chaucer
英国文学第三讲chaucer
Chapter Four
Gect: English literature in Age of Chaucer Objectives: help the student to know about Geoffery Chaucer, the person, his points of views, the artistic features of his works and the characteristics of the selected works. Focus: 1. His The Canterbury Tales’ social significance. 2. Artistic features of his works 3.The discussion of the selected work: the Canterbury Tales Difficult Points: Romance, ballad, heroic couplet. Procedures: 1. A brief introduction to the biography. 2. Artistic features of his works. 3. The Main points of the selected works.
6. Literature is moving away from the questions of the genre, romance, to a more personal vision, a domestic vision. Chaucer is interested in individuals, their foibles and individual differences; interested in realism; interested in middle class people, the merchant class, peasants, etc., who reflect the rise of the middle class in the fourteenth century. 7. Subject matter: sex, lust, greed, jealousy, native cunning (tricksters), the credulousness of the stupid, marital problems, infidelity, corruption of the church.
人物资料William Caxton和英国诗歌之父Chaucer
William Caxton威廉·卡克斯顿生平William Caxton (1422-1491) was the first British printer and the person who had the greatest influence on English before Shakespeare. Caxton was born in 1422 in the woods of Wilder, Kent, with some real estate in his family, so he was able to receive a good education. In 1438, he became an apprentice to Le Ze, a famous cloth merchant in London and later mayor of London. After Le Ze's death in 1441, Caxton traveled across the sea to Bruges, Belgium, to start a business specializing in the textile trade between Britain and the Flemish region."Philosopher's Quotes or Epilogues"《哲学家的名言或警句》printed in the UK, which was also the first English printed book with a publication date. In 1481, he published the first English book with illustrations, "The Mirror of the World," full-length blockbusters《世界镜鉴》，and he had translated and published 24 books himself. Of these "Caxton edition" books, there are still 1/3 of them that have survived in solitary or incomplete versions to this day, making them the most precious "incunabula" book in Britain.英国最为珍贵的“摇篮本（incunabula）威廉·卡克斯顿（1422-1491）是英国的第一个印刷商，在莎士比亚之前对英语影响最大的人，卡克斯顿于1422年出生在肯特郡维尔德的林区，家中颇有一些地产，因此能够受到良好的教育。
chaucer对英国文学的贡献
chaucer对英国文学的贡献
乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer）是14世纪英国最著名的作家之一，他对英国文学的贡献可以从以下几个方面来分析：
1. 《坎特伯雷故事集》(The Canterbury Tales)：这是乔叟最著名的作品，被认为是英国文学史上最重要的诗歌作品之一。
故事集中包含了许多个人故事，通过各式各样的人物和叙述方式，反映了当时社会各阶层的特点、宗教观念以及人性的各种弱点和美德。
乔叟通过这部作品推动了英语作为文学语言的发展。
2. 诗歌技巧：乔叟在诗歌创作方面采用了一些新颖的手法，为后来的英国诗人提供了启发。
他采用了押韵和节奏来打破传统的中世纪拉丁诗歌的形式，使英语成为创作诗歌的主要语言。
他的作品中使用了许多修辞手法和修辞词句，例如隐喻、讽刺和象征，对后来的英国文学产生了深远的影响。
3. 文学表达：乔叟的作品为后来的英国文学提供了文学表达的模板和范例。
他的作品呈现了丰富多样的人物形象和情节，描写了人性和社会现象。
他的写作风格自然而生动，通过对话和描写展示人物的性格和行为。
乔叟以他丰富的想象力和生动的描写能力，为后来的作家提供了灵感和写作技巧。
4. 社会意识：乔叟在他的作品中揭示了当时社会的弊端和不公正，如封建专制、道德堕落等。
他对社会现象和个人命运的观察和批判，促使英国文学从中世纪的封建观念中解脱出来，为人们认识社会和个人自由提供了一个新的视角。
总的来说，乔叟不仅在文学形式上做出了创新，而且通过他的作品揭示了当时社会的问题，推动了英语作为文学语言的发展，并为后来的英国文学做出了重要贡献。
乔叟
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乔叟的诗歌创作分为三个时期： 乔叟的诗歌创作分为三个时期： 1 法国影响时期 （1360～1372）：主要翻译并仿效法国诗人的作品，创作了 《悼公爵夫人》(The Book of the Duchess (1369))，用伦敦方言翻 译了法国中世纪长篇叙事诗《玫瑰传奇》等。 2 意大利影响时期 （1372～1386）：诗人接触了资产阶级人文主义的进步思想。 这一时期的创作 如《百鸟会议》、《特罗伊勒斯和克莱西德》 (Troilus and Criseyde (c. 1385))、《好女人的故事》，反映了作者 面向生活现实的创作态度和人文主义观点。 3 成熟时期 （1386～1400）：乔叟在这最后15年里从事《坎特伯雷故事集》 的创作。无论在内容和技巧上都达到他创作的顶峰。他首创的英 雄双韵体为以后的英国诗人所广泛采用，被誉为“英国诗歌之父”。
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作品列表 坎特伯雷故事集》 《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales） ） 公爵夫人之书》 《公爵夫人之书》(Book of the Duchess)、 、 声誉之宫》 《声誉之宫》(The House of Fame)、 、 百鸟会议》 《百鸟会议》(The Parliament of Fowles)、 、 贤妇传说》 《贤妇传说》(The Legend of Good Women) 特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达》 《特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达》(Troilus and Criseyde)。 。
作品欣赏 鸟儿回旋曲 来吧，夏天，用你柔和的阳光 对风雪交加的天气发动攻击， 赶得又长又黑的夜就此逃避！ 圣瓦伦丁河啊，小鸟在为你歌唱， 你戴着花冠坐在高高的云里： 来吧，夏天，用你柔和的阳光 对风雪交加的天气发动攻击。 那些鸟儿有理由不时地欢唱， 因为它们在树丛里找到伴侣。 啊，它们醒时唱得多幸福甜蜜： 来吧，夏天，柔和的阳光 对风雪交加的天气发动攻击， 赶得又长又黑的夜就此逃避！ 返回
Geoffrey_Chaucer_(杰弗里。乔叟)
• The Prologue of the Wife of Bath’s Tale The wife of Bath speaking “Experience--and no matter what they say In books--is good enough authority For me to speak of trouble in marriage. For ever since I was twelve years of age, Thanks be to God, I’ve had no less than five Husbands at church door--if one may believe I could be wed so often legally!” (P.220)
无忧PPT整理发布
7.The Wife of Bath （巴斯城的妇女） 巴斯城的妇女）
• The wife of Bath shows Chaucer’s keen observation and his unsurpassed (无比的) talent for characterization. • She is the owner of a cloth factory, lighthearted, merry, somewhat vulgar (粗俗的), and exceedingly (非常) talkative. • It is a vivid sketch (概述) of a woman of the middle class, and a colorful picture of the domestic life of that class in Chaucer’s day.
2.Chaucer
• Master of word-pictures • His verse is among the smoothest in English.
His contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanzas （节）of various types, especially the rhymed couplet （两行诗；对句） of iambic pentametre（抑扬格音步） to English poetry， instead of the Old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. Though drawing influence from French, Italian and Latin models, he is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language. His production of so much excellent poetry was an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country. The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the foundation for modern English speech.
chaucer英文简介
chaucer英文简介Geoffrey Chaucer, widely considered the Father of English Literature, was born in London in the early 1340s and died in 1400. His life and works played a significant role in the development of the English language, poetry, and storytelling, leaving an enduring legacy that continues to inspire and captivate readers today.Chaucer's early life is not well-documented, and much of what is known about him comes from legal documents and historical records. It is believed that he came from a well-to-do family, as his father, John Chaucer, worked as a wine merchant. Geoffrey Chaucer's early education was probably provided by the Church, as he later received a formal education at the St. Paul's Cathedral School. He then went on to serve as a page in the household of Elizabeth de Burgh, Countess of Ulster, where he would have been exposed to the courtly life and literature of the time.Chaucer's adult life was marked by a career in public service. He held various positions in the royal administration, including customs officer, justice of the peace, and deputy forester. These roles allowed him to travel throughout England and encounter people from various social classes and backgrounds, an experience that greatly influenced his writing.One of Chaucer's most famous works is "The Canterbury Tales," a collection of stories told by a diverse group of pilgrims on their way to the shrine of Thomas Becket in Canterbury. The tales provide a vivid and nuanced portrayal of English society during the Middle Ages, showcasing a cross-section of characters from different walks of life, including a knight, a miller, a prioress, anda pardoner, among others. The variety of voices and perspectives in "The Canterbury Tales" offers a rich tapestry of human experiences, revealing the complexities of medieval society.Chaucer's writing style is notable for its use of Middle English, a precursor to modern English that in his time was transitioning from Old English. He played a crucial role in shaping the English language through his extensive vocabulary and the poetic forms he employed. Chaucer's poetry combines a keen observation of human nature with a deep appreciation for the beauty of language, making his works both entertaining and intellectually stimulating.In addition to "The Canterbury Tales," Chaucer wrote several other significant works, including "Troilus and Criseyde," a tragic love story set during the Trojan War, and "The Book of the Duchess," a poem inspired by the death of Blanche, the wife of Chaucer's patron John of Gaunt. These works showcase Chaucer's versatility as a writer, as he shifts effortlessly between genres and explores a wide range of themes and emotions.Chaucer's influence on English literature cannot be overstated. His writings inspired future generations of poets and writers, including William Shakespeare, who drew heavily from Chaucer's works. Chaucer's innovative use of vernacular English laid the groundwork for the development of the English language as we know it today, bridging the gap between the Old English of the Anglo-Saxon period and the Modern English that emerged in the Renaissance.Although Chaucer's literary reputation waned during the Tudorperiod and the Renaissance, his works experienced a revival in the 19th century with the emergence of literary criticism and the study of medieval literature. Today, Chaucer is recognized as a master storyteller whose works continue to resonate with readers from all walks of life. His vivid characters, memorable narratives, and poetic craftsmanship make him a true literary icon whose contributions to English literature are immeasurable.Geoffrey Chaucer's impact on English literature is not limited to his famous work, "The Canterbury Tales." His writings, spanning various genres and themes, have left a lasting impression on the literary landscape, cementing his status as one of the greatest poets in English history.One of the most significant aspects of Chaucer's writing is his portrayal of diverse social classes. Through his characters, he provides a detailed and at times satirical examination of medieval society. From the noble knight to the bawdy miller, each character in "The Canterbury Tales" represents a different facet of human nature, displaying the complexity and idiosyncrasies of individuals from all walks of life. This rich tapestry of voices and perspectives gives readers a nuanced understanding of social dynamics, highlighting both the virtues and vices that exist in society. Chaucer's ability to capture the essence of his characters is a testament to his keen observational skills and his understanding of human psychology. His characters come to life through their distinct personalities, quirks, and speech patterns. Whether it is the prim and proper Prioress or the comically vulgar Wife of Bath, each character is presented with intricate detail and nuance. Chaucer's ability to create fully realized individuals has greatlyinfluenced subsequent writers, who have sought to capture the complexity of the human experience in their own works.Another aspect of Chaucer's writing that sets him apart is his mastery of various poetic forms. Chaucer experimented with different poetic styles, including ballads, romances, and allegories. His poetic craftsmanship is apparent in his skillful use of rhyme, meter, and imagery. Chaucer's command of language and his ability to evoke strong emotions through his poetry continue to captivate readers and inspire poets to this day.One of Chaucer's most notable works, "Troilus and Criseyde," showcases his poetic talent and his ability to tackle complex themes. The poem tells the tragic love story of Troilus, a Trojan prince, and Criseyde, a Greek maiden. Through their tale, Chaucer explores themes of love, betrayal, and the unpredictability of fate. The poem is a testament to Chaucer's ability to balance emotional depth with intricate storytelling, creating a work that resonates with readers on both an intellectual and emotional level. Chaucer's writings also reveal his deep-rooted religious beliefs and his understanding of spirituality. In "The Canterbury Tales," the pilgrimage to the shrine of Thomas Becket serves as a backdrop for exploring themes of faith, morality, and the moral shortcomings of the clergy. Chaucer's commentary on religion and morality in medieval society provides a valuable insight into the social and cultural complexities of the time.Furthermore, Chaucer's influence extends beyond the realm of literature. His writings played a crucial role in the development ofthe English language. During Chaucer's time, English was undergoing a transition from Old English to Middle English, and Chaucer actively contributed to this linguistic transformation. He drew from various dialects and regional speech patterns, incorporating them into his works and helping to shape the English language into a more unified and standardized form.Chaucer's impact on English literature is undeniable, and his contributions have earned him a place in the literary canon. His writings continue to be studied and celebrated for their literary merit, their social commentary, and their exploration of the human condition. Chaucer's ability to capture the essence of his characters, his mastery of poetic forms, and his role in shaping the English language make him a literary icon who continues to inspire readers and writers alike.In conclusion, Geoffrey Chaucer's life and works have left an indelible mark on English literature. His keen observations of human nature, his poetic craftsmanship, and his contributions to the English language have secured his place as one of the greatest poets in history. Chaucer's writings continue to captivate readers with their vivid characters, compelling narratives, and enduring relevance. His legacy as the Father of English Literature ensures that his works will be cherished and studied for generations to come.。
乔叟
Chaucer took his narrative inspiration for his works from several sources but still remained an entirely individual poet. His first narrative poem, The Book of the Duchess, was probably written shortly after the death of Blanche, Duchess of Lancaster, first wife of John Gaunt, in September 1369. His next important work, The House of Fame, was written between 1374 and 1385. Soon afterward Chaucer translated The Consolation of Philosophy by Boethius, and wrote the poem The Parliament of Birds.
乔叟代表作：
《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）
其他作品：
《公爵夫人之书》(Book of the Duchess)、 《声誉之宫》(The House of Fame)、 《百鸟会议》(The Parliament of Fowles)、 《贤妇传说》(The Legend of Good Women) 《特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达》(Troilus and Criseyde).
Geoffrey Chaucer, (1340 years -1400), the famous medieval English writer, was born in a home wine. Edward III in 1359 with the French Expeditionary Force, was captured by the French army, near to gold redemption. Chaucer as a king-de-camp, as ambassador to many European countries, two visits to Italy and found a Dante, Boccaccio and Petrarca's works of literature for his role greatly. Chaucer in October 25, 1400 death in London and was buried in Westminster Abbey the "poet of the angle." Chaucer's the cause of death is unknown, may have been murder.
Lecture 2(2) chaucer英国早期文学家乔叟的相关知识
Romance: a literary genre popular in the Middle Ages (5th-15th century), dealing, in verse or prose, with legendary, supernatural, or amorous subjects and characters. The name refers to Romance languages and originally denotes any lengthy composition in one of those languages. Later the term was applied to tales specifically concerned with knights, chivalry and courtly love.
Life & Literary Influence of Chaucer
Part 3: Geoffrey Chaucer’s Time (1350-1485)
→ page, diplomat (Petrarch,Boccaccio, Dante), comptroller, parliament, clerk of Windsor, pension → “The Poet’ s Corner” in Westminster Abby → Phases of Chaucer’s literary life 1)1355-1372, French period—translator: The Romance
Part 3: Geoffrey Chaucer’s Time (1350-1485)
Historical Overview ¤ In 1154, Normans' conquest ended ¤1154-1485, Henry II, the Plantagenet's ¤1338-1453, the War of 100-year ¤1348-1449, the Black Death ¤1455-1485, The War of Roses ¤ In 1485, Henry VII, the Tudor---the end of the feudalism
伦敦主教在威廉王子婚礼上的布道词
The Bishop of London's Sermon29th April 2011伦敦主教在威廉王子婚礼上的布道词2011年4月29日1.“Be who God meant you to be and you will set the world on fire.” “成为遵循上帝旨意的人，你就会激励这个世界。
2. wean oneself away 抛弃、戒掉3. align 结盟、使一致4. coercion 威胁、胁迫5. pithy 简练有力的6. Chaucer 乔叟（1343-1400），著名诗人。
7. incubate 培养8. “Whan maistrie [mastery] comth, the God of Love anon,Beteth his wynges, and farewell, he is gon.”When mastery’ enters, the god of love at onceBeats his fair wings, and farewell! He is gone!“婚姻若有束缚，爱神展翅远去”9. St Catherine of Siena：(1347-1389) Dominican mystic and patron of Italy. She called for a crusade against Muslims.The Bishop of London's Sermon29th April 2011伦敦主教在威廉王子婚礼上的布道词2011年4月29日“Be who God meant you to be and you will set the world on fire.” So said St Catherine of Siena whose festival day it is today. Marriage is intended to be a way in which man and woman help each other to become what God meant each one to be, their deepest and truest selves.Many are full of fear for the future of the prospects of our world but the message of the celebrations in this country and far beyond its shores is the right one – this is a joyful day! It is good that people in every continent are able to share in these celebrations because this is, as every wedding day should be, a day of hope.In a sense every wedding is a royal wedding with the bride and the groom as king and queen of creation, making a new life together so that life can flow through them into the future.William and Catherine, you have chosen to be married in the sight of a generous God who so love the world that he gave himself to us in the person of Jesus Christ.And in the Spirit of this generous God, husband and wife are to give themselves to each another.A spiritual life grows as love finds its centre beyond ourselves. Faithful and committed relationships offer a door into the mystery of spiritual life in which we discover this：the more we give of self, the richer we become in soul; the more we go beyond ourselves in love, the more we become our true selves and our spiritual beauty is more fully revealed. In marriage we are seeking to bring one another into fuller life.It is of course very hard to wean ourselves away from self-centredness. And people can dream of doing such a thing but the hope should be fulfilled it is necessary a solemn decision that, whatever the difficulties, we are committed to the way of generous love.You have both made your decision today –“I will” – and by making this new relationship, you have aligned yourselves with what we believe is the way in which life is spiritually evolving, and which will lead to a creative future for the human race.We stand looking forward to a century which is full of promise and full of peril. Human beings are confronting the question of how to use wisely a power that has been given to us through the discoveries of the last century. We shall not be converted to the promise of the future by more knowledge, but rather by an increase of loving wisdom and reverence, for life, for the earth and for one another.Marriage should transform, as husband and wife make one another their work of art. It is possible to transform so long as we do not harbour ambitions to reform our partner. There must be nocoercion if the Spirit is to flow; each must give the other space and freedom. Chaucer, the London poet, sums it up in a pithy phrase:“Whan maistrie [mastery] comth, the God of Love anon,Beteth his wynges, and farewell, he is gon.”As the reality of God has faded from so many lives in the West, there has been a corresponding inflation of expectations that personal relations alone will supply meaning and happiness in life. This is to load our partner with too great a burden. We are all incomplete: we all need the love which is secure, rather than oppressive, we need mutual forgiveness, in order to thrive.As we move towards our partner in love, following the example of Jesus Christ, the Holy Spirit is quickened within us and can increasingly fill our lives with light. This leads us onto a family life which offers the best conditions in which the next generation can practise and exchange those gifts which can overcome fear and division and incubate the coming world of the Spirit, whose fruits are love and joy and peace.I pray that all of us present and the many millions watching this ceremony and sharing in your joy today, will do everything in our power to support and uphold you in your new life. And I pray that God will bless you in the way of life that you have chosen, that way which is expressed in the prayer that you have composed together in preparation for this day:God our Father, we thank you for our families; for the love that we share and for the joy of our marriage.In the business of each day，keep our eyes fixed on what is real and important in life and help us to be generous with our time and love and energy.Strengthened by our union help us to serve and comfort those who suffer. We ask this in the Spirit of Jesus Christ. Let all say, Amen.。
杰弗里乔叟的英文简介
杰弗里乔叟的英文简介杰弗里乔叟简介Geoffrey Chaucer (about 1343 ~ 1400) British poet. His personal life is quite rich: 1357 years to do the court paternity, 1359 years to participate in the war when the law was captured, the following year by the king of redemption, 1361 - 1367 in the Temple Law Association training, 1366 and the queen of the palace The womens marriage, after many times on behalf of Edward III to the European continent, to Belgium, France, Italy and other countries, have the opportunity to meet Boccaccio and Petrak, which his literary creation had a great impact. In 1374, Chaucer was the London fur management officer, and in 1382 served as the tariff manager for alcohol and other commodities. In 1385, Chaucer was the magistrate of Kent, the second year was elected to the county knight to attend the lower house of parliament. In 1389 years after the KMT government, Chaucer has served as the royal construction works and Somerset royal forest deputy director. Chaucer was deprived of official and annuities during the asylum of the asylum, and the economy was strained. He had written the oil poem to the empty capsule to just ascend to Henry IV, complain about their own poverty. In 1400, Joao died and was buried at Poets Corner in Londons Westminster Church. He was also the first poet to be buried here.Chaucers poetic creation is divided into three periods: (1) the French influence period (1360 ~ 1372): the main translation and follow the works of the French poet, created the Duchess (The Book of the Duchess (1369) Dialect translation of the French medieval long narrative poem rose legend and so on. ② the Italian influence period(1372 ~ 1386): the poet came into contact with the progressive thinking of bourgeois humanism. The creation of this period, such as the Birds Conference, Troilus and Criseyde (c. 1385)), The Story of a Good Woman , reflects the authors creation for the reality of life Attitude and humanism. ③ mature period (1386 ~ 1400): Chaucer in the last 15 years in the Canterbury story set creation. Both in content and skills to achieve the pinnacle of his creation. His first heroic rhyme is widely used by British poets later, known as the father of British poetry.The early creation of Chaucer was influenced by Italian and French literature. He introduced the literature of knights in the French literature, the lyrics and animal fables, and so on. Its early works Trolls and Clay West (1385), character character to create vivid and delicate, language witty humor.From 1377 onwards, Chaucer repeatedly made the European continent, in contact with Dante, Pietrak and Boccaccio and others works. These writers anti-feudal anti-religious spirit and humanism, so that Chaucers creative thinking has undergone profound changes, began to turn to realism. The narrative poem Trolls and the West, which is rewritten according to a long poem of Boccaccio, rejects the traditions of fantasy and fables, instead of the description of the characters and life details in the real world. A realist work.Chaucer carried out the creation of The Canterbury Tales (1387-1400) in the last fifteen years of his life. This is his most outstanding work.Chaucers vision, profound observation, rich writing style, truly reflect the lives of different social classes, created a realist tradition of British literature, Shakespeare and Dickens have an impact.Canterbury story set is the British writer Chaucers novel. The workdescribes a group of pilgrims gathered in a small London hotel, ready to pilgrimage to Canterbury. Shopkeepers suggested that pilgrims on the way to the two stories, to see who speak the best. The story set includes 23 stories, one of the most wonderful stories are: the knights story of love tragedy, the story of the knights knights knight, the soldier who sells the crucifixion, the talismans story, the businessmans story The story of the family disputes, the story of the farmers touching love and generosity. The works extensively reflect the British social life of the embryonic period of capitalism, exposing the corruption of the church, the greed and hypocrisy of the priest, condemning the asceticism of human nature, affirming the secular love life.The artistic achievements of the Canterbury Tales are very high, far exceeding the previous British literary works, the first example of the realism in British literary history. The work combines humor and satire, and the comedy is strong, and most of the stories are written in double rhyme poems, which have had an impact on later English literature. People figure clear, lively language. Chaucers creation of the vibrant London dialect also laid the foundations for the English literary language. His first heroic rhyme was widely used by British poets in the future, and Chaucer was hailed as the father of English poetry.杰弗里乔叟作品Geoffrey Chaucer (1340 - 1400), a famous British medieval writer, was born in a wine family. 1359 years with the troops of Edward III leap in France, captured by the French army, and soon to redemption. Chaucer became kings attendants, made many European countries, twice visited Italy, found Dante, Boccaccio and Petraks works, his literary creation played a great role. The Book of the Duchess, The House of Fame, The House of Fowles, The House of Fae, The House of Fowles, The House of Fowles, The House of Fowles, The House ofFowles, The House of Fowles, The House of Fowles, The House of Fowles, The House of Fowles, The House of Fowles, The House of Fowles, The House of Fowles, The Legend of Good Women and Troilus and Criseyde. Chaucer died in London on October 25, 1400, and was buried in the corner of the poet in Westminster Abbey. Chaucers death is unknown, may be murdered, the British medieval research expert Terry Jones had a book Who murdered Chaucer Chaucer first took the London dialect writing, and the creation of heroic bimodal, the British national language and literature development great influence, it is known as the father of British poetry.。
Chaucer
英雄诗体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每
Comment on Chaucer:
4.He is the first to bring the atmosphere of romantic interest about men and women and the daily work of one’s own world. 5.He is the master of English language, the greatest in the Middle Ages.
Social Significance
Affirm
men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth. Opposes the dogma (教条) of asceticism (苦行主义;禁欲主义)preached by the church. Praise …Expose and satirize…Attack Emphasize the indifference to worldly wealth; the greed and debauchery(放荡) of all the other clerics(牧师,教士). Weak points, e.g. nothing revolutionary in writing
The Canterbury Tales
1.
It has 24 stories. 2. It is the description of the pilgrims （朝圣者 ）who tell stories. 3. It is about the life of ordinary people. 4. It gives vivid characters, with humor and satire.
Chaucer (乔叟)
Next
Geoffrey Chaucer
4) In 1367 he entered the service of King Edward III for nearly ten years.
5) In 1386 he was elected member of Parliament, but soon was dismissed. 6) In 1389 he was appointed clerk of the King’s works and the new king Henry IV granted him a pension. 7) He died in October, 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the Poets' Corner.
巅峰之作：
《坎特伯雷故事集》是英国作家乔叟的小说。作品描 坎特伯雷故事集》 写一群香客（pilgrim）聚集在伦敦一家小旅店里，准 写一群香客（pilgrim）聚集在伦敦一家小旅店里，准 备去坎特伯雷城朝圣。店主人建议香客们在往返途中 各讲两个故事，看谁讲的最好。故事集包括了23个故 各讲两个故事，看谁讲的最好。故事集包括了23个故 事，其中最精彩的故事有：骑士讲的爱情悲剧故事、 巴斯妇讲的骑士的故事、卖赎罪券者讲的劝世寓言故 事、教士讲的动物寓言故事、商人讲的家庭纠纷的故 事、农民讲的感人的爱情和慷慨义气行为的故事。作 品广泛地反映了资本主义萌芽时期的英国社会生活， 揭露了教会的腐败、教士的贪婪和伪善，谴责了扼杀 人性的禁欲主义，肯定了世俗的爱情生活。 《坎特伯雷故事集》的艺术成就很高，远远超过 坎特伯雷故事集》 了以前同时代的英国文学作品，是英国文学史上现实 主义的第一部典范。作品将幽默和讽刺结合，喜剧色 彩浓厚，其中大多数故事用双韵诗体写成，对后来的 英国文学产生了影响。人物形象鲜明，语言生动活泼。 乔叟用富有生命力的伦敦方言进行创作，也为英国文 学语言奠定了基础。他首创的英雄双韵体为以后的英 国诗人所广泛采用，因而乔叟被誉为“英国诗歌之 父”。
英国文学
Chaucer（1343-1400）代表作《坎特伯雷故事》（Canterbury Tales，1386-1400）威斯敏斯特教堂“诗人角”Comments on Chaucer:1.Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales is a panorama of the 14th century England. His 30 pilgrims, coming from all walks of life, stand for all classes of his time.2. As a pioneer of humanism, Chaucer affirms men and women’s pursuit of their happiness on earth and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the church.3. Chaucer is the first important poet who writes in the English language. He isa great master of English. His language, known as Middle English now, is vivid and exact. He makes English the language of literature and London dialect the standard English.4.Chaucer’s contribution lies chiefly in his introduction of Heroic Couplet, or lines of iambic pentameter in rhymed couplets, into English poet押韵：五步抑扬格基本节奏和两两对仗William Shakespeare（1564-1616）代表作《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet,1601）《李尔王》（King Lear,1605）《麦克白》（Macbeth,1606）Comments on Shakespeare1) Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. Living in the historical period of the transition from feudalism to capitalism, he faithfully and vividly reflects the major social contradiction of his time.-- “to hold as it were, the mirror up to nature; to show virtue her own feature, scorn her own image, and the very age and body of the time”2) His drama becomes a monument of the English Renaissance.Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the sonnet, the couplet, and the blank verse. He was especially at home with the blank verse (unrhymed iambic pentameters).3) Shakespeare was a great master of the English language. He used about 16,000 words. Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two great treasuries of the English language.4) The popularity of Shakespeare is a worldwide phenomenon. His name has been known to China for more than a hundred years, and many of his plays have been widely read among Chinese people.背诵：To be or not to be—that is the question:Whether’tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortuneOr to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them. To die—to sleep—No more;and by a sleep to say we endThe heartache,and the thousand natural shocksThat flesh is heir to.’Tis a consummationDevoutly to be wish’d. To die—to sleep—To sleep—perchance to dream:ay, there’s the rub!For in that sleep of death what dreams may comeWhen we have shuffled off this mortal coil,Must give us pause. There’s the respectThat makes calamity of so long life.Francis Bacon（1561-1626）伦敦基本信息：1.He was the first English writer who paid attention to the audience to whom he was writing.2. He wrote the greatest tracts on education in the English language,Advancement of Learning.《学术的推进》3. He and Newton represent the advancement of science during the 17th century. In fact, Bacon devised the inductive method of doing research.4. He introduced the essay as a literary form into the English language.代表作《论读书》（Of studies）《论婚姻和单身》（Of Marrige and Single Life）背诵：Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation;读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足to weigh and consider.应推敲细思。
Chaucer乔叟简介
3. Maturity ( 1386 ---- 1400) The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事 集》
Literary career 1. French influence ( 1359 ---- 1372) The Book of the Duchess 《 悼公爵夫 人》
The Romance of the Rose (Roman de la Rose) 《玫瑰传奇》
2. Italian influence (1372 ---- 1386) The House of Fame 《荣誉堂》
Rime押韵
Rime is the repetition of the same sound at the end of two or more lines. day, may motion, ocean behaviour, saviour single rime double rime triple rime
―Heroic Couplet‖英雄双韵体 couplet: A unit of verse consisting of two successive lines, usually rhyming and having the same meter and often forming a complete thought or syntactic unit. → an introduction from French poetry → a pair of rhymed lines of iambic pentameter aa bb cc dd ee ff gg
英国文学第三讲chaucer
Geoffrey Chaucer
(1340?-1400)
Subject: English literature in Age of Chaucer Objectives: help the student to know about Geoffery Chaucer, the person, his points of views, the artistic features of his works and the characteristics of the selected works. Focus: 1. His The Canterbury Tales’ social significance. 2. Artistic features of his works 3.The discussion of the selected work: the Canterbury Tales Difficult Points: Romance, ballad, heroic couplet. Procedures: 1. A brief introduction to the biography. 2. Artistic features of his works. 3. The Main points of the selected works.
4. Originally, he proposed 124 stories; he actually wrote 24.
5. The Canterbury Tales is a cross section of medieval society: feudal, ecclesiastical, urban; Chaucer's interest in middle class characters, such as a cook, carpenter, miller, priest, prioress, pardoner, lawyer, merchant, clerk, physician reflects the rise of the middle class in the 14th century.
Chaucer
Also among the works of this period are the unfinished Legend of Good Women, a poem telling of nine classical heroines, which introduced the heroic couplet (two rhyming lines of iambic pentameter) into English verse; the prose fragment The Treatise on the Astrolabe, written for his son Lewis; and Troilus and Criseyde, based on Boccaccio's Filostrato, one of the great love poems in the English language (see Troilus and Cressida). In Troilus and Criseyde, Chaucer perfected the seven-line stanza later called rhyme royal.
（Geoffrey Chaucer, 1343 - 1400），诗人，生于富商之家，与王室关系密切.
曾数度出使法国和意大利等欧洲大陆国家，还担任过海关官员和法官等公职。乔叟的文学创作深受法国文学、特别是文艺复兴时期的意大利文学的影响，其主要作品有《公爵夫人之书》（The Book of the Dutchess）、《声誉之堂》（The House of Fame）、《百鸟议会》（The Parliament of Fowls）以及他的代表作 《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）等。
Chaucer
Chaucer was born circa 1343 in London,his name is derived from the French chausseur, meaning shoemaker. There are few details of Chaucer's early life and education but compared with near contemporary poets, William Langland and the Pearl Poet, his life is well documented, with nearly five hundred written items testifying to his career. The first time he is mentioned is in 1357, in the household accounts of Elizabeth de Burgh, the Countess of Ulster, when he became the noblewoman's page through his father's connections. He also worked as a courtier, a diplomat, and a civil servant, as well as working for the king, collecting and inventorying scrap metal.Chaucer's first major work, The Book of the Duchess, was an elegy for Blanche of Lancaster. It is possible that this work was commissioned by her husband John of Gaunt, as he granted Chaucer a £10 annuity on 13 June 1374. This would seem to place the writing of The Book of the Duchess between the years 1369 and 1374. Two other early works by Chaucer were Anelida and Arcite and The House of Fame. Chaucer wrote many of his major works in a prolific period when he held the job of customs comptroller for London. His Parlement of Foules, The Legend of Good Women and Troilus and Criseyde all date from this time. Also it is believed that he started work on The Canterbury Tales in the early 1380s. Chaucer is best known as the writer of The Canterbury Tales, which is a collection of stories told by fictional pilgrims on the road to the cathedral at Canterbury; these tales would help to shape English literature.Chaucer also translated such important works as Boethius' Consolation of Philosophy and The Romance of the Rose by Guillaume de Lorris. However, while many scholars maintain that Chaucer did indeed translate part of the text of Roman de la Rose as The Romaunt of the Rose, others claim that this has been effectively disproved. Many of his other works were very loose translations of, or simply based on, works from continental Europe. It is in this role that Chaucer receives some of his earliest critical praise. Eustache Deschamps wrote a ballade on the great translator and called himself a "nettle in Chaucer's garden of poetry".Chaucer wrote in continental accentual-syllabic meter, a style which had developed since around the twelfth century as an alternative to the alliterativeAnglo-Saxon metre. Chaucer is known for metrical innovation, inventing the rhyme royal, and he was one of the first English poets to use the five-stress line, a decasyllabic cousin to the iambic pentameter, in his work, with only a few anonymous short works using it before him.[16] The arrangement of these five-stress lines into rhyming couplets, first seen in his The Legend of Good Women, was used in much of his later work and became one of the standard poetic forms in English. His early influence as a satirist is also important, with the common humorous device, the funny accent of a regional dialect, apparently making its first appearance in The Reeve's Tale.The poetry of Chaucer, along with other writers of the era, is credited with helping to standardise the London Dialect of the Middle English language from a combination of the Kentish and Midlands dialects. This is probably overstated; the influence of the court, chancery and bureaucracy—of which Chaucer was a part—remains a more probable influence on the development of Standard English. Modern English is somewhat distanced from the language of Chaucer's poems owing to the effect of the Great Vowel Shift some time after his death. This change in the pronunciation of English, still not fully understood, makes the reading of Chaucer difficult for the modern audience, though it is thought by some that the modern Scottish accent is closely related to the sound of Middle English. The status of the final in Chaucer's verse is uncertain: it seems likely that during the period of Chaucer's writing the final was dropping out of colloquial English and that its use was somewhat irregular. Chaucer's versification suggests that the final is sometimes to be vocalised, and sometimes to be silent; however, this remains a point on which there is disagreement. When it is vocalised, most scholars pronounce it as a schwa. Apart from the irregular spelling, much of the vocabulary is recognisable to the modern reader. Chaucer is also recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary as the first author to use many common English words in his writings. These words were probably frequently used in the language at the time but Chaucer, with his ear for common speech, is the earliest manuscript source. Acceptable, alkali, altercation, amble, angrily, annex, annoyance, approaching, arbitration, armless, army, arrogant, arsenic, arc, artillery and aspect are just some of the many English words first attested in Chaucer.Widespread knowledge of Chaucer's works is attested by the many poets who imitated or responded to his writing. John Lydgate was one of the earliest poets to write continuations of Chaucer's unfinished Tales while Robert Henryson's Testament of Cresseid completes the story of Cressida left unfinished in his Troilus and Criseyde. Many of the manuscripts of Chaucer's works contain material from these poets and later appreciations by the romantic era poets were shaped by their failure to distinguish the later "additions" from original Chaucer. Seventeenth and eighteenth century writers, such as John Dryden, admired Chaucer for his stories, but not for his rhythm and rhyme, as few critics could then read Middle English and the text had been butchered by printers, leaving a somewhat unadmirable mess. It was not until the late 19th century that the official Chaucerian canon, accepted today, was decided upon, largely as a result of Walter William Skeat's work. One hundred and fifty years after his death, The Canterbury Tales was selected by William Caxton to be one of the first books to be printed in England.。
Chaucer(乔叟)
The Significance of The Canterbury Tales
close observation of his time and people (“a master of realism”) adoption of well organized structure sense of humor using English instead of French or Latin
Whan that Aprill, with his shoures soote The droghte of March hath perced to the roote And bathed every veyne in swich licour, Of which vertu engendred is the flour; Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth Inspired hath in every holt and heeth The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne Hath in the Ram his halfe cours yronne, And smale foweles maken melodye, That slepen al the nyght with open eye(So priketh hem Nature in hir corages); Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages And palmeres for to seken straunge strondes To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes; And specially from every shires ende Of Engelond, to Caunterbury they wende, The hooly blisful martir for to seke That hem hath holpen, whan that they were seeke.
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The narrator gives a descriptive account of twenty-seven pilgrims, including a Knight, Squire, Yeoman, Prioress, Monk, Friar, Merchant, Clerk, Man of Law, Franklin, Haberdasher, Carpenter, Weaver, Dyer, Tapestry-Weaver, Cook, Shipman, Physician, Wife, Parson, Plowman, Miller, Manciple, Reeve, Summoner, Pardoner, and Host.
Chaucer’s contribution to English Literature
As a maser of verse, he introduced from, France and Italy the rhymed stanzas of various forms to English poetry instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse, namely:
Notes
(line 9)the sign of the Ram has run: according to the then astronomy, there was an imaginary belt in the heavens, called Zodiac, including the paths of the moon and all the principal planets and its middle line is all the principal planets and its middle line is the ecliptic, or the sun’s path. The zodiac has 12 divisions. The sun is supposed to enter the Ram on March the April. The young sun has run his half-course in the sign of Ram.
Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London(vernacular) the foundation for modern English language. Though drawing influence from French, Italian and Latin models, he is the first poet who wrote in current English language. His products of so much excellent poetry was an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country.
Chaucer
Geoffrey Chaucer, a late-fourteenth-century English poet. Chaucer was born in London in the early 1340s, the only son in his family, which had connections with the court. He married Philippa, a maid of honour to the Queen and sister of the Duke of Lancaster. He began his life as a page in a nobleman’s household. During the Hundred Years’ War(England vs France), he went to France with the English army and was imprisoned there. After returning to England, he was s1ent to the Continent on diplomatic missions, two of which took him to Italy. He died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the “Poets’ Corner”.
Chaucer’s original plan for The Canterbury Tales was for each character to tell four tales, two on the way to Canterbury and two on the way back. But, instead of 120 tales, the text ends after twenty-four tales, and the party is still on its way to Canterbury.
Notes
Tone: when we read a poem, we hear a voice speaking to us. The voice of a poem, like the voice of a person, usually has a tone. It may be affectionate or it may be hostile; it may be sincere or it may be ironic. Thus the tone of a poem refers to the implied attitude of the author toward his theme or subject.
the heroic couplet, the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter, which was to be very important in the 18th century. The Canterbury Tales is written in this form. The rhyme royal, a seven-line stanza in iambic pentameter, rhyming ababbcc. Troylus and Criseyde is written in this form. The terza rima, three-line stanzas, rhyming aba, bcb, cdc, etc. which he imitated from Dante in some of his minor poems. The octave, eight-line iambic pentameter stanza, rhyming ababbcbc, in which The Monk’s Tale is written.
Chaucer’s travel to Italy and France brought him into close contact with literature far excelling English in quality and polish. In Italy, in particular, his imagination must have been stirred when he found himself in the midst of the flowering Renaissance. Thus in a manner of speaking, he developed into a pre-Renaissance writer addressing a medieval English audience.
The Canterbury Tales
The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer’s greatest work, designed about 1378, and written for the most part in Heroic couplet. The whole poem is a collection of tales and stories strung together according to a simple plan.
The author draws a group of vivid sketches of typical medieval figures from different walks of life. He introduces the profession, appearance and character of these pilgrims one by one, with mild satire and humor, and through this description and the stories they tell, he presents before the reader a panoramic view of his contemporary society, with the exception of the higher nobility and the impoverished. It is also a comprehensive anthology of medieCharacters
Rhyme and meter—Heroic couplet
Geoffrey Chaucer
Geoffrey Chaucer— Father of English poetry.
Major Works
The Book of the Duchess (1369-1370) The Parliament of Fowls(1380) The House of Fame (1347-1384) Troilus and Criseyde (1380-1385) The Canterbury Tales (1386-1400)