assessment of the xx compatibiity in。
学术论文常用句型示例
学术论文常用句型示例引言部分：在学术论文撰写中，使用适当的句型和表达方式可以增强文章的表达力和逻辑性。
本文将介绍一些常用的学术论文句型示例，帮助读者更好地理解和运用。
论点句型：1. 根据统计数据/调查结果/实证研究，可以看出...2. 近年来，普遍认为...3. 研究表明...4. 有理论和实证研究支持，得出结论...5. 鉴于这些证据，我们可以得出结论...阐述评论句型：1. 据观察，...2. 从全球的趋势来看，...3. 事实上，...4. 逐渐引起了人们的关注...5. 不可否认的是...展示数据句型：1. 图表显示了...2. 数据表明...3. 结果显示...4. 从统计数据中可以看出...5. 通过对样本的分析，我们可以得到以下结论...解释原因句型：1. 有几个因素可以解释...2. 影响这一现象的原因主要有...3. 主要的原因之一是...4. 原因是多方面的，包括...5. 造成这种现象的原因是...提出观点句型：1. 最新的研究支持了这一观点...2. 这一观点值得进一步探讨...3. 高度认同/支持这一理论...4. 提出这一观点的背景是...5. 这一观点得到了广泛的关注和讨论...对比分析句型：1. 与A不同，B则...2. 相比之下，A更加...3. A和B之间的差异在于...4. 与此同时，A也有一些相似之处...5. 尽管有些相似之处，A和B在某些方面仍然存在差异...总结句型：1. 综上所述，我们可以得出结论...2. 因此，我们可以得出这样的结论...3. 总体来说，这一研究表明...4. 这些发现有助于我们更好地理解...5. 在未来的研究中，我们需要进一步探讨...结语：通过运用以上学术论文常用句型示例，读者可以在撰写学术论文时更好地表达自己的观点和论证。
当然，在实际写作中，灵活运用这些句型，并结合具体的研究内容和实证材料，能够使论文更具说服力和可读性。
学术类作文常用句型汇总
常用句型汇总（例句中黑体标注的词和短语要重点记忆，如不清楚中文意思，可参照例句中文翻译）中文意思英文句型例句积极类1.从…屮受益Benefit from... People nowadays benefit quite a lot from t hewidespread use of the Internet现代的人从网络的广泛使用屮受益匪浅2.使…受益Benefit... Modem technologies can benefit the public inmany respects （在很多方面）现代科技可以在很多方面使大众受益3.对…有益Be beneficial to + 名词Taking care of pets is beneficial to thedevelopment of children's s ocial skills （社交能力）照顾宠物有助于孩子社交能力的发展4.激励某人做某事Motivate sb to do sth Fierce competition for jobs m otivates studentsto study harder找工作的激烈竞争激励学生努力学习5.协助某人做某爭Assist sb to do...（等同于常用的help）The internet assists children to study i n a moreeffective way （以一种…的方式：in a …way）网络协助孩子们以一种更有效的方式学习6.提高...（效率生产率）1）.Improve?…2）.enhance...（Efficiency \Computers help students enhance their studyefficiency substantially （显著地）电脑帮助学生们显著地提高他们的学习效率7.培养…Cultivate... Cultivate independence 培养独立性8?开阔眼界Broaden one，s horizons In the long term （从长远来看）,studyingabroad can not only broaden your horizons butalso enrich your knowledge 类似：丰富阅历Increase one5s experience9.丰富知识Enrich one's knowledge从长远来看，留学不仅开阔你的眼界，而且增长你的知识10.塑造性格Mold onel character Moral education teaches students about ethicalprinciples and moral values, w hich helps moldtheir character道徳教育教会学生伦理原则和道徳价值观，这有助于塑造他们的性格11.磨练性格Sharpen one's character 类似:磨练技能Sharpen one's skills \ abilities12.激发打击某人（对…的）热情Trigger off \ Dampenone's enthusiasm （for...）Job satisfaction is very likely to （很可能）inspire one's enthusiasm for life as a whole工作满意度很可能激发一个人对生活的整体热情13.使某人在…方面处于优势Put sb at an advantage in …Independence w ill put children at an advantagein dealing with problems独立性会使孩子在处理问题方面处于优势14.发挥潜力Fulfill one's potential Studying various subjects can help students达到最大潜力Reach one^ full potential fulfill their potential 学习各种科目可以帮助学生发挥他们的潜力15.让某人免于做某事Spare sb from doing sth Working at home spares employees fromtravelling back and forth to work, thus saving alarge amount of time for more creative work在家办公让员工免于来来冋冋下上班，因此为更有创造性的工作节约了大量时间16.提高公众对的…意识Raise the public awarenessof...The government should raise the publicawareness of e nvironment preservation政府应该提高公众的环境保护意识17.为…消除障碍Remove the bamer for... The invention of a global language wouldremove the barrier for internationalcommunication1&为…铺平道路Pave the way for…一门全球性语言的发明会为国际交流消除障碍19.促进…的发展Promote the developmentof... The widespread use of English has promoted the development of international communication a nd interaction （互动）英语的广泛使用已经促进了国际交流和互动的发展20.让某人能够做某事1）.Enable sb to do2）.Allow sb to do1 .The Internet expands p eople's social circleand enables them to get acquainted with moreindividuals online2.Students should learn to adapt to theincreasingly fierce competition （越来越激烈的竞争）21.适应...1）.Adapt to +名词2）.Get used to +名词1.网络扩大了人们的社交圈并且让他们在线结识了更多的人2?学生应该学会适应越来越激烈的竞争22.采取…措施去做某事处理....Take ... measures to doDeal with ? ?? \ cope with???The government should take immediatemeasures to cope with e nvironment problems（Effective 有效的；Efficient 高效的Immediate 及时的）政府应该釆取及时的措施去处理环境问题23....是…不可或缺的一部分... is an indispensible partof...In present-day society, career success hasbecome an indispensible part of p eopled dailylives在现代社会，职业成功已近成为人们日常生活不可或缺的一部分24.清晰地认识到…不清楚…Get a clear perspectiveof...Lack a clear perspective ofMost young students lack a clear perspective ofwhat they are interested in大多数学生不清楚他们对什么感兴趣25?借鉴...对…有更开阔的视野Draw on..?Have a broader view of...Students who spend some time traveling to otherplaces have a broader view of life and betterpersonal resources to draw on花一些时间到其他地方旅行的学生对生活有更开阔的视野和更多可借鉴的个人资源26.优先考虑…Give priority to …Confronted with （面临）increasingly fiercecompetition for jobs, most college students givepriority to the cultivation of employable skills,rather than to theoretical knowledge面临越來越激烈的求职竞争，大多数大学生优先考虑就业技能的培养，而不是理论知识27.使…为…做准备Prepare sb for sth Studying a wide range of subjects will preparestudents for their future employment学习宽泛的科目将使学生为他们的未来就业做准备2&用…武装某人Equip sb with sth Students should equip themselves withemployable skills a nd problem-solvingabilities学生应该用就业能力和解决问题的能力武装自己29....使某人做某事变得更可能... Make it more possible forsb to do sthA livable environment makes it more possiblefor people to enjoy a healthy lifestyle一个宜居的环境使人们更可能享受一种健康的生活方式30.…使某物对某人来说更容易获得?…Make sth moreavailable to sbThe Internet makes various information moreavailable to people网络使人们更容易获得各种各样信息31....为某人做某事提供了更多机会...open up moreopportunities for sb to doGoing abroad for study opens up moreopportunities for students to know about theoutside world出国留学为学生了解外面的世界提供了更多机会中间类1.对…提岀挑战Pose a challenge to … A decreasing supply of natural resources isposing a challenge to the s ustainabledevelopment （可持续发展）of human society 正在减少的自然资源供给正对人类社会的可持续发展提出挑战2.对…有…的影响Have （Have还可替换为：produce） + a （an） + adj+ effect on???Part-time jobs can produce a far-reaching impact on students, benefiting students themselves and their families（深远的:profound \ far-reaching）（积极的:positive ;消极的:negative）（重大的:significant \ dramatic ）兼职工作可以对学生产生深远的影响，使他们自己和他们的家庭受益3 .在…中起到... 作用Play a（an） + 形容词+ rolein...Indispensible不可或缺的Dominant主导的；Essential重要的4.…的大量使用（普及）The widespread use of… 如果要说“…的过度使用”，则是the overuse of...The widespread use of private cars has brought about a series of s evere problems, particularly environmental pollution and traffic jam私家车的广泛使用已经导致了一系列的严重问题，特别是环境污染和交通堵塞5.让某人接触某爭Put sb into contact with sth Putting young children into contact withexcessive （过多的=too much） violence andpornography will be harmful to their personal development.让小孩子接触过多的暴力和色情会对他们的个人发展不利6.源于...Stem from ...... Stress stemming from e xcessive work may lead to a wide variety of (各式各样的) problems7.导致…1).Lead to... 2).Bring abouf ???源于过量工作的压力可能导致各种各样的问题&促使某人做某事1). Impel sb to do sth 2). Drive sb to do sthPeer pressure(同辈压力)impels college graduates to compete with each other for decent jobs (体面的工作)同辈压力促使大学毕业生彼此竞争体面的工作9.把…纳入考虑把…放在第一位Take ...into considerationPut... at first placeMost college graduates take j ob promotions into consideration and put personaldevelopment a t first place 大多数大学毕业生把升职纳入考虑范围，并把个人发展放在第一位10.面对…1).Be confronted with???2).Be faced with...People nowadays are confronted with so many problems, particularly (特别是)the deterioration of environment and air pollution现在的人面对如此多的问题，特别是，环境恶化和空气污染11.专注于…Focus on...Focusing on certain subjects allows students to better concentrate on the r elated knowledge专注于某些科日让孩子更好地把精力集中在相关知识上12.重视…Attach importanee to ... Parents in presenJday society attach much importance to their children's future development当今社会的父母非常重视他们孩子的未来发展13.越来越多的…An increasing number of +可数名词（把number 换成amount即可接不可数名词）Due to the widespread use of private cars, an increasing amount of w aste gas is released,which seriously pollutes the environment 由于私家车的广泛使用，越来越多的废气被排放，这严重污染了环境14.越来越…Increasingly + 形容词It is an increasingly widespread problem that young students get addicted to the In ternet.学生对网络上瘾是一个越来越普遍的问题15.对…持一种...的态度Hold + a (an) + adj + attitude Since competition for jobs i s rather fierce,some college graduates hold a negative attitude towards their future development.由于就业竞争相当激烈，一些大学毕业生对他们的未來发展持消极态度16.可能做某事Be likely to doStudents who have enough hands-on skills a re more likely to find an ideal job after graduatio n.有足够动手能力的学生更可能在毕业后找到一份理想的工作17.各式各样的…1）?A wide range of...2）.A series of3）.Various... We are confronted with a wide range of advertisements in present-day society.在当今社会，我们面对各式各样的广告18.供…使用（供…选择）1）.Be available to + 名词2）.Be accessible to + 名词 A wide range of job opportunities a re availableto college graduates in present-day society.在当今社会，各式各样的工作机会可供大学毕业生选择19.在…之间找到平衡（妥善处理…）Find （find 可替换为strike） a balance between...Some students fail to （不能，相当于cannot）strike a balanee between study and play.一些学生没能在学习和娱乐之间找到平衡20.利用…Make use of Students should make full use of （充分利用）lheir campus life （make good use of ... 好好利用…）学生应该充分利用他们的校园生活21.竞争pete for.... In order to achieve personal development,everyone tries to compete for limited resourcesand positions.为了实现个人发展，大家都试图竞争有限的资源和岗位22.渴望做某事Aspire to do.... Each individual in society aspires to achievepersonal development and become successful 社会上的每个个体都渴望实现个人发展和变得成功23.梦想做某事Dream of doing College graduates dream of finding a job whichcan make them become economicallyindependent （形容词：经济独立）大学毕业生梦想找到可以使他们变得经济独立的工作24.把…降到最低Reduce...to the minimum The government should take effective measuresto reduce environment pollution to the minimum政府应该采取有效措施把环境污染降到最低25.急需...Be in urgent need of... Young students are in urgent need of guidance（指导）from their teachers年轻学生急需来自老师的指导26.取代.…Replace \ take the placeof... Robots should be used as a supplement to（… 的补充）traditional human labor, rather than （血个是）taking the place of human workers机器人应该被用作传统人力的补充，而不是替代工人27.加强对…的监管Strengthen supervisionover …Parents should strengthen supervision over young people, in order to ensure that （确保）they can abide by （遵守）rules and regulations of the society家长应该加强对年轻人的监管，以便确保他们能够遵守社会的条规和规矩2&提供…的入口（知识，信息等）Give access to … 修饰access的形容词有：The internet gives easy access to a large amountof information which cannot beeasy 和flexible （灵活的）obtained from books 网络提供了大量从书本上不能获得的信息29.和…保持联系接触1）.Stay in close contactwith …2）.Stay connected with....The Internet and cell phones enable people tostay in close contact with each other, connectingindividuals from all corners of the globe网络和手机使人们彼此保持联系，把全球各个角落的人连到一起30.和…互动Interact with.... Students learning in school have moreopportunities to interact with their peers, whichis beneficial to their social skills在学校里学习的学生有更多机会和他们的同辈人互动，这有利于他们的社交能力消极类1?对…有害Be harmful to... Too much time spent on TV watching is harmfulto children^ psychologicalwell-being （心理健康）过多花费在看电视上的时间对孩子的心理健康有害2.对…构成威胁Pose a threat to ... The widespread use of private cars is posing agreat threat to the environment私家车的大量使用正对坏境构成威胁3.打击某人的热情Dampen one's enthusiasmNothing can dampen my enthusiasm for English任何事都不能打击我对英语的热情4.限制扼杀创造力Constrain \ stifle one'screativityRote learning（死记硬背）seriously stiflesstudents9creativity （创造力）死记硬背严重扼杀学生的创造力5.依赖…（取决于…）Depend on ?…Most youngsters nowadays dependexcessively on their parents, due to lack ofindependence现在的大多数年轻人过分依赖父母，由于缺乏独立性6.缺乏…Lack of...（名词短语）Lack...（动词短语）1）.Lack of communication and emotional exchange with p arents may w iden （动词，反义词为narrow）the generation gap between them2）.Most young adults lack self-control and are very easily influenced by violence and pornography1.缺乏和父母的交流和情感分享可能加宽他们之间的代沟2.大多数年轻人缺乏自制力并且很容易被暴力和色情影响7.剥夺某人的…Deprive sb of Depending too much （excessively）oncomputers will deprive people of theircreativity过分依赖电脑会剥夺人们的创造力&诱惑某人做某Tempt sb to do... Advertising often tempts people to buy thingswhich they do not really need广告经常诱惑人们购买他们实际上不需要的东西9.在…方面相当受限Be rather restricted in termsof…Youngsters nowadays are rather restricted interms of social experience现在的年轻人在社会阅历方面相当受限10.对…保持清醒Stay alert to + 名词We should stay alert to the negative influencesbrought by modern technologies我们应该对被现代科技所带来的负面影响保持警惕11.对…上瘾Get addicted to ?…Students who get addicted to the Internet arevery likely to become socially isolated对网络上瘾的学生很可能变得与世隔绝12.使…和…疏远Alienate... from...（名词形式是：Alienation;家庭关系的疏远可以说：domestic alienation）The overuse of the Internet alienates young people from their parents, because web-surfing takes up （占用）a large proportion of （—个很大的比率）their spare time网络的过分使用使年轻人和他们的家长疏远，因为上网占用了他们业余时间的一个很大比率13.让某人不能做某事Prevent sb from doing sth Lacking hands-on skills prevents some collegegraduates from performing daily tasks at workefficiently缺乏动手能力让一些大学毕业生不能在工作中高效地完成任务14.把某人的注意力从…中分散Distract sb from doing sth（本质和第13个短语同意）Watching TV too much distracts children frominteracting with their family members, leadingto domestic alienation看太多电视使孩子不能专心和家人互动，导致家庭关系的疏远15.学坏误入歧途Go astray Students who l ack self-control are very likely togo astray缺乏自制力的学生很可能误入歧途16.遭受…Suffer from... Due to excessive job stress, numerousemployees suffer from mental problems andeven physical illnesses由于过多的工作压力，很多员工遭受心理问题其至生理疾病17.受到…的影响Fall under the influenceof...（一般都说不好的影响）Since young children tend to follow and copy what they perceive, they are very likely to fall under the influence of alcohol and drugs without parental supervision （家长监管）.由于小孩子往往会跟从和模仿他们观察到的事物，他们在没有家长监管时很可能受到洒精和毒品的影响1&使…在…中处于劣势Put ... at a disadvantage in ... Lacking practical experience puts studentsfresh out of school （刚毕业的学生）at adisadvantage in j ob-hunting缺乏实际经验使刚毕业的学生在求职屮处于劣势。
英语学术论文常用句型(大全)(免费)
英语学术论文常用经典句型(1)Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole modelof human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical studycurrently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems. 英语学术论文常用经典句型(2)Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex1.problem.1. There are several ways to get around this problem.2. As difficult as it seems to be, xx is by no means new.3. The problem is to recognize xx from a design representation.4. A xx problem can trace its roots to xx.5. xx [1987] used a heuristic approach to simplify the complexity of the problem.6. Several problems are associated with them.7. Although some progress has been made in this area, at least two major obstacles must be overcome before a fully automated system can be realized.8. Most problems in practice are complicated9. More problem surface here.10. Hamper effort toward a xx system11. In order to overcome the limitations due to incomplete and imprecise xx knowledge, a xx program has been developed, which bases its knowledge upon the statistical analysis of a sample population of xx12. The above difficulties are real challenges faced by researchers attempting to develop13. This type of mapping raises no controversy to the issue of membership function determination.14. However, attempts to quantify the xx have met both theoretical and empirical problems.15. It has become apparent that in order to apply this new methodological framework to real world problems and data, we have to pay attention to the problems of xx and xx.Chapter 3. Proposed methodologyAssumption1. In the case when the assumption of a xx seems to be too restrictive or inadequate, the formulation with Fuzzy termination time, i.e. given by a fuzzy set in the space of control stages, may be applied.2. We assume here the fuzzy constraints to be state dependent, and the fuzzy goal to be the same for all the control states, xx, which stems from the problem's nature.3. An approach to the solution of this problem is presented under the assumption that the sampling rate Decision can be made prior to the execution of the experiment, as opposed to being made while the experiment is in progress.4. Another assumption made above is that there are precise odds at which the expert is indifferent.5. Main simplifying assumptions are:6. This, in our view, is a questionable assumption.Outline / Structure / Module1. An outline of the research2. Information is incorporated within the scheme3. Is built into ... structure4. A nice modular structure.5. The principles of ... are applied as modularized criteriaClassification1. A xx system comprises three main components:2. Must decompose the original .. into a set of ..3. Consists of the following steps:4. This is summarized in the following steps:5. Can be broadly classified into the following areas:l Can be characterized by its function of effectively processing thel Can allow further breadth of application of ...into morel The following steps should be followedl xx can be classified by a different ways.l Based on the xx, one may classify xx into the following:l This catalog may change due to wear, breakage, and purchasing.Systeml Unlike many conventional program, expert systems do not usually deal with problem for which there is clearly a right or wrong answer.l The system consists of both ... and ...l The system has a hierarchical modular architecture organized on three levels.l expert system domains are area of expertisel To develop a xx system for xx, the following factors must be considered:l The system has been developed / designed to determinel The system has proven to be able tol The domain in which an expert system operates is a particular domainl The system comprises a ... withl The system is [feature-oriented ] / based on the ... techniquel The system environment must be relatively stablel The system is utilized to generate, load, store, update and retrieve ...l The development of a xx system has two stages: xx stage and xx stage.l The most essential part of .. system is the ...l The successful developments in ESs have made them an important tool in the development ofl An automated system was developed for英语学术论文常用经典句型(3)l In this case, the system can be considered to be generative.l An interactive automatic ... systeml A .. is commonly thought of as a truly integrated .. systeml Should be capable of being generated from a ... systeml xx is an important part of the integrated system.l The model consists of four rule bases, each of which addresses a separate problem in the hierarchy of scheduling decision.l The rule bases are linked to each other in a chin like manner in the sense that the consequent of one rule base constitutes a part of the antecedent of the next rule base.l The rule base consists of all possible combinations of the linguistic terms associated with the linguistic variable of the antecedent of a rule.Computer Systeml The system has been implemented using Prolog language in an MS DOS environment. Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented.l The current version of the xx program when compiled with WA TFOR77 results in an executable code of about 270K bytes. Typical run time, when run on aXX computer (an IBM compatible machine) operating at 4.77 Mhz with 640K RAM, ranges from 10 min to 2h, depending on the size (or complexity) of the problem.l Time consuming procedures have been implemented in C language and directly linked to the Prolog environment.l The xx process, once the xx's data has been entered, requires approximately 180 seconds.l It should be noted that the computation was done with a 20 Hhz, 80386209;based microcomputer equipped with a 80387 math co processor.l The computer programs used for the analyses, one based on the xx method and the other based on the new method, were written in FORTRAN with a compiler that supports the math co processor.l Lisp, Prolog give maximum flexibility but also maximizes development time.l Internal representation is the way a model is represented in the computer.l An interactive menu-driven procedure is used in this studyl Shell can be develop very fast at the cost of time fairly severe limitations.l While there is no measurable saving of time for the case involving five criteria, the saving is dramatic for the case involving 10 criteria -- the computation time reduces from 10 hr 40 min to about 1 min.l This combination is being implemented in an objected oriented programming environment (Smalltalk 80 system) to solve problems encountered in construction xxx.Method / Approach / Study / Process Model / Equation /Algorithm / Rule / Formula / Techniquel A discussion is presented of a problem-solving systeml To improve the efficiency of the method, the following approach may be applied.l In order to an investigation was made to find the causes of thel Although large collections of rules and equations have been complied, none are generally acceptedl This approach will be explained and discussed thoroughly in the body of the report.l This can be accomplished byl This algorithm to compute the total cost can be described step by step as follows:l The above preliminary analysis has provided important informationl Various methods have been proposed for selecting an optimum...l These concepts have been applied tol On the basis of the concept mentioned above,l This can be achieved byl This fact suggests that a new conceptl This was accomplished by taking ...l The preparatory stage is very time consuming process.l Test are performed for validity, completeness, and compatibilityl There is little hope of achieving successful ...l There has been an increasing awareness of the potential of using most ..so far made have not taken this approach, with the exception ofl Only a few studies can be found.l It is a very tedious process to go throughl It is only when .. has been completed that .. may be effectedl The entire interpretation process is conducted in one's head.l These approaches are sometimes very tedious.l Several techniques can be usedl A polynomial parametric model can be written as [the following]/[follows]:l A xx model is constructed/formulated using xx.l A xx model represents an xx by its xx.l A process decision model captures the logic essential tol From the equation above, xx is equal to the summation of xx times the ...l The validity of a xx model can be checked using Euler's formula.l Given a model, one can mathematically determine whether ... or ...l Equations for xx need to be derived and implemented in the system.l A number of heuristic rules have been developed forl Optimum .. techniques can be made more reliable by ... so thatl An algorithm based on the characteristic ... is used to determinel Euler's formula states the following:l The completed model should agree with the formula.l For manufacturing purposes, a detailed and precise model of the object is necessaryl Engineering design models are very well defined; therefore,To keep the domain narrow enough to be implementable, yet wide enough to be useful.Point of Viewl from an implementation standpoint,l From the point of view of this application,l From this point of view, Zadeh suggested an inference rule named xxx (CRI for short).l Information is the meaningful interpretation and correlation of some aggregation of data in order to allow one to make decisions.l From a practical point of view, the computational aspects of an FLC require a simplification of the fuzzy control algorithm.l The use of a hammer to insert screws, although partly effective, tends to distort, destroy, and generally defeat the purpose of using a screw [Kusiak AI Implications for CIM p.129]Justificationl We choose the so called xx in our experiment because it has received wide acceptance and canl Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented.l The rationale behind this is that it can be much easier for an estimator to rate a cost as high than to attempt to place a dollar value on the estimate.l This strategy has been widely used in fuzzy control applications since it is natural and easy to implement.l A function definition expresses the membership function of a fuzzy set in a functional form, typically a bell shaped function, etc. Such functions are used in FLC because they lead themselves to manipulation through the use of fuzzy arithmetic.l It should be noted that in our daily life most of the information on which our decisions are based is linguistic rather than numerical in nature. Seen in this perspective, fuzzy control rules provide a natural framework for the characterization of human behavior and decisions analysis.l Many experts have found that fuzzy control rules provide a convenient way to express their domain knowledge. This explains why most FLCs are based on the knowledge and experience which are expressed in the language of fuzzy "if the" rule.Chapter 4. ExamplesExample/ Datal The data used in the following example was taken from an experiment in which xx was measured between x and x using a xx technique.l The data consists of over xx measurements.l An example of xx is discussed and the control rules of xx are compared with a xxl Examples of complex processes to which this technique may be applied are xx, xx, etc.l The following example is constructed only for the purpose of illustrating the computational procedure discussed. l This example clearly demonstrates that the profile of an individual xx, or a very small group of xx, with no enough data to be studied statistically, can be meaningfully analyzed by fuzzy possibilistic methods.l There is no space here to go into detail on all these methods, but deserve a mention and the bibliography will point to detailed references for those wishing this level of detail.l Note that the golf ball spotting example is used throughout the paper.Comparisonsl As well, the pros and cons of these representations from a process planning point of view will be discussed.l The method of using xx to implement xx described by Zadeh (1973) appeared more suitablel As discussed [in the previous section]/[preciously],英语学术论文常用经典句型(4)as shown in Table 1 and 2l This concept is illustrated in Figure 2l At the top of Table xx are shown two blocks of data.l Each table or matrix has constructs xx through xx as row headings,xx through xx as column headings.l A table of .. is developed and significant recommendations are made.CONJUGATIONTo Indicate Additionl additionally, again, also, and then, as can be easily understood, besides, equally important, especially, finally, for the same reason, first, further, furthermore, in addition, last, likewise, moreover, next, second, third, too, evidently, obviously, roughly speaking, broadly speakingTo Indicate Cause and Effectl accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in short, otherwise, then, therefore, thus, trulyTo indicate Comparisonl in a like manner, likewise, similarly , alternativelyTo Indicate Concessionl after all, although this may be true, at the same time, even though, even so , I admit, naturally, of courseTo Indicate Contrastl and yet, at the same time, but, for all that, however, yet, in fact, in contrast, in the real life, in spite of, nevertheless, notwithstanding, normally, on the contrary, on the other hand, still, traditionally, rather, unfortunately,To Indicate Time Relationships：after a short time, afterwards, as indicated earlier, as long as, as soon as, at last, at length, at the moment, at that time, at the same time, before, earlier, currently, immediately, in the meantime, in recent years, lately, later, meanwhile, often, of late, presently, recently, soon, shortly, since, thereupon, temporarily, therefore, until, when, whileTo Indicate Special Features or Examples：for example, for instance, incidentally, indeed, in fact, in other words, in particular, in practice, specifically, that is, to illustrate, in this respect, theoretically, as mentioned before / aboveTo Indicate Summary：in brief, in conclusion, in short, in summary, on the whole, to conclude, in general, to summarize, to sum up, as a result, ultimately,VERB PHASEl build a .. modell build up the key linkl began a new era in ...l can be regarded as / achieved / used to/for / found / obtained throughl can result inl carries out ... tasksl production information in order to simultaneouslyl contains all information necessary to describel do not make use of production informationl deals withl end with failurel fetch the information from the model directlyl has great potential / yet to be resolved / spurred the development of /been recognized asl BE aimed at / built up / carried out by / essentially concerned with / considered to be the key technology / associated with each feature of a composite component / cable of / currently implemented for / demonstrated by an example / finally reached / made equal to / equivalent to / more suitable to / oriented to / interpreted as / pointed out / potentially of great benefit in the complex task of / shown in / used to effectively guide the searchl makes use ofl make upl meets the needs of real life production,/ the current demands placed upon itl must be justifiedl point outl play an important role。
学术类作文常用句型汇总
常用句型汇总（例句中黑体标注的词和短语要重点记忆，如不清楚中文意思，可参照例句中文翻译）现代科技可以在很多方面使大众受益Be beneficial to + 名词Taking care of pets is beneficial to thedevelopment of children's力）照顾宠物有助于孩子社交能力的发展Motivate sb to do sth Fierce competition for jobsto study harder找工作的激烈竞争激励学生努力学习Assist sb to do...（等同于常用的help）The internet assists children to studyeffective way （以一种…的方式：网络协助孩子们以一种更有效的方式学习）.Improve •…2）.enhance...Efficiency \ Computers help students enhance their study efficiency substantially电脑帮助学生们显著地提高他们的学习效率Cultivate... Cultivate independenceBroaden one，s horizons In the long term （从长远来看）abroad can not only broaden your horizons butalso enrich your knowledgeIncrease one5s experienceEnrich one's knowledge从长远来看，留学不仅开阔你的眼界，而且增长你的知识Mold onel character Moral education teaches students aboutRemove the bamer for... The invention of a global language wouldremove the barrier forcommunicationPave the way for…一门全球性语言的发明会为国际交流消除障碍Promote the development of... The widespread use of English has promoted the developmentcommunication and interaction英语的广泛使用已经促进了国际交流和互动的发展）.Enable sb to do ）.Allow sb to do 1 .The Internet expandsand enables them to get acquainted with more individuals online2.Students should learn to adapt to the increasingly fierce competition的竞争））.Adapt to +名词）.Get used to +名词网络扩大了人们的社交圈并且让他们在线结识了更多的人2•学生应该学会适应越来越激烈的竞争Take ... measures to doDeal with • •・ \ cope with ・The government should take immediate measures to cope with（Effective 有效的；Immediate 及时的）政府应该釆取及时的措施去处理环境问题... is an indispensible part In present-day society,abilities 学生应该用就业能力和解决问题的能力武装自己... Make it more possible for sb to do sth A livable environment makes it more possible for people to enjoy a healthy lifestyle一个宜居的环境使人们更可能享受一种健康的生活方式•…Make sth more available to sb The Internet makes various information more available to people网络使人们更容易获得各种各样信息...open up more opportunities for sb to do Going abroad for study opens up more opportunities for students to know about outside world出国留学为学生了解外面的世界提供了更多机会中间类Pose a challenge to … A decreasing supply of natural resourcesposing a challenge to thedevelopment （可持续发展正在减少的自然资源供给正对人类社会的可持续发展提出挑战Have （Have还可替换为：produce） + a （an） + adj + effect on・・・Part-time jobs can produce a far-reaching impact on students, benefiting students themselves and their families（深远的:profound \ far-reaching同辈压力促使大学毕业生彼此竞争体面的工作Take ...into consideration Put... at first place Most college graduates take into consideration and put development at first place大多数大学毕业生把升职纳入考虑范围，并把个人发展放在第一位.Be confronted with・・Be faced with... People nowadays are confronted with so many problems, particularlydeterioration of environment and air pollution现在的人面对如此多的问题，特别是，环境恶化和空气污染Focus on...Focusing on certain subjects allows students tobetter concentrate on the专注于某些科日让孩子更好地把精力集中在相关知识上Attach importanee to ... Parents in presenJday society attach muchimportance to their children'sdevelopment当今社会的父母非常重视他们孩子的未来发展An increasing number of + 可数名词（把number 换成amount 即可接不可数名词）Due to the widespread use of private cars, increasing amount ofwhich seriously pollutes the environment由于私家车的广泛使用，越来越多的废气被排放，这严重污染了环境Increasingly + It is an increasingly widespread problem thatMake use of Students should make用）lheir campus life （好利用…）学生应该充分利用他们的校园生活Compete for.... In order to achieveeveryone tries to compete for limited resourcesand positions.为了实现个人发展，大家都试图竞争有限的资源和岗位Aspire to do.... Each individual in societypersonal development and become successful 社会上的每个个体都渴望实现个人发展和变得成功Dream of doing College graduates dream of finding a job whichcan make themindependent （形容词：经济独立）大学毕业生梦想找到可以使他们变得经济独立的工作Reduce...to the minimum The government should take effective measuresto reduce environment pollution to the minimum政府应该采取有效措施把环境污染降到最低Be in urgent need of... Young students are in urgent need of（指导）from their teachers年轻学生急需来自老师的指导在学校里学习的学生有更多机会和他们的同辈人互动，这有利于他们的社交能力消极类Be harmful to... Too much time spent on TV watching is harmfulto children^well-being （心理健康）过多花费在看电视上的时间对孩子的心理健康有害Pose a threat to ... The widespread use of private cars is posing agreat threat to the environment私家车的大量使用正对坏境构成威胁Dampen one's enthusiasmNothing can dampen my enthusiasm for English 任何事都不能打击我对英语的热情Constrain \ stifle one's creativity Rote learning（死记students9creativity （创造力）死记硬背严重扼杀学生的创造力Depend on •…Most youngstersexcessively on theirindependence现在的大多数年轻人过分依赖父母，由于缺乏独立性Lack of...（名词短语）Lack...（动词短语）1）.Lack of communication exchange with parents may词为narrow）the generationAlienate... from...（名词形式是：Alienation; 家庭关系的疏远可以说：domestic alienation）The overuse of thepeople from their parents, because web-surfing takes up （占用）a large proportion of个很大的比率）their spare time网络的过分使用使年轻人和他们的家长疏远，因为上网占用了他们业余时间的一个很大比Prevent sb from doing sth Lacking hands-on skills prevents some collegegraduates from performing daily tasksefficiently缺乏动手能力让一些大学毕业生不能在工作中高效地完成任务Distract sb from doing sth （本质和第13个短语同意）Watching TV too much distracts children from interacting with theirto domestic alienation看太多电视使孩子不能专心和家人互动，导致家庭关系的疏远Go astray Students who lack self-control are very likely togo astray缺乏自制力的学生很可能误入歧途Suffer from... Due to excessiveemployees suffer fromeven physical illnesses由于过多的工作压力，很多员工遭受心理问题其至生理疾病缺乏实际经验使刚毕业的学生在求职屮处于劣势。