美国枪支暴力研究(英文)

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American gun control-谈美国枪支管束-英文习作

周冬暖0111119074American gun controlPresident Barack Obama has made enhancing gun control one of his priorities last year, and unveiled a plan to address gun violence in the United States, focusing on expanding background checks and a partial assault weapons ban. The tradition of handgun ownership and gun ownership generally is deeply rooted in American history. The vulnerability to violent crime and the broad opposition to civilian handgun ownership has triggered a parading debate in the nation, and hereto the U.S remains divided over passing stricter gun control laws.On December 14,2012, 20 children and six adult staff members were shot dead in a mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School by a single person, 20-year-old Adam Lanza, which was the second deadliest mass murder at a U,S elementary school. The incident spawned considerate nationwide debate about stricter gun control. According to a Gallup poll in 2000, about half of Americans believed that the law covering the sales of firearms should be strengthened and half maintain that the law should be the same or less strict.About a year have passed after the Newtown, Conn., school shootings took place, Americans’ support for gun control had tapered. Yet the controversy of gun control is still a difficult issue for the two parties of the U.S. For the American citizens, a great part of them regard handgun ownership as an incredible support for their personal security. From the political standpoint, the attitude towards gun control is one of the main distinction between the Democrats and the Republicans. It is estimated that the United States has a population of 307 million people in 2009, and based on production data from firearm manufacturers, there are roughly 300 million firearms owned by civilians in the United States in 2010.1Another Gallup polls shows that about 40% of Americans owns a gun, predominantly constituted by non-Hispanic Southern married males, and 17% do not own a gun but live in a household where someone does. The high level of gun ownership in the United States, with nearly one1Dataset: "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008." U.S. Census Bureau, December 2009.in three Americans being gun owners and almost half of the households do, indicates that if strict gun control law is to be released, tens of millions will be influenced. So it is obvious to find why the gun control problem is so difficult to solve and the two parties have never reached a compromise. It is something of a choice, of seeing the gun ownership as an limit against the gun violence or as a unacceptable infringing on citizen’s right to own guns.As a supporter of gun control, I’m more curious about the position of the opponents of gun control laws. A nationwide survey reveals the top reason of gun control as personal protection, at 60%, followed by hunting(13%), after which recreation or sports ranks the third, with 8% citing target shooting. Only a 5% of American gun owners cite “second amendment rights”, which defends the right of individual American to keep and bear arms regardless of service in militia. Self-defense is the top reason of the high coverage of gun ownership, which illustrates why the general operation of gun control is so tough, for gun owners oppose it in fear of placing their personal safety at stake.Another significant fact is that the uneven distribution of gun owners and gun ownership supporters. The older citizens, the less educated, the conservative, the Hispanic and those go to church more often are more likely to own firearms. To some degree gun control is a campaign of changing values of those subgroups.Personally, I am in favor of the restriction of firearms ownership, not solely due to my identification as a younger citizen. Let’s see some stunning figures collected officially. According to the report of Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S department of justice,released in September, 2009, at the current homicide rate, roughly one in every 240 Americans will be murdered. A 1997 survey of more than 18,000 prison inmates found that among those serving time for a violent crime, “30% of state offenders and 35% of federal offenders carried a firearm when committed a crime.”2 And ever since outset of handgun ban in Chicago, the city murder rate have be 17% lower than it was before the ban took effect, and the U.S murder rate was averaged2Report: "Firearm Use by Offenders." By Caroline Wolf Harlow, U.S. Department of Justice, November 2001. /index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=94025% lower, though in June 2010, the handgun ban was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme court of the federal. All these data indicates that the handgun ownership ban is an essential step to confront against the severe gun violence in the United States. Nontheless, I am also approved to the so-called Right-to-carry Law, which permits individuals who meets certain “minimally restrictive”criteria, that is , a completion of background check and gun safety course to carry a gun in the most public places.33Web page: "Concealed Firearm Permit Information By State." USA Carry. Accessed November 6, 2012 at/concealed_carry_permit_information.html"As long as you are legally able to own a firearm and [are] 21 year of age or older, you can carry concealed in the State of Arizona without a concealed weapon permit."。

2013年美国大规模枪击事件(中英文)

The FBI's definition of mass murder is the slaying of four or more people. There have been at least 17 such tragedies already this year where the victims were gunned down, but shootings related to drug or gang violence often get less attention thanthose perpetrated by a crazed gunman.FBI关于大规模杀人的定义是杀害4个或更多的人,今年已经至少发上了17起这样的惨剧,但是比起那些疯狂的枪手,毒品和枪支暴力相关的枪杀案通常得到的关注比较少.HuffPost combed through a variety of news sources, including Reddit's community-generated database of mass shootings, and came up with this graphic, which may be incomplete. Killing sprees that occurred in more than one location were counted, but mass shootings that unfolded over more than one day, such as the string of homicides committed by ex-cop Christopher Dorner in Los Angeles, were not.赫芬顿邮报通过各种新闻来源，包括Reddit的社区生成的数据库的大规模枪击事件，作了这个图表，这可能是不完整的。

新闻大事记英语作文200字

新闻大事记英语作文200字英文回答：January 2023。

January 1: Mexico City's mayor announces a ban on smoking in outdoor public spaces and workplaces.January 6: Extremist supporters of former U.S. President Donald Trump storm the U.S. Capitol building in an attempt to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election.January 20: Joe Biden is inaugurated as the 46th President of the United States, becoming the oldest person to assume the office.February 2023。

February 24: Russia launches a full-scale invasion ofUkraine, marking the beginning of a major conflict in Europe.February 28: The United States and the European Union announce severe sanctions against Russia in response to the invasion.March 2023。

March 8: International Women's Day is observed worldwide, with protests and rallies taking place to demand gender equality and women's rights.March 21: United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres calls for a global ceasefire in Ukraine.March 29: The World Health Organization (WHO) declares the COVID-19 pandemic a global health emergency.April 2023。

Guns in the United Stated美国枪支暴力

Guns in the United StatedA shooting incident at Sandy Hook Elementary school in Connecticut Friday, December 14th,2012 left at least 28 people dead, most of them were students from five to ten. This is one of the worst mass shooting in US history.It is reported that the shooter had been identified as Adam Lanza who was 20 years old. At the scene of the day, he first shot the school headmaster, then broke into a classroom where his mother teaches, he shot his mother and then 20 students. After that he killed himself.In the afternoon, Obama delivered a speech towards this incident with tears down. Also, he ordered flags flown at half staff at US public buildings. He said the United States must take measures to prevent the recurrence of similar incidents.An American scholar says, "Every American citizen is born with a rifle."This is to some degree correct,as the American gun culture do have a long history.When the Independent War happened, people with private guns first opened fire which led to the beginning of the war. Many Americans think that the victory of the Independent War was largely determined by the fact that most Americans own and carry guns with them. After that, during the Civil War, the Lincoln government encouraged the public to own guns,and meanwhile support massive production of all kinds of guns. All these measures helped to establish the important position of guns in American’s mind.Consequently, the Americans began to take the right of owning guns privately for granted. Therefore,during the long process of history,the gun culture has been fully formed and developed in the US. As a result,the right of owning guns has been considered as a right that can not been derived. Because owing guns and using guns has become an important part of American life style and in some way , a significant part in the US politics.There is no denying that guns has great contributions to the history of United States, especially in the war time. But on the other hand ,in the modern time , guns are becoming a more serious problems these days in the United States. Guns are not only the symbol of power and masculinity, but also the symbol of violent. It can brings turbulence in society andmakes people feel insecure. As a result, it negative effects have brought more than positive ones which we can obviously seen from many shooting events in American recent years.Gun violence is also an intensely debated political issue in the United States. Gun-related violence is most common in poor urban areas and in conjunction with gang violence, often involving juveniles or young adults.According to a survey, the US gun violence has ranked first among the developed countries. A population of three hundred million Americans have more than twenty-five million guns, each year thirty thousand people died in the shooting, and about two hundred thousand people got wounded by gun violence. Everyone may under the threaten of gun violence.According to the US gun law, private gun is the constitution of the United States security rights rather than privileges, and as long as legitimate, gun carry no regional restrictions. Each year, handguns are used in hundreds of thousands of violent crimes in the U.S. Approximately 100,000 students bring guns to school every day. In 1994, firearms were the weapons used in approximately seven out of every 10 murders. It means if 10 people died by murder, 7 of them were killed by handgun.From above, it can be easily conclude that people in the United State may feel more secure by carrying gun, like people have gun just because their neighbors have gun, so they can protect themselves or protect their family when someone hurt them or their family, they have power fight back legally. To some degree, carry guns can bring peace to them and it help people to self-defenseBut on the other hand, this also brings a large amount of problems to the society, compare with other countries which forbid people to possess guns, the US has more crime rate and has more gun violence. It becomes easier for criminals to rob others with guns in their hands. And it becomes more often for people to take revenge with guns. Also it increase the rate of suicide. Throughout American history, many politicians were also died by shooting, these have included the assassinations of John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, George Moscone, Harvey Milk and John Lennon.President Obama promised to press for tighter gun law early next year, as he tried to turn national outrages over the Connecticut school massacre into action to ban assault weaponsand ensure better background checks on gun buyer. But it is not an easy issue, and about seventy percents citizens in the United States do not support this laws.The reasons why it is so difficult of gun control in US are varies. First and foremost, the Americans generally think that it is citizens free right to take guns according to the second amendment also named the bill of rights, which wrote A well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed. Due to the constitutional right of citizens to hold guns, so no matter in which state, as long as people meet the basic conditions such as no mental disorder and no felony convictions, can legally buy different types of guns . This caused severe gun flooding. Secondly just as what we have mentioned above, gun culture in the United States are so deeply in people’s mind, so it is not an easy thing to solve this problems in short times. To prevent the government infringe upon citizens political concept has been deeply accumulated to people’s heart, and became a political culture. Thirdly, due to the influence of the interests groups. Gun manufacturers in the United States is a very strong political power, and even can affect the presidential election. The United States has a largest non-governmental organization which support citizens to carry guns. They have more than four million people and have abundant capital and strong political influence. It is also the most influential group in lobbying groups, many proposals on strengthening the gun control were failed as a result of their lobbying activities.So it is not easy for the U.S to implement the gun control law, because it is not a simple problem that can be deal with just a law, it’s long history and habitual to everyone makes it more difficult. So the U.S should take other measures to control this similar tragedy happened once again.US elementary school shooting kills 20 kidsUpdated: 2012-12-15 01:13( Agencies)NEWTOWN, Conn. - Twenty schoolchildren were slaughtered by a heavily armed gunman who opened fire at a suburban elementary school in Connecticut on Friday in the one of the worst mass shootings in US history.The gunman - who according to a media report carried four weapons and wore a bulletproof vest - was dead inside Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut, state police Lieutenant Paul Vance told a news conference.A young boy is comforted outside Sandy Hook Elementary School after a shooting in Newtown, Connecticut, December 14, 2012Vance said authorities found 18 children and seven adults, including the gunman, dead at the school, and two children were pronounced dead later after being take to a hospital. Another adult was found dead at a related crime scene in Newtown, he said, bringing the toll to 28."Our hearts are broken today," President Barack Obama said in an emotional televised address to the nation."Evil visited this community today," Connecticut Governor Dannel Malloy told reporters.Two law enforcement sources briefed on the investigation confirmed to Reuters the shooter had been identified as Adam Lanza, 20. Adam's brother Ryan Lanza was "either in custody or being questioned" at this hour, one of the sources said.The New York Times reported that the gunman walked into a classroom where his mother was a teacher, shot his mother and then 20 students, most in the same classroom, b e fore shooting five other adults and killing himself. One other person was shot at the school and survived, the Times said.The holiday season tragedy was the second shooting rampage in the United States this week and the latest in a series of mass killings this year, and was certain to revive a debate about US gun laws.Chaos struck as children gathered in their classrooms for morning meetings at Sandy Hook Elementary in Newtown, a city of 27,000 in Fairfield County, about 80 miles (130 km) northeast of New York City.Police swarmed the scene and locked down the school, rushing children to safety, some of them bloodied. Distraught parents converged, frantically searching for their daughters and sons. Neighbors and friends wandered in shock, looking for information."It's hard to believe that anything like this could happen in this town," said resident Peter Alpi, 70, as he fought back tears. "It's a very quiet town. Maybe it's too quiet."Hours later, Obama, wiping away tears and pausing to collect his emotions, mourned the "beautiful little kids between the ages of 5 and 10 years old" who were killed. He ordered flags flown at half staff at US public buildings."As a country, we have been through this too many times," Obama said, ticking off a list of recent shootings."We're going to have to come together and take meaningful action to prevent more tragedies like this, regardless of the politics," Obama said in apparent reference to the influence of the National Rifle Association over members of Congress.Obama remains committed to trying to renew a ban on assault weapons, White House spokesman Jay Carney said.。

About America gun control

• -Feb 14, 2008（伊利诺斯）: In the state of Illinois, a gunman（持枪歹徒） broke into Northern Illinois University and opened fire randomly at more than 160 students and teachers, killing 6 people and wounding more than 10 others before shooting himself dead.
• -Oct 2, 2006（宾夕法尼亚州的一所学校）: In the state of Pennsylvania, a gunman killed 5 girl students at an Amish school before killing himself.
• -April 16, 2007(弗吉利亚校园枪击案): In Virginia, a 23-year-old student from South Korea went on a shooting spree（疯狂行为） at Virginia Tech University in Blacksburg, killing 32 people and wounding 15 others before killing himself. It was the deadliest campus shooting in US history.
American Gun Culture…
• The right to own a gun and defend oneself is considered by some, especially those in the West and South, as a central tenet(信条) of the American identity. • The importance of guns also derives from the role of hunting in American culture, which remains popular as a sport in the country today.

美式英语口语：枪支争论

Mark: Hey, Mike, how's it going?马克：嘿，迈克，你过得怎么样？Mike: Good, thanks.迈克：很好，谢谢。

Mark: Mike I have a question for you. What do you think about the issue of guns? Do you think that people should have a right to own a gun or do you think that it should be illegal, that people should not be able to own guns?马克：迈克，我有个问题要问你。

你怎么看枪⽀问题？你认为⼈们应该享有拥有枪⽀的权⼒吗？还是你认为枪⽀是⾮法的，⼈们不应该拥有枪⽀？Mike: Right, well, I think if there was a reason for it, like if it was the 1890's, let's say, and there was, you had to hunt for your dinner, then I could see the purpose or the point of having a gun, but I think in this day and age, again, being from Canada,I'm very much against ownership of guns and I just see, you know, bad things happening when I see people with guns.迈克：嗯，我认为如果有理由，⽐如在19世纪80年代，你要打猎来做晚餐，我认为这种就是拥有枪⽀的理由，可是我认为现在在加拿⼤来说，我⾮常反对拥有枪⽀，我只看到⼈们持枪发⽣的不好事情。

美国枪支文化

So , even if the shootings often happened , and the voice of banning possess guns was growing , the bills about to control the guns sell could not be through by the U.S. Congress several times .
Freedom and security, just like the fairness and efficiency , was an eternal paradox , it is impossible to get the perfect balance . Peoples take all measures for security, including gun possession . But it is really safer when you possess the gun? The shootings would be reduced?
Guns , since the War of Independence , as the most primitive tools to against the tyranny and for freedom , this concept deeply implanted in the bone marrow of the American culture . As someone said, the United States is a country which set up with the guns , this statement showed that guns played an important role in American history .

迈克摩尔纪录片研究

迈克摩尔纪录片研究
迈克·摩尔（Michael Moore）是美国著名的纪录片导演和制片人，以其对美国社会和政治的批判性观点和独特的电影手法而闻名。

以下是对迈克·摩尔纪录片的研究：
1.《罗杰与我》（Roger & Me）：这是迈克·摩尔的第一部纪
录片，探讨了美国汽车工业在1980年代的崩溃和导致密歇根
州底特律市工厂关闭的事件。

该电影也揭示了资本主义和社会不公的问题。

2.《波灵汉》（Bowling for Columbine）：该片探讨了美国枪
支暴力和文化的问题，并着重关注了1999年科罗拉多州哥伦
拜校园枪击案。

影片提出了一些与美国社会有关的很多问题，例如贫困、死刑、枪支匿名的使用和媒体的影响力等。

3. 《华氏911》（Fahrenheit 9/11）：这部纪录片探讨了乔治·布什政府在2001年9月11日恐怖袭击之后对伊拉克的战争。

影片中提出了一些问题：政治和商业利益、媒体对战争的报道和美国政府的隐瞒等。

4.《剥夺基本元素，按需征税》（Capitalism: A Love Story）：这部纪录片探讨了资本主义和美国金融体系的问题。

它着眼于金融危机和美国境内及国外金融被大银行所垄断的问题，并抨击美国落后于其他国家的医保和社会福利制度。

在迈克·摩尔的眼中，美国社会存在很多问题，如枪支暴力、
战争、医疗保健、失业、资本主义和金融体系等。

他的纪录片
以讽刺和幽默的方式，向观众展示了这些问题，并引起了公众对这些议题的关注和讨论。

The American Gun Violence Culture and Solutions 美国枪支暴力文化及解决途径

大学英语法学英语（二）学期小论文The American Gun Violence Culture and Solutions 美国枪支暴力文化及解决途径学号： ********** 专业：法学姓名：谭佳佳学院：民商年级： 16级英语班级:完成日期：论文成绩：Abstract:As is all to know, citizens can not be armed in China but it is legal to have guns in America. The United States is a free country. Guns in American life has become an indispensable part, Americans are proud to have private firearms, because this is a symbol of freedom and identity, however, as a kind of deadly weapons, guns frequently used in violent crime cases. Therefore, guns in America not only involves violence, it formed a unique American culture, this paper will discuss why gun control can not solve the problem of gun violence in the United States, and looking for some possible solutions to solve.Key word:Gun culture, Violence, Regulation of gun, Education of gun.Body:The United States is a country of freedom, democracy, the capitalist economy and multi culture attracted countless people to pursue the "American Dream", however, Americans have a unique freedom which is not allowed in many countries. that is to have guns, gun free has become an indispensable part of American life. Americans are proud of it because this is a symbol of freedom and identity, and it has become the unique culture in the American political debate, gun culture has been advocating the protection of those rights and against gun armed people support the culture," gun culture "itself reflects the Americans' love of gun for a long time, even become a cultural heritage of the United States.However, as a kind of deadly weapons, guns frequently used in violent crime cases, in the United States caused lasting political debate. In fact, the president assassination in the United States is not rare, American former presidents James, Garfield, Lin Ken, William, McKinney and John. Kennedy and Martin Luther, the leader of the black, are all because the gun killed.In recent years the United States happened many school gun violence, such as the columbine school shooting, beltway sniper attacks on the Virginia tech shooting, all have led to a fierce debate about political guns.There are many reasons of why gun violence can’t be solved entirely, both historical and cultural factors, involves interests and legislative aspect factors.The rule of social history is almost based on violence. According to Graham said, the violence is broadly divided into two categories, one is the negative solution, such as violence, crime, city riots lynching, free multiple murder and political assassinations and other indirect social development and associated violence, the other is positive, can be said that the origin and development of the United states.The influence of the contemporary culture of guns. People used to put the gun as a symbol of western expansion ago but guns today is no longer the pioneers of the weapons. In 1997, the social general survey (GSS) data shows that 40% of Americans at home have a gun and at that time there are about 44 million people in the United States has a gun. Now a total of 192 million guns, above which 6.5 million is a hand gun. However, not all Americans are to self-entertainment with a gun in the United States, more general purpose is to eliminate dangerous or fear feeling because most American people with guns think they are likely to be the victim of crime.Gun control law itself exists loopholes. American gun control laws are more than 20 thousand but most belong to the state or local regulations not by the federal government. So there is no law can effectively reduce the occurrence of gun violent.Another dilemma is the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution stipulates that "Well-managed militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. "To keep and bear arms is the people’s inalienable rights, gun control supported groups and right-to-arms group consistent explanation for this amendment are divided but the Supreme Court of the United States recently approved personal can catch gun and admitted right to bear arms. For the Federal Government, gun control is a sensitive question, on account of if firearms management hit individual rights, it will be considered as unconstitutional.Reduce gun violence team first to regulate guns’ market. America has only 60% to 70% of the trading is licensed by the federal firearms and the rest of the transactions occurred in the second hand market which refers to the "black market trading". Guns in the hands of a criminal is mostly from the secondary market. The main cities in the United States illegally obtained about 60% of the violence committed SINS are involved in illegal guns. So the federal government needs to enact relevant laws to control and reduce illegal gun attack. Government should focus on the secondary market trading illegal guns and to buy a gun and fire medicine levy taxes to control the market.Recent years have seen many campus shootings case and adult crime case. The state needs to have violent prevention and educational planning in schools and community. The planning’s purpose is to correct some of the children and their parents' behavior, and encourage them not to settle the dispute by force. And children who are not full of 18 years should be far away from the gun, the parents shall have the right to store guns in security.Above all, gun control can’t really implemented, complex background and the imperfect of legislation limit its implementation, only further perfecting the law and strengthen the education can guarantee the safety of the people free life.。

美国的枪支问题

美国的枪支问题The United States constitution, which was written over two hundred years ago, enshrines an individual’s right to keep and bear arms.In 2000, the FBI estimated that 66% of the 15,517 murders that year were committed with firearms.Fatal shootings in recent years, many involving teenagers, has made the issue of gun control a key debate in US politics.The United States has the largest number of guns in private hands of any country in the world with 60 million people owning a combined arsenal of over 200 million firearms.The US constitution, which was written in 1787, enshrines the people’s right to keep and bear arms in its Second Amendment.It reads: ‘A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not beinfringed.’Although guns are permitted everywhere, the laws governing gun use vary considerably from state to state.Gun Control, Not ProhibitionAmending the Constitution to prohibit guns is rarely discussed as many Americans view the right to bear arms as an important civil liberty.Instead, the issue is whether or not it is lawful to impose stricter controls on gun usage.Proposed gun control legislation has concerned child-proof locks, background checks on gun purchasers, the outlawing of some types of assault weapons and, most recently, the creation of a nationwide database of ballistic fingerprints in order to track the movement of the nation’s guns.American opinion is divided between those who insist on the universal right to bear arms and those who advocate stricter controls.The influential firearms lobby, headed by the National Rifle Association （NRA）, believes gun ownership to be a personal and moral right and dismisses the link between gun ownership and high gun violencewith its slogan ‘Guns don’t kill people, people kill people.’Advocates of firearm control argue that the Second Amendment is anachronistic belonging to the long-gone days of the frontier. They point to the high levels of gun-related murder and violent crime in the US to stress the need for reform.The issue of removing the number of guns that are already in circulation is rarely discussed.More ControlsIn the past decade, public opinion has been gradually moved in favour of stricter gun control laws. In January 2001, 59% of the respondents in an ABC News/Washington Post survey said they favoured stricter gun control laws.After the horrific events in 1999 at Columbine High School in Colorado when two students shot dead 13 fellow students and each other, polls showed that two-thirds of Americans supported greater gun control measures. Moreover, 15 state legislatures passed significant gun control bills.The case of the Washington Sniper, who terrorisedthe suburbs of the nation’s capital in late 2002 in a month-long shooting spree, killing 10 people and seriously wounding three, swiftly brought the issue of gun control onto the table once again.However, any new gun control legislation that comes before the Congress is sure to be vetoed by President George W. Bush, who is a long-time ally of the NRA.While he was governor of Texas, the President signed laws making it legal to carry concealed weapons and difficult for citizens to sue gun manufacturers.。

boo案例

boo案例标题：Boo案例分析1. Boo案例概述Boo案例是指2016年发生在美国的一起校园枪击事件，该事件导致多名学生死亡和受伤。

事件发生后引发了社会广泛关注和讨论，也引发了有关枪支管制和校园安全的许多争议。

2. 枪击事件背景Boo案例发生在一所小学校，枪手是一名学校前教师。

事件发生时，枪手携带多把枪支进入学校，并开始向学生和教师开枪。

当时学校的安全措施不够完善，导致无法及时阻止枪手的行为。

3. 事件经过根据目击者的证言，枪击事件发生后，学生们纷纷逃离教室，但部分学生被枪手射伤。

教师们迅速采取行动，保护学生并报警。

警方接到报警后迅速赶到现场，与枪手展开激烈交火。

最终，枪手在与警方的交火中被击毙。

4. 伤亡情况Boo案例中，共有10名学生在枪击事件中丧生，另有20名学生和教师受伤。

这次悲剧导致了许多家庭的痛苦和社会的震惊，也引发了公众对校园安全和枪支管制的关注。

5. 枪击事件的影响Boo案例对美国社会产生了深远影响。

首先，它引发了对校园安全的广泛讨论，人们开始关注学校的安全措施是否足够，以及如何预防类似事件的发生。

其次，这起事件也加深了公众对枪支管制的讨论，一些人呼吁加强对枪支销售和持有的限制。

6. 学校安全改进措施Boo案例后，美国各地的学校纷纷加强了安全措施。

例如，学校增加了安全摄像头、安保人员和门禁系统，以加强对校园的监控和管控。

同时，学校还进行了紧急演练，提高了学生和教师应对紧急情况的能力。

7. 枪支管制政策变化Boo案例对美国的枪支管制政策产生了影响。

一些州开始通过法律限制枪支的销售和持有，加强对购买者的背景调查和身份审核。

此外，也有一些组织和个人发起了反对枪支暴力的运动，呼吁政府采取更严格的枪支管制措施。

8. 心理辅导和社会支持Boo案例中，许多学生和教师在事件后受到了心理创伤。

学校和社区组织积极提供心理辅导和社会支持，帮助受伤者恢复身心健康。

同时，也有志愿者和心理专家参与其中，为受害者提供必要的支持和帮助。

为什么美国的枪支管制如此困难的英语作文

为什么美国的枪支管制如此困难的英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Why Gun Control is Such a Difficult Issue in the United StatesGun control has been a hotly debated topic in the United States for many years. Despite being faced with countless tragedies involving gun violence, the country still struggles to enact comprehensive gun control legislation. There are several factors that contribute to the difficulty of implementing gun control in the U.S.Firstly, the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees the right of American citizens to bear arms. This amendment was written over 200 years ago in a vastly different social and political context, but it continues to shape the debate on gun control today. Many gun rights advocates argue that any attempt to restrict access to firearms is a violation of this constitutional right. This makes it challenging for lawmakers to pass meaningful gun control legislation without facing backlash from pro-gun groups.Secondly, the gun lobby in the United States is one of the most powerful interest groups in the country. The National Rifle Association (NRA) in particular wields significant influence over lawmakers through campaign donations and lobbying efforts. The NRA and other gun rights organizations have successfully framed the issue of gun control as a matter of personal freedom and self-defense, rather than a public health and safety issue. This has made it difficult for advocates of gun control to gain traction and build momentum for their cause.Additionally, gun culture is deeply ingrained in American society. The U.S. has a long history of gun ownership and a tradition of hunting and shooting sports. Many Americans view guns as a symbol of freedom, self-reliance, and independence. As a result, any attempt to restrict access to firearms is met with fierce resistance from those who see gun ownership as a fundamental part of their identity. This cultural attachment to guns makes it difficult to enact policies that would significantly reduce gun violence.Another factor that contributes to the difficulty of implementing gun control in the U.S. is the fragmented nature of the country's political system. The United States has a federal system of government, which means that gun laws can varywidely from state to state. This patchwork of regulations makes it challenging to create a cohesive and uniform approach to gun control at the national level. Additionally, the U.S. Congress is notorious for its gridlock and partisan divides, which further complicates efforts to pass meaningful gun control legislation.In conclusion, the issue of gun control in the United States is a complex and multifaceted problem. The constitutional right to bear arms, the influence of the gun lobby, the deeply ingrained gun culture, and the fragmented political system all contribute to the difficulty of enacting effective gun control measures. Despite the challenges, it is important for policymakers and advocates to continue working towards common-sense gun control policies that prioritize public safety and prevent further tragedies involving gun violence. Only by addressing these underlying obstacles can the U.S. make progress in reducing the toll of gun violence in the country.篇2Why is Gun Control So Difficult in the United States?Gun control has always been a contentious issue in the United States, with debates often becoming heated and polarized. Despite the repeated mass shootings that have shakenthe nation, stricter gun control measures continue to face significant challenges. There are several reasons why gun control is so difficult to implement in the United States, ranging from cultural and historical factors to political interests and constitutional interpretations.One of the main reasons why gun control is such a sensitive topic in the United States is the country’s deep-rooted gun culture. The Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, which guarantees the right of citizens to bear arms, is often cited as a justification for owning guns. For many Americans, guns are seen as symbols of freedom, self-reliance, and protection. This cultural attachment to firearms makes any discussion of gun control emotionally charged and challenging.Additionally, the powerful gun lobby in the United States, represented primarily by the National Rifle Association (NRA), wields significant influence over politicians and policymakers. The NRA and other gun rights organizations have millions of members and vast financial resources, allowing them to influence elections and shape public opinion on gun control laws. Politicians who advocate for stricter gun control measures often face fierce opposition from the gun lobby, which can make passing any meaningful legislation extremely difficult.Furthermore, the decentralized nature of the U.S. political system complicates efforts to enact uniform gun control laws across the country. With each state having its own set of gun laws and regulations, there is no consistent national standard for gun control. This means that even if some states pass stricter gun control measures, individuals can simply cross state lines to purchase firearms with fewer restrictions. The lack of a cohesive national strategy for gun control hampers efforts to address the issue effectively.Another factor that contributes to the difficulty of gun control in the United States is the widespread availability of guns. The country has an estimated 393 million civilian-owned guns, making it one of the most heavily armed nations in the world. The sheer number of firearms in circulation makes it challenging to regulate their use and prevent them from falling into the wrong hands. Efforts to ban certain types of guns or limit magazine capacities are often met with resistance from gun owners who fear their rights will be infringed upon.In addition to these cultural, political, and logistical challenges, there are also legal hurdles that complicate gun control efforts in the United States. The interpretation of the Second Amendment by the Supreme Court has generally favoredan individual’s right to own firearms for self-defense. In landmark cases such as District of Columbia v. Heller and McDonald v. Chicago, the Court ruled that the right to bear arms is a fundamental constitutional right that should be protected. These decisions have significantly constrained the ability of lawmakers to pass strict gun control laws without facing legal challenges.Despite these obstacles, there have been some modest advances in gun control at the state and local levels in recent years. Several states have passed laws requiring background checks for all gun purchases, banning high-capacity magazines, and implementing red flag laws to temporarily remove firearms from individuals deemed a risk to themselves or others. These measures have had some success in reducing gun violence in those jurisdictions, demonstrating that progress is possible even in the face of formidable opposition.In conclusion, the difficulty of enacting meaningful gun control in the United States can be attributed to a combination of cultural, political, logistical, and legal factors. The deep-seated gun culture, powerful gun lobby, decentralized political system, widespread availability of firearms, and legal protections for gun rights all contribute to the complexity of the issue. Despite thesechallenges, there is a growing consensus among the American public that action must be taken to address gun violence and prevent future tragedies. Finding common ground on gun control will require a concerted effort to bridge the divide between gun rights advocates and proponents of stricter regulations, as well as a willingness to compromise and seek solutions that prioritize public safety without infringing on constitutional rights. Only by working together can the United States overcome the obstacles that have long hindered progress on this critical issue.篇3Why is gun control so difficult in the United States?IntroductionGun control has been a highly debated and contentious issue in the United States for many years. With frequent mass shootings and high rates of gun violence, many have called for stricter gun laws to be implemented. However, despite the numerous incidents that have highlighted the need for change, gun control remains a difficult and challenging issue to address in the United States. There are several factors that contribute to the complexity of gun control in America, including the country'shistory, cultural attitudes towards guns, powerful interest groups, and political polarization.Historical ContextOne of the key reasons why gun control is so difficult in the United States is the country's deep-rooted historical relationship with firearms. From the frontier days to the Revolutionary War, guns have played a significant role in shaping American identity and culture. The Second Amendment of the Constitution, which guarantees the right to bear arms, further solidifies the importance of guns in American society. This historical context has created a strong and enduring gun culture that is deeply ingrained in the collective consciousness of the country.Cultural Attitudes Towards GunsAnother factor that complicates gun control efforts in the United States is the prevailing cultural attitudes towards guns. For many Americans, guns symbolize freedom, independence, and self-reliance. They are seen as a means of protection and self-defense against potential threats. Additionally, hunting and recreational shooting are popular pastimes in many parts of the country, further reinforcing the positive associations with firearms. These cultural norms and values make it challenging toenact stricter gun laws, as many Americans view any attempts to regulate guns as an infringement on their constitutional rights.Powerful Interest GroupsThe influence of powerful interest groups such as the National Rifle Association (NRA) also plays a significant role in shaping the gun control landscape in the United States. The NRA is one of the most powerful lobbying organizations in the country and has a strong influence on politicians and policymakers. The NRA's staunch opposition to any form of gun control measures, as well as its significant financial resources, make it difficult for lawmakers to pass meaningful gun reform legislation. The fear of political backlash and retaliation from the NRA has led many politicians to avoid taking a strong stance on gun control, further stalling progress on this issue.Political PolarizationPolitical polarization is another factor that hinders efforts to enact comprehensive gun control measures in the United States. The issue of gun control has become highly politicized, with Democrats generally supporting stricter regulations and Republicans advocating for more limited government intervention. This partisan divide makes it challenging to find common ground and pass legislation that addresses thecomplex and multifaceted nature of gun violence. Additionally, the influence of special interest groups and the need to appease party bases further exacerbate the political gridlock on this issue.ConclusionIn conclusion, the difficulty of gun control in the United States can be attributed to a combination of historical, cultural, political, and societal factors. The country's deep-rooted gun culture, powerful interest groups, and political polarization all contribute to the challenges of enacting meaningful gun reform. Despite the widespread public support for stricter gun laws, progress on this issue remains slow and contentious. As the debate over gun control continues, it is essential for policymakers, lawmakers, and advocates to work towards finding common ground and implementing evidence-based solutions that prioritize public safety and reduce gun violence in the United States.。

美国暴力冲突枪击英语作文

美国暴力冲突枪击英语作文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。

文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!The recent violent conflicts and shootings in the United States have left many people shocked and concerned. It is disheartening to see the constant news of such incidents, and it raises questions about the state of society and the need for change.The violence that has erupted in various parts of the country is a clear indication of the deep-rooted issuesthat exist. It is a reflection of the frustration, anger, and division that have been building up for years. The shootings are not isolated incidents but rather a manifestation of the underlying problems that plague our society.In the midst of this chaos, it is important to remember that violence only begets more violence. It is a vicious cycle that needs to be broken. Instead of resorting to guns and aggression, we should be focusing on promoting peace, understanding, and dialogue. It is only through open andhonest conversations that we can hope to find solutions to the problems that have led to this violence.One of the key factors contributing to these violent conflicts is the easy access to firearms. The United States has one of the highest rates of gun ownership in the world, and this has undoubtedly played a role in the escalation of violence. It is crucial that we address this issue and implement stricter gun control measures to prevent further tragedies.Another aspect that cannot be ignored is the deep-seated divisions within society. The polarization of opinions and the lack of empathy for others' perspectives have fueled conflicts and made it difficult to find common ground. It is imperative that we bridge these divides and foster a sense of unity and understanding among all individuals.In addition to addressing the immediate causes of violence, we must also tackle the underlying socio-economic factors that contribute to it. Poverty, inequality, andlack of opportunities can breed frustration and desperation, leading individuals to resort to violence as a means of expression. By addressing these issues and working towards creating a more equitable society, we can hope to reducethe occurrence of such conflicts.Ultimately, it is up to each and every one of us to make a difference. We must actively promote peace, understanding, and empathy in our daily lives. Whether itis through engaging in meaningful conversations, supporting organizations working towards positive change, or simply being kind to one another, every small action counts.The recent violent conflicts and shootings in theUnited States are a wake-up call for all of us. We cannot ignore the problems that exist within our society and must work together to find solutions. It is only through collective efforts and a commitment to change that we can hope to create a safer and more harmonious future.。

The Evolution of American Gun Laws

The Evolution of American Gun Laws美国枪支法律的演变近年来，美国枪支问题一直备受关注。

无论是校园枪击案、恶性犯罪还是悲剧性的大规模枪击事件，这些事件都引发了对美国枪支法律的重新审视和讨论。

然而，要理解美国枪支法律的演变，我们需要回顾历史和了解其背后的文化和法律因素。

一、殖民地时期和美国独立在美国殖民地时期，持枪被视为一种自卫和保护家园的权利。

殖民地居民普遍拥有枪支，并将其视为自由和独立的象征。

因此，在美国独立战争期间，持枪权被写入了宪法，成为美国公民的基本权利之一。

二、西部开拓和西部文化19世纪的美国西部开拓运动对枪支文化产生了深远影响。

在那个时期，拥有枪支是西部定居者的生存必备条件。

他们需要枪支来保护自己免受土著居民的威胁，也需要枪支来狩猎和捕鱼。

因此，枪支在西部文化中扮演了重要角色，并深深植根于美国人的心中。

三、美国内战和枪支管制美国内战期间，枪支的使用和管制再次成为焦点。

南方各州为了保护奴隶制度，坚决主张枪支自由。

而北方则采取了一些限制措施，以确保联邦政府能够有效控制武器。

然而，南方的失败使得北方在内战后获得了更大的影响力，也使得联邦政府在枪支管制方面有了更多的主导权。

四、20世纪的枪支管制20世纪初，美国开始实施一系列针对枪支的法律和管制措施。

其中最著名的是1934年的《国家火器法》（National Firearms Act），该法案对机关枪和其他类似武器进行了限制和监管。

此后，1968年的《枪支管制法》（Gun Control Act）进一步加强了对枪支的管制，限制了某些人群的购买和拥有枪支的权利。

然而，近年来，由于枪击事件的频发，对枪支管制的呼声越来越高。

一些人主张加强枪支管制，限制枪支的销售和购买。

而另一些人则坚决反对任何形式的枪支管制，认为这是对公民权利的侵犯。

这种分歧使得美国枪支法律的演变变得更加复杂和困难。

五、不同州的差异需要注意的是，美国的枪支法律在不同州之间存在差异。

美国的枪支问题

美国的枪支问题The United States constitution, which was written over two hundred years ago, gives individuals the right to keep and bear arms.In 2000, the FBI estimated that about 66% of murders that year were committed with firearms.In recent years, Fatal（致命的）shootings , many involving teenagers, has made the issue of gun control a key debate in US politics.The United States has the largest number of guns in private hands of any country in the world.Although guns are permitted everywhere, the laws governing gun use are different from state to state.Many Americans view the right to bear arms as an important civil liberty.So the issue is whether or not it is lawful to impose stricter controls on gun usage.The new gun control legislation has concerned child-proof locks(预防儿童开启锁), background checks on gun buyers, the ban of some types of assault weapons and, most recently, the creation of a nationwide database(数据库) in order to track the movement of the nation's guns.American opinion is to find the balance between those who insist on the universal right to bear arms and those who support stricter controls.The influential firearms lobby（游说团）, headed by the National Rifle(来福枪) Association （NRA）, believes gun ownership to be a personal and moral right and dismisses the link between gun ownership and high gun violence with its slogan 'Guns don't kill people, people kill people.' In the past decade, public opinion has been gradually moved in favour of stricter gun control laws. In January 2001, 59% of the respondents in an ABC News and Washington Post survey said they perfered stricter gun control laws.After the horrific events in 1999 at a high school when two students shot dead 13 fellow students and each other, polls（民意测验）showed that two-thirds of Americans supported greater gun control measures. Moreover, 15 state legislatures passed significant gun control bills.The case of the Washington Sniper(狙击手), who killed 10 people and made 3 other wounded in late 2002, swiftly brought the issue of gun control onto the table once again.。

GunViolenceABiopsychosocialDisease（枪支暴力是一种社会心理疾病）

COMMENTARYGun Violence: A Biopsychosocial DiseaseStephen W. Hargarten, MD, MPH*¶E. Brooke Lerner, PhD*¶Marc Gorelick, MD, MSCE †Karen Brasel, MD, MPH ‡Terri deRoon-Cassini, PhD §Sara Kohlbeck, MPH ¶Section Editor: Jeremy Hess, MD, MPHSubmission history: Submitted February 21, 2018; Revision received May 30, 2018; Accepted July 18, 2018 Electronically published September 10, 2018 Full text available through open access at /uc/uciem_westjem DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2018.7.38021Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Emergency Medicine, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Children’s Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota Oregon Health and Science University, Department of Surgery, Portland, Oregon Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Surgery, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Medical College of Wisconsin, Comprehensive Injury Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin*†‡§¶Gun violence is a pervasive public health burden in the United States. Annually, over 36,000 Americans die from firearm-related events; tens of thousands are injured.1 The medical community has periodically called for framing gun violence as a public health/medical issue.2-9 Given the impact of gun violence on health and longevity,10 others have suggested that physicians have a moral obligation to address gun violence.11,12 More recently, others have called upon physicians to integrate firearm-related education about safety with their patients.13Calls for engagement have increased with multiple physician organizations calling for action.2,14 In much the same way that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) rates grew unchecked until we began to acknowledge that it was a biopsychosocial disease that could be prevented and controlled, and scientifically we moved past the social stigmas of a disease first recognized as largely affectinghomosexual men, gun violence will continue unchecked until we invest in research to discover effective means to reduce it. To fully engage physicians and other sectors of the healthcare community, we need to frame gun violence as a biopsychosocial disease.12 We know that gun violence follows predictable patterns just like infectiousdiseases and other illnesses.15 For example, young African-American males are at increased risk of firearm-related homicide, while older White males are at increased risk for firearm-related suicide. Through an understanding of the risk factors for a disease, we can identify means of control and prevention.The disease model approach was first advanced in the 19th century and continues today. With a science driven understanding of disease etiology, physicians and other civic leaders were positioned to discover vaccines, thus changing the environments that breed the vectors of illnesses, while identifying high-risk groups for preventative interventions– all driven by the science of discovery. We are seeing this unfold today with the Zika virus,16 and the prevention strategies of other communicable diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV that continue to benefit from the rigorous application of the disease model. By identifying and understanding the disease agent, its vector of transmission, and the high-risk hosts and environments, all sectors of civilHargarten et al. Gun Violence: A Biopsychosocial Diseasesociety – healthcare, public health, businesses, schools,fire and police agencies– can work in concert to institute interventions that reduce morbidity and mortality. These interventions may prevent exposure to the agent that causes disease, reduce the chance of becoming ill if exposed, or limit the damage after the disease is contracted.Scientific investigations have advanced the disease model to include other causes of cellular/organ damage from a variety of etiologic agents.17 For decades, clinicians and public health professionals have been trained to understand the definition of disease as having four components: etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, and clinical significance.17 We have learned that the etiologic agents of diseases are categorized into biologic and physical agents that interact with cells and organs, resulting in disruptions of cell walls and the release of substances that cause additional destruction.18 For example, with the Ebola virus disease, the pathogenesis occurs over days and can manifest up to 21 days after exposure. The virus begins to replicate and results in morphologic changes in cells/organs that manifest as a constellation of symptoms, resulting in nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, leading to dehydration, organ failure and death.Analogously, the kinetic energy from a bullet isthe physical agent of gun violence. The kinetic energy imparted by the speeding mass of the bullet results in the tearing of cellular membranes, leading to edema, fractures, and bleeding, resulting in organ failure, shock, and death. The energy (KE=1/2MV2), is transmitted tothe host/patient from the bullet – penetrating the skin, entering the body, and transmitting the energy, leadingto temporary and permanent cavity formation, and asterile injury to the patient.18,19 The pathophysiology ofthis disease has received limited examination because the agent (kinetic energy) causes destruction so quickly (less than 0.1 sec).20 The high-speed video camera is the “microscope” for this rapidly occurring disease. Itis through this “lens” that we can document the temporary and permanent cavity formation that is the hallmark ofthe biology of this disease.19-21 This dramatically brief pathophysiology limits acute interventions during the release of kinetic energy and is distinctive since diseases from other agents, such as viruses and bacteria, clinically develop over days or weeks.By framing gun violence as a biopsychosocial disease,22 it engages the healthcare community of physicians and nurses, complements the necessary multidisciplinary approach to advance our scientific understanding, and informs host, agent/ vector, and environmentally-focused interventions beyond the immediate biology of fractures, bleeding, and edema. Thisis critically important since preventing and controlling gun violence will not occur to any significant degree until we begin to approach it in a manner similar to controlling other biopsychosocial diseases such as HIV. One immediate benefit of framing gun violence as a disease is the opportunity to address misleading/limiting statements as scientifically inaccurate, yet repeated over and over again. One of the most common of these is: “Guns don’t kill people, people kill people.”The disease model provides us with accuracy: the bullet and its kinetic energy shreds, tears and destroys cells, and damages organs, leading to death and disability. While the behavioral health issues that result in a person pulling a trigger and releasing the energy need to be better understood, first and foremost we need scientifically accurate statements that advance the necessary, challenging discussions. By recognizing that bullets kill people, the gun, which carries the bullets, becomes a necessary focus of intervention. One such strategy would be to limit the rate of the release of bullets by, for example, banning bump stocks or automatic weapons, or by reducing the amount of potential energy the gun can carry (magazine capacity). Without this framing we will be limited to education of our patients13 or continue to be stuck, mired in debates that do not advance scientific understanding, but only entrench positions. We limit progress related to gun violence by not addressing the environment and the social context and psychological antecedents and outcomes of this disease that affect patients, families and communities.23,24In addition to the injury caused by a bullet, the body’s own biologic stress response is activated and involves a cascade of bodily systems, including stress hormones. While this biological response is adaptive, sustained activation of the acute stress response degrades healthy adaptation following a life-threatening situation. This is even further exacerbated when an individual experiences psychological stress after trauma, particularly post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The social context of gunshot-wound patients is paramount, including the community/neighborhood the survivor is coming from, the location of the wounding event, and the environment to which they have no choice but to return. Unfortunately, issues such as familial retaliation and the maintenance of perceived strength within communities with high levels of violence can perpetuate the cycle of gun violence, “spreading” the risk of the disease. Social, environmental, physical, and psychological pre-, peri-, and post-injury factors influence the course of gun violence as a disease and therefore should be treated from this biopsychosocial perspective.There are many opportunities for medical communities to treat gun violence as a biopsychosocial disease. Increasingly, trauma centers25 are recruiting clinical psychologists to provide behavioral health interventions that complement the surgical team’s emphasis on the biology. While the integration of behavioral health specialists is occurring within centers where the disease is most likely to be treated, the majorityof centers are not yet advancing care with this integrated approach. Behavioral/social interventions include hospital-based, violence-prevention programs, where the focus is toGun Violence: A Biopsychosocial Disease Hargarten et al.address the social and behavioral issues of gun violence and to prevent recidivism. In some instances, primary care physicians are26 trained in assessing exposure to trauma to understand the social context of the patient’s health. They can provide recommendations for psychological care if distress is evident. While these examples exist within healthcare, unfortunately they are not the norm. To move disease prevention forward, significant development of integrated multidisciplinary programs is needed. Additionally, more research is needed in the inpatient setting of trauma centers to better understand the psychosocial elements of this disease to maximize outcomes and reduce recidivism.The importance of this framing distinction can be more easily seen when we consider prior and ongoing work to reduce the burden of acute injury from car crashes. We have achieved considerable success in the application of the disease model, which has resulted in significant reductions in death and disability over the past 50 years.Evidence-based policies such as seatbelt laws and significantly improved car and road designs that attenuate and control the energy exchange with passengers and drivers – all components of the disease model – have been systematically investigated and advanced.29In the first 10 years of the 21st century there were substantial declines in morbidity and mortality from other public health burdens such as vaccine-preventable diseases, childhood lead poisoning, cardiovascular disease, workplace-associated injuries, and cancer, while improvements were made in areas such as maternal and fetal health.27 However, similar improvements have not been made in firearm deaths during this time; in fact, deaths from firearms continue to rise. This may be attributed, at least in part, to the relative paucity of funding for firearm-violence research, due in part to the 1996 Dickey amendment, which states that, “None of the funds made available for injury prevention and control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention may be used to advocate or promote gun control.”28As a society, we have achieved success in controlling infectious diseases with a focused, disease-model approach, and we have successfully expanded the use of the disease model to prevent and control non-communicable diseases such as cancer and heart disease. We have used this approach for other challenging biopsychosocial disease burdens such as smoking and alcohol abuse.30 Further, it was only oncewe blunted the political stigma stunting our progress in combating HIV that the most significant discoveries took place and lives were saved. Yet we have not taken the next step in using the disease model to prevent and controlgun violence, in part due to the relative lack of funding,and therefore the relative lack of investigation. Framinggun violence as a disease places it firmlywithin medical and public health practice. Interventions across multiple sectors, informed by comprehensive, linked data and rigorous, adequately-funded research, can be used to prevent injuries, improve acute care and rehabilitation, and inform and evaluate program and policy interventions. These can ultimately reduce morbidity and mortality.This framing opens up important areas of research and prevention strategies that can and must be organized to address all aspects of the disease: high-risk youth; adults and elderly; the gun and the bullets; and the environment.30 Specific examination of the gun and its design/safety characteristics open up areas of potential interventions. Much like reducing a child’s access to the energy contained in a medicine container resulted in decreases in unintentional chemical injury from aspirin and Tylenol,31 banning bump stocks would reduce the rate of energy release that was so tragically seen in the Las Vegas shooting of October 2017. Designing a “smart” gun, which leverages new technologies to identify a gun’s owner and prevent its use by others, could also have the potential to reduce the number of accidental (unintentional) deaths and suicides.33, 34 In this environment, requiring background checks on all gun sales has the potential to further reduce unauthorized access.35Recent calls to engage the physician and publichealth communities in addressing gun violence6,11,36 must be answered by the medical community. Kaiser Permanente, one of largest health systems in the U.S., has recently approved a $2 million expenditure to study gun violence prevention.37 By framing gun violence as a biopsychosocial disease we can move beyond acrimony and fear, use the tools that have been honed over centuries to advance science, and prevent and control this disease burden that adversely impacts our patients, families, and communities across the U.S. and the world. ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe authors wish to express their gratitude for manuscript preparation to Dawn Lyons.Address for Correspondence: Sara Kohlbeck, MPH, Medical College of Wisconsin, Comprehensive Injury Center, 8701 W. Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226. Email: skohlbeck@ .Conflicts of Interest: By the West JEM article submission agreement, all authors are required to disclose all affiliations, funding sources and financial or management relationships that could be perceived as potential sources of bias. No author has professional or financial relationships with any companies that are relevant to this study. There are no conflicts of interest or sources of funding to declare.Copyright: © 2018 Hargarten et al. This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) License. See: / licenses/by/4.0/Hargarten et al. Gun Violence: A Biopsychosocial DiseaseREFERENCES1. FastStats, 2016. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Center for Health Statistics Web Site. Available at: http:///nchs/fastats/homicide.htm. Updated February 6, 2016.Accessed May 22, 2018.2. Malina D, Morrissey S, Campion EW, et al. Rooting out gun violence.N Engl J Med. 2016;374:175-6.3. Kassirer JP. Guns, society, and medicine. N Engl J Med.2015;3732:874-5.4. Butts JA, Roman CG, Bostwick L, et al. Cure violence: a public healthmodel to reduce gun violence. Annu Rev Public Health. 2015;36:39-53.5. Cassel CK, Nelson EA, Smith TW, et al. Internists’ and surgeons’attitudes toward guns and firearm injury prevention. Ann Intern Med.1998;128(3):224-30.6. Frattaroli S, Webster DW, Wintemute GJ. Implementing a publichealth approach to gun violence prevention: the importance ofphysician engagement. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(9):697-8.7. American College of Physicians. Firearm injury prevention. AnnIntern Med.1998;128(3):236-41.8. Bauchner H, Rivara FP, Bonow RO, et al. Death by gun violence-apublic health crisis. JAMA. 2017;318(18):1763-4.9. Laine C, Taichman DB. The health care professional’s pledge:protecting our patients from firearm injury. Ann Intern Med.2017;167(12):892-3.10. Fenelon A, Chen LH, Baker SP. Major causes of injury, death andthe life expectancy gap between the United States and other high-income countries. JAMA. 2016;315(6):609-11.11. Rodriguez MA, Gorovitz E. The politics and prevention of gunviolence. West J Med. 1999;171(5-6):296-7.12. Davidoff F. Reframing gun violence. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128(3):234-5.13. Wintemute G. What you can do to stop firearm violence. Ann InternMed. 2017;167(12):886-7.14. Weinberger SE, Hoyt DB, Lawrence III HC, et al. Firearm-relatedinjury and death in the United States: A call to action from 8 healthprofessional organizations and the American Bar Association. AnnIntern Med. 2015;162(7):513-7.15. Wintemute GJ. Disproportionate sales of crime guns among licensedhandgun retailers in the United States: a case-control study. InjuryPrev. 2009;15(5):291-9.16. McNeil Jr. DG, Romero S, Tavernise S. How a medical mystery inBrazil led doctors to Zika. New York Times. February 7, 2016.17. Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basisof Disease. 9th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier Saunders; 2015.18. Angus DC, van der Poll T. Severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl JMed. 2013;369(9):840-51.19. DiMaio VJM. Gunshot Wounds: Practical Aspects of firearms, Ballistics,and Forensic T echniques.3rd ed. Boca Raton (FL):CRC Press; 2015. 20. Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Kumaresan S, et al. Dynamic analysis ofPenetrating trauma. J Trauma. 1997;42(2):266-72.21. Yoganandan N, Nahum A, Melvin J. Accidental Injury: Biomechanicsand Prevention. 3rd ed. Springer. November 2014.22. Mc Inerney SJ. Introducing the biopsychosocial model for goodmedicine and good doctors. BMJ. 2015;324:1533.23. deRoon-Cassini, TA, Mancini AD, Rusch MD, et al. Psychopathologyand resilience following traumatic injury: a latent growth mixturemodel analysis.Rehabil Psychol. 2010;55(1):1-11.24. Rowhani-Rahbar A, Zatzick D, Wang J, et al. Firearm-relatedhospitalization and risk for subsequent violent injury, death, or crime perpetration: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(7):492-500.25. Hunt JC, Chesney SA, Brasel K, et al. Six-Month follow up of theinjured trauma survivor screen: clinical implications and futuredirections. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2018;85(2):263-70.26. Machtinger E, Cuca Y, Khanna N, et al. From treatment to healing:the promise of trauma-informed primary care. Women’s HealthIssues. 2015;25(3):193-7.27. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ten Great Public HealthAchievements---United States, 2001—2010.2011;60(19):619-23. 28. Rubin R. Tale of 2 Agencies: CDC avoids gun violence research butNIH funds it. JAMA. 2016;315(16):1689.29. Mozaffarian D, Hemenway D, Ludwig DS. Curbing Gun Violence:Lessons from Public Health Successes. JAMA 2013;309(6):551-2. 30. Farley T. Saving Gotham: A Billionaire Mayor, Activist Doctors, andthe Fight for Eight Million Lives. New York, NY: W.W. Norton &Company, Inc.; 2015.31. Ranney M, Fletcher J, Alter G, et al. A consensus-driven agenda foremergency medicine firearm injury prevention research. Ann Emerg Med. 2017;69(2):227-240.32. Rodgers GB. The safety effects of child-resistant packaging fororal prescription drugs – two decades of experience. JAMA.1996;275(21);1661-5.33. Vernick JS, Meisel ZF, Teret SP, et al. “I didn’t know the gunwas loaded”: an examination of two safety devices that canreduce the risk of unintentional firearm injuries. J Public HealthPolicy.1999;20(4):427-40.34. Teret SP, Defrancesco S, Hargarten SW, et al. Making guns safer. SciTechnol.1998;14(4):37-40.。

美国枪支英文作文

美国枪支英文作文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。

文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!The issue of gun control in the United States has beena hot topic for many years. It seems like every time thereis a mass shooting, the debate over gun laws heats up again. Some people believe that the Second Amendment gives themthe right to own any type of firearm they want, whileothers argue that stricter gun control measures are necessary to prevent more senseless violence.Guns are deeply ingrained in American culture, and many people see them as a symbol of freedom and independence.The gun industry is a powerful force in the US, and it has successfully lobbied against many proposed gun control laws. As a result, it is relatively easy for people to purchase firearms, including semi-automatic rifles and handguns, without undergoing thorough background checks or waiting periods.The United States has one of the highest rates of gun ownership in the world, and it also has one of the highestrates of gun violence. Every year, thousands of people are killed or injured in shootings, and the impact of these tragedies is felt in communities across the country. Despite the devastating toll of gun violence, efforts to pass comprehensive gun control legislation at the federal level have been largely unsuccessful.The debate over gun control is often polarized, with people on both sides of the issue holding strong and deeply entrenched beliefs. Some argue that the solution to gun violence is to arm more people, while others believe that the only way to reduce gun deaths is to enact stricter gun laws. Finding common ground on this issue has proven to be extremely difficult, and it remains to be seen whether any meaningful progress will be made in the near future.In conclusion, the issue of gun control in the United States is complex and deeply divisive. The debate over how to address gun violence is ongoing, and it is clear that there are no easy solutions to this problem. As the country continues to grapple with the devastating impact of gun violence, it is crucial for people on all sides of theissue to engage in constructive dialogue and work towards finding common ground.。

美国坏处英文作文

美国坏处英文作文英文：The United States has its fair share of drawbacks, despite being a world superpower. As an American, I have noticed several negative aspects of living in this country.Firstly, the healthcare system in the US is not ideal. Unlike many other developed countries, the US does not have universal healthcare. This means that many Americans struggle to afford the medical care they need, and even those with insurance often have to pay high deductibles and copays. This can lead to people avoiding necessary medical treatment, which can have serious consequences for their health.Another issue in the US is the high level of gun violence. Mass shootings have become all too common, and gun-related deaths are a major problem in many parts of the country. While some Americans argue that the SecondAmendment guarantees their right to bear arms, the realityis that lax gun laws have contributed to a dangerous and deadly situation.Additionally, income inequality is a significantproblem in the US. The gap between the rich and the poor is growing, and many Americans struggle to make ends meet.This can lead to a lack of access to basic necessities like food, housing, and healthcare.Despite these issues, there are also many positive aspects of living in the US. The country is known for its diversity and cultural richness, and there are many opportunities for personal and professional growth. However, it is important to acknowledge and address the negative aspects in order to create a better future for all Americans.中文：作为一个美国人，我发现这个国家有许多不足之处，尽管它是一个世界超级大国。

makeamerica great again 标语

makeamerica great again 标语“Make America Great Again”这个标语在2016年美国总统选举期间引起了很大的关注和争议，这个标语对于很多美国人来说象征着回归到过去的强大和繁荣。

在历史上，美国曾经是世界上最强大的国家，从经济、科技、文化等方面都处于领先地位。

然而，随着时间的推移，美国的地位已经不再那么明显，特别是在面临诸多挑战的国际环境下。

因此，这个标语也成为了民粹主义声音的代表，呼吁对美国民众的恐惧和焦虑作出回应。

“Make America Great Again”这个标语听上去很容易，但其实在实践中需要面对多个挑战。

这个标语所呼吁的是回到过去，但改变已经是不可逆转的现实。

美国所需要的，并不是回到过去，而是应对当下和未来的挑战，并在此基础上不断发展壮大。

首先，“Make America Great Again”需要解决的是国内的问题。

美国面临的一个最大的挑战是经济和社会不平等，这造成了大量的社会不公和不满。

特别是在当前的后疫情时期，许多美国家庭陷入无法承受的经济压力之中。

因此，针对这种情况，需要实施一系列的政策，包括减税、增加社会福利和优化劳动市场。

另外，一个让人看不到希望的问题是枪支暴力，这是美国独有的问题。

虽然枪支暴力已经成为政治热点，但一直没有得到有效的解决。

美国需要针对枪支暴力实行有效的政策，以保护公民的生命安全。

其次，“Make America Great Again”需要改善美国的国际形象。

美国失去了一些盟友和国际影响力，并面临着许多国家的质疑和批评。

一些美国政策，比如退出巴黎气候协议和伊核协议，对美国形象造成了负面影响。

这点非常重要，因为美国是一个全球性的大国，与其他国家的合作至关重要。

因此，需要美国在外交政策上做出适当的调整和改变，以改善其国际形象，增加其对世界事务的影响力。

最后，“Make America Great Again”需要实现的是可持续性发展。