独立主格结构语法
语法:独立主格结构
语法:独立主格结构独立主格结构的构成:名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词;名词(代词)+形容词;名词(代词)+副词;名词(代词)+不定式名词(代词)+介词短语注:表示伴随情况时,既可用分词的独立主格,也可用with的复合结构:with+名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。
例如:He stood there, his hand raised.= He stood there, with his hand raised. 他举着手站在那儿。
独立主格结构的特点:1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系。
3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
e.g. This done, we went home. 工作完成后,我们才回家。
Exercises:1._________ more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing the danger of dying out.A. BecauseB. AsC. WithD. Since2.The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most of ___________ carrying heavybags and baskets full of fruit and vegetables they had bought there.A. themB. whoC. whomD. which3.The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies, all of _________over 600 years old.A. whichB. that C .them D. it4.The cave __________ very dark, he lit some candles to give light.A. wasB. wasC. being C. being5.The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand ___________ a gun and his face ____________ withsweat.A. held; coveredB. holding; coveringC. holding; coveredD. held; covering6.The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair ____________.A. flowed in the breezeB. was flowing in the breezeC. were flowing in the breezeD. flowing in the breeze7.The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons ______________ for the day.A. finishingB. finishedC. had finishedD. were finished8.On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _____________ parents seated togetherjoking.A. theirB. whoseC. whichD. thatkeys:1.选C.考查“with+名词+过去分词”结构。
英语语法——独立主格
英语语法——独立主格独立主格结构是一个名词或代词(作为逻辑主语),加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。
它有以下三个特点:(1) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
(2) 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
(3) 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开,但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
英语中,独立主格结构的形式是:名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起,构成独立主格结构。
1. 名词 / 代词 + 不定式。
如:A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子,我们必须节省每一分钱。
Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow. 现在李蕾来了,魏方明天到。
2. 名词 / 代词 + -ing分词。
如:The bus coming here soon, we should get everything ready. 汽车很快就要来了,我们应该把一切事情准备好。
Mother being ill, Li Lei was very worried. 母亲病了,李蕾非常焦急。
3. 名词 / 代词 + 动词的过去分词。
如:His cup broken, he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了,他就用碗来代替。
4. 名词 / 代词 + 形容词。
如:The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面泞泥,我们应该小心。
5. 名词 / 代词 + 副词。
如:The class over, we all went out to play. 下课后,我们都出去玩。
6. 名词 / 代词 + 介词短语。
如:Glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿着眼镜,他问他的眼镜哪去了。
独立主格结构语法资料.
(2). 表示方向的副词out, in, up, down等置于 句首,要用全部倒装。如果主语是人称代词, 就不用倒装。如: In came Mr. White. Up went the arrow into the air. Away went the boy.
2) There ________. And here ________. A. goes the phone; she comes B. is the phone going; is she C. does the phone go; does she come D. the phone goes; come she
1. There lived a girl called A Qiao long ago.
_A__g_i_r_l _c_a_ll_e_d__A__Q_i_a_o__li_v_e_d__th__e_re__l_o_n_g__a_g_o_. 2. Here comes your husband. ____Y_o_u_r__h_u_s_b_a_n__d_c_o__m__e_s_here. 3. Out rushed the children. ____T_h__e_c_h__il_d_r_e_n__ru__s_h_e_d__o_u_t.
3) Out ________, with a stick in his hand.
A. did he rush
B. rushed he
C. he rushed
D. he did rush
4) ________ from the top of the building when the policeman pointed the gun at him.
现在分词 过去分词
独立主格知识点总结
独立主格知识点总结用法:独立主格结构可以用来表达一个动作同时或者在另一个动作发生时同时进行,它常以“with”、“while”、“upon”、“on”、“for”等介词引导。
例如,“With a smile on her face, she waved goodbye to her friends.”(她面带微笑,向朋友挥手告别。
)形式:独立主格结构的形式为“名词或代词 + 动词-ing形式”,其中名词或代词通常是动词-ing形式所描述的动作的执行者。
例如,“He saw her sitting at the table, reading a book.”(他看见她坐在桌子旁读书。
)例句:1. With a loud noise, the car stopped suddenly.(车发出巨大的声响,突然停下了。
)2. While studying for the exam, she fell asleep at her desk.(她在为考试而学习时,在书桌上睡着了。
)3. Upon hearing the news, she burst into tears.(一听到这个消息,她就哭了。
)4. Forgetting his keys, he had to wait outside the door for half an hour.(忘了钥匙,他不得不在门外等了半个小时。
)常见错误:在使用独立主格结构时,有一些常见的错误需要避免。
其中一个常见的错误是使用错误的介词或者遗漏介词。
“I saw him walking to the store.”这个句子中,“walking to the store”应该修饰“him”,所以应该用介词。
另一个常见的错误是动词形式的错误。
“Wit h the sun shining brightly, we decided to go fora picnic.”这个句子中,“shining”是一个动词-ing形式,用来修饰“sun”,表示“太阳正照耀”。
英语独立主格结构的用法
学法新探独立主格结构,紧凑简练,是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语,分词、不定式、形容词、副词及介词短语等作为逻辑谓语构成,可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随、目的等情况,主要用作状语,修饰整个句子,与主句之间不用任何连接词,而是多用逗号隔开。
它是高中英语中至关重要的语法知识之一,也是高考英语的一大考查热点。
一、独立主格结构的构成形式(1)名词/代词+分词。
名词或代词加分词可以构成独立主格结构,其中的现在分词表示主动或正在进行的动作,名词或代词表示动作的执行者,它与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系;而过去分词则表示被动或已完成的动作,名词或代词表示动作的承受者,它与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表结构。
如:①Many eyes watching him,he felt a bit nervous.(许多双眼睛看着他,他感到有点紧张。
)②The experimentfinished,the students jumped up happily.(实验完成了,学生们开心地跳了起来。
)(2)名词/代词+动词不定式。
名词或代词加动词不定式可以构成独立主格结构,其中不定式表示逻辑主语将要发出的动作,如果动作与逻辑主语存在主谓关系,则用主动形式;若为动宾关系,则用被动形式。
如:①Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted,ournewly-built school will look even more beautiful.(被动形式,种上许多的树、花和草后,我们新建的学校看上去将更美。
)②The last guest to arrive,our party wasstarted.(主动形式,最后一位客人一到,我们的晚会就开始。
)(3)名词/代词+形容词/副词。
名词或代词加形容词或副词可以构成独立主格结构,其中形容词主要表示逻辑主语的性质和特征;副词则表示逻辑主语所处的状态。
英语语法独立主格结构
英语语法独立主格结构独立主格结构是英语语法中一种重要的句子结构,它可以帮助我们清晰地表达句子的逻辑关系和语义关系,增强句子的表达力和语言的逻辑性。
本文将详细介绍独立主格结构的定义、形式、用法和相关练习。
一、定义独立主格结构是指在一个句子中,主句的主语和独立主格之间存在一种逻辑上的平行关系。
独立主格结构通常由名词或代词(独立主格)+动词/副词/介词短语(补语)构成,与主句之间用逗号隔开。
二、形式独立主格结构可由以下几种形式构成:1.名词短语作独立主格例如:- His arms folded, he leaned against the wall.- The children playing in the yard, the parents sat on the porch.2.代词短语作独立主格例如:- Her hair flowing in the wind, she walked along the beach.- With a smile on his face, he greeted the guests.3.动词短语作独立主格例如:- The sun shining brightly, we decided to go for a picnic.- The game over, the crowd cheered for their team.4.副词短语作独立主格例如:- The storm having passed, we ventured out of our shelter.- The rain falling heavily, she hurriedly grabbed an umbrella.5.介词短语作独立主格例如:- With a sigh of relief, he finished his final exam.- In the distance, we could hear the sound of waves crashing.三、用法独立主格结构能够起到以下几种作用:1.表示时间、条件或原因- The rain having stopped, we went outside to play.- The bus having arrived, we boarded and headed home.2.表示场景、情景或背景- The children singing and dancing, the party was a great success.- The streets filled with people, the city felt vibrant and alive.3.表示对比、对立或转折- The students studying diligently, the teacher was pleased with their progress.4.修饰句子成分,增强句子表达力- His hands trembling, he handed me the letter.- The book finished, she closed it and put it back on the shelf.四、练习请根据上述的独立主格结构的定义、形式和用法,完成以下练习。
高中语法点详解独立主格结构
非谓语动词的独立主格结构
名词或代词主格+非谓语动词 名词或代词和非谓语动词表示的动作具有逻辑上的 主谓关系。 1、名词/代词主格+不定式 表示未发生的动作或状态 He suggested going for a picnic,Mary to provide the food. 他提议去野餐,由Mary提供食物。(条件 状语) Lots of work to do,I have to work extra hours. 由 于有很多活要做,我只得加班。(原因)
2、名词/代词主格+现在分词 现在分词在句子中状语时,其逻辑主语必须是句子 的主语;如果现在分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不 一致时,就要在现在分词前加上逻辑主语,构成现 在分词的独立主格结构 All the students having sat down,the class began. 所有学生坐好之后,课开始了。(时间) The guide leading the way,we had no trouble getting out of the forest. 向导领着路,我们毫不费 劲地走出了森林。
3、名词/代词主格+过去分词 The test finished,we will have our vacation. 考试结束以后,我们将开始假期。(时间) When in trouble,Sally would sit down, head bent. Sally 遇到麻烦时,总是独自坐着, 低着头。(方式)
2、名词/代词主格+副词 The meeting over,they all went home.会议 结束后,他们都回家了。 He stood before the teacher,head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。
英语独立结构
英语独立结构
独立主格结构(Independent Genitive)是英语语法中的一种结构,通常出现在句子的结尾,表示主语和谓语之间的关系。
这种结构通常由两部分组成:主语和谓语,它们之间用逗号隔开。
以下是英语独立主格结构的构成示例,仅供参考:
1. 主语:表示句子中的主语,可以是名词、代词等。
2. 谓语:表示主语执行的动作或状态,可以是动词、形容词等。
独立主格结构的用法:
1. 表示时间、条件、原因等从句的省略,使句子更加简洁明了。
2. 表示伴随、补充说明等关系,使句子更加清晰易懂。
3. 在描述场景、情境时,可以更加生动形象地表达意思。
需要注意的是,独立主格结构并不是一个完整的句子,而是对句子的补充和说明,不能省略主句中的主语和谓语。
另外,独立主格结构通常在句子的结尾出现,有时也可以在句中或句首出现,但要保持逻辑上的通顺和清晰。
独立主格结构的构成和用法
独立主格结构的构成和用法独立主格结构是英语中一种常见的语法结构,由一个名词或代词与其后的非谓语形式(通常是动名词或不定式)构成。
独立主格结构在句子中独立存在,不与其他成分有句法关系,用来表示一个附加的行为、状况、原因或结果等。
一、构成独立主格结构的方法:1. 名词/代词 + 现在分词:作为宾语的名词或代词在句子中使用现在分词形式,构成独立主格结构。
例如:- 他走下楼梯,一个手拿着杂志,另一个手拿着咖啡杯。
(He walked down the stairs, one hand holding a magazine and the other holding a coffee cup.)2. 名词/代词 + 过去分词:作为宾语的名词或代词在句子中使用过去分词形式,构成独立主格结构。
例如:- 她走进会议室,大家都向她投来惊讶的目光。
(She entered the conference room, everyone looking at her with surprise.)3. 名词/代词 + 不定式:作为宾语的名词或代词在句子中使用不定式形式,构成独立主格结构。
例如:- 我们需要一个秘书,以帮助我们处理日常事务。
(We need a secretary to help us with daily affairs.)二、独立主格结构的用法:1. 表示方式或行为:独立主格结构可以用来描述人们在某种行为中的方式或方式。
例如:- 他站在窗前,双手紧握着一本书,专注地阅读。
(He stood by the window, hands tightly holding a book, reading attentively.)2. 表示原因或条件:独立主格结构可以用来表示一个行为或条件对句子的原因或条件。
例如:- 天气太冷了,我们不得不把花木挪到室内过冬。
(The weather was too cold, so we had to move the plants indoors for winter.)3. 表示结果或影响:独立主格结构可以用来表示一个行为或条件对句子的结果或影响。
独立主格结构详解
独立主格结构详解独立主格结构是英语语法中一种常用的结构形式,它由“名词/代词+分词/介词短语”组成。
独立主格结构在句子中扮演补充说明或者强调的作用。
本文将详细解释独立主格结构的定义、用法和注意事项。
一、定义独立主格结构由两个部分组成:一个名词(一般是人或事物)或代词+一个分词或介词短语。
它可以用来修饰整个句子或者作为句子中的附加说明。
二、用法1. 作为独立成分:独立主格结构可以作为句子的独立成分,放在句首或句末,用以修饰或强调整个句子。
例句1: 他的工作做得很出色,他的专业知识丰富。
例句2: 雨停了,地面湿漉漉的。
2. 作为非限制性定语:独立主格结构可以作为非限制性定语,修饰先行词(通常是主语),从而对主句进行补充说明。
例句3: 她坐在沙发上,看着电视。
例句4: 这个问题经过认真考虑,他们得出了一个解决方案。
3. 作为插入语:独立主格结构可以作为插入语,用以引起读者的注意或者加强语气。
例句5: 天气晴朗,阳光明媚,我们决定去郊外野餐。
例句6: 雨停了,风起了,天空顿时恢复了明朗。
三、注意事项1. 独立主格结构的主体和主句主体应一致;2. 如果是一般过去时或一般将来时,独立主格结构的动词需使用过去分词形式;3. 使用独立主格结构时应注意逗号的使用及位置。
总结:独立主格结构是英语语法中的一个重要结构形式,用以修饰、强调句子或补充说明主句内容。
通过使用独立主格结构,我们可以让句子更加丰富、生动,同时也能够更准确地表达出我们想要表达的意思。
在使用独立主格结构时,我们要注意主体一致性、动词形式以及逗号的使用等方面。
通过对独立主格结构的详细解释,相信读者们对其在句中的使用已有了更深入的了解。
在日常写作和口语表达中,希望大家能够灵活运用这一结构,使语言更加精彩。
英语语法独立主格结构
独立主格结构独立主格结构是一种特殊的结构,可以理解为一个在句子中作状语的短语。
主要由两部分构成:逻辑主语和逻辑谓语。
逻辑主语由名词或代词充当,逻辑谓语由非谓语动词、名词、形容词、副词、介词短语充当。
1.非谓语构成独立主格结构Weather permitting, we’ll have an outing next week.The job finished, we went home.The exam to be held tomorrow, i can’t go with you.2.逻辑主语+名词3.逻辑主语+形容词4.逻辑主语+副词5.逻辑主语+介词短语6.“With+宾语+宾语补足语”的独立主格结构(1)with+名词/代词+非谓语动词With my homework finishedWith a lot of thing to doWith the light burning(2)with+名词/代词:with my home work(3)with+名词/代词+形容词:with the door open(4)with+名词/代词+副词:with the light on(5)with+名词/代词+介词短语:with a book in her hand7.There be句型的独立主格结构(1)作主语There being a kindergarden on campus is a great convenience.It’s necessary for there to be sth.(2)作宾语We expect there to be a chance to go abroad.We are looking forward to there being a concert.(3)作状语There being nobody else at land, i had to do it by myself.There having beenno rain for a long time, the ground was very dry.作原因状语一般用there being (there being=because be.)8.独立主格结构的省略在某些独立主格结构中,如”单数名词+介词短语“中,名词前不用冠词。
独立主格结构完整讲解
独立主格结构完整讲解独立主格结构是一种常见的句法结构,它通常由一个名词或代词加上一个动词的ing形式构成,用于描述一个与主句主语相关但又相对独立的动作或状态。
独立主格结构的语法特点和用法比较灵活,可以在句子中作为插入语、原因状语、时间状语、让步状语等,用于增加语境的丰富性和句子结构的多样性。
1.独立主格结构作为插入语:- The car crashed into a tree, the driver texting on his phone.(这辆车撞到了一棵树上,司机正在用手机发短信。
)- We walked in the park, the birds chirping in the trees.(我们在公园里散步,树上的鸟儿在叽叽喳喳地唱着。
)2.独立主格结构作为原因状语:- My car broke down on the way to work, me being careless with maintenance.(在去上班的路上,我的车抛锚了,这是因为我对保养不够细心。
) - He missed his flight, him oversleeping this morning.(他错过了飞机,因为他今天早上睡过头了。
)3.独立主格结构作为时间状语:- I spent the whole day in the library, my friends hanging out at the beach.(我整天都呆在图书馆,好朋友们都在海滩玩。
)(她连续加班数周,她的同事休产假了。
)4.独立主格结构作为让步状语:- Despite the rain, the kids played outside, their parents not minding the wet clothes.(尽管下着雨,孩子们还是在外面玩,他们的父母并不介意弄湿衣服。
)- For all his efforts, he still failed the exam, him not studying hard enough.(尽管付出了努力,他还是考试不及格,因为没有学习足够努力。
英语语法 独立主格
My health allowing, I will work far into the night. (现
在分词) 我的健康许可的话,我愿工作到深夜。(条件)
The test finished, we’ll have our summer vocation. 考试结束以后,我们将开始暑假了。(时间) More time given, we can finish the work. 如果给我们更多的时间,我们就能完成这项 工作(条件)
天空黑云密布,很快就要下雨。
1. ________ no bus, we had to walk home. A. There was B. There being C. Because there being D. There were 2. _______, we all went swimming in high spirits. A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather 3. ______, the hunter went into the forest. A. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his shoulder C. Gun on shoulder D. A gun being on shoulder 4. ; we had to put the meeting off. A. Because the manager was ill B. The manager being ill C. The manager was ill D. Being ill
A. Time permits C. Time permitting
独立主格结构用法归纳
独立主格结构用法归纳独立主格结构是英语语法中的一种特殊结构,它由一个名词(或代词)和一个动词的动名词形式构成,常常用来表达并列、原因、条件、时间等关系,使句子更加丰富和灵活。
本文将归纳总结独立主格结构的常见用法。
1. 表示时间关系独立主格结构可以用来表示几个动作同时进行或先后发生的时间关系。
例如:- The sun having set, we decided to have dinner.- The meeting being over, she left the room.2. 表示原因或理由独立主格结构可以用来表达一个行为或状态的原因或理由。
例如:- The weather being fine, we decided to go for a picnic.- The book being interesting, I couldn't put it down.3. 表示条件关系独立主格结构常用来表示一个条件或假设,进一步说明主句中的动作。
例如:- The work being finished, we can go home now.- The road being icy, drivers should be careful.4. 表示逻辑关系独立主格结构还可以用来表达一个逻辑关系,使句子的意思更加明确。
例如:- The problem being solved, we can move on to the next task.- The question being raised, we need to find a solution.5. 表示让步关系独立主格结构有时可以表达一个让步关系,表示尽管存在某种情况,但结果仍然如此。
例如:- The car being old, it still runs very smoothly.- The child being young, he could solve the math problem.需要注意的是,独立主格结构通常放在句首,与主句之间用逗号或破折号隔开。
语法-独立结构
午饭结束,他离开屋。但他还在考虑。
练习
So many directors____, the board meeting had to be put off. (CET 4 2000,6) A) were absent B) being absent C) been absent D) had been absent
练习
The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience ____on benches, chairs or boxes. (CET 4 2000,1) A)having seated B) seating C) seated D)having been seated
逻辑主语+介词短语
He stood on deck, pipe (being) in mouth.
The huntsman entered the forest,gun in hand. 那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。 注意:这里,gun in hand还可以说成with a gun in his hand, 但不可以说a gun in hand或gun in his hand。
B
逻辑主语+不定式
Here are the first two volumes,the third one to
come out next month.
这是前两卷,第三卷将于下月问世。
独立主格的用法
独立主格的用法1. 独立主格概述独立主格是一种语法结构,在句子中独立存在,不作为句子的主语或谓语的成分,用来表示伴随、原因、结果、条件等关系。
独立主格由一个名词或代词和一个动词的形式构成。
2. 独立主格的结构和用法独立主格的结构一般是“名词/代词 + 动词的形式”,其中动词的形式可以是动词的现在分词、过去分词或不定式等形式。
独立主格常常用在句子的开头或句子中,用来修饰整个句子或表示伴随或原因等关系。
2.1 作伴随状语独立主格可以用来表示动作的伴随或附带状况。
例如:•雨停了,天上的云彩散开了。
•大门打开了,孩子们欢呼着跑了进去。
2.2 表示原因独立主格可以表示句子的原因或解释。
例如:•天气太热了,他们都不愿意出去。
•车子坏了,他只好走路去上班。
2.3 表示结果独立主格还可以表示句子的结果或影响。
例如:•大家都努力学习,学校的成绩明显提高了。
•他很用功,最后考了第一名。
2.4 表示条件独立主格可以表示句子的条件或假设。
例如:•要是明天下雨,我们就不去郊游了。
•不用功,考试就会不及格。
3. 独立主格的使用注意事项3.1 独立性要求独立主格要能够独立存在于句子中,不与其他成分构成主谓关系。
例如:•雨停了,天上的云彩散开了。
(独立主格)•天上的云彩散开了,雨停了。
(不是独立主格)3.2 逗号隔开独立主格通常需要用逗号与句子其他成分隔开,以突出独立主格的作用。
例如:•如果不努力学习,成绩就会下降。
(独立主格)•如果不努力学习,成绩就会下降。
(不是独立主格)3.3 不同类型的独立主格根据独立主格所表示的关系,独立主格可以分为伴随状语、原因、结果和条件等类型,需要根据具体语境来确定所使用的独立主格类型。
4. 独立主格的例句为了更好地理解和掌握独立主格的用法,以下是一些例句:1.临走时,他向大家道别。
2.天气太冷了,他们都穿上了厚外套。
3.雪下得很大,学校里的人都在玩雪。
4.为了赶上最后一班车,他一个人跑着去了车站。
独立主格结构(高中英语语法)
4 名词/主格代词+形容词 • An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难,无 一人生还。 • So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席, 会议不得不取消。
3 名词/主格代词+不定式 • 名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系,且 强调的是一次具体性的动作。如: • He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件,他要 做一个飞机模型。 • They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后,一个回了家,一个去了书店。
独立主格结构
• 独立主格结构(Independent Genitive)有 两部分组成,前一部份是名词或者代词,后一 部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或 形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有 逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语, 多用于书面语。 独立主格结构本身不是句子, 在句子中作状语,表示时间、原因、条件、伴 随、目的等。
3表示原因
• There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车,我们只好步行。 • He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又 黑又冷,所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
2 名词/主格代词+过去分词 • 名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。 如: • The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决,质量已经提高了。 • Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了,她看不 见黑板上的字。
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一、非谓语动词独立主格结构二、无动词独立主格结构三、with/without 引导的独立主格结构四、独立主格结构的句法功能非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。
但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语,从而在结构上与主句不发生关系,我们称之为独立主格结构。
其实,所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立,它还是一种从属结构。
一、非谓语动词独立主格结构在独立主格结构中,非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
Such an able man to help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.The key to the bike lost/having been lost, he had to walk to school.1.不定式“独立主格结构”在“逻辑主语”+“动词不定式”结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。
His mother to come tonight, he is busy preparing the supper.(= As his mother is to come tonight, is busy preparing the supper.)---Will you go to the concert tonight?---Sorry. So many exercise-books to check, I really can’t afford any time. (= Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight, I really can’t afford any time.)The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter ofthe book.(= The four of us agreed on a division of labor and each is to translate a quarter of the book.)Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.(= If many trees, flowers, and grass are planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.)2. 动词-ing形式“独立主格结构”动词-ing形式作状语时,其逻辑主语应与句子的主语保持一致。
如果动词-ing形式拥有了自己的主语,与整个句子的主语不一致时,我们就把“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”成为独立主格结构。
Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.(= When everyone was ready,……)The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. (= Because the boy led the way,…..)Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.(= If time permits……)The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.(=……..and each wears a card in front of his chest.)含有being的独立主格结构It being National Day today, the streets are very crowded.(=As it is …..)There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.(=As there was no further business…….)3. 动词-ed形式“独立主格结构”与“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”一样,如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致,就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。
The book written in simple English, English beginners are able to read it. He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. The task completed, he had two month s’ leave.动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生,动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束,动词-ing形式表示动作正在进行。
The manager looks worried, many things to settle.The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.二、无动词独立主格结构“逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种形式。
在这种结构中,being往往可以被省去,这种省去being的结构,称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。
1.逻辑主语+名词Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.The brave man fought the wolves, a stick his only weapon.2.逻辑主语+形容词He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.He stood there, his mouth wide open.3.逻辑主语+副词School over, we all went home.He sat at his desk, his shoes off.4.逻辑主语+介词短语He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us.The new teacher came in, a smile on his face.5.★在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里,如果名词用单数,可以不用冠词,同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。
The music teacher stood at the door, (a) violin in (his) hand.★独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略,一是在”there being +名词“结构中,二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.It being Sunday, all the offices are closed.三、with/ without 引导的独立主格结构1. with+名词/代词+形容词He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open.He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.★在这一结构中,也可用已形容词化的动词-ing形式或-ed形式。
With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.With his father so well-known, the boy didn’t want to study.2.with+名词/代词+副词Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.The boy was walking, with his father ahead.3.with+名词/ 代词+介词短语He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth.4.with+名词/代词+动词-ed形式With his homework done, Peter went out to play.With the signal given, the train started.I wouldn’t dare to go home without the job finished.5.with+名词/代词+动词-ing形式The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him. The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.6.with+名词/代词+动词不定式The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.四、独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格结构在句中除了能充当原因状语、时间状语、条件状语和伴随状语外,还能作定语。
在形式上,“独立主格结构”可位于句首、句中或句尾,并通常用逗号与主句隔开。
1.作状语①表示时间With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi home.(= After everything she needed was bought,………)②表示原因With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.(=As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle,……..)③表示条件Everything taken into consideration, your plan seems to be more practical.(=If everything is taken into consideration,…….)④表示伴随情况或补充说明The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. (=…….. and his hands were tied behind his back.)Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. (=…….. and many of them were children.)2. 作定语独立主格结构作定语,其功能相当于一个定语从句。