托福听力Geology

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托福听力的分类词汇

托福听力必备分类词汇1 geography 地理geography 地理geographer 地理学家hemisphere 半球meridian 子午线，经线parallel 平行圈，纬线latitude 经度longitude 精度elevation 海拔altitude 高度temperate latitudes 温带地区horizon 地平线equator 赤道tropics 热带地区Arctic 北极Antarctic(Antarctica) 南极expedition 探险time zone 时区topography 地形，地形学plain 平原plateau (highland) 高地lowland 低地basin 盆地cavern (cave) 洞穴terrain 地域subterranean ( underground) 地底下coastland 沿海地区island 岛屿continental island 大陆岛volcanic island 火山岛coral island 珊瑚岛islet 小岛peninsular 半岛continent 大陆continental shelf 大陆架ranges 山脉valley 峡谷canyon 峡谷channel (strait) 海峡remote-sensing 遥感的terrestrial 地球的，陆地的terrestrial heat (geothermal) 地热terrestrial magnetism (geomagnetism) 地磁continental drift 大陆漂移学说sea-floor spreading 海床扩展evaporation 蒸发salinity 含盐度ocean bottom 海床sediment 沉淀物，沉积物tropical 热带的temperate 温带的frigid 寒带的formation 形成frost heaving 冻胀现象fieldstone 卵石2 anthropologist 人类学家paleoanthropologist 古人类学家ecological anthropologist 生态人类学家psychological anthropologist 心理人类学家origin 起源originate 起源于ancestor 祖先hominid 人（科）homogeneous 同一种族（种类）的tribe 部落clan 氏族archeologist 考古学家excavation 挖掘excavate (unearth) 挖掘ruins 遗迹，废墟remains 遗迹，遗骸artifact 手工艺品relic 遗物，文物antique 古物，古董antiquity 古代，古老Stone Age 石器时代Bronze Age （青）铜器时代Iron Age 铁器时代Paleolithic 旧石器时代的Mesolithic 中石器时代的Neolithic 新石器时代的archaeology 考古学anthropology 人类学morphology 形态学skull 颅骨cranial 颅骨的3 ecology 生态学ecologist 生态学家ecosystem 生态系统balance (of nature) 自然界生态平衡fauna 动物群flora 植物群rain forest 雨林food chain 食物链acid rain 酸雨greenhouse effect 温室效应infrared radiation 红外线辐射ozone layer (ozonosphere) 臭氧层ultraviolet radiation 紫外辐射pollution 污染pollution control 污染控制air pollution 空气污染water pollution 水污染noise pollution 噪音污染soil pollution 土壤污染pollution-free 无污染pollutant 污染物noxious (toxic) 有毒的fumes （有毒）废气waste 废物solid waste 固体垃圾sewage (wastewater) 污水sewage purification 污水净化sewage disposal 污水处理decibel （噪音）分贝4 meteorology 气象meteorology 气象meteorologist 气象学家forecast (predict) 预报climate 气候atmosphere 大气层troposphere 对流层current （气）流vapor 蒸汽evaporate 蒸发damp (wet; moist; humid) 潮湿的humidity 湿度moisture 潮湿；水分saturate 饱和dew 露frost 霜fog (mist) 雾smog 烟雾droplet 小水珠condense 浓缩crystal 水晶体downpour (torrential rain) 大雨tempest (storm) 暴风雨drizzle 细雨shower 阵雨hail 冰雹blizzard (snowstorm) 暴风雪avalanche (snowslide) 雪崩precipitation （雨、露、雪等）降水breeze 微风gale 大风whirlwind 旋风typhoon 台风hurricane 飓风tornado (twister, cyclone) 龙卷风funnel 漏斗，漏斗云disaster (calamity, catastrophe) 灾难devastation 破坏submerge 淹没drought 旱灾5 agriculture 农业agriculture (farming) 农业agricultural 农业的land (soil) 土壤；土地soil conservation 土壤保护soil erosion 泥土流失silt 粉砂，泥沙clay 黏土，湿土clod 土块agrarian 土地的，农业的pilot (experimental ) 试验性的harrow( rake) 耙，耙土ridge 田埂furrow 犁沟plot （patch）小块地ranch 农场，牧场plantation 种植园orchard 果园nursery 苗圃seedbed 苗床sickle 镰刀spade 铲，锹shovel (平头) 铲pick 稿tractor 拖拉机cultivate (till) 耕作sow(seed) 播种harvest 收割weed 除草irrigate 灌溉manure(fertilizer) 肥料spray 喷洒（农药）insecticide(pesticide)杀虫剂pest 害虫rust 锈病grain (cereal) 谷物，谷粒granary(grain store) 粮仓mill 碾，磨wheat 小麦corn 玉米rice 大米barley 大麦sorghum 高粱oats燕麦rye 黑麦millet 粟，小米vegetable 蔬菜horticulture 园艺学hydroponics 水栽法，营养液栽培法greenhouse(glasshouse, hotbed) 温室cabbage 洋白菜lettuce 生菜mustard 芥菜spinach 菠菜broccoli 花椰菜cucumber 黄瓜eggplant 茄子pepper 辣椒pumpkin 南瓜tomato 西红柿beet 甜菜carrot 胡萝卜radish 小红萝卜pea 豌豆soybean 大豆celery 芹菜garlic 大蒜leek 韭菜onion 洋葱头potato 土豆peanut 花生sesame 芝麻cotton 棉花husbandry (animal husbandry) 畜牧业pasture 牧场livestock 家畜fowl (poultry) 家禽cattle 牛，家畜buffalo 野牛dairy (dairy cattle) 奶牛dairy farm 乳牛场hay （作饲料用）干草haystack 干草堆fodder (feed) 饲料trough 饲料槽barn(shed) 牲口槽stable 厩，马厩cowshed 牛棚pigpen (hog pen, pigsty) 猪圈sheepfold (sheep pen) 羊栏roost (hen house) 鸡舍fish farm 养鱼场aquaculture 水产养殖7 animal 动物Darvinism 达尔文学说natural selection 自然选择class 纲order 目family 科genus 属suborder 亚目species 种invertebrate 无脊椎动物vertebrate 脊椎动物aquatic( life) 水生动物reptile 爬行动物amphibian (amphibious animal) 两栖动物dinosaur 恐龙bird 鸟类extinction 灭绝mammal 哺乳动物primates 灵长目动物insect 昆虫antenna (复数antennae) 触须larva 幼虫，幼体camouflage 伪装pest 害虫worm 虫，蠕虫hibernate 冬眠lizard 蜥蜴chameleon 变色蜥蜴regeneration 再生turtle 龟beast 野兽domesticate 驯养predatory (carnivorous ) 食肉的predator 捕食者prey （动词）捕食（名词）被捕食的动物scavenger 食腐动物migrate 迁移wing 翅膀，翼bill （鸟）嘴beak （鹰等的）嘴nest 筑巢dolphin 海豚whale 鲸鱼bat 蝙蝠gorilla 大猩猩chimpanzee 黑猩猩habitat 栖息地rodent 啮齿动物（如松鼠）primate 灵长动物plankton 浮游生物mollusk 软体动物coelenterate 腔肠动物（如珊瑚）shrimp 小虾prawn 对虾lobster 对虾crab 螃蟹clam 蛤蜊sponge 海绵coral 珊瑚starfish 海星canary 金丝雀chirp (鸟，虫的叫声)唧唧squeak （老鼠等）吱吱porpoise 海豚sloth 树懒slothful 懒惰的hygiene 卫生sanitation 卫生parasite 寄生虫moth 蛾caterpillar 毛虫hordes (昆虫等)群swarms (昆虫等)群flock （鸟，羊等）群community 动物的群落或人的部落herd 兽群bunch （花等）束，捧beaver 海狸monogamous 一夫一妻的，一雄一雌的polygamous一夫多妻的，一雄多雌的polyandrous 一妻多夫的，一雌多雄的trapper 诱捕动物者rhinoceros 犀牛niche 小生态环境vestige 退化器官，遗迹oyster 牡蛎fertilizer 使…受精larvae 幼虫tentacle 触角homotherm 恒温动物poikilotherm 变温动物metabolism 新陈代谢baboon 狒狒breed (名词)品种，（动词）繁殖multiply （reproduce）繁殖hatch 孵spawn (鱼、虾、蛙等)孵offspring (young)后代anatomy 解剖学appetite 食欲creature 生物microbe 微生物herbivorous 食草的carnivorous 食肉的omnivorous 杂事的8 plant 植物botany 植物学botanist 植物学家botanical (botanic) 植物的plant 植物aquatic plant 水生植物parasite plant 寄生植物root 根canopy 树冠层，顶棚foliage (leaf) 叶leaflet 小叶rosette (叶的)丛生stem 茎stalk 杆leafstalk 叶柄shoot (sprout ) 嫩芽，抽枝flower 花bud 花蕾petal 花瓣peel(skin) 果皮shell (硬) 果壳husk （干）果壳；（玉米）苞叶trunk 树干branch 树枝bough 大或者粗的树枝twig 小树枝bark 树皮jungle 丛林lawn 草坪meadow 草地，牧场prairie 大草原shrub (bush) 灌木cluster 一簇（灌木）fern 蕨类植物herb 草photosynthesis 光合作用symbiosis 共生wither (shrivel, fade) 凋谢pollen 花粉pollinate 传授花粉pollination 授粉cell 细胞tissue 组织organ 器官system 系统seeds 种子everlasting 永久的orchid 兰花pollinate 授粉crossbreed 杂交shrub 灌木sequoia 红杉root pressure 根压cohesion-tension 凝聚压力bore 腔，肠column 花柱symbiotic 共生的immunity 免疫organism 生物，有机物necrosis 坏死barren 贫瘠futile 无用的carbohydrate (starch) 碳水化合物（淀粉），糖类glucose 葡萄糖starch 淀粉fat 脂肪protein 蛋白质vitamin 维他命calorie 卡路里（热量单位）malnourished 营养不良的nutrition 营养9 politics 政治constitution 宪法legislation 立法Democrats 民主党Republicans 共和党Amendment 修正案Congress 美国国会Senate 参议院House of Representatives 众议院monarchy 君主制anarchism 无政府主义federal system 联邦制presidential system 总统制municipal 市的，市政的metropolitan 大都市的centralized 中央集权的ideology 意识形态maneuver 擦略tariff 关税immigrant 移民institutionalize 机构化election 选举vote 投票officeholding 任职veto 否决American Revolution 美国革命/独立战争Independence War 美国独立战争American Civil War 美国内战radical 激进的,根本的overturning 颠覆性的independent 独立的breathtaking 激动人心的military 军事的colonize 拓殖，殖民per capita 人均treason 叛国conspiracy 阴谋imprisonment 监禁release 释放pardon 特赦accusation 谴责，指控welfare 福利patronage 资助，赞助unionization 联合，结合10 education 教育educator 教育家higher education 高等教育moral character 道德品质domain 领域faculty 全体教员alumni 校友treasurer 生活委员，财务大臣elective system 选课制度curriculum 课程（总称）discipline 学科，管理learn by rote 死记硬背11 psychology 心理mental 心理的physical 身体的，物质的，物理的spiritual 心灵的conformity 从众majority 多数人minority 少数人threshold judgment （心理学）初始性判断subject 受实验对象12 people 人物artist 艺术家choreographer 舞蹈编排家critic 批评家satirist 讽刺作家inventor 发明家biographer 自传作家sculptor 雕塑家feminist 女权主义者humanitarian 人道主义者imagist 意象派诗人philanthropist 慈善家proprietor 业主mortal 犯人precursor 先驱figurehead 名誉领袖disciple 学徒apprentice 学徒mechanic 机械工minimalist 简单抽象派艺术avant-garde 前卫派territory 领域genre 风格，体裁eccentric 古怪的odd 怪诞的，奇数的erratic 奇怪的weird 怪异的，不可思议的unique 独一无二的romantic 浪漫的innocent 天真的，无罪的lovelorn 相思病苦的emotional 情绪的，情感的sentimental 感伤的，多愁善感的cheerless 无精打采的，无生命力的patriarchal 家长的，族长rigid 僵化的spare 简朴的clumsy 笨拙的nervous 紧张的zigzag 曲折的contemporary 当代的acclaimed 受欢迎的preeminent 杰出的outstanding 杰出的versatile (人)多才多艺的，（物体）多功能的household 家庭的，家喻户晓的genuine 真正的authentic 逼真的symbolic 象征性的immortal 不朽的，神nostalgia 怀旧主义，思乡emotive 感人的prodigious 巨大classic 经典的posthumous 死后的。

托福听力Geology

Geologystructure['strʌktʃə]n. 结构, 构造；有结构的事物; 复杂的整体; 建筑物vt. 组织; 安排; 构造; 制定solid['sɔlid]adj. 固体的；实心的；结实的; 稳定的；可靠的；纯粹的; 纯质的; 纯色的n. 固体vertebrate['vɜ:təbrɪt, -,breɪt]n. 脊椎动物adj. 有脊椎的;脊椎动物的mystery['mistəri]n. 神秘(性), 秘密(性)；神秘的事, 难以理解的事物；来历不明[难探究竟]的人trail[treil]vt. &(使某物)被拖在后面vi.vt. 跟踪, 追踪vi. (在比赛等中)输, 失败n. 足迹; 臭迹；小径；一缕, 一股footprint['fʊt,prɪnt]n. (尤指软地上的)脚印,足迹;(地板上的)脚印,鞋印；<商>(建筑物或设备,尤指计算机)占用的空间； <术>(尤指来自卫星的)广播信号覆盖区machinery[mə'ʃi:nəri]n. (总称)机器；体系, 机构bulldozer['bʊl,dəʊzə]n. 推土机；恐吓者；威胁者track[træk]n. 踪迹, 痕迹, 足迹；小路；路径, 路线；轨道；跑道vt. 跟踪, 追踪dominant['dɔminənt]adj. 占优势的；统治的, 支配的；高耸的; 突出的zigzag['ziɡzæɡ]adj. (指线条、小径等)锯齿形的, 之字形的, Z字形的n. 锯齿形的线条、小径等vi. 弯弯曲曲地走路, 曲折地前进clay[klei]n. 黏土, 泥土occasional[ə'keiʒənəl]adj. 偶尔的, 不经常的slippery['slipəri]adj. 光滑的; 滑溜的flood[flʌd]vt. & (使)为水淹没；大量涌来；充满vi.vi. 泛滥, 溢出n. 洪水, 水灾；大量, 大批sheet[ʃi:t]n. 被单, 褥单, 床单；薄板, 薄片；纸；一团, 一片, 一层trap[træp]vt. 诱骗; 诱捕; 设陷阱捕捉；困住, 使陷入绝境；使受限制n. (捕捉动物的)夹子, 罗网, 陷阱；圈套, 困境；(对付人的)计谋, 策略, 陷阱route[ru:t]n. 路, 路途, 路线, 路程tilt[tilt]vt. &(使)倾斜vi.n. 倾斜magnetic[mæɡ'netik]adj. 有磁性的, 有吸引力的；磁性的eliminate[i'limineit]vt. 消除, 排除；忽略；淘汰；〈口〉干掉possibility[,pɔsə'biliti]n. 可能性；可能的事；可以利用和改善的余地; 潜力wilderness['wɪldənɪs]n. 荒野;沙漠sensitive['sensitiv]adj. 易受伤害的, 易损坏的; 易受影响的; 敏感的；易生气的; 感情容易冲动的; 神经质的；〈褒〉有细腻感情的; 同情理解的；(指仪器等)灵敏的；需要小心处理(以免引起麻烦或冒犯)的, 敏感的, 微妙的meteorology[,mi:ti:ə'rɔlədʒi:]n. 气象学perspective[pə'spektiv]n. 远景, 景；前途; 希望；透视；透视图；观点, 想法vibrant['vaɪbrənt]adj. 振动的;颤动的;响亮的；充满生气的;精力充沛的;兴奋的；(尤指颜色)鲜明的, 醒目的desolate['desəlit]adj. 无人的, 荒凉的；阴郁的, 孤独凄凉的['desəleit]vt. 毁坏, 极大地破坏；使沮丧, 使痛苦monsoon[mɔn'su:n]n. (南亚、尤指印度洋的)季风； (与季风相伴的)雨季dot[dɔt]n. 点, 小圆点vt. 以小圆点标出；分布各处；打, 击(某人)formation[fɔ:'meiʃən]n. 形成, 构成；形成物；编队, 排列limestone['laɪm,stəʊn]n. 石灰岩torrential[tɔ:'renʃəl, tə-]adj. 似急流的;猛烈的;汹涌的soak[səuk]vt. &浸, 泡；浸透, 湿透vi.vi. 酗酒dune[du:n, dju:n]n. 沙丘silt[sɪlt]n. 淤泥,淤滓vt. &(河流等)为淤泥淤塞vi.particle['pɑ:tikl]n. 微粒, 颗粒, 〈物〉粒子；极少量；小品词penetrate['penitreit]vt. &穿过, 刺入, 渗入；了解vi.vt. 看穿scatter['skætə]vt. &(使)散开, (使)分散; 驱散vi.vt. 撒n. 零星少数; 少量valley['væli]n. 山谷；流域chop[tʃɔp]vt. &砍, 伐, 劈vi.n. 带骨的肉块；剁, 砍, 劈ecosystem['ekəʊ,sɪstəm, 'i:kəʊ-]n. <生>生态系统habitat['hæbɪ,tæt]n. (动物的)栖息地, 住处buffalo['bʌfələu]n. 水牛, (南非或北美的)野牛clam[klæm]n. 蚌, 蛤vi. (在沙滩上)挖蛤。

福州朗阁托福：托福听力lecture笔记要记什么怎么记

福州朗阁托福：托福听力lecture笔记要记什么怎么记朗阁海外考试研究中心王婧托福考试中，听力是占比重较大的部分。

除了阅读，其余三个单项都有听力参与其中。

再加上托福考试听力的形式又与雅思不同，是先听音频再出现题目的，这就更加增加了考试难度。

因此，在托福考试的听力部分，如何记笔记成为决胜的关键。

本文将以TPO 16中LECTURE 1 (Geology)为例，从三个方面谈谈如何记好听力lecture笔记。

一、记什么记笔记容易有一个误区，把所有听到的全部记下来，其实不然。

如果全部记下，信息太多，重点不突出，很难找出答案；同时考试中也很难有那么快的速度记下全部的内容。

所以听力笔记最关键的是把重点即出题点记下来，这样根据题目找答案自然又快又准确。

那么何为出题点呢？一言以概之，topic、信号词、提问以及特殊语气变化。

1. Topic不论是conversation还是lecture, 第一题都是问文章的大意即topic, 可见其重要性。

对于lecture来说，如果知道文章的大意，也可以更好地从结构上把握文章，这点后面再进一步论述。

Topic在lecture中一般有三种给出方式。

第一，开门见山式，即professor一上来就说今天的话题，常听见的表达有“Today/Ok/Right, we are going to talk about...”在TPO中这类给出话题的方式比比皆是，例如本篇文章，一上来就说“Now, there are some pretty interesting caves in United States... One of the most interesting one is called Lechuguilla caves”，这样本文话题就很清楚是关于某种cave 的。

第二，转折式，即professor一上来先总结上节课的内容，再转入今天要说的话题，常见表达方式为“We were talking about... last lesson, but today we are going to talk about...”, 例如TPO 27中PART 2的LECTURE 1, “Your reading for today touches on dinosaur fossils in... . Today we will be discussing the sauropods”, 先总结作业再引入今天的话题。

托福听力TPO1原文 Lecture 2

下面就让小编来为大家介绍一下托福听力TPO1原文中Lecture 2的文本内容吧，大家要好好把握，这些都是非常有价值的材料，希望能够给准备托福听力的同学带来帮助。

TPO 1 Lecture2GeologyListen to part of a lecture in a geology class.ProfessorOk, let’s get started. Great. Today I want to talk about a way in which we are able to determine how old a piece of land, or some other geologic feature is - dating techniques. I’m going to talk about a particular dating technique. Why? Good dating is key to good analysis. In other words, if you want to know how a land formation was formed, the first thing you probably want to know is how old it is. It’s fundamental.Uh… Take the Grand Canyon for instance. Now, we geologists thought we had a pretty good idea of how the Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States was formed. We knew that it was formed from sandstone that solidified somewhere between 150 and 300 million years ago. Before it solidified, it was just regular sand. Essentially it was part of a vast desert. And until just recently, most of us thought the sand had come from an ancient mountain range fairly close by that flattened out over time. That’s been the conventional wisdom among geologists for quite some time.But now we’ve learned something different, and quite surprising, using a technique called Uranium-Lead Dating. I should say that Uranium-Lead Dating has been around for quite a while. But there have been some recent refinements. I will get into this in a minute.Anyway, Uranium-Lead Dating has produced some surprises. Two geologists discovered that about half of the sand from the Grand Canyon was actually once part of the Appalachian Mountains. That’s really eye-opening news, since the Appalachian Mountain Range is, of course, thousands of kilometers to the east of the Grand Canyon. Sounds pretty unbelievable, right? Of course, the obvious question is how did that sand end up so far west? The theory is that huge rivers and wind carried the sand west where it mixed in with the sand that was already there.Well, this was a pretty revolutionary finding. Um… and it was basically because of Uranium-Lead Dating. Why? Well, as everyone in this class should know, we usually look at the grain type within sandstone, meaning the actual particles in the sandstone, to determine where it came from. You can do other things too,like look at the wind or water that brought the grains to their location and figure out which way it was flowing. But that’s only useful up to a point, and that’s not what these two geologists did.Uranium-Lead Dating allowed them to go about it in an entirely different way. What they did was: they looked at the grains of Zircon in the sandstone. Zircon is a material that contains radioactive Uranium, which makes it very useful for dating purposes. Zircon starts off as molten magma, the hot lava from volcanoes. This magma then crystallizes. And when Zircon crystallizes, the Uranium inside it begins to change into Lead. So if you measure the amount of Lead in the Zircon grain, you can figure out when the grain was formed. After that, you can determine the age of Zircon from different mountain ranges.Once you do that, you can compare the age of the Zircon in the sandstone in your sample to the age of the Zircon in the mountains. If the age of the Zircon matches the age of one of the mountain ranges, then it means the sandstone actually used to be part of that particular mountain range. Is everybody with me on that? Good. So, in this case, Uranium-Lead Dating was used to establish that half of the sandstone in the samples was formed at the same time the granite in the Appalachian Mountains was formed. So because of this, this new way of doing Uranium-Lead Dating, we’ve been able to determine that one of our major assumptions about the Grand Canyon was wrong.Like I said before, Uranium-Lead Dating has been with us for a while. But, um… until recently, in order to do it, you really had to study many individual grains. And it took a long time before you got results. It just wasn’t very efficient. And it wasn’t very accurate. But technical advances have cut down on the number of grains you have to study, so you get your results faster. So I’ll predict that Uranium-Lead Dating is going to become an increasingly popular dating method.There are a few pretty exciting possibilities for Uranium-Lead Dating. Here is one that comes to mind. You know the theory that earth’s continents were once joined together and only split apart relatively recently? Well, with Uranium-Lead Dating, we could prove that more conclusively. If they show evidence of once having been joined, that could really tell us a lot about the early history of the planet’s geology.独白：听一段地质学课程。

托福听力考题--地质？地理？

地质？地理？地质学（注意：不是地理就有一篇关于地质的内容。

具体是讲“冰期形成也许是因为南了大西洋和太平。

大西洋北，此地区降水减少，，导致冰期”中学时代没好好学习的童鞋们，看着中文介绍都眼晕吧？那更不要说听英文了！看过《冰河世纪》的小嘛，确实是哦，但是这还是那个Anna Mama讲了很多次的道理：“对于托福听力部分的考试，除了要从题型（就是你需要的ji4qiao3）的角度来分类去练习TOEFL听力材料，在lecture这个部分，还应当按照学科话题的分类来分析总结听力材料(就是你需要积累的词汇+不同学科的内容逻辑脉络)。

在看地质学科的高频基础词汇之前，先明白geology与geography的区别，因为课上有太多同学问到Anna mama这个问题啦！●geology是研究地球本身的学科。

It is an earth science comprising the study of solid Earth, the rocksof which it is composed, and the processes by which they change. Geology can also refer generally to the study of the solid features of any celestial body (such as the geology of the Moon or Mars).●geography是一门描述地球表面的科学(surface of the Earth)。

地理学描述和分析发生在地球表面上的自然、生物和人文现象的空间变化，探讨它们之间的相互关系. Geography is a field of science dedicated to the study of the lands, the features, the inhabitants, and the phenomena of Earth. Modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline that foremost seeks to understand the Earth and all of its human and natural complexities—not merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be.地质学科在TPO中讲述过“dating technique(TPO1), Lechuguilla Cave (TPO16), (TPO10), glacial movement(TPO7), tectonic plate movement (TPO31)”等等地质类话题。

【托福听力备考】TPO16 听力文本——Lecture 1

【托福听力备考】TPO16 听力文本——Lecture 1众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。

相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。

TPO 16 Lecture 1 geologyNarrator: Listen to a part of lecture in a geology class.Professor: Now there are some pretty interesting caves in parts of thewestern United States, especially in national parks. There is one part that hasover a hundred caves, including some of the largest ones in the world. One ofthe more interesting ones is called Lechuguilla Cave. Lechuguilla has beenexplored a lot in recent decades. It’s a pretty exciting place I think. It wasmentioned only briefly in your books. So can anyone remember what it said?Ellen?Male Student: It’s the deepest limestone cave in the U.S.?Professor: That’s right. It’s one of the longest and deepest limestone cavesnot just in the country but in the world. Now, what else?Male Student: Well, it was formed because of sulfuric acid, right?Professor: That’s it. Yeah, what happens is you have deep underground oildeposits and there are bacteria. Here let me draw a diagram.Part of the limestone rock layer is permeated by water from below. Thosecurly lines are supposed to be cracks in the rock. Below the water table androck is oil. Bacteria feed on this oil and release hydrogen sulfide gas. Thisgas is hydrogen sulfide, rises up and mixes with oxygen in the underground waterthat sits in the cracks and fissures in the limestone. And when hydrogen sulfide reacts with the oxygen in the water, the result of that is sulfuric acid, Ok? Sulfuric acid eats away at limestone very aggressively. So you get bigger cracks and then passageways being formed along the openings in the rock and it’s all underground. Ah yes, Paul?Male Student: So that water... It’s not flowing, right? It’s still? Professor: Yes, so there’s two kinds of limestone caves. In about 90 percent of them, you have water from the surface, streams, waterfall or whatever - moving water that flows through cracks found in the limestone. It’s the moving water itself that wears away at the rock and makes passageways.Also, in surface water, there is a weak acid, carbonic acid, not sulfuric acid, but carbonic acid that helps dissolve the rock. With a little help from this carbonic acid, moving water forms most of the world’s limestone caves. When I was researching this for a study a few years ago, I visited a couple of these typical limestone caves, and they were all very wet, you know, from streams and rivers. This flowing water carved out the caves and the structures inside them.Male Student: But not Lechuguilla?Professor: Dry as a bone. Well, that might be a bit of an exaggeration. But it’s safe to say that it’s sulfuric acid and not moving water that formed Lechuguilla cave and those few other ones like it. In fact, there is no evidencethat flowing water has even gone in or out of the cave. So, it’s like a maze.You have passageways all around. There are wide passages, narrow ones at all different depths, like underground tunnels in the limestone. And, since they were created underground and not from flowing surface water, not all these passageways have an opening to the outside world.And.. .and there is other evidence that flowing water wasn’t involved in Lechuguilla. We’ve said that sulfuric acid dissolves limestone, right, and forms the passageways? What else does sulfuric acid do? Paul?Male Student: Ah, leaves a chemical residue ... um...Female Student: Gypsum, right?Professor: Yep, you’ll find lots of gypsum deposited at Lechuguilla. And, as we know, gypsum is soluble in water. So if there were flowing water in the cave, it would dissolve the gypsum. This is part of what led us to the realization that Lechuguilla is in that small group of waterless caves.And Lechuguilla is pretty much dormant now. It’s not really forming any more.But, there is other ones like it, for example, in Mexico, that are forming. And when cave researchers go to explore them, they see and smell, the sulfuric acidand gases of...er...phew...now, something else, think of rotten eggs. And, it’snot just the smell. Explorers even need to wear special masks to protect themselves from the gases in these caves. OK? Paul.Male Student: Yeah, how about what these caves look like on the inside?Professor: Well, the formations.. .there is really something. There’s such variety there, like nothing anywhere else in the world, some of them are elaborate looking, like decorations. And a lot of them are made of gypsum and could be up to 20 feet long. It’s pretty impressive.。

托福听力天文地理篇（astronomygeology）

托福听力天文地理篇(astronomy&geology)Hello, 相信不少备考托福的同学都知道托福听力会考到天文题，今天就为大家来解读一下学科背景专项和套题模考强化段之天文地理篇(astronomy& geology)托福听力天文地理篇(astronomy& geology)首先，小编先来讲一下文章题材，从TPO11-34，我们可以发现一般天文类的文章主要分为两大类，一类是解释说明文(eg现象，物质，新的发现等)，还有一类就是议论文(eg不同观点或者新老观点对比等) 那对于第一类说明文，文章内容主要是现象的特点特征，产生这种现象的原因，科学家们是如何发现现象或探测的方法，以及在文末可能会出现Prof对前文的观点或者方法的评价。

第二类议论文，文章内容主要是新老观点对比，或是不同学术者提出自己的观点，那么那些支持不同观点的论据就是听力中需要记录的要点，同样在文末可能会出现Prof对于这些观点的评价。

天文学类的文章很容易出现新的词或者信息，通常在这些词和信息后面都会有解释甚至是停顿，这时候童鞋们就需要打起十二分精神仔细听，因为考点很有可能就会出现。

以上这些都是童鞋们需要记录的要点。

对于这类的题材问题主要是主旨题，细节题(特征，因果，产生什么作用等)，语境语义题(Prof的观点，或句子文中的含义)下面是小编为大家整理的TPO里面关于天文学一类的素材，按照不同的难易程度来分，11-19可以作为背景专项训练，20-34可以作为模考强化训练，其中25之后和现在考试难度相似Difficult TPO 13 L4, TPO 19 L2, TPO 21 L1, TPO 22 L2, TPO 24 L4, TPO 30 L3Medium TPO 14 L3, TPO 18 L1, TPO 26 L3HOHO~~现在是不是对天文的概念要清晰一点了，接下来小编再和童鞋们分享一下地理篇。

相对于天文学来说，地理学主要是以说明文为主(eg 说明一种现象、板块移动说、自然环境生态的形成等)同样的这些说明文就是对一种现象和自然生态的解释说明，包括了形成过程，特征特点，产生的原因，科学家们如何研究得出结论(eg 用什么仪器设备，探测什么物质的含量等)那文末就会是Prof对前面观点和结论的评价或者是总结。

托福听力学科词汇GEOLOGY

GEOLOGYearthquake / quake/ seism/temblor 地震trembling/ tremor/shaking 摇晃,震颤,颤动seismic 地震的seismograph/ seismoscope/ seismometer/ seismic detector 地动仪,地震仪seismology 地震学magnitude 震级amplitude 振幅seismic intensity scale 震烈度seismic wave 地震波body wave 体波longitudinal wave/ / compressional/ primary wave (P-wave 纵波transverse wave/ sheer/ Secondary wave (S-wave 横波surface wave 面波wave length 波长epicenter 震中epicentral distance 震中距aftershock 余震hypocenter 震源depth of hypocenter/ focal depth 震源深度cataclysm 灾变calamity/ catastrophe/disaster 大灾难catastrophic/ calamitous 灾难的tsunami / tidal 海啸collapse 崩塌undersea landslide 海底山崩crust 地壳mantle 地幔core 地核continental crust大陆地壳oceanic crust 海洋地壳layer / stratum 地层stratigraphy 地层学fault 断层fault plane 断层面fault zone 断层带rift / crack / split 断裂disintegration /decomposition 分解erosion 腐蚀fossil 化石igneous rock 火成岩sedimentary rock 沉积岩metamorphic rock 变质岩limestone 石灰岩granite 花岗岩marble 大理石lithosphere 岩石圈magma / molten lava 岩浆quartz 石英mineral 矿物ore 矿石deposit 矿床rubble 碎石debris 残骸platinum 白金/ 铂金silver 银copper 黄铜aluminum 铝tin 锡lead 铅zinc 锌nickel 镍mercury 汞/水银sodium 钠gem 宝石diamond钻石emerald 绿宝石ruby 红宝石glacier 冰川glacial 冰川的glacial epoch / age / period 冰川期glacial drift 冰渍moraines 冰碛iceberg 冰山volcano 火山active volcano 活火山extinct volcano 死火山dormant volcano 休眠火山(sloping shield volcano 盾状火山(平缓 (steep-sided cone volcano 锥状火山(陡峭eruption 火山喷发crater 火山口caldera (开口较大的火山口depression 洼地,凹陷处;盆地lava 火山岩浆volcanic dust 火山尘volcanic ash 火山灰geyser 间歇喷泉hot spring 温泉melt global warming 全球逐渐变暖aquifer 蓄水层swamp 沼泽peat bog 泥炭沼泽Great Canyon 大峡谷Nile River 尼罗河Colorado river 科罗拉多河crumples zones 地质缓冲地带bedrock 岩床bulge 凸起物。

托福TPO25口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO25口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO25口语Task6听力文本： Listen to part of a lecture in a geology class. (female professor) Rocks near the Earth's surface are directly exposed to elements in the environment such as air and water, and also to conditions such as temperature change as well as to living organism. And this exposure to the environment can actually cause even huge rocks to break into smaller pieces. This process is called weathering. Let's talk about a couple ways weathering occurs.First of all, rocks are often exposed to water. In cold wet environments rocks can break due to water freezing inside of them. How does this happen? Well, as I am sure you know, when water freezes it expands and over time this can lead to weathering. Um, imagine a rock with a small opening or crack in it. It rains and water gets into the crack and stays there. Then, at night, the temperature drops and water inside the crack freezes. This growing, expanding ice pushes outward on either side of the crack causing it to get slightly bigger. When this happens again and again, the crack becomes larger and eventually pieces of the rock break off. OK, weathering can also be caused by plants, by a plant growth. If a plant seed gets blown into the crack of a rock, it may take root. And its root will grow down into the rock. The plant’s roots can cause the rock to break down, uh, fracture. You may have seen this with large trees growing on top of a ro ck, a great example of this. Usually there’s enough dirt in a crack of a rock or on top of a rock to allow a tree to start growing there. As the tree grows over the years, the tree’s roots extend downward into the crack and crevasses of the rock in search of water and nutrients. Over time, the roots get bigger and grow deeper, widening and enlarging the cracks, causing the rock to break apart. 托福TPO25口语Task6题目： Using point and examples from the lecture, explain two ways weathering occurs. 托福TPO25口语Task6满分范文： There're two ways for rock to weather. The first one is by water. Rocks are often exposed to water, so they can break as a result of water freezing inside of them. When it rains, the rainwater falls into the small cracks in the rock and stays there. Then when the temperature drops at night, the water freezes into ice, which expands and sticks out of the cracks, pushing outward and thus gradually enlarging the cracks until finally the rock breaks off from the inside. Another one is by plant growth. Usually there's some dirt in the cracks or on the top of a rock, which is enough for a plant to grow there. So when the seed of a plant stays, it may take root there. And the roots then extend deeper into the cracks searching for water and nutrients.Over time, the roots grow bigger and deeper. Meanwhile they enlarge and widen the cracks from the inside, which also results in a breaking-apart. (166 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO25口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

托福听力单词量要求

托福听力单词量要求一、学术场景类。

1. Biology（生物）- organism ['ɔːɡənɪzəm] n. 生物；有机体。

- species ['spiːʃiːz] n. 物种；种类。

- ecosystem ['iːkəʊsɪstəm] n. 生态系统。

- adaptation [ˌædæp'teɪʃn] n. 适应；改编。

- cell [sel] n. 细胞。

2. Geology（地质学）- stratum ['strɑːtəm] n. （pl. strata）地层；阶层。

- volcano [vɒl'keɪnəʊ] n. 火山。

- igneous ['ɪɡniəs] adj. 火的；[岩] 火成的。

- sedimentary [ˌsedɪ'mentri] adj. 沉淀的；沉积的。

- metamorphic [ˌmetə'mɔːfɪk] adj. 变质的；变形的。

3. Astronomy（天文学）- galaxy ['ɡæləksi] n. 星系；银河系。

- planet ['plænɪt] n. 行星。

- satellite ['sætəlaɪt] n. 卫星；人造卫星。

- orbit ['ɔːbɪt] n. 轨道；眼眶 v. 绕轨道而行。

- constellation [ˌkɒnstə'leɪʃn] n. 星座；星群。

二、校园生活场景类。

1. Course（课程）- curriculum [kə'rɪkjələm] n. 课程；全部课程。

- syllabus ['sɪləbəs] n. 教学大纲；摘要。

- assignment [ə'saɪnmənt] n. 分配；任务；作业。

- lecture ['lektʃə(r)] n. 演讲；讲稿；教训 v. 演讲；讲课。

【托福听力资料】托福TPO7听力文本——Lecture 4

【托福听力资料】托福TPO7听力文本——Lecture 4众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。

相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。

TPO 7 Lecture 4 GeologyLast time, we started to talk about glaciers and how these masses of ice form from crystallized snow, and some of you were amazed at how huge some of these glaciers are. Now, even though it may be difficult to understand how a huge mass of ice can move or flow, it’s another word for it, it’s really known that no secret that the glaciers flow because of gravity. But how they flow, the way they flow, needs some explaining.Now, the first type of glacier flow is called: basal slip. Basal slip orsliding as it’s often called, basically refers to the slipping or sliding of aglacier across bedrock, actually across a thin layer of water on top of the bedrock. So, this process shouldn’t be too hard to imagine. What happens is that the ice at the base of the glacier is under a great deal of pressure-- the pressure coming from the weight of the overlying ice. And you probably know that under pressure, the melting temperature of water, of the ice I mean, is reduced.So, ice at the base of the glacier melts, even though it’s below zero degree Celsius. And this results in a thin layer of water between the glacier and the ground. This layer of water reduces friction is... is like a lubricant. And it allows the glacier to slide or slip over the bedrock. OK?Now the next type of movement we will talk about is called: deformation. You’v already known that ice is brittle, if you hit it with a hammer, it will shatter like glass. But ice is also plastic, it can change shape without breaking. If you leave, for example, a bar of ice supported only at one end, the end, the unsupported end will deform under its own weight, it’ll kind of flatten out at one end, get distorted, deformed. Think of deformation as a very slow oozing. Depending on the stresses on the glacier, the ice crystal within it reorganize. And during this re-organization the ice crystals realign in a way that allows them to slide pass each other. And so the glacier oozes downhill without any ice actually melting.Now, there are a couple of factors that affect the amount of deformation that takes place or the speed of the glacier’s movement for example. Deformation is more likely to occur the thicker the ice is, because of the gravity of the weight of the ice. And temperature also plays a part here, in that cold ice does not move as easily as ice that is close to the melting point, in fact, it is not too different from… the way oil is, thicker at lower temperatures. So, if you have a glacier in a slightly warmer region, it will flow faster than a glacier in a cooler region.Ok, um… Now, I’d like to touch briefly on extension and compression. Your textbook includes these as types, as a particular type of glacier movement, but you will see that there are …as many textbooks that omit it as a type of movement as include it. And I might not include it right now, if it weren’t inyour textbook. But, basically, the upper parts of glaciers have less pressure onthem. So, they don’t deform easily, they tend to be more brittle. And crevassescan form in this upper layers of the glacier. When the glacier comes intocontact with bedrock walls or is otherwise under some kind of stress, but can’tdeform quickly enough. So, the ice would expand or constrict, and that can causebig fissures big cracks to form in the surface layers of the ice, and thatbrittle surface ice moving is sometimes considered a type of glacier movementdepending on which source you are consulting.Now, as you probably know, glaciers generally move really slowly. Butsometimes, they experience surges, and during these surges, in some places, theycan move at speeds as high as 7000 meters per year. Now, speeds like that arepretty unusual, hundreds of times faster than the regular movement of glaciers,but you can actually see glacier move during these surges, though it israre.。

托福听力真题词汇(托福必备)-地球类

小马备考包——之听力真题词汇-地球全部来自托福听力真题——————假一罚十！哈哈马骏万岁^-^这是神马老师？？？恩，这是神马老师。

基础薄弱者必须掌握！！！！！！！！！！！背什么词汇最有效？？？你的词汇书列出给你的单词是否都是有用的？？？你每天背单词的时候是否想过这些你玩命背了忘忘了背的词是否真的会在你的阅读或者听力里出现呢？？？快扔掉单词书。

背真题词汇吧！！！。

小马整理来自历年的（1）托福笔试PBT 和（2）机考CBT 的真题！！！！——这才是你需要的单词。

1. geology 地质学2. rock 岩石3. dinosaur 【古生物】恐龙4. comet 【天文】彗星5. plow犁，耕6. evolution7. disappear8. fascinate9. radiocarbon10. fossil11. extinction12. temperature13. constant14. underground15. discuss16. kill off17. wind up18. exactly19. afterward20. amazing (【美】plow, 又作plough 【英】进化消失迷住放射性碳化石灭绝温度恒定地下的讨论消灭终结确切地历来令人惊奇的21. impact 冲击22. probably 可能23. flame 火焰24. explain 解释25. eventually 最终26. species 物种27. geological 地质学的28. evidence 证明29. crash 撞击30. enormous 巨大的31. crater 陨石坑32. swept 卷走33. burst 爆裂34. intense 强烈的35. mammal 哺乳动物36. survive 存活37. dust 尘埃38. atmosphere 大气层39. global climate change40. affect 影响全球气候变化1. axis 地轴2. imaginary line 想象中的线3. spin4. rotation5. artificial reservoir6. redistribute7. equator8. latitude9. accuracy10. settlement11. describe12. illustrate13. serious14. activity15. affect16. surface17. pollute18. mineral content19. slightly20. remain 旋转【天文】自转人工水库重新分配 (地球或天体的赤道【地理】纬度精确性定居描述说明系列活动影响表面污染矿物含量略微地保留21. increase 增加22. ice skater 滑冰者23. recreation 娱乐24. gravity 重力25. compare 比较26. length27. completely28. center29. speed30. direct31. tremendous32. aware33. physical34. significant35. matter36. measurable37. motion长度全部地中心速度直接的巨大的意识到物理的重要的因素显著的运动1. comprise 由…组成 2. pave 铺设而成的街道 3. repel4. drain5. gutter6. evaporation7. urbanization8. condensation9. cling 10. measure 11. temperature 12. urban 13. environment 14. lifestyle 15. process 16. reflect 17. sunlight 18. prevent 19. vehicle 20. dust【物理】弹回排水渠沟，街沟蒸发(作用城市化【物理】凝聚(作用附着测量温度城市环境生活方式过程反射日光防止交通工具尘埃21. particle 微粒 22. vary 变化 23. release 释放 24. rainfall 降水 25. elevation 海拔高度 26. concentration 27. density 28. fog 29. form30. prevalent 31. climatologist 32. emerge 33. average 34. frequent 35. flood 36. meteorology 37. eventually 38. heat 39. affect 40. important 41. requirement 42. surrounding 集中密度雾形成普遍的气候学家出现平均频发的洪水气象学最终热量影响重要的需求周围的43. industry 工业 44. water vapor 水蒸气 45. liquid 液体 46. thunderstorm 雷阵雨47. generate 产生 48. reduce 49. suspend 50. take place1. strata2. shoreline3. length4. formation5. tidal6. cycle7. gravitational8. origin9. sample 10. ocean 减少悬浮发生地层；层大陆海岸线长度形成潮汐的循环重力的来源样本海洋11. worn away 磨损 12. wave 海浪 13. ancient 古老的 14. approximate 大约的 15. illustrate 阐明 16. describe 17. rotate 18. extreme 19. weather 20. vary 21. composition 22. geology 23. opposite 24. complete 25. tiny26. layer 27. mud 28. dust29. blown over 30. sand 31. stripe 32. indicate 描述自转极端的天气变化组成地理学相反的完整的微小的层泥尘埃被淡忘沙子条纹显示33. thickness 厚度 34. alternate 交互的 35. deposit 沉淀 36. represent 表示 37. revolve （使）旋转 38. speed up 39. gravity 40. pulling 41. drag 42. turn1. lava2. volcanic eruption3. magma4. hazard5. fragmentary6. pyroclastics7. avalanche8. destruction9. material 加速重力吸引拖动转动熔岩火山爆发【地质】岩浆危险【地质学】碎屑质的【地质】火成碎屑物(的雪崩破坏物质10. expel 喷出 11. explosion 爆发 12. rarely 稀少地 13. expert 专家 14. location 地点 15. occur 16. damage 17. flow18. frequently 19. eject 20. emit 21. mixture 22. gas 23. dust24. ash 25. predict 26. form27. familiar 28. convince 29. boost 30. describe 31. typically 发生破坏流频繁地喷出发出混合物气体尘埃灰预测形成熟悉使相信推描述典型的32. project 项目 33. tremendous 巨大的 34. temperature 温度 35. path路径36. island 岛屿 37. literally 38. completely 39. release 40. combination 41. fluid 42. fragment 43. pressure 44. wiped out1. investigation2. vibration3. disappear4. makeup5. interior 不夸张的完全地释放混合物流动的碎片压力消灭调研调查震动消失构造内部6. assignment 作业7. important 重要的 8. geologist 地质学家 9. accurate精确地10. seismic wave 地震波 11. earthquake 12. travel 13. enable 14. inner part 15. reveal 16. compression 17. shear 18. liquid 19. solid 20. depth 21. disappear 22. reflect 23. boundary 24. mantle 25. core 26. crust 27. molten 地震传递使能够内部显示压缩切断液体固体深度消失反射界线地幔地核地壳熔融的28. lava 熔岩 29. volcano 火山 30. source 来源1. disturb2. atmosphere3. climatic shift4. Ice Age5. back up6. review7. in general8. define9. consistent 10. pattern 11. significant 12. period 13. occur 14. balance 15. solar energy 打扰，扰乱大气气候变化冰河时代后退复习大多数定义一贯的模式重要的时期出现平衡太阳能16. radiate 辐射 17. surface 表面 18. exchange 转换19. differently 以不同的方式 20. system 系统 21. complex 22. crude 23. approximation 24. sophisticated 25. hypothesis 26. speculating 27. volcanic 28. activity 29. mechanism 30. erupt 31. disperse 32. particle 33. global 34. complete 35. involve 36. different 37. operate 复杂的粗略的近似值精密的假说猜测火山的活动途径喷发散布微粒全球的完整的包含不同的起作用1. diverse 多样的2. abundant 富裕的，多余的3. geologist4. invite5. mineral6. diverse7. specimen8. closely9. feldspar10. abundant11. divided into12. type13. orthoclase14. notice15. vary16. glassy17. volcanic18. collect19. trip 地质学家邀请矿石多样的标本仔细地【矿】长石丰富的分为种类【矿】正长石注意到变化光滑的火山的收集旅行20. microcline 【矿】微斜长石21. amazonstone 【矿】天河石，绿长石22. identify 识别23. jewelry 珠宝24. attractive 有吸引力的25. plagioclase feldspar 【矿】斜长岩26. rare 稀有的27. particularly 特别地28. proud 自豪29. variety 多样性30. collection 收藏品31. slide 幻灯片1. sedimentary rock2. photosynthesis3. accumulate 沉积岩光合作用积累4. fossil fuel 化石能源5. coal 煤6. oil 石油7. natural gas 天然气8. trapped 被困的9. remain 残骸10. process 过程11. store 储存12. chemical compound 化合物13. release 释放14. decay 腐烂15. energy 能量16. organic matter 有机物17. completely 彻底地18. hence 由此19. considerable 相当多的20. rate 速度21. dig up 开采22. burn 燃烧23. nonrenewable 不可再生的24. resource 资源25. alternative 可替代的26. renewed 可再生的1. precise 准确的2. surface 表面3. previously 之前的4. mountain-climbing5. recalculate 登山重新计算6. elevation 海拔高度7. determine 确定8. traditional 传统的9. survey 测量10. method 方法11. measurement 度量单位12. take advantage of 利用13. recent 最近的14. advance 进步15. technology 技术16. satellite 人造卫星17. circle 环绕... 运行18. constantly 不断地19. send out 发出20. signal 信号21. contain 包含22. important 重要的23. longitude 【地理】经度24. latitude 【地理】纬度25. special 特殊的26. receiver 接收器27. summit 山顶28. heavy 沉重29. reduce 减轻30. handheld telephone 手持电话31. access 通过32. peak 山顶1. property 财产，财富2. earthquake 地震3. reasonable 较好的4. article 文章5. tremendous 巨大的6. damage 破坏7. seismologist 地震学家8. method 方法9. prediction 预测10. fairly 相当11. locate 指出... 的位置12. potential 潜在的13. specific 确切的14. occur 发生15. introduce16. model17. fault18. crack19. crust20. seismic gap21. activity22. postulate23. due24. phenomena25. tilt26. cylindrical27. tube28. tend to29. correctly30. successful31. evacuate 介绍模式断层裂缝地壳地震活动空白地带活动假定到期现象倾斜圆柱形的管子倾向于正确地成功的撤离32. struck 侵袭33. unfortunately 不幸的是34. consistently 一贯地35. perfect 完美的36. based on 基于37. closely38. a series of39. probability40. formula41. calculate42. confidence1. long-term2. eventually3. global4. oceanographer5. analyze6. sediment7. ocean floor8. depth 紧密地一系列可能性公式计算信任长期的最终的全球的海洋学家分析沉积物海底深度9. remain 遗骸10. layer 层11. determine 确定12. period 周期13. Ice Age 冰河时代14. decrease 减少15. drop 下降16. feet 英尺17. evaporate 蒸发18. frozen 冻结19. continental 大陆的20. glacier 冰山21. melt 融化22. indicate 显示23. regular 规律的24. historical 历史的25. data 数据26. in order to 为了27. possible 可能的28. effect 影响29. global warming 全球变暖30. industrial 工业的31. pollutant 污染物质32. capable 有能力的33. temperature 温度34. urgent 紧急的35. precisely 精确地36. sea level37. rise1. attractive2. direction3. original4. long-lost5. province6. complex7. process8. involve9. state-of-the-art10. technology11. location12. pinpoint 海平面上升有吸引力的方向原始的，最初的长久不见的省复杂的过程需要采用最先进水平的技术位置确定13. interesting 有趣的14. major 主要的15. market 市场16. livestock 家畜17. crop 农作物18. official19. necessary20. trade21. movement22. good23. trend24. reverse25. escape26. threat27. disease28. cholera29. epidemic30. negative31. project32. stress33. flow34. completely 政府必要的贸易运动商品趋势转变逃避威胁疾病【医】霍乱流行负面的项目强调流完全地35. unhindered 不被阻碍的36. single 单独的37. region 地区38. influence 影响39. evident 明显的40. disuse41. simply1. alternative2. surface3. seawater4. lookout5. source6. plentiful7. coal8. oil9. gas hydrate10. below11. pressure12. trap 弃用几乎可替代的表面海水留心观察资源丰富的煤石油天然气水合物在... 下面压力使受限于13. crystal 晶体14. individual 单独的15. molecule 分子16. methane 【化】甲烷17. natural gas 天然气18. strange19. stuff20. match21. burst22. flame23. chunk24. normal25. air pressure26. temperature27. hiss28. bubble29. melt30. escape31. hard32. miner33. handle34. arctic region 奇特的物质火柴燃烧火焰大块正常大气压温度发出咝咝声冒泡融化逸出困难矿工处理北极地区35. mile 英里36. environmentalist 环境学家37. warn 警告38. disastrous 灾难性的39. offshore 近岸的40. drilling 【矿】钻井41. seep 渗漏42. deposit 沉积43. release 释放44. atmosphere 大气层45. recall 回忆起46. greenhouse gas 温室气体47. worsen 恶化48. global warming 全球变暖49. offer 提供50. interesting 有趣的51. possibility 可能性52. fuel 供给燃料53. furnace 暖炉1. glacier 冰川2. formation 行成3. topographic map 地形地图4. continent 大陆5. flat 平坦的6. Great Plains7. prairie8. steppe9. feature10. level11. terrain12. dry13. climate14. absence15. actually16. shallow17. inland sea18. sediment19. smooth20. border21. responsible22. block23. moist 大平原大草原大草原特征水平的地形干燥的气候缺乏事实上浅的内海沉积物使光滑边缘负责任的阻碍湿润的24. intervene 干涉25. irrigation 灌溉26. windy 多风的27. divide 分成28. zone 地带29. mix 混合30. intermediate 中等程度的31. height 高度1. fuel 能源2. contain 包括百分比 3. percentage4. alternative 可替代的5. compose 构成6. chemical 化学品7. naphtha 【化】石脑油8. promising （有）前途的9. gasoline 石油污染 10. pollute11. require 需要12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. completely engine regular combustion minor mechanical modification change over doubt fear freeze antifreeze undergone especially government vehicle 彻底地发动机正常的燃烧较少的机械方面的改造改装怀疑害怕冻结【化】防冻液经历特别政府交通工具 1. destructive 2. thunderstorm 破坏性的暴风雨3. development4. tornado5. violent6. frightening7. powerful8. interesting9. exactly 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. occur front humid gulf air masses rapidly rush replace inrushing extreme thermal instability rotate demolish suck up 发展龙卷风剧烈的恐怖的强有力的有趣的精确地出现【气】锋（指冷热空气团交汇线）潮湿的海湾【气】气团迅速地急速流动取代流入的极度的热量的不稳定性旋转毁坏吸收25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. air pressure drop remain explode outward technological predict 大气压下降保持爆破向外技术的预测。

托福听力背景知识：地质学

托福听力背景知识：地质学（经典版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制单位：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。

文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如演讲稿、总结报告、合同协议、方案大全、工作计划、学习计划、条据书信、致辞讲话、教学资料、作文大全、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides you with various types of classic sample essays, such as speech drafts, summary reports, contract agreements, project plans, work plans, study plans, letter letters, speeches, teaching materials, essays, other sample essays, etc. Want to know the format and writing of different sample essays, so stay tuned!托福听力背景知识：地质学地质学(geology)是托福听力考试中的常见话题，为了帮助大家备考这方面的托福听力，下面本店铺就给大家带来托福听力背景知识：地质学剖析。

新托福听力场景分析之地理地质学

新托福听力场景分析之地理地质学新托福听力段子话题之广，难度之大，相信广大考生都有所了解。

在最近几讲中，我们涉及到了生物学、天文学和人文学。

而新托福听力考试中还有一类所占比例较大的学科——地理地质学。

这一学科看似是文科类的，但实际上经常和理科的东西挂钩。

在此，专家将带领广大考生分析地理地质学段子的应对方式。

一、概述遇到这一类的lecture，绝大多数文科生是比较占优势的，因为具有一定的背景知识。

但也不可掉以轻心，因为有时还会和其他相关话题结合起来考察，侧重点不同。

具体可以从以下几个方面来考察：☆地质学科，例如地球年代、大陆漂移与板块构造、冰川运动、龙舌兰洞、岩石的循环、钟乳石和石笋等☆地理学科，例如赤道无风带、地震波、降雨的形成等☆气象学，如米兰科维奇假说、城市绿化、环境保护等☆其他话题，可能和化学、考古学发生交叉面临这种难度的考试，考生最好能积累背景知识，多浏览一些原汁原味的报刊杂志，比如ScientificAmericans、NationalGeographical等等，多积累相关词汇，熟悉发音。

当然，新托福听力段子所涉及的话题往往千变万化且有所交叉，考生在熟悉背景知识的同时也要打牢基础，培养快速辨音能力和短时记忆能力，才能以不变应万变。

二、案例分析下面来一个地理地质学的经典案例：E.G. TPO16 Lechuguilla Cave听力原文：1) Below the water table and rock isoil. Bacteria feed on this oil and release hydrogen sulfide gas. Thisgas is hydrogen sulfide, rises up and mixes with oxygen in theunderground water that sits in the cracks and fissures in the limestone. Andwhen hydrogen sulfide reacts with the oxygen in the water, the resultof that is sulfuric acid, Ok? Sulfuric acid eats away at limestonevery aggressively. So you get bigger cracks and then passageway is being formedalong the openings in the rock and it’s all underground. There’s such varietythere like nothing anywhere e lse in the world, some of them are elaboratelooking, like decorations. And a lot of them are made of gypsum and could be upto 20 feet long. It’s pretty impressive.分析：此段难度较大，讲的是龙舌兰洞的形成与特点。

托福听力Lecture地质地理类话题相关单词和场景介绍

智课网TOEFL备考资料托福听力Lecture地质地理类话题相关单词和场景介绍欢迎来到智课教育托福频道，这里为大家提供了最新最全面全面的备考资料，包括听力、阅读、写作和口语等，欢迎各位托福考友观摩借鉴。

智课教育托福频道在此祝愿大家考试顺利!地质地理题是托福听力Lecture一类，但是由于接触少、生词多，成了很多学生的一大失分点，所以小编就来具体介绍一下地质地理类的单词和场景，帮助考生进一步了解其内容。

1、山山，首先要对于一些著名的山或山脉要有了解，如：Alps阿尔卑斯山、Amdes安第斯山脉、Rockies罗基山脉、Applachians阿巴拉奇亚山、Cascades卡斯卡达山脉、St.Helens圣海伦斯山等。

山的考点有以下几点：formation/age即形成方式和年代的概念。

考生需要对于数字有足够的敏感度，包括高度(height)、长度(length)、海拔(altitude)、年龄(age)等。

针对于山脉(mountain ranges)的形成方式，有两大原因。

一是，板块的挤压或碰撞(collision of tectonic plates)，考生需要知道两大学说，板块构造说(Plate Tectonic)和大陆漂移学说(Continental Drifting)。

对于地球构造的名词需要知道，地壳(crust)、地幔(mantle)、地核(core)。

二是，由于火山爆发(during volcanic eruption/action)。

volcano---eruption/erupt关于火山，常见考点就是对于火山的分类(classification)。

按照喷发周期(eruption cycle)，我们可以将火山分为三大类：active volcano活火山、Inactive/extinct volcane死火山、Dormant volcane休眠火山，也就是潜在的活火山。

按照喷发强度(eruption intensity)，或者是火山结构决定，我们可以将火山分为两大类：盾状火山(shield volcano)和复式火山(Composite volcano)。

托福听力地质学背景知识

对于托福听力部分的考试，我们除了要从题型的维度来分类式的去运用各种听力材料，在lecture这个部分，还应当按照学科话题的分类来分析总结听力材料。

下面上海环球托福就具体谈谈同学们普遍觉得比较难的地质学（geology)学科下的lecture的复习策略。

总的来说，如果按照学科分类来归纳式的复习托福听力中lecture的材料并进行针对性的训练时，应当从词汇和学科文章逻辑特点分析两个维度来进行。

那么对于地质学分类下的文章，一方面我们应当对地质学科下的高频基础词汇有一定的总结和积累。

结合老师总结的词汇，自己要在平时的复习中做进一步的归纳与补充。

所谓托福听力考试环境下地质学科类别的高频词汇指的是在题库中出现比较高频，特别是不同类型的地质学文章可能都会涉及到的一些基础词，如geologic、以及一些地质灾害相关名词的记忆。

另一方面我们要总结在托福听力考试中，地质学的lecture经常涉及到的内容和相应的行为逻辑特点。

这一点是同学们最缺失的，也是我认为在同学们掌握了必要词汇后如果能够对这方面有所了解，就能够很好的帮助同学们在听地质学科类的话题时对篇章的整体能更有一个逻辑框架的线条，从而更好的理解文章内容，在做细节题的时候也更加清晰的定位到文章相应的分观点中去找。

下面就会具体展开来说一下托福听力考试中地质学长文章最常涉及到的内容及其相应的逻辑结构框架。

结合对TPO中lecture的分类总结和具体分析，我们发现托福听力中地质学科相关的长文章最常涉及到地质现象的描述解释、某地质勘测技术或地质研究方法理论、地质结构造及地表特征、地球或地质的历史这四个方面。

其中，以描述地质现象或者地质构造、地表特征为主要能容的文章（例如TPO07GlacialMovement)逻辑上遵循总分总的大逻辑框架，一般包括现象或特征的总介绍、然后是具体的描述、最后是对现象或特征的总结。

因此，同学们在听和记笔记的时候按照逻辑框架找到总的观点和分述的内容。

地质学的托福听力词汇

地质学的托福听力词汇关于地质学的托福听力词汇托福词汇量很大，如果单个记忆，很难取得理想的效果，但是考生可以通过将单词归类再记忆，取得较好的背诵效果。

下面是店铺整理的.一些关于地质学的托福听力词汇，希望对大家有所帮助。

Active adj.积极的Dormant adj.休眠的Extinct adj. 熄灭的Magma n.岩浆Lava n.岩浆Erupt v.喷发explode v.爆炸 (explosion)boom n.爆炸Blast n.爆炸Avalanche n.雪崩Geology 地质学Slide n. 滑坡Landslide n.山体滑坡Mud 泥土, soil 土壤Earth n. 土Sink v.下沉Ground water 地下水Irrigation n. 灌溉Freeze, froze, frozen v.冷冻Melt v.融化 moltenGravity n.重心Refine v. 提炼Platinum v. 铂金Seismology 地震学Vibration, tremor, 震动Wave 波动Volcano, volcanic 火山，火山的Volcanic eruption 火山喷发Magnitude 级数Collision n.碰撞Aggravate v.加重Lean v.倾斜Slope n.斜坡Steep adj.陡峭Erode v., erosion n.腐蚀Fossil n.化石Dinosaur n.恐龙Sediment, deposit 沉淀物Marble 大理石granite 花岗岩Ore 矿石Stalactite 钟乳石。

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