英汉词语表达的分析性和综合性差异与互译实践.ppt.Convertor

英汉词语表达的: 分析性和综合性

analytic expression and synthetic expression

Outline

Analytic & synthetic expression related to degree of lexicalization

Factors for the occurrence of lexicalization

Different degree of lexicalization in word-formation

Different degree of lexicalization in parts of speech

Implications for C-E and E-C translation

Analytic & synthetic expression

Synthetic expression (i.e., one word) is often sufficient to combine what analytic expression can only achieve by using multiple words.

Synthetic expression characterized by high degree of lexicalization while analytic by lower degree of lexicalization.

Factors for lexicalization

1. Grammar

2. Condensing

3. Frequency

4. Culture

Grammar

Chinese –the tendency of analytic: limited affixes; disyllables; single morpheme words in decline; various predicate structures

English – the tendency of synthetic:

free morpheme (-ful /full –less/leas -ship/shape)

mouthful/ spoonful/ eventful/ hopeful…

fruitless/ sleepless/ useless/ homeless…

friendshi p/ partnership/ membership/ citizenship…

Condensing

物色——绢帛之类贵重丝品——用物色来寻求、交易——寻求（王灿龙2005）帝思其贤，乃物色求之。（晋《高士传》）

从者已告，华令物色之。（明《情史》）

日以物色人才为职志。（清《秋瑾传》）

Condensing: brunch breakfast + lunch

Dink: a couple who have dual income but no kids

GASP: Greater Alliance to Stop Pollution

Frequency:―爱国‖patrio tism 爱花love 、爱校love my school、爱民love people 看、听、说、闻、尝

See/hear/speak/smell/taste

Blind/deaf/dumb/…? /…?

Culture: Chinese – cooking semantic field

煮、炖、煨、焖、熬、炝、汆、涮、烀、焯、煲

boil /coddle; simmer/poach; stew

炒、烩、熘、烹、煸sauté

bake/ toast/ roast/ broil/ grill/ barbecue/ sear

Culture

barge （驳船）/ brig （双桅横帆船）/ ketch（双桅纵帆船）/ yawl（双桅帆船）/ barque（三桅帆船）/ punt（方头平底船）/ freighter（货船）/ schooner（纵帆船）/ ferryboat（摆渡船）/ storeship（军需船）/ catamaran （双体船）

Different degree of lexicalization in word-formation

Affixation –

high degree of lexicalization

Affixation 英汉加缀法现象(examples-what)

加缀法差异总结(conclusion-what)

加缀法差异启示(implication-why & how)

Chinese Affixation

子儿子老子妻子嫂子小姨子小舅子小叔子小姑子厨子

鬼赌鬼冒失鬼胆小鬼

汉好汉硬汉懒汉门外汉

家行家姑娘家作曲家画家玩家

头丫头姘头对头刺头魔头

手帮手选手凶手生手坦克手

董秀芳（2005 汉语学习）汉语词缀的性质与汉语词法特点（与其他一些语言中的词缀相比,一方面使用不普遍,另一方面在特征上也不典型.词缀在汉语中是一个不稳定的范畴,词缀与词根语素的差别不显著.汉语词缀的特点决定了派生构词不是汉语主要的词法模式,汉语中主要的词法模式是复合法,这是由汉语语素的总体特点所决定的. ）

汉语词缀数量不多，最多不超过100个，并且已经包括了新兴词缀如非-、准-等，和类词缀如半-、好-等。（藤永超1999）

Affixation

他行进快速，我们感到惊讶。

他快速行进，我们感到惊讶。

Move/moving/ movements

Fast/ rapid/ rapidity

Astonish/ astonishing/ astonishingly