2014年美赛C题翻译

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2014年综合C级真题答案

第一个岛屿叫Palm Jumeirah，有五星级酒店和豪华住宅，当这些住宅在2004年出售的时候，不到三天就卖出去了，真是令人吃惊。

20.本题出自原文第四段The second palm Jebel Ali, was started in 2002 and is designed to be an entertainment centre. Sixmarinas(小游艇船坞) are planned, with a water theme park, and home built on stilts(桩柱) in the water.第二个是palm Jebel Ali，建于2002年，是一个娱乐中心，计划建六个小游艇船坞，屋子建在水中的桩柱上。

21.本题出自原文第五段5.The Palm Deira is planned to be the largest of the three islands, with a length of 14 km and a width of8.5 km, an area larger than the city of Paris.计划把Palm Deira建成三个岛屿中最大的，长14千米，宽8.5千米，比巴黎城都要大22.本题出自原文第六段More artificial islands, the World Islands, are now being constructed near the Palm Jumeirah. They consist of 300 private islands grouped into the shape of the continents of the world and will be used for estates, private homes, community islands, and resorts.更多的岛屿，世界群岛正在Palm Jumeirah附近建造。

2014美赛建模mcm及翻译

2014美国数学建模竞赛赛题翻译

问题A：右行左超规则在美国、中国和大多数除了英国、澳大利亚和一些前英国殖民地的国家，多车道高速公路常常有这样一种规则。

司机必须尽量在最右的车道行使，只有超车时，司机才可以向左移动一个车道来达成目的。

当司机超车完毕后必须回到原车道继续行使。

建立并分析一个数学模型，使得这个模型能够分析这个规则在交通高负荷和低负荷情况下的表现。

你可以从许多角度来思考这个问题，比如车流量和车辆安全之间的权衡，或者一个过快或过慢的车辆限速带来的影响等等。

这个规则可以使我们获得更好的交通流？如果不可以，请提出并分析一个替代方案使得交通流得到优化、安全得到保障、或者其他你认为重要的因素得到实现。

在靠左行使才是规则的国家，论证你的解决方案是否可以通过简单的变换或者通过增加一些新的要求来解决相同的问题。

最后，以上的规则的实行是建立在人们遵守它的基础上的，然而不是所有人都愿意去遵守。

那么现在我们使同一条道（可以只是一段，也可以是全段公路）上的交通车辆都在一个智能系统的严格控制下，这个变化对你之前的分析结果有多大的影响？问题B：体育画刊是一个为体育爱好者们设计的杂志。

这个杂志正在寻找上世纪女性或者男性的“历来最优秀的大学教练”。

建立一个数学模型，从男性或者女性体育教练中选择最好的大学教练（退役或者在役的都可以）。

这些体育教练可以是大学曲棍球、陆上曲棍球、足球、橄榄球、棒球、排球、篮球的教练。

你选择划分的时间会对你的分析有影响吗？也就是说，1913年的教练方式和2013年的会有什么不同吗？清楚的阐述你的评估方式。

讨论你的模型如何通用于两性教练和所有可能的运动项目上。

用你的模型为三项体育项目分别找到五个最佳教练。

再为体育画刊提供一篇1－2页的不涉及技术性问题解释的通俗易懂的文章来解释你们的结果，你们必须保证体育爱好者们能够理解。

2014年数学建模美赛题目

PROBLEM A: The Keep-Right-Except-To-Pass RuleIn countries where driving automobiles on the right is the rule (that is, US A, China and most other countries except for Great Britain, Australia, and some former British colonies), multi-lane(车道) freeways(快车道) often employ a rule that requires drivers to drive in the right-most lane unless they are passing another vehicle, in which case they mov e one lane to the left, pass, and return to their former travel lane.Build and analyze a mathematical model to analyze the performance of th is rule in light and heavy traffic. You may wish to examine tradeoffs(权衡) between traffic flow and safety, the role of under- or over-posted speed limits (that is, speed limits that are too low or too high), and/ or other factors that may not be explicitly(明确地) called out in this problem statement. Is this rule effective in promotin g better traffic flow? If not, suggest and analyze alternatives (to include p ossibly no rule of this kind at all) that might promote greater traffic flow, safety, and/or other factors that you deem(认为) important.In countries where driving automobiles on the left is the norm, argue whe ther or not your solution can be carried over with a simple change of orie ntation(方向), or would additional requirements be needed.Lastly, the rule as stated above relies upon human judgment for complian ce( 服从). If vehicle transportation on the same roadway was fully under the co ntrol of an intelligent system – either part of the road network or imbedde d(把……嵌入) in the design of all vehicles using the roadway – to what extent would this change the results of your earlier analysis?PROBLEM B: College Coaching LegendsSports Illustrated, a magazine for sports enthusiasts, is looking for the “be st all time college coach” male or female for the previous century. Build a mathematical model to choose the best college coach or coaches (past or present) from among either male or female coaches in such sports as colle ge hockey(冰球) or field hockey(曲棍球), football, baseball or softball(垒球), basketball, or soccer(英式足球). Does it make a difference which time line horizon that you use in yo ur analysis, i.e., does coaching in 1913 differ from coaching in 2013? Clearly articulate(善于表达的) your metrics(韵律学) for assessment. Discuss how your model can be applied in general acr oss both genders (性别) and all possible sports. Present your model’s top 5 coaches in each of 3 different sports.In addition to the MCM format and requirements, prepare a 1-2 page article(文章) for Sports Illustrated that explains your results and includes a non-technical explanation of your mathematical model that sports fans will un derstand。

2014年12月CTE4真题-翻译

2014年12月英语四级翻译真题解析大熊猫是一种温顺的动物，长着独特的黑白皮毛。

因其数量极少，大熊猫已被列为濒危物种。

大熊猫对于世界自然基金会有着特殊意义。

自1961年该基金会成立以来，大熊猫就一直是它的徽标。

大熊猫是熊科中最稀有的成员，主要生活在中国西南部的森林里。

目前，世界上大约有1000只大熊猫。

这些以竹为食的动物正面临许多威胁。

因此，确保大熊猫的生存比以往更重要。

The giant panda is a docile animal with unique black and white fur.Bec ause of their small number, giant pandas have been lis ted as an endangered species. The giant pandas are of special significance for WWF (World Wildlife Fund). Since the establishment in 1961, the fund has been using the giant panda as its logo. The giant panda is the rarest member of the bear family. They mainly live in the forests of southwestern China. Currently, there are about 1,000 giant pandas in the world. The bamboo-eating animals are facing many threats. Therefore, to ensure the survival of the giant panda is more important than ever.【点评】本篇段落主要围绕大熊猫展开，继6月核能考倒大片考生，今年的主题简单很多，难词、难句数量并不多，主要是对现在完成进行时考察、比较级和最高级的考察，逻辑词和副词的考察。

【VIP专享】2010 -2014MCM Problems建模竞赛美赛题目中英文双语翻译版

2010 MCM ProblemsPROBLEM A: The Sweet SpotExplain the “sweet spot” on a baseball bat.Every hitter knows that there is a spot on the fat part of a baseball bat where maximum power is transferred to the ball when hit. Why isn’t this spot at the end of the bat? A simple explanation based on torque might seem to identify the end of the bat as the sweet spot, but this is known to be empirically incorrect. Develop a model that helps explain this empirical finding.Some players believe that “corking” a bat (hollowing out a cylinder in the head of the bat and filling it with cork or rubber, then replacing a wood cap) enhances the “sweet spot” effect. Augment your model to confirm or deny this effect. Does this explain why Major League Baseball prohibits “corking”?Does the material out of which the bat is constructed matter? That is, does this model predict different behavior for wood (usually ash) or metal (usually aluminum) bats? Is this why Major League Baseball prohibits metal bats?MCM 2010 A题：解释棒球棒上的“最佳击球点”每一个棒球手都知道在棒球棒比较粗的部分有一个击球点，这里可以把打击球的力量最大程度地转移到球上。

2014美国数学建模竞赛 C题论文【COMAP 31223】

Team # 31223
Page 2 of 19
Contents
1. Introduction 2. Model 2.1Properties of a Successful Model 2.2Assumption 2.3Build Evaluating igist of scoring training ability 2.4.2 the process of scoring training ability 2.5.1 Set the personal quality and management capability system 2.5.2 Build Hierarchical levels 2.5.3build judgment matrix 3.1 the best basketball coach 3.1.1 The Filtering Model 3.1.2 The AHP Model 3.1.3 Consistency Test 3.2the best football coach 3.3the best hockey coach 4. Conclusions 5. Adaptability of the model 5.1 Applicability of the time 5.2 Applicability of the different sports 6.Sensitivity Test 7. Assessment 8. References 9.Advertising shee
Abstract
Considering the coach and the player final destination is to win the games, so we choose the coach’s training ability into our indexes evaluation system. Like that, we continue choose the personal quality and management capability into our indexes evaluation system. Then Among these indexes, we take training ability as the key index. Only the coaches who rank top ten are certificated to enter the next evaluating system, that is the AHP model. Next, the AHP model takes training ability, personal quality and management capability as criteria. So we can find the highest weight coach. In the application of basketball, first, we use the data of win-loss percentage, Conference Champion, NCAA Final Fours and NCAA Championship to measure on the training ability. Then choose 10 coaches from 3513 ones. Then, we make a list of the length of coaching career, life major events, major honors and awards to determine their personal qualities. What is more, to objectively measure the priorities, we apply average weighted sum, Wilcox Rank method to the normalized data. Finally, we obtain the final weights of the 10 coaches. It is shown that the top 5 coaches are John Wooden, Dean Smith，Mike Krzyzewski，Rick Pitino and Roy Williams. In our model, it contains various information of the coach, like whether he has some good or bad behavior, how much is the team improved under the guidance of the coach. So the model can comprehensive evaluation a coach. To test the applicability of the model, we collect 2051 and 351 samples from the internet, and find that the model’s evaluation system can be widely applied to other sports. Through comparison and analysis, we find that although training ability is very important when evaluating coaches, other indexes matters too. For example, Rick Pitino ranks fifth in the end, but his training ability ranks out of top 5. It is his significant management improves his final rank. We adopt Wilcox Rank Test in time horizon problem. Then, the significance level is less than 0.05. So we carefully compare the data and information classified by time. It comes out that more and more regular seasons are held accordingly. But our model does not consider the factor.

2014年全国大学生英语竞赛初赛(C类)试卷及答案2

2011 National English Contest for College students(Level C-Preliminary)Part I Listening Comprehension (30 marks)Section A (5 marks)In this section, you will hear five short conversations. Each conversations will be read only once. At the end of each conversation, there will be a twenty-second pause, read the question and the there choices marked A,B and C ,and decide which is the best answer.Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.1.What does the man want to do?A.Get something to eat now.B.Find a quiet place that shows games.C.Watch the next game with the woman.2.Why does not the man have a MySpace account?A.He is not skilled at using computer.B.All of the instruction are in EnglishC.The woman won not teach him.3.How long does the woman plan to try teleworkingA.For a few days.B.For a few weeks.C.For a few months.4.What does the man hope will happen?A.The price of cell phone novels will go down.B.The novel’s author will writer longer stories.C.The woman will tell him ho the story ends.5.what is the woman going to do next?A.turn on her computer.B.Go for a walk with peter.C.Visit her new neighbors.Section B (10 marks)In this section, you will hear two long conversations. Each conversation will be read only once. At the end each conversation, there will be a one minute pause. During the pause, read the questions, each with three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre. Conversation one6.What did Jack do over the summer?A.He studied very hard.B.He took a summer class.C.He visited one of his teachers.7.What does Jack think of Ms Wellington as a teacher?A.Easy-going.B.Tough.C.Interesting.8.Why is Ms Wellington’s class har d?A.Her exams are difficult.B.She does not give students the help they need.C.She makes do lots of work.Conversation two9.Why is Mrs. Griffin going to the city where the hotel is located?A.He is on holiday.B.He’s on a business tripC.He is going to a conference.10. How many times has Mrs. Griffin stayed at the Sunrise Hotel?A. Twice.B. Once.C. Three times.11. Where is Mrs. Griffin form?A. Canada.B. New Zealand.C. Australia.12. What is Mrs. Griffin’s passport number?A.87647489B.87637289C.8763748913. What kind of room does Mrs. Griffin want?A. A single room for two nights.B. A double room for two nights.C. A single room for one night.14. When will Mrs. Griffin arrive at Sunrise Hotel?A. at 9:15 pmB. at 9:35 pmC. at 10:00 pm15. What food will b e put into Mrs. Griffin’s room?A. a sandwich with fries.B. a cheese sandwich.C. a burger with chips.Section C (5Marks)16. What does the Associated Press ask editor and news directors to do?A. vote for the top stories of the year.B. describe the oil spill in the Gulf of MexicoC. writes about the 11 workers killed in the explosion17. Where are the doctors and technology experts from?A. New York.B. LondonC. Tokyo18. For how long does President Obama agree to extend the tax cuts?A. for four yearsB. for three yearsC. for two years.19. How many people in the world don’t have enough to eat,according to the report?A. more than one billion.B. some six hundred million.C. nearly nine hundred million20. What have astronomers recently discovered?A. there are unknown plants in older galaxies.B. there are many galaxies in the universeC. there are a lot more red dwarf in older galaxiesSection D (10 marks)In the section, you will hear a short passage. There are 10 missing words phrases. Fill in the blanks with the exact words or phrases you hear. Remember to write the answer on the answer sheetWhat do you do if you don’t get your first choice university? This ____ faces thousands of British every year. Many such_____ turn to Clearing, a service that helps find university places for students at the last moment. If they don’t have the marks to get into their____, Clearing tells them about places available at other university, though they might have to read a difficult subject.This year has seen a record number of people applying to university. This, combined with the _____________________,an uncertain job market, and budget cuts at university, product even more of a scramble for places than usual. Some sources say six students have applied for each remaining___________________________ placeThe British University Admissions Service, UCAS, says up to a quarter of this year’s university applicants-almost 190000 people-have not been admitted intoa____________________________. That is an increase of over 46000 students from last year.Faced with these figure, some British students might consider an interesting alternative:_____________________________. The University of Nottingham for is offering place at its campuses in Ningbo, near Shanghai, and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Students at these institutions can earn University of Nottingham degrees, according, engineering and English. Similarly, the University of Bolton says it has unlimited places at its campus in the United Arab Emirates.To deal with t hese problems, the UK’s Higher Education Minister, David Willet’s, is encouraging students who have not made the grade to consider alternatives to university, such as_______________________and studying at home.“There are arrange of options available, “he says. “people can reapply next year, so they should consider spending this year in a way that will add positively to their CVs. Getting_____________________or other skills will strengthen their chances next year.” Some commentators say, though that rising university costs, poor long-term_______________________, and a drop in graduate recruitment mean this the worst time to be a university student in the UK.Part Two Vocabulary and Structure (15 marks )There are 15 incomplete sentences in this section. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.31.After four days of talks, we are glad to announce that the union and management have reached an____A__. The agreement is fair and benefits both sides.A.accordB. accomplishmentC. identityD. undertaking32.As the clerk__B___prepared my milk shake, I wondered how long she had been working there ,mindlessly making ice cream treats in a set order of steps.A.logicallyB. methodicallyC. graphicallyD. synthetically33. As a boy he wanted to be a fireman. As a high school student, he thought he'd like to become a teacher. Now he___C___to be nothing more than a janitor.A.AssumesB. PrescribesC. AspiresD. Presumes34. Regardless of what caused it, I an grateful that have finally reached a point in mylife__B_____I can appreciate my strengths, accept my weaknesses and try to be comfortable with everything in between.A.WhyB. WhereC. WhichD. What35. _C_____information provided by members of the public, the police would have a much move difficult job.A.SupposingB. Provided theC. If it were not forD. On condition that36.Peter Brown was a painstaking writer;_D___, he once spent half a day on the composition of a single sentence.A.On the other handB. NeverthelessC. MoreoverD. For example37.----What an I going to do about a present for Carol?----You_C_____some flowers.A.Might have sent herB. Must have sent herC. Could send herD. Would send her38.Without the air holding in some of the sun's heat, the earth_B_____cold at night, too cold for us to live on.A.Will be freezingB. Would be freezingC. An be frozenD. Would be frozen39.The students in our university each__A____an English dictionary. That is to say, each of the students in our university______an English dictionary.A.Have; hasB. Have; haveC. Has; haveD. Has; has40.Here's your kitchen. I hope you enjoy cooking here. Is there__B____else that you need?A.SomethingB. AnythingC. NothingD. Everything41.David_____C_his business partner over plans to reduce the workforce.A.Came down toB. Broke down toC. Fell out withD. Went along with42.___A___is this piece of equipment to be removed from the building.A.On no accountB. AbsolutelyC. ScarcelyD. Not at all43.Helen' s parents were_C_____that she was still on the job., but she had resigned.A.In doubtB. Of the opinionC. Under the impressionD. With suspicion44.----I don't think I will ever, in my life, win a lottery of five million dollars.----Well, _____D. Anything can happen.A.You made itB. You're kiddingC. What you sayD. You can never tell45.-----How did you find the concert in the Grand Theatre last night?-----____B__ but the conductor was perfect.A.I couldn't agree moreB. I didn't think much of itC. I was crazy about itD. I really likedPart Three Cloze(15 marks )I have been reading a lot on my iPad recently, and I have some (46)____complaints_ (complain) not about the iPad itself but about the state of digital reading generally. Reading is a subtle thing,and its subtleties are artifacts of a venerable medium: words printed in ink on paper. Glass and pixels aren't the same.When I read a physical book, I don't have to look anywhere else to find out how much I've read. The iPad e---reader, iBooks tries to create the (47) illu___remain of a physical book. The pages seem to turn, and I can the edges of those that remain, but it's fake. There are always exactly six unturned pages, no matter (48)____where_ I am in the book.Also, there is a larger problem. Books in their digital format look vastly less "finished", or less genuine than real books. You can vary their font and type size, but this only makes them(49)___resemble_(resemble) word---processed---no matter how (50)wretched___(wretch) or wonderful they are---will never look as good as Robert Hass's poems in the print edition of The Apple Trees at Olema. But your poems can look almost exactly as ugly---as "e---book---like" ---as the Kindle version of that collection.All the e---book I've read have been ugly---books by Chang---rae Lee, Alvin Kernan, and Stieg Larsson---though the texts have been wonderful. I didn't grow up reading texts. I grew up reading books, and this(51)___difference__(differ) is important.When it comes to digital editions, the(52)_assumption____(assume) seems to be that all books(53)are___created_ _(create) equal. However, nothing could be further from the truth. In the mass migration from print to digital, we're seeing a profusion of digital books---many of them out of copyright---that look new and even "HD," but which may well have been supplanted by more accurate editions and better translations. We need a digital readers' guide---a place where readers can find(54)__out__ whether the book they're about to download is the best available edition.(55)Fi__nally___, two related problems. I already have a personal library, but most of the books I've read have come from(56)__lending___(lend) libraries. Barnes & Noble has released ane---reader that allows short---term (57) ____borrowing_(borrow) of some books. The entire idea behind Amazon's Kindle and Apple's iBooks assumes that you cannot read a book unless you own it first and that only you can read it unless you want to give your reading device to someone else. This goes against the social value of reading, the collective knowledge and(58)___collaborative__(collaborate) discourse that comes from access to (59)__shared_or our culture in general.Part Four Reading Comprehension (40 marks).Section A (10 marks ).Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.Not keen on reading? Do you have trouble finding a novel that arouses your interest? Why not follow Ammon Shea's example and start reading a dictionary?Mr Shea owns over 1,000 dictionaries and he reads them for fun. He recently spent a year reading all 20 volumes of the Oxford English Dictionary. The dictionary contains more than20,000 pages and over 59 million words.As he read from A to Z, he noted down interesting words in a ledger. This includes words such as "happify," meaning to make someone happy and "tripudiate", which means to dance, skip or leap for joy. Mr Shea also kept a diary about this experience, which has since become abest---selling book.Why did he do this? He claims it was fun. "I've always enjoyed reading dictionaries . They are far more interesting than people give then credit for," he said.It appears that it was not his goal to sound more intelligent by using longer and more complex words. "I'm not against long, fancy or obscure words, but I'm opposed to using then for their own sake," he said.In fact ,as a result of reading so many new words , Mr Shea often forgot everyday vocabulary. He wrote, "My head was so full of words that I often had trouble forming simple sentences."Mr Shea is not alone in his love of reading dictionaries.Elaine Higgleton, a representative of Collins Cbuild dictionaries, explained that thousands of crossword puzzle and Srabble fans read dictionaries for fun and to improve their games. Ms Higgleton did however note that, "It's probably not the best way to learn English ,and you'd learn more than you need." It is not known how many of the 59 million words Ms Shea remembers, but he has certainly made history with his eccentric hobby.Questions 61 to 65.Decide whether the following statements are True or False.61.Mr Shea has read 1.000 dictionaries.F62.Mr Shea spent one month reading the Oxford English Dictionary.F63.In Mr Shea's opinion,people don't give dictionaries enough credit for being interesting.T64.Mr Shea thinks it is important t be able to use long and complicated words in everyday conversation.F65.Elaine Higgleton thinks that reading a dictionary is the best way to learn English.FSection B (10 marks)Questions 66 to 70are based on the following passage.Surfing is something people often get hooked on after trying it a few times. For many surfers it is much more than a hobby---they would probably agree with the American professional surfer Kelly Slater when he said,"Once you're in, you're in. There's no getting out.""Surfing", of course, refers to riding on ocean waves using a surfboard. Many surfers stand up on their boards, which requires god balance and is therefore difficult for most beginners to learn, but some lie down and "bodyboard"The history of surfing probably began with the Polynesian people of the Pacific Islands. One of the first white people to see anyone surfing was the British explorer Captain Gook, when his ship arrived in Hawaii in 1779. He watched many Hawaiians riding waves on large pieces of wood, and reported that, "Surfing seems to give them a feeling of great pleasure. "When surfing started to become very popular in the United States in the 1950's and 60s, surfers used large wooden boards (often more than three metres long) that were quite heavy. Boards today are shorter and also much lighter, because they are made of artificial materials instead of wood. For anyone who wants to try surfing. The only essentials are waves and a board. There are a few other things, however, that most surfers find important; a cord t attach one of their ankles to the board and therefore stop it from being carried a long way away when they fall off'; wax, which they put on the surface of the board to help their feet stick to it; and a wetsuit to help them keep warm in cold water. The south---west of English is an example of a place where surfers usually need wetsuits, even in summer.Surfing has been a professional sport for many yeara and the very best surfers are able to makea living from it. Most of the best professional surfers in the last 30 years, both men and women, have been American or Australian, but surfers from Brazil, Peru and South Africa have also won important competitions.Questions 66 to 70Answer the following questions with the information given in the assage in a maximum of 10 words for each question.66.Why do most beginners find it difficult t stand up on a surfboard?Because standing up on their boards requires god balance .67.In what part of the world did surfing probably begin?The Polynesian people of the Pacific Islands.68.When did surfing start to become very popular in the United States?In the 1950's and 60s69.What do surfers use wax for?To help their feet stick to the board70.According to the passage, in what part of the world do surfers usually need wetsuits?In the southwest of EnglandSection C (10 marks)Questions 71 to 75 are based on the following passage.The latest human development report from the United Nations Development Programmed (UNDP) contains some good news, but also a very serious warning about the threat posed y climate change.The report, published annually since 1990, seeks to asses “human development” around the world, and calculates a “Human Development Index (HDI) for 169 counties. The HDI is based on average income, life expectancy and level of education in a country. Not surprisingly, rich counties tend to have higher HDIs than poor counties, but there are interesting variations in human development among countries with similar levels of economic development, because some have better health and education systems than others.According to the 2010 report, the county with the highest level of human development is Norway, followed by Australia, New Zealand, the United States and Ireland. Most of the lowestHDIs belong to counties in sub-Saharan Africa.Almost all counties around the worlds have higher HDIs now than in 1990, despite the fact that since the 2008 financial crisis, the total number of people living in extreme poverty has increased. The report concludes that most people are healthier, live longer, are better educated and have access to more goods and services. Even in countries with severe economic problems, people’s level of health and education as generally improved. Although sub-Saharan African countries are at the bottom of the pile in terms of human development, some of them have made significant progress since 1990. The report is critical, however, of the fact economic inequality has increased significantly in the last twenty years, both within and between countries.The greatest threat to improving HDIs in the future, according to the report, is climate change. Economic growth increases average incomes in a country through increasing production and consumption. However , if this leads to greater emissions of greenhouse gases, as has always been the case in the past, global warning will probably accelerate, and cause severe environmental problem s in some parts of the world hat will threaten the livelihoods of huge numbers f people. The progress of the last twenty years, therefore, might not be sustainable.The only solution, according to the report, I to break the link between economic growth and greenhouse gas emissions-which, needless to say, is easier, said than done.Questions 71 to 75Complete the following sentences with information given in the passage in a maximum of 10 words for each blank.71. The concept of “human development” is based on the following three factors: _____ average income, ____ life expectancy _______and___ level of education72. Some countries with similar levels of economic development have quite different HDIs because they have_______ better health and education systems than others.______.73._______________ The financial crisis,__has caused the number of people living in extreme poverty to increase since 2008.74. The report says that _______ climate change______ is the greatest threat to increasing HDIs in the future.75. The report says the link between_____ economic growth _____ and ________ greenhouse gasemissions-____needs to be broken.Section D (10 marks)Questions 76 to 80 are based on the following passageIt is natural for young people to be critical of their parents at times and to blame them for most of the misunderstanding between them. They have always complained, more or less justly, that their parents are out of touch with modern ways; that they are possessive and dominant; that they do not trust their children to deal with crises: that they talk too much about certain problems-and that they have no sense o humor, at least parent-child relationships.I think it is true that parents often underestimate their teenage children and also forget how they felt themselves when were young.Young people often irritate their parents with their choices in clothes, hairstyles, entertainers and music. This is not their motive. They feel cut off from the adult world into which they have not yet been accepted, so they create a culture and society and their own. Then, if it turns out that their music, entertainers, vocabulary, clothes or hairstyles irritate their parents, this gives them additional enjoyment. They feel they are superior, at least in a small way, and that they are leaders in style and taste.Sometimes teenagers are resistant and proud because they do not want their parents to approve of what they do. If they did approve, it looks as if the teenager is betraying his own age group. All this is assuming that the teenager is the underdog: he can not win but at least he can keep his honor. This is a passive way of looking at things. It is natural enough after years of childhood, when children were completely under their parent’s control, but it ignores the fact that when they become teenagers, children are beginning to be responsible for themselves.If you plan to control your life, co-operation should be a part of that plan. You can charm other people, especially your parents, into doing things the way you want. You can also impress people with your of responsibility and your initiative, so that they will give you the authority to do what you want to do.Questions 76 to 78Choose the best answer according to the passage.76 the first paragraph is mainly about______A_______.A teenagers’ criticism of their parentsB misunderstanding between teenagers and their parentsC the dominance of parents over their childrenD teenagers’ ability to deal with crises77 teenagers have strange clothes and hairstyles because they____B_______A have a strong desire to be leaders in style and tasteB want to prove their existence by creating a culture of their ownC have no other way to enjoy themselvesD want to irritate their parent78 teenagers do not want their parents to approve of what they do because they_____D__________.A have already been accepted into adult worldB feel that they are superior to adult worldC want to win adults over to their cultureD don’t want to appear to be disloyal to their own age groupQuestion 79 to 80Translate the sentences in the passage into Chinese79 I think it is true that parents often underestimate their teenage children and also forget how they felt themselves when were youn我认为父母经常低估他们十几岁的孩子，同时也忘记他们年轻时候的感受。

2014年大学生英语竞赛初赛C类参考答案

2014 National English Competition forCollege Students(Level C-Preliminary)PartⅠListening Comprehension (30 marks)Section A (5 marks) 1-5 CACBASection B (10 marks) 6-10 CABDA 11-15 BABCA Section C (5 marks) 16-20 CBCBDSection D (10 marks)21. get over 22. preferred 23. the same effect 24. cliam to be 25. make sure 26. charges 27. right away 28. amount of time 29. insurance company 30. feel safe inPart Ⅱ Vocabulary ,grammar & Cultures(15 marks)31-35 BBACB 36-40 DABCD 41-45 DBCABPart Ⅲ Cloze(10 marks)46. geese 47.before 48. survival 49. shorter 50. enormous 51.flies 52. against 53. Navigation 54. Amazingly 55. whichPart ⅣReading Comprehension (35 marks)Section A (5 marks)56. F 57. T 58. T 59. T 60. FSection B (10 marks)61.F 62. G 63. B 64. A 65. DSection C (10 marks)66. There are only three medical schools in Norway and it is difficult for her to find a chance.67. For six months.68. She wants to be a doctor.69. Almost all people in Munich drink beer.70. She did a part time job in a hospital near Olso.Section D（10 marks）71.creams 72. harming/damaging 73. reduce 74. properties 75. appliedPart ⅤTranslation (15 marks)Section A (5 marks)76.远程教育属于正规教育，它打破了传统的课堂教学模式。

数模1998-2016年历年美赛题目(中文)

2016 年美赛题目翻译Program A一个人用热水从一个水龙头里灌满一个浴缸，然后安顿在浴缸中，清洗和放松。

不幸的是，浴缸不是一个温泉式浴缸，一个二次加热系统和循环射流，而是一个简单的水容器。

过了一会儿，洗澡就明显地凉快，所以人增加了一个恒定滴热水从水龙头加热洗浴用水。

该浴缸的设计是在这样一种方式，当浴缸达到容量，多余的水通过溢流泄流。

在空间和时间上开发一个浴缸的水的温度模型，以确定最佳的策略，在浴缸的人可以采取保持温度，即使在整个浴缸和尽可能接近的初始温度，没有浪费太多的水。

使用你的模型来确定你的策略取决于浴缸的形状和体积，浴缸的形状/体积/温度，浴缸中的人的运动。

如果这个人用了一个泡泡浴剂，而最初填充浴缸，以协助清洗，这会影响你的模型的结果？除了要求的一页摘要MCM提交，你的报告必须包括一一页的非技术性解释的浴缸，描述你的策略，解释为什么它是如此难以在洗澡水温度得到均匀地保持用户Program B小碎片在轨道上绕地球金额已日益受到关注。

据估计，超过50万件的空间碎片，也被称为轨道碎片，目前都正在跟踪的潜在危害飞船。

这个问题本身在新闻媒体上变得更广泛的讨论时，俄罗斯卫星的Kosmos-2251和美国铱卫星-33 2009年2月10日，上相撞。

已经提出许多方法以除去碎屑。

这些方法包括小的，基于空间的水射流，并用于针对碎片的特定部分高能激光器和大型卫星，旨在清扫杂物，等等。

碎片的大小和质量范围从漆片的废弃卫星。

碎片“高速轨道捕获做出困难。

开发时间依赖模型来确定一个私人公司可以采取作为一个商业机会，以解决空间碎片问题的替代品的最佳替代品或组合。

您的模型应该包括成本，风险，收益定量和/或定性的估计，以及其他的重要因素。

您的模型应该能够评估独立的替代方案以及替代品的组合，并能够探索各种重要的“如果什么？”的情景。

使用你的模型，确定经济上有吸引力的机会是否存在没有这样的机会是可能的。

如果可行的商业机会的存在作为替代的解决方案，提供了用于去除碎屑的不同选项的比较，并包括特定建议作为对碎片应如何除去。

2014年全国大学生英语竞赛真题试卷及答案(C类)

2014 National English Contest forCollege Students(Level C – Preliminary)(总分：150分时间：120分钟)Part I listening Comprehension (30 marks)Section A (5 marks)In this section, you will hear five short conversations. Each conversation will be read only once .After each conversation, there will be a twenty-second pause. During the pause, read the question and the three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer .Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.1.why does Carl meet the woman?A.he is going to interview her on media matters.B.They are going to start a new company together.C.He will help her cope with an interview.D.He wants to recommend a new product to her.2.what is the man worrying about most?A.he can’t afford what the woman may recommend to him.B.The designer may charge him more than he should pay.C.There is no appropriate design for him in the Armani shopD.The woman may spend too much on new clothes.3.what is the woman suggesting by accepting that they can’t cut the mustard?A.she does’t have a knife so they can’t have mustard.B.She does’t know how to cook mustard without a recipe.C.They have to face the imperfect reality at the moment,D.The man needs to calm down or he may get hurt by a knife.4.Why did the man take up golf ?A. He enjoyed the sport when he was a child.B. He thought golf was useful in his career.C. It could help improve his health.D. It was part of his New York project.5.When did the man quit smoking this time?A.Less than two weeks ago.B.About two months ago.C.Some four years ago.D.More than ten years ago.Section B (10 marks)In this section, you will hear two long conversations. Each conversation will be read only once. At the end of each conversation, there will be a one-minute pause. During the pause, read thequestions and the three choices marked A, Band C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.Conversation one6.Why did Jane phone Matt?A.she asked for a project record in Matt’s company.B,she invited him to participate in a project release in her Company,C.she had some questions about an investment project.D.she wanted to place a new project advertisement through him .7.how did tane get to know Matt’s project?A. She got a copy of the investment proposal.B.she got the information from another company.C. She was informed by one of his colleagues.D. Matt recommended the project to her before.8.when did Matt’s company find problems of the previous deal?A.before they signed the contract.B.shortly after they started the deal.C.when they completed the project.D.soon after they paid the deposit.9.Why did the deal fall through?A.Matt’s company changed its investment policy.B.Matt’s company was slow in delivering the money.C.the client company broke its promise.D.the client company had financial problems.10.what is tane going to do before she makes a decision on the project?A.discuss with her partners.B.submit the proposal to emma.C.call some other investment companies.D.visit Matt’s company in person.Conversation two11.what is Hilary Kingsley.A.A newspaper reporter.B.a TV columnist.C. A soap opera direct .D.a radio commentator.12.How did Hilary define a soap opera?A. It is a continuing story about things that happen among family members and colleagues.B. It is a fiction story that describes the life of people living on a special.C. It is a never-ending story telling about women selling soap powders.D. It is a TV series that concentrates on men coping with difficulties.13.When did soap operas get stated according to the passage?A. Since the 1920s and 1930s.B. Since the 1930s and 1940s.C.since the 1950s and 1960s.D.since 1960s and 1970s.14.why was the programme given the name “soap opera”?A.Because the first soap opera was about a women selling soap businesses.B.Because it was broadcast mainly to promote the sale of soap powders.C.Because it was broadcast mainly to promote the sale of soap factory.D.Because the first soap opera was soap operas differ from other dramas?15.In what way does Hilary think soap operas differ from other dramas?A.They always show how people deal with everyday problems.B.They have changed quite a lot since they got started.C.They have more female characters than male ones.D.They mainly focus on men’s never-ending pursuits in career.Section C (5 marks)In this section, you will hear five short news items. After each item, which will be read only once, there will be a pause. During the pause, read the question and the three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.16.what is the main finding about carbon dioxide in roger’s report?A.carbon dioxide is firstly found in human history.B.Carbon dioxide is an important factor in global warming.C.Carbon dioxide is found reaching a quite high level.D.Measurement of carbon dioxide is symbolic in human history.17.How did the woman survive from the disaster?A.She was in a hospital when the collapse happened.B.She found water and food before she was saved.C.She got help from a colleague who died the later on .D.She was fortunately stronger than the others.18.Why did the government drop leaflets over the town?A.To express the concern over a build-up of troops.B.To warn the rebels the preparing attack on Qusair.C.To make the people aware of the danger and leave.D.To advertise for the government to collect more money.19.How many megawatts will the solar capacity reach in morocco by 2020?A. B. C. D.20.What did the survey by the American institute of CPAs mainly find?A.Student loans are rising because of the huge amounts of borrowers.B.Student loan debtors tend to borrow more money to live happily.C.60 percent of student loan are regretful about the survey.D.Student loans may have a negative influence on the borrowers’life.Section D (10 marks)In this section, you will hear a short passage. There are 10 missing words or phrases. Fill in the blanks with the exact words or phrases you hear. The passage will be read twice. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet.Doctors often patients to take a certain kind of medicine in order to 21._________an illness. For example ,a patient may need medicine because his or her shoulder hurts. The doctor may tell the patient that there is a brand name medicine which will help him or her. This brand name medicine is made by a famous company. However,there may be also a generic type of the name medicine.Generic medicine are 22.________by some people because they are usually less expensive ,yet they have the name ingredients as brand new medicines. If the generic medicine has the same ingredients, this means that the medicine should have 23._______on the person as the brand name medicines.If the ingredients in the generic and brand name medicines are a little different ,then the generic type cannot 24. _______the same as the brand name medicine.Generic medicine are almost aways cheaper than brand name medicines. Why is this? Making any kind of medicine takes a lot of money and a lot of time.This is because a company has to pay doctors and scientists to study and illness.Then,it takes more money and more time for the company to test the medicine to 25.________it is safe and that it works.Once a company is ready to sell its product to people,the company usually sets the price of the medicine very high. The company 26._______a lot of money in order to get back all of the money that it spent making the medicine .Generic medicine makers,on the other hand,copy some kind of medicine that has already been developed and tested .For this reason,they do not have to spend as much money to develop the medicine.Generic medicines are usually not sold27.______Companies that make generic medicines must wait a certain28. ______before they can make the same medicine.But once the generic medicine is on the market,doctors are usually quick to offer it to their patients.This is because the price of medicine is very expensive.Taking a generic medicine can save a patient,or his or her 29._____,a lot of money.Generic medicines are just as good as brand name medicine.Therefore,doctors 30._____having their patients take these medicines.Part II Vocabulary and Structure (15 marks)There are 15 incomplete sentences in this section. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.Section A Vocabulary and Grammar(10marks)31.They finally____a conclusion that the company’s failure has been attributed to_____bad management.A.get;fullB.draw;sheerC.reach;wholeD.make;total32.----Most young people want to_____more about environment problems.--------Yes.but everyone knows about pollution problem,not many people have_____any solutions.A.look up;looked intoB.find out;come up withC.deal with;got round toD.make out;thought over33.I knew ______at the party ,but Monica knew_____people,nearly everybody in fact.A.hardly anybody;plenty ofB.rarely somebody;fewC.barely everybody;a fewD.scarcely nobody;many34.She hastened to______me that the report contained no critical comments on my department performance.A.ensureB.insureC.assureD.make sure35.______for his broken leg in the earlier part of the season,he_____in the England team to play Poland last may.A.Except ; would have playedB.But; might have beenC.Only; could not playD.If it’s not ;was able to be36._______before we depart next Thursday, we should have a wonderful together,A.had they arrivedB.Would they arriveC.Were they arrivingD.Were they to arrive37.please remember that Jeanie hasn’t been well recently,so please_____for her if she seems a bit slow,A.Make allowances forB.Make an observation aboutC.Provide the opportunity forD.Have your own way.38.Great as Einstein was ,many of his ideas ____today and are being modified by the seems a bit slow .A.Are to be challengedB.May be challengedC.Have been challengedD.Are challenged39.-----oh. I can speak only a few words of french ,i’m no good at languages! --------Come on !______we know you can speak five languages!A.are you pulling my leg?B.Keep your chip up!C.Stop fishing for compliment!D.A leopard can’t change its sports!40.------- Frances, do you think you could fix up a staff meeting for me ?-------yes,I’ll do that. _____--------well.let’s arranged it for Friday morning and see whether everyone else is free then.A.what’re you going to talk aboutB.Do you think they all will come?C.At what time do you stop working?D.When were you thinking of?Section B Cultures(5 marks)41. In his famous speech, the Gettysburg Address,_____extolled virtues for the listeners(and the nation) to ensure the survival of America's representative democracy, that "government of the people, by the people. for the people, shall not perish from the earth."A. B. C. D.42. The Wars of the _____ were a series of dynastic wars fought between supporters of tworival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: the houses of Lancaster and York for the throne of England. They were fought in several sporadic episodes between 1455 and 1485, although there was related fighting both before and after this period.A. LiliesB. RosesC. TulipsD. Mayflower43.Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were mainly comedies and histories.He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608，including Hamlet ,king lear,_____,and Macbeth ,considered some of the finest works in the English language .A.merchant of VeniceB.A midsummer night's dreamC.OthelloD.The taming of the shrew44._____is awarded the 2013 Nobel prize in literature for her work as "master of the modern short story ".and the 2009 man Booker international prize for her lifetime body of work .A.Alice MunroB.Helen KellerC.J.K.RowlingD.Anne Frank45._____is a collegiate research university located in England ,united kingdom .although its exact date of foundation is unclear ,there is evidence of teaching as far back as 1096，making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world ,and the second -oldest surviving university in the world ,after the university of Bologna .A.the university of CambridgeB.the university of OxfordC.the university of walesD.the university of EdinburghPart III Cloze (10 marks)Read the following passage and fill in each blank with one word. Choose the correct word in one of the following three ways: according to the context, by using the correct form of the given word, or by using the given letters of the word. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet.Birds are warm blooded animals.though their feathers help to keep them warm ,some birds such as ducks,46.( )(goose),and swans still can't endure harsh winter temperatures .for these reasons ,birdseed from cold climates fly to warmer climates 47.()the winter .this seasonal movement of birdseed is called migration .birds migrate to warmer places ,often hundreds of milestone away ,where they can have the best chance of 48.sur( ).Birds migrate naturally .certain clues form the environment cause hormone changes in the bird's body .as the days get 49.( )(short),for example ,these hormones tell the bird's body to store fat .this is because migrating Takes an 50.en( )energy .birds don't have a lot of time to eat while migrating ,so they rely on stores of fat .when bird migrate ,they fly as a group .to minimize the energy needed to fly long distances ,a group of birds51.( )(fly )together in a V-shape .the bird at the front of the "V"uses the most energy because the wind often blows 52.( )him.every so often ,the birds change positions site that each bird has a turn at the front ,and everyone gets a rest .53.Nav( )is also an important part of the journey .birds find where they are going birds using visual clues ,such as Rivers coastlines,and mountain ranges.In addition ,they use the sun and the star for guidance .54.( )(amaze),they also use the earth's invisible magnetic force for direction.this gives them a natural sense of north and south ,like a kind of internal compass . Many studies indicate that migratory birds fly along the same course every year .researchers decide to test this using "bird banding ".they first capture a migratory bird and attach a tag to its foot .this tag has an ID number on it ,55.( )is stored in a database .they then set the bird free and track its movement .bird banding has shown that many birds follow the same route year after year .Part IV Reading Comprehension (40 marks)Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions. Respond to the questions using information from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the answersheet.Section A (5 marks)Questions 56—60 are based on the following passage.WHERE TO GO WHAT TO GOFridayClint blackOne of the hot new artists on the country music scene ,clint black ,will perform with one of country music's legends merle haggard and up-and-comer Lorrie Morgan at red Rocks amphitheater .for ticket information ,call Ticketmaster at 290-8497.Time:7：30 p.m. tickets:$19.542nd street‘42nd street' will be presented through Sunday at the Denver auditorium theatre .the comedy includes songs by Irving Berlin ,Jerome Kern ,ColePorter .call 893-4100 for tickets or for more information .Time :8 p.m.tonight and Saturday ;7 p.m.Sunday .tickets :$25-$38Bluegrass artistsHome on the Grande concert series presents top bluegrass artists including the bluegrass patriots and Peter and Joan Wernick performing at Grange hall in Niwot .for more information call 444-4537Time:8：30tonight and Saturday . tickets :$6SaturdayRiff performanceRiff will perform with ll cool j at Arnold hall theater at the u.s air force academy .call 1-719-472 for ticket information .Time:8p.m. ticket :$18，$15，$10Train ridesThe Georgetown loop historic mining and railroad park is open on weekends through may .passengers may board in either Georgetown or silver plume .the train will running daily beginning memorial day and continuing through labor day call 670-1686.Time :9：20a.m.-3:55p.m. tickets:$5-$12.5SundayMorning concertThe Azusa Pacific University Choir and Orchestra will perform at the Denver first church of the Nazarene ,3800 E.Hampden ave.the 150-member choir will perform a variety of classical and popular songs .A free continental breakfast will be offered before the concert .call 761-8370.When :8：45a.m.breakfast ,9：45a.m.concert . Tickets:free-will offering .Help for kidsColorado Kpids Care And Funplex are teaming up to help homeless children by accepting donations of baby items including clothing ,formula and diapers at Funplex ,located at south Kipling street and west coal mine avenue in Littleton .each person who brings a donation will receive a free activity pass to Funplex .for more information ,call 934-0277.Time:11a.m.-6p.m.origamiThe Boulder public library's Sunday specials program is presenting an origami workshop in the convent garden at the library ,1000canyon Blvd .participants will learn to make birds ,boats and other objects using the age-old paper folding techniques .call 441-3100.Time:3p.m tickets :freeAuto exhibitThe either annual concours d’Elegance auto exhibit will be held in the north parking lot at university Hillsborough mall ,2700s.Colorado Blvd .Rare Porsches ,Maseratis ,jaguars and racing Carson will be featured .all proceeds benefit Denver 's united cerebral palsy association .call 355-7337 for more information .Time:9 a.m.-4p.m. Tickets :$5Questions 56—60Decide the following statements are TRUE or FALSE according to the passage .56.Only those WHO bring donations to homeless children can attend the activity at Funplex .57.if you are interested in gardening ,you won't want to mission the "bluegrass artists "Friday night in Niwot .58.if you are interested in buying a used car ,you won 't find any useful information in this page of weekend .59.in the Sunday morning concert at the Denver first church of the Nazarene ,free breakfast and performance will be provided .60.participants can watch and learn paper folding technique rather than do handset -on activities in the origami workshop .Section B (10 marks)Questions 61-65 are based on the following passage.One of the hardest things for any sportsperson to do is to know when to retire .do you retire when you are at your physical peak or do you wait untilyour body (or your coach )tells you that it's time to go ?but even harder is finding the answer to the question "what am i going to do with the rest of my life ?"61( )"there 's a high risk of depression and people often find adjusting to a new way of life difficult ",says Ian Cockerill ,a sports psychologist ."for sport people ,There's an extra trauma -the loss of the glamour .that 's the hardest part ."as Eddie Araro ,the us jockey says ,"when a jockey retires ,he becomes just another little man ."62( )perhaps they just can 't stand life without the "high "of playing professional sport .Michael Jordan ,the greatest basketball player of all time ,retired three timeshare .he retired once from the Chicago bulls,made a successful comeback with the bulls,then retired again .his second comeback with an inferior team ended in failure and he retired for ever at the age of 38.Jordan said ,"there will never be anything in do that will fulfill me as much as competing did ."63( )Muhammad Alice needed the money ,but his comeback fight ,at the age of 39，against Trevor Berbick ,was one of the saddest spectacles in modern sport .after losing to Berbick ,Alice retired permanently .three years later he developed Parkinson 's disease .64( )as Jimmy greaves ,an ex-England international footballer said ,"I think that a lot of players would prefer to be shot once their career is over ."many of them spend their retirement in a continual battle against depression,alcohol ,or drugs.65( )Franz Beckenbauer is a classic example of a footballer WHO won everything with his club ,Bayern Munich .after retiring he became a successful coach with Bayern and finally president of the club .John McEnroe ,the infamous "bad boy "of tennis ,is now a highly respected and highly paid TV commentator .another good example is world famous Chinese table tennis player -Deng Yaping.after retiring at the end of the 1997season ,Deng served on the international Olympic committee's ethics and athletes commissions.she is also a member of the elite Laureus World Sportswear academy ,and a member of the Chinese people 's political consultative conference .Deng Yaping becomes deputy secretary of China communist youth league Beijing committee later .but sadly ,for most sportspeople these cases are the exceptions .\A.for some people the pain of saying goodbye never leaves them .B.others can 't resist the chance of one last "pay day ".C.however ,some famous sports persons are much easier to develop some typical psychological disease .D.but for the lucky few ,retirement can mean a successful new career .E.when you hear the final whistle you have to leave as soon as possible .F.retirement for people in general is traumatic .G.some sportspeople go on playing too long .Section C (10 marks)Questions 66—70 are based on the following passage.There are two reasons why I wanted to come to southern Germany to study .I wanted to be at the centre of Europe ,within easier reach of other countries ,and cities such as Paris and Prague .the other reason was that is was finding it very difficult to find a place to study medicinein Norway ,where there are ONL Y three medical schools .I spent my last two years at a boarding school ,where I made lots of friends and learned to look after myself and integrate with other people .I was 19 when I left ,and those two years had changed me ;I knew I could cope with student life in another country .First I had to learn German .I went Munich in September ,a month before the term started ,and spent three weeks on a language with them .nobody spoke Norwegian ,of course ,so it was a great he;[ to find that there were other students from Norway at the university .I made friend with some of them and we were able to help one another during the Firestone few weeks in a new city .after sic months in moved into my own apartment ;there is a wonderful mix of cultures and is have made many friend form different places .for three years I had a Norwegian boy friend WHO was also studying to be a doctor ,but that ended when he left .I would recommend studying abroad to anyone .you get a chance to learn another language and to understand the culture and traditions of another country .Munich is a fantastic city for students ,especially as beer is the favourite drink of student everywhere .I didn't like beer before ,but if you live in Munich ,there really is no alternative ,and now i have acquired the taste .In winter i prefer to visit cafes and talk with friends,but in summer my favourite place is the Englisher Garten ,with its lake and park and lots of barstool .the city's beer halls are generally full of students and tourists .At weekends I often go skiing in the Australian Alps with friends. we pile into a couple of Carson and rent an apartment .this all costs money ,and ,like most students ,I am living on a loan from the government ,by the time i take my final exams i shall have serious problems .I hope to get a job in a hospital near Oslo .I worked there last summer ,while earning the money to go to Nepal ,Thailand and Vietnam fore three months .we are a medical family .My mother and elder sisters are nurses ,but my father is the odd one out :he runs a hairdressing salon .Questions 66—70Answers the following question according to the passage.66.why did Marianne go to Germany to study besides her desire to be in the centre of Europe ?67.how long did Marianne live in a Germany family after she reached Munich ?68.what does Marianne want to be after her graduation ?69.what makeshift Marianne be accustomed to drinking beer ?70.how did Marianne get the money for her three months’ travelling to other countries ? Section D (10 marks)Questions 71—75 are based on the following passage.Would you believe that your diet can make a big difference in keeping a youthful appearance ?It seems strange to think that the food we take in could result in fewer wrinkles .wouldn't it be betterto put things on our skin rather than in our mouths ?well ,according to one scientific theory ,our bodies start aging because of oxidation .this means the certain oxygen -containing molecules in our cells ,called free radicals ,have the capability to attach to and damage parts of our cells ,including our DNA .our bodies can repair this damage ,but as we get older ,these repair mechanisms start to break down ,resulting in the signs of aging .free radicals are actually reduced by our bodies ,but their numbers can also increase because of the food we eat .Besides avoiding foodstuff which could potentially produce more free radicals ,eating foodstuff which contain certain vitamins and micro -nutritious can also contribute to keep useful looking young .these vitamins help produce molecules called antioxidants ,which actually help reduce the production of free radicals .even better ,foodstuff containing antioxidant are not rare .common antioxidants,like vitamins A and E,can be found in many dark-coloured vegetables .for example ,carrots ,seaweed,spinach ,and broccoli are excellent sources of these helpful vitamins .also ,you can eat orange-coloured fruits like apricots and peaches .vitamins A and E are particularly good for helping your skin remain young -looking .these nutrients strengthen your skin and make it soft .however ,if you really want to stock up quickly on nutrients that benefit your skin ,you should eat cow's liver .one small piece of cooked cow 'sliver contains twice a much vitamin A as half a cup of cooked carrots .More recently ,green tea has also been tentatively added to the list of youth -promoting substances .although research about green tea 's effects on our bodies is at an Early stage ,scientists certainly believe that it is good for useful .scientists ,however ,are still cautious about predicting its capability to keep useful looking youthful .but from recent experiments ,itsantioxidant properties seem to be able to repair cell damage already sustained as well as prevent damage in the future .In fact ,green tea workshop even better if you apply it directly to your skin as an ingredient in facial cream ."You are what you eat /"this old proverb certainly seems to be TRUE there more we find out about how our body works .think about that the next time you sit down at the table .Question 71-75Complete the summary with words from the passage, changing the form where necessary, with only one word for each blank.people use cosmetic surgery ,facial 71_____and cosmetics to look younger .maybe the best way to fight wrinkles is really just to eat foodstuff with the right vitamins and nutrients in them .some foodstuff we eat have the capability of 72_____our cells in that these foods can increase harmful molecules in our bodies called free radicals .but if we take in foods with vitamins A and E,for example ,we can 73_____the production of free radicals in our bodies .other foods that seem to have healthy 74_____of antioxidant include cow's liver and green tea .moreover ,green tea is proved to be more helpful in repairing sustained damage and even preventing future damage if it is75_____properly and directly .Part V Translation (10 marks)Translate the following sentences into English, using the hints given in brackets. Remember to write the answer on the answer sheet.76.distance learning is a formal educational process that breaks the traditional mode of classroom teaching .there are two key differences between traditional education and distance learning .distance learning adds flexibility and availability ,regardless of time ,place ,regardless pace of learning .here an instructor teaches ,and somewhere else a student learns ,regardless of barriers of time or place .distance learning reaches out to non -traditional students WHO must fit their studies around workplace ,family responsibilities ,and geographical barriers ,etc .Section B (10 marks)Translate the following sentences into English by using the hints gives in brackets. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet.77.体育运动可以防止发胖，增强体质，使我们保持身体健康。

2014美赛ICM赛题翻译

2014 ICM Problem使用网络来测量的影响和冲击Using Networks to Measure Influence and Impact确定学术研究的影响力的一种方法是构建和测量引文或合著者网络的属性.共同创作的文章通常意味着研究者之间的影响力有了重要的连接。

其中最有名的学术合著者是20世纪的数学家保罗·埃尔德什（Paul Erdös）他拥有超过500共同作者，并发表了超过1400的技术研究论文。

说埃尔德什（Erdös）是具有学科交叉特点的网络科学（science of networks）这一新兴研究的奠基人之一或许具有讽刺意味，或者也不。

特别是1959年，他和阿尔弗雷德的共同撰写的论文“关于随机图”（“On Random Graphs”）的发表，使得埃尔德什的作为合作者的角色在数学领域变得十分重要以至于数学家们经常会通过分析埃尔德什数量惊人的合作者来衡量自己与埃尔德什联系的紧密程度（their closeness to Erdös）。

(see the website http://www.oakla /enp/ )保罗.埃尔德什作为一个天才的数学家，天才的问题解决者，和著名合作者的不寻常和令人着迷的故事公布也在了许多书籍和在线网站上。

(例如,/Biographies/Erdos.html ).也许，他的生活方式就是经常和他的合作者待在一起或者住在一起。

或者把钱给他的学生作为解决问题的奖励，从而使他的合作蓬勃发展，并帮助他在数学的几个领域里建立了具有惊人影响力的网络。

为了衡量诸如埃尔德什等人产生的影响力，已经有了一些基于网络评价的工具（network-based evaluation tools）。

即是利用共同作者和引文数据来确定学者，出版物和学术期刊的影响因子，比如：科学文献索引（Science Citation Index，SCI的），H- factor（一种评价学术成就的新方法）Impact factor （期刊影响因子，SCI），Eigenfactor等等。

2014美国数学建模大赛MCM试题

2014 MCMProblem A: The Keep-Right-Except-To-Pass RuleIn countries where driving automobiles on the right is the rule (that is, USA, China and most other countries except for Great Britain, Australia, and some former British colonies), multi-lane freeways often employ a rule that requires drivers to drive in the right-most lane unless they are passing another vehicle, in which case they move one lane to the left, pass, and return to their former travel lane.Build and analyze a mathematical model to analyze the performance of this rule in light and heavy traffic. You may wish to examine tradeoffs between traffic flow and safety, the role of under- or over-posted speed limits (that is, speed limits that are too low or too high), and/or other factors that may not be explicitly called out in this problem statement. Is this rule effective in promoting better traffic flow? If not, suggest and analyze alternatives (to include possibly no rule of this kind at all) that might promote greater traffic flow, safety, and/or other factors that you deem important.In countries where driving automobiles on the left is the norm, argue whether or not your solution can be carried over with a simple change of orientation, or would additional requirements be needed.Lastly, the rule as stated above relies upon human judgment for compliance. If vehicle transportation on the same roadway was fully under the control of an intelligent system –either part of the road network or imbedded in the design of all vehicles using the roadway – to what extent would this change the results of your earlier analysis? Problem B: College Coaching LegendsSports Illustrated, a magazine for sports enthusiasts, is looking for the “best all time college coach” male or female for the previous century. Build a mathematical model to choose the best college coach or coaches (past or present) from among either male or female coaches in such sports as college hockey or field hockey, football, baseball or softball, basketball, or soccer. Does it make a difference which time line horizon that you use in your analysis, i.e., does coaching in 1913 differ from coaching in 2013? Clearly articulate your metrics for assessment. Discuss how your model can be applied in general across both genders and all possible sports. Present your model’s top 5 coaches in each of 3 different sports.In addition to the MCM format and requirements, prepare a 1-2 page article for Sports Illustrated that explains your results and includes a non-technical explanation of your mathematical model that sports fans will understand.。

2014数学建模美赛题目

PROBLEM A: The Keep-Right-Except-To-Pass RuleIn countries where driving automobiles on the right is the rule (that is, USA, China and most other countries except for Great Britain, Australia, and some former British colonies), multi-lane freeways often employ a rule that requires drivers to drive in the right-most lane unless they are passing another vehicle, in which case they move one lane to the left, pass, and return to their former travel lane.Build and analyze a mathematical model to analyze the performance of this rule in light and heavy traffic. You may wish to examine tradeoffs between traffic flow and safety, the role of under- or over-posted speed limits (that is, speed limits that are too low or too high), and/or other factors that may not be explicitly called out in this problem statement. Is this rule effective in promoting better traffic flow? If not, suggest and analyze alternatives (to include possibly no rule of this kind at all) that might promote greater traffic flow, safety, and/or other factors that you deem important.In countries where driving automobiles on the left is the norm, argue whether or not your solution can be carried over with asimple change of orientation, or would additional requirements be needed.Lastly, the rule as stated above relies upon human judgment for compliance. If vehicle transportation on the same roadway was fully under the control of an intelligent system – either part of the road network or imbedded in the design of all vehicles using the roadway – to what extent would this change the results of your earlier analysis?PROBLEM B: College Coaching LegendsSports Illustrated, a magazine for sports enthusiasts, is looking for the “best all time college coach” male or female for the previous century. Build a mathematical model to choose the best college coach or coaches (past or present) from among either male or female coaches in such sports as college hockey or field hockey, football, baseball or softball, basketball, or soccer. Does it make a difference which time line horizon that you use in your analysis, i.e., does coaching in 1913 differ from coaching in 2013? Clearly articulate your metrics for assessment. Discuss how your model can be applied in general across both genders and all possible sports. Pre sent your model’s top 5 coaches in each of3 different sports.In addition to the MCM format and requirements, prepare a 1-2 page article for Sports Illustrated that explains your results and includes a non-technical explanation of your mathematical model that sports fans will understand.ICM PROBLEMPROBLEM C: Using Networks to Measure Influence and Impact Click the title below to download a PDF of the 2014 ICM Problem. Your ICM submission should consist of a 1 page Summary Sheet and your solution cannot exceed 20 pages for a maximum of 21 pages.Using Networks to Measure Influence and Impact。

2014年美国大学生数学建模竞赛ICM(C题)一等奖

2 Assumptions
All the data given and found is valid and believable We don’t take the people with Erdos number>1 or Erdos number=0 (being Erdos himself) into account. The timeline of cooperation can be neglected. Neglecting the isolated node does not influence the accurate result.
Team # 25072Байду номын сангаас
Page 1 of 20
1 Introduction
Network science is an interdisciplinary academic field which studies complex networks [1]. One of the techniques to determine influence of academic research is to build a citation or co-author networks and analyze its properties. Erdos is the most famous academic co-authors on account of his over 500 co-author and over 1400 papers published. So it is of great significance to analyze the co-author data within Erdos1. How to build the co-author network and develop influence measures to determine the most influential one? It requires us some skills for data extraction in order to remove the invalid data and limit the size of the network that we are going to research. Also, ability to analyze the properties of the network is needed so as to figure out the feature of the network. On one hand our goal is to establish a mathematics model to determine the most significant author. There is no need to consider Erdos since he will link to all nodes in Erdos1. On the other hand we are required to develop another different model to determine the most important works. Moreover, we will implement our algorithm on a completely different set of network influence data –for instance, influential songwriters, music bands, performers, movie actors, directors, movies, TV shows, columnists, journalists, newspapers, magazines, novelists, novels, bloggers, tweeters and so on. Finally, we will discuss the science, understanding and utility of modeling influence and impact within networks and draw some conclusion. What’s more, we can also try to apply our model to the network of university, department, nation and society to demonstrate our models have good practicability and adaptability.

2014年数学建模美赛题目原文及翻译

2014年数学建模美赛题目原文及翻译作者：Ternence Zhang转载注明出处：MCM原题PDF：PROBLEM A: The Keep-Right-Except-To-Pass RuleIn countries where driving automobiles on the right is the rule (that is, USA, China and most other countries except for Great Britain, Australia, and some former British colonies), multi-lane freeways often employ a rule that requires drivers to drive in the right-most lane unless they are passing another vehicle, in which case they move one lane to the left, pass, and return to their former travel lane.Build and analyze a mathematical model to analyze the performance of this rule in light and heavy traffic. You may wish to examine tradeoffs between traffic flow and safety, the role of under- or over-posted speed limits (that is, speed limits that are too low or too high), and/or other factors that may not be explicitly called out in this problem statement. Is this ruleeffective in promoting better traffic flow? If not, suggest and analyze alternatives (to include possibly no rule of this kind at all) that might promote greater traffic flow, safety, and/or other factors that you deem important.In countries where driving automobiles on the left is the norm, argue whether or not your solution can be carried over with a simple change of orientation, or would additional requirements be needed.Lastly, the rule as stated above relies upon human judgment for compliance. If vehicle transportation on the same roadway was fully under the control of an intelligent system –either part of the road network or imbedded in the design of all vehicles using the roadway –to what extent would this change the results of your earlier analysis?问题A：车辆右行在一些规定汽车靠右行驶的国家（即美国，中国和其他大多数国家，除了英国，澳大利亚和一些前英国殖民地），多车道的高速公路经常使用这样一条规则：要求司机开车时在最右侧车道行驶，除了在超车的情况下，他们应移动到左侧相邻的车道，超车，然后恢复到原来的行驶车道（即最右车道）。

美赛历年赛题及其翻译-推荐下载

2015年：A题一个国际性组织声称他们研发出了一种能够阻止埃博拉，并治愈隐性病毒携带者的新药。

建立一个实际、敏捷、有效的模型，不仅考虑到疾病的传播、药物的需求量、可能的给药措施、给药地点、疫苗或药物的生产速度，而且考虑你们队伍认为重要的、作为模型一部分的其他因素，用于优化埃博拉的根除，或至少缓解目前（治疗）的紧张压力。

除了竞赛需要的建模方案以外，为世界医学协会撰写一封1-2页的非技术性的发言稿，以便其公告使用。

B题回顾马航MH370失事事件。

建立一个通用的数学模型，用以帮助失联飞机的搜救者们规划一个有效的搜索方案。

失联飞机从A地飞往B地，可能坠毁在了大片水域（如大西洋、太平洋、印度洋、南印度洋、北冰洋）中。

假设被淹没的飞机无法发出信号。

你们的模型需要考虑到，有很多种不同型号的可选的飞机，并且有很多种搜救飞机，这些搜救飞机通常使用不同的电子设备和传感器。

此外，为航空公司撰写一份1-2页的文件，以便在其公布未来搜救进展的新闻发布会上发表。

2014美赛A题翻译问题一:通勤列车的负载问题在中央车站,经常有许多的联系从大城市到郊区的通勤列车“通勤”线到达。

大多数火车很长(也许10个或更多的汽车长)。

乘客走到出口的距离也很长，有整个火车区域。

每个火车车厢只有两个出口,一个靠近终端, 因此可以携带尽可能多的人。

每个火车车厢有一个中心过道和过道两边的座椅，一边每排有两个座椅，另一边每排有三个座椅。

走出这样一个典型车站,乘客必须先出火车车厢,然后走入楼梯再到下一个级别的出站口。

通常情况下这些列车都非常拥挤,有大量的火车上的乘客试图挤向楼梯，而楼梯可以容纳两列人退出。

大多数通勤列车站台有两个相邻的轨道平台。

在最坏的情况下,如果两个满载的列车同时到达,所有的乘客可能需要很长时间才能到达主站台。

建立一个数学模型来估计旅客退出这种复杂的状况到达出站口路上的时间。

假设一列火车有n个汽车那么长,每个汽车的长度为d。

站台的长度是p,每个楼梯间的楼梯数量是q。

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This will take some skilled data extraction and modeling efforts to obtain the correct set of nodes (the Erdös coauthors) and their links (connections with one another as coauthors). 这需要熟练数据提取并在建模上下功夫，以便得到正确的节点和边
Once built, analyze the properties of this network. 建完后分析网络性能(Again, do not include Erdös --- he is the most infnodes in the network. In this case, it’s co-authorship with him that builds the network, but he is not part of the network or the analysis.)
One of the techniques to determine influence of academic research is to build and measure properties of citation or co-author networks.
学术研究的技术来确定影响之一是构建和引文或合著网络的度量属性。
Google Scholar is also a good data tool to use for network influence or impact data collection and analysis.
谷歌学术搜索也是一个好的数据工具用于网络数据收集和分析影响或影响。
Your team’s goal for ICM2014 is to analyze influence and impact in research networks and other areas of society.
鄂尔多斯作为合作者的角色非常重要领域的数学,数学家通常衡量他们亲近鄂尔多斯通过分析鄂尔多斯的令人惊讶的是大型和健壮的合著网络网站(见/enp/)。
The unusual and fascinating story of Paul Erdös as a gifted mathematician, talented problem solver,and master collaborator is provided in many books and on-line websites (e.g., /Biographies/Erdos.html).
website https:///users/grossman/enp/Erdos1.html or the one we
include at Erdos1.htm ). 构建Erdos1 的合作网络
You should build a co-author network of the approximately 510 researchers from the file Erdos1, who coauthored a paper with Erdös, but do not include Erdös. 你该用文件Erdos1构建大概510位研究员的合著网络
Build the influence (coauthor or citation) networks and calculate appropriate measures for your analysis.
构建的影响(合著者或引用)网络和计算分析适当措施。
Which of the papers in your set do you consider is the most influential in network science and why?
最著名的学术合作者是20世纪的数学家保罗鄂尔多斯曾超过500的合作者和超过1400个技术研究论文发表。
It is ironic, or perhaps not, that Erdös is also one of the influencers in building the foundation for the emerging interdisciplinary science of networks,particularly, through his publication with Alfred Rényi of the paper “On Random Graphs” in 1959.
论文在你设定你认为是最具影响力的网络科学,为什么?
为了测量鄂尔多斯等影响生产的,有基于网络的评价工具,使用作者和引文数据来确定影响因素的研究,出版物和期刊。
Some of these are Science Citation Index, Hfactor,Impact factor, Eigenfactor, etc.
其中一些科学引文索引,Hfactor,影响因素,特征因子等。
也许他流动的生活方式,经常保持与他的合作者或居住,并给他的钱来解决问题学生奖,使他co-authorships蓬勃发展并帮助构建了惊人的网络在几个数学领域的影响力。
In order to measure such influence as Erdös produced, there are network-based evaluation tools that use co-author and citation data to determine impact factor of researchers, publications, and journals.
另一种类型的测量影响可能比较的意义研究论文通过分析重要的作品,从其出版。
Choose some set of foundational papers in the emerging field of network science either from the attached list (NetSciFoundation.pdf) or papers you discover.
Co-authoring a manuscript usually connotes a strong influential connection between researchers.
与人合写一手稿通常意味着一个强大的影响力的研究人员之间的联系。
One of the most famous academic co-authors was the 20th-century mathematician Paul Erdös who had over 500 co-authors and published over 1400 technical research papers.
选择一些新兴领域的基础性文件网络科学从附表(NetSciFoundation.pdf)或论文你发现。
Use these papers to analyze and develop a model to determine their relative influence.
使用这些文件来分析和开发一个模型来确定它们的相对影响力。
讽刺的是,或者不是,鄂尔多斯也是影响者在构建网络的新兴交叉学科的基础科学,特别是通过与阿尔弗雷德Renyi的出版论文的“随机”在1959年。
Erdös’s role as a collaborator was so significant in the field of mathematics that mathematicians often measure their closeness to Erdös through analysis of Erdös’s amazingly large and robust co-author network (see the website /enp/ ).
If necessary, you can limit the size of your network to analyze in order to calibrate your influence measurement algorithm. 必要的话，缩小网络以便矫正你的影响力度量算法
2) Develop influence measure(s) to determine who in this Erdos1 network has
significant influence within the network.开发影响途径以决定谁在网络中重要
Consider who has published important works or connects important researchers within Erdos1.考虑谁发表了重要文献或者联合了重要的研究员
There are over 18,000 lines of raw data in Erdos1 file, but many of them will not be used since they are links to people outside the Erdos1 network. 文件Erdos1里有1800条原始数据，但很多可能由于不包阔在 Erdos1的网络中而用不上
ICM2014你的团队的目标是分析研究网络和其他地区的影响力和影响
的社会。
Your tasks to do this include:
你这样做的任务包括:
1) Build the co-author network of the Erdos1 authors (you can use the file from the
Again, assume Erdös is not there to play these roles.