机械制造专业英语课后翻译答案

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机械制造专业英语课后短语翻译

英语课后重点短语LESSON 1(P15)1)the fundamental concept 基本概念2)cross section 横截面3)the internal stresses produced in the bar 棒内应力4)continuous distribution of bydrostatic pressure 净水压力的连续分布5)the tensile load 拉伸载荷6) a uniform distribution over the cross section 横截面上的均匀分布7)arbitrary cross-sectional shape 任意横截面形状8)tensile stress 拉应力9)compressive stresses 压应力10)a normal stress 正应力11)through the centroid of the cross sectional area 通过质心的横截面积12)the uniform stress condition 均应力状态13)the stress distribution at the end of the bar14)high localized stresses 局部高应力15)an axially loaded bar 轴向加载杆16)a tensile strain 拉伸应变17)an elongation or stretching of the material 延长或拉伸的材料18)a compressive strain 压应变19)the ratio of two lengths20)purely statical and geometrical considerations 从纯静态和几何关系考虑LESSON 2(P25)1)the main manifestations of capacity 功能的主要表现形式2)the maximum unit load(stress) 最大单位载荷3)stress-strain diagram 应力-应变图4)the simple tensile test 简单拉伸试验5)the percentage elongation at rupture 断裂延伸率6)the end of tensile specimens 拉伸试样的末端7)permanent deformation 永久变形8)the resulting load-displacement curve 所产生的载荷-位移曲线9) a substsntial yielding of the material 大量高产的物质10)yield point 屈服点11)the trainsition from elastic to plastic behavior12)material property table 材料性能表13)plastic defomation 塑性变形14)a specified standard length of the specimen 指定的标准试样的长度15)at the moment of rupture 在破裂时16)short cylindrical specimens 短圆柱试样17)ductile materials 任性材料18)high stress concentration 高应力集中19)ultimate tensile strength 极限抗拉强度20)strain hardening zone 应变硬化区LESSON 3(P37)1)circular cross section 圆截面2)the position of mountings 安装位置3)nominal size 标准尺寸4)length of shaft subjected to twist 轴的受扭长度5)minimize stress concentration 尽量减小应力集中6)from the standpoint of stress 从应力角度7)equations for a shaft in pure torsion 轴纯扭转的方程式8)diameter of solid shaft 实心轴的直径9)outside diameter of hollow shaft 空心轴的外径10)the amount of twist in a shaft 轴的扭转量11)torsional deflection 扭转变形12)shear modulus of elasticity 剪切弹性模量13)be closer to the vertical load 接近于垂直载荷14)the endurance limit 疲劳极限15)the allowable shearing stress 许用剪切应力16)equation for equivalent moments 方程的等效力矩17)the design stress values for flexure 设计弯曲应力值18)the angle of twist 扭转角19)antifricton bearings 滚动轴承20)the amount of twist in a shaft 轴的扭转量LESSOM 4(P51)1)herringbone gears 人字齿轮2)spiral gears 螺旋齿轮3)worn gears 蜗轮4)bevel gears 圆锥齿轮5)hypoid gears 准双曲面齿轮6)sizes of spur-gear teeth 齿轮轮齿的尺寸7)the automotive rear axle drives 汽车后桥驱动8)rack-and-pinion drives 齿条和小齿轮驱动器9)diametral pitch 径节10)pitch circle 节圆11)the tangency point 切点12)pressure angles 压力角13)an involute curve 渐开线14)the radial distant 径向距离15)at right angles 成直角16)the average number of teeth in contact17)the reciprocal of the diametral pitch 对等径节18)to change inches to millimeters 把英寸换算成毫米19)a line perpendicular to the centerlines 垂直中心线的直线20)center distance between two meshed gears 两个齿轮的中心距LESSION 5(P62)1)plate cams 盘形凸轮2)cylindrical cams 圆柱凸轮3)the cam assembles in automatic record players 汽车发动机上的凸轮组件4)cam profiles 凸轮轮廓5)make a full-scale template 制造一个实体样板6)in the course of several revolutions of the cam 在凸轮中转几圈7) a tangential plate cam 切向盘形凸轮8) a translation cam 移动凸轮9)the groove in the periphery of the cam 凸轮表面的槽10)a guided vertical reciprocated follower 做垂直运动的往复件11)a constant-diameter cam 等径凸轮12)automatic washing machines13)a face cam 面凸轮14)the edge of a pivoted follow 摆动从动件的边缘15)a reciprocating knife-edged follower 作往复运动的刀口式从动件16)miniature snap-action electrical switchies 小的速动开关17)a pivoted flat-faced follower 安装在摆臂上的滚子从动件18)air pilot values19)the abrupt change in cam profile 在凸轮轮廓上的突变20)a Scotch yoke mechanism 苏格兰的克机构LESSION 6(P73)1)developing and demanding industry 一个处在发展中社会需要的产业2)propeller shaft 传动轴3)suspension components4) a sliding splined type of joint 滑动花键连接5)two rear axle shafts 两个后半轴6)to mesh with a larger bevel gear 与更大的锥齿轮啮合7)the universal joint 万向节8) a steering wheel 转向轮9)unevenness of road surfaces 路面的不平度10)the transverse line of the axle shafts 后横半轴11)to cause excessive tyre wear 造成轮胎的过度磨损12)the exactly similar diameter 直径非常接近13)quarter-elliptic leaf springs 四分之一随圆形钢板板式弹簧14)the transmission of shock 冲击15)road surface variation 路面变化16)the final-drive gears 最终传动齿轮副17)the precise alignment of shaft 精确同轴18)a rotating drum 转动筒鼓19)a hand lever 手刹杆20)be locked in the one position 被固定某一位置LESSION 8(P99)1)bulk deformation of metals 金属的变形2)forging，rolling or extruding 锻造滚压挤压3)plastic deformation 塑性变形4)impact blows 冲击5)the recrystallization point of the mental6)hot working and cold working 热加工和冷加工7)better surface finish8)hammer forging 锤锻9)striking the hot metal 锻打热金属10)a slow squeezing action 缓慢加压11)open dies and closed dies 开模和闭模12)bevel gears with traight or helical teeth 用直齿或螺旋加工锥齿轮13)impression dies 型腔模14)each of several die cavities 每一个模膛15)mass production16)a homogeneous circumferential grain fiow 均匀的周向纤维流17)the three-dimensional description 三维描述18)computer simulation 计算机仿真19)hydraulic presses 液压压力20)be rough- and finished-machined 粗加工和精加工LESSION 9(P110)1)carrying high-amperage current 携带高安培电流2)the electrode and the work-piece 电机和工件3)the weld pool 焊接熔池4) a column of ionized gas called plasma 一个列的电离气体称为等离子体5)the oxides and nitrides 氧化物和氮化物6)the positive ions 阳离子7)deleterious substances 有害物质8)the newly solidified mental 刚凝固的金属9)in overhead welding 仰焊10)current density 电流密度11)deposition rate 沉积速率12)an unbalanced magnetic field 不平横磁场13)arc blow 电弧偏吹14)the electrode coating 电极涂层15)in overhead position 在仰焊的位置16)the cooling rate of the deposited metal 沉积金属的冷却速度17)a more homogeneous microstructure 更均匀的微观结构18)a smooth flow of molten metal 顺畅熔融19)cellulosic-coated electrodes 纤维质涂层的焊条20)perpendicular to the current path 与电路垂直LESSION 10(P123)1)plain carbon steel 碳素钢2)carbon content 碳含量3)low carbon steel 低碳钢4)medium carbon steel 中碳钢5)high carbon steel 高碳钢6)be cold worked 冷加工7)be heat treated 热处理8)contain 20 point of carbon 含20%的碳9)in the hot-rolled condition 在热轧条件下10)heat-treat-hardened plain carbon steel 热处理硬化普通碳钢11)free-machining steels 易切削钢12)hot short 热脆性13)cold shortness 冷脆性14)the isothermal transformation curves 等温移动曲线15)grain refinement 细化晶粒16)stainless steel 不锈钢17)AISI steels 美国钢铁协会钢18)Iron-carbon equilibrium diagram 铁碳平衡表19)Tool and die steel 工具钢和模具钢20)High corrosion chemical resistance 高耐腐蚀和耐化学性能LESSION 11(P134)1)allotropic materials 同素异晶材料2)plain low carbon steel 普通低碳钢3)hypoeutectiod steel 亚共析钢4)normalized steel 正火钢5)hypereutectoid steel 过共析钢6)eutectoid composistion 共析钢7)grain houndaries 晶界8)ferrite matrix 铁氧体矩阵9)about 60℃about the Ac1 temperature 大约Ac1温度以上60摄氏度10)the nose of the I-T curve I-T曲线鼻共处11)cooling rate 冷却速率12)quenching shock 淬火介质13)thermal stress 热应力14)thermal shock 热冲击15)a tempered steel 回火钢16)temper brittlement 回火脆性17)in the tempering or drawing proceduce 在回火阶段18)hardened steel 硬化钢19)full annealing 充分退火20)to dissolve all the cementite 溶解渗碳体LESSION 15(P177)1)turning，facing and boring 车削，车端面和镗孔2)split nut 对开螺母3) a single setup of the workplace 工件在一次性定位安装4)headstock assembly 主轴箱组件5)tailstock assembly 尾座组件6)carriage assembly 溜板箱组件7)lead screw and feed rod 丝杠和光杆8)two sets of parallel，longitudinal ways 两组平行的导轨9)to assure accuracy of alignment 为了保证装配的精确度10)a set of transmission gears 一套传动齿轮11)the maximum size of bar stock 棒料的最大尺寸12)gear box 齿轮箱13)a V-belt or silent-chain drive V型带和无声传动装置14)carbide and ceramic tools 硬质合金和金属陶瓷刀15)the inner ways of the end 床身的内侧导轨16)tailstock quill 尾座套筒17)a graduated scale 通常情况18)in the direction normal to the axis of rotation of the work 在垂直工件旋转轴线方向19)manual movement of the carriage 托盘的手工移动20)per revolution of the spindle 主轴旋转一周LESSION 16 (P188)1) a multiple-tooth cutter 多齿铣刀2)progressive formation 逐渐成形3)in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the cutter 在垂直刀具轴线的方向4)the metal removal rate 金属切除率5)produce good surface finish 产生好的表面光洁度6)in job-shop and tool and die work7)teeth located un the periphery of the cutter body8)slab milling 板铣9)face milling 端面铣削10)up milling 逆铣11)down milling 顺铣12)the direction of feed of the workpiece 工件的进给方向13)the clamping device 夹具14)the smoothness of the generated surface 铣削表面的平整度15)the sharpness of the cutter edges 切削刃的锋利程度16)at the end of the tooth engagement17) p rofile cutters 仿形铣刀18) c arbide- and ceramic- tipped cutters 硬质合金及陶瓷-硬质合金刀具19)negative-rake-angle cutters 负倾角刀20)arbor cutters and shank cutters 乔木刀和柄刀。

机械制造专业英语课后翻译标准答案

应力与应变第一单元That branch of scientific analysis which motions, times and forces is called mechanicsand is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics.研究位移、时间和力运动乘力是科学分析法的一个分歧，被称作力学，力学由两大部静力学和动力学。

分组成，For example, if the force operating on a sleeve bearing becomes too high, it will squeeze outthe oil film and cause metal-to-metal contact, overheating and rapid failure of the bearing.例如：如果止推轴承上的作用力过大的话，会挤出油膜，引起金属和金属之间的相互接触，轴承将过热而迅速失效。

and of place application, direction, concept Our intuitive of force includes such ideas asmagnitude, and these are called the characteristics of a force.。

力的直观概念包括力的作用点、大小、方向，这些被称为力的三要素All bodies are either elastic or plastic and will be deformed if acted upon by forces. When thedeformation of such bodies is small, they are frequently assumed to be rigid, i.e., incapableof deformation, in order to simplify the analysis.的，如果受到力的作用就产生变形。

机械类专业英语课文参考翻译整理版

第一课It is known that metals are very important in our life. Metals have the greatest importance for industry. All machines and other engineering constructions have metal parts; some of them consist only of metal parts.众所周知，金属在我们的生活中是非常重要的，金属对于工业而言是有巨大的重要性，所有机器和其他工程构造都有金属零部件，其中一些还只能由金属组成。

There are two large groups of metals:1) Simple metal- more or less pure chemical elements2) Alloys- materials consisting of a simple metal combined with some other elements.有两大类金属：（1）纯金属——或多或少的金属元素（2）合金——组成纯金属的原料结合其他元素。

About two thirds of all elements found in the earth are metals, but not all metals may be used in industry. Those metals which are used in industry are called engineering metals. The most important engineering metal is iron, which in the form of alloys with carbon and other elements, finds greater use than any other metal. Metals consisting of iron combined with some other elements are known as ferrous metals; all the other metals are called nonferrous metals. The most important nonferrous metal are copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, tin, but all these metals are used much less than ferrous metals, because the ferrous metals are much cheaper.在地球上发现的所有元素中，大约三分之二是金属元素，但是并不是所有的金属都能够用于工业上。

机械制造专业英语课后翻译答案

第一单元1.That branch of scientific analysis which motions, times and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics.研究位移、时间和力运动乘力是科学分析法的一个分歧，被称作力学，力学由两大部分组成，静力学和动力学。

2.For example, if the force operating on a sleeve bearing becomes too high, it will squeeze out the oil film and cause metal-to-metal contact, overheating and rapid failure of the bearing.例如：如果止推轴承上的作用力过大的话，会挤出油膜，引起金属和金属之间的相互接触，轴承将过热而迅速失效。

3.Our intuitive concept of force includes such ideas as place of application, direction, and magnitude, and these are called the characteristics of a force.力的直观概念包括力的作用点、大小、方向，这些被称为力的三要素。

4.All bodies are either elastic or plastic and will be deformed if acted upon by forces. When the deformation of such bodies is small, they are frequently assumed to be rigid, i.e., incapable of deformation, in order to simplify the analysis.所有的物体既可以是弹性的也可以是塑性的，如果受到力的作用就产生变形。

机械制造专业英语4B原文及翻译(章跃主编)

CHAIN DRIVESChain drives occupy a unique position in the mechanical field.In a sense,they are similar to belt drives;a chain connects sprockets on the driving and driven shafts.The velocity ratio transmitted from one shaft to the other depends on the size of the two sprockets(at the pitch line);unlike that found with belts,the ratio is positive.In belt drive ,creep and slip play important roles and must be considered;in a chain drive,which is made up of numerous links,there is a small amount of play in the total length of the chain.This may be desirable in case of small overloads.A chain drive is similar to the open-belt type of dirve in that the driving and driven shafts rotate in the same direction.There are also similarities between chain drives and gear drives.Both types transmit a positive velocity ratio.In a regular spur-gear drive,the driving and driven shafts turn in opposite directions unless an idler is employed.In gear drives employing an annular or ring gear,however,the input and output shafts rotate in the same direction.In a spur-gear drive there is very little contact between meshing gears;therefore,tooth loads are excessive.Since the connection between a chain and its sprocket extends over several teeth,no one tooth is subjected to heavy loads.Chain drives are often noisy.The silent chain type of drive was developed to counteract this undesirable characteristic.Belt,chain,and gear drives are all dangerous.Belt and chain speeds are high,as is the pitch-line velocity of most gear drives.All should be adequately covered by suitable guards(or completely enclosed) so that no boby or clothing parts can possibly be caught in the moving components.Other comparisons can be made among chain,belt,and gear drives.Gear drives can operate at higher speeds than the others,and are usually more compact.However,chain drives do not require the mounting precision that is so essential for gearing.An advantage of chain drives in comparison to belt drives is that the former do not require tension on the slack side;this leads to better bearing life.In general,chain drives are more compact than the belt type;for a given ratio,the sprockets can be smaller than belt pulleys.For a given load,chain widths are narrower than comparable flat belts.The connecting link on chain drives makes them easy to install—the chain is merely placed over the sprockets and the proper pins are placed in position.In most belt installations,force is needed to place the belt in the proper position;such action is detrimental to mounting bearings.The angle of contact for the driving sprocket can be smaller than the driving pulley for a belt drive.For a chain drive,this angle can be as small as 120 degrees.The center distance can also be small;if a 120-degree angle of contact is provided,the center distance need be no more than just enough to provide clearance for the sprocket teeth.An essential part of any chain drive is the sprocket.A chain drive requires a sprocket on the driving shaft and another on the driven shaft.Chain drives sometimes contain additional sprockets,used for additional power take-offs or for taking up chain slack.When used to take up chain slack,they are known as idlers.Idlers should be mounted on the slack side,not on the tight side.It is desirable to have an adjustment for idler positioning where possible.Fig.4-5 showsa roller-chain sprocket.Sprocket teeth are standardized to accommodate the roller chain.Various sizes of sprockets may be used,and several types are available.The simplest type is one without a hub.Sprockets are also available with hubs on one side or on both sides.Special arrangements are also possible.Certain of these are used in conjunction with a shear-pin hub;the shear pin is designed to fail in case of an accidental or unexpected overload.Some types can be installed on large lineshafts;these sprockets are made in two parts so that they can be installed without disconnecting the long length of shafting.Smaller sprockets are usually made solid;large ones are sometimes constructed with arms or spokes to reduce weight.In general,the selection of a sprocket depends on the type of application.链传动链传动在机械领域中占据了独特的地位。

2012机械设计制造及其自动化专业外语参考答案

一词汇a 英译汉Dimension 尺寸Machine tool Adhesiveness Compound rest复合刀具台机床粘性Apron 挡板，Climb-cut Peripheral milling Slab milling阔面铣削同向铣削Centerless grinding无心轮磨Machinery Cylindrical hole Snag 障碍机械圆柱孔Coarseness 粗糙度Up-milling逆铣Abrasive belt磨带Profile Machine table剖面机表Rectilinear Protecctive guards 直线防护String milling连续铣削b 汉译英刚度，硬度hardess 圆柱形端铣刀cylindric end mill 进给速度feed speed 托架bracket软刚，低碳钢mild steel沉头螺钉sunk screw螺线spiral 平面磨surface grind镗床boring machine 摩擦离合器friction clutch多刃刀具multipoint tool 牛头刨床shaping machine被动皮带轮Passive pulley润滑油lubricating oil燕尾槽dovetail groove 卡盘chuck材料去除装备Material removal equipment插入式磨削Plug-in grinding冷却液coolant 床头箱headstock二翻译句子1) The slides a nd slideways of a machine tool locate and guide members which move relative to each other,usually changing the position of the tool relative to the workpiece.车刀机床的滑块和滑道s使定位和导向构件之间将对移动，常常用于改变工件与工作台的相对位置2）In order to maintain a constant angular velocity, the individual tooth profile must obey the fundamental law of gearing: for a pair of gears to transmit a constant angular velocity ratio, the shape of their contacting profile must be such that the common normal passes through a fixed point on the line of the centers为了维持一个恒定的角速度,单个齿廓必须遵守啮合基本定律:对于一对以固定角速度传动的齿轮,他们的传动比两轮连心线被齿廓接触点公共法线分割的两顿先吨的反比3）Plain milling cutters are adapted to cut by teeth with cutting edges situatued on the surface of a cylinder which can be circumscribed on cutter. face mills are adapted to cutting by teeth with cutting edges situated on the surface of the mill and partially on its cylindrial surface平铣刀适用于使用位于圆柱面上的齿上的切削刃工作的铣削，平面铣刀适用于使用位于铣刀表面和其部分圆柱面的齿上的切削刃做的铣削4）Pressures angles for spur gear are usually 14.5 or 20 degrees, although other values can be used. Meshing gears must have the same pressure angles.虽然其他值也也可以使用，但齿轮的压力角经常为14.5度或20度，相啮合的齿轮必须有相同的压力角5）The cross section of the milled surface corresponds to the outline or contour of the milling cutter or combination of cutters used.加工表面的界面要与使用的刀具或组合刀具的外轮廓一致6）Lets us now discuss the different concepts associated with the manufacturing accuracy required modern mass-production technologies.让我们来讨论有关现代大规模生产技术所要求的制造精度的不同概念。

机电英语课后汉译英

一1最常见的机械零件是齿轮，齿轮式实际上是由轮子和杆组成的带齿的轮子。

The most common machine element is the gear, which combines the feature of the wheel and the lever to form a toothed wheel.2齿轮的坚硬性决定了它的耐磨能力。

The hardness of a gear determines its ability to resist wear.3制造业的工程师们集中精力，研制标准化的零件。

Manufacturing engineers have centered their efforts on the development of standardized elements.4这些零件是在大批量，高规格和低成本的条件下生产的。

There parts are produced in large quantities with a high degree of perfection at reduced cost.5可以说，零件表面是零件和设备的功能信息的载体。

It seems that the machine part surface is the carrier of functional information for both machine element and processing apparatus.6这些机械零件的正确使用，取决于是否懂得作用于结构上的力和所用材料的强度等相关方面的知识。

Proper application of these machine elements depends upon knowledge of the force on the structure and the strength of the materials employed.二1.深沟球轴承是应用最广泛的的一种球轴承。

机械专业外语_习题集(含答案)

《机械专业外语》课程习题集一、短文翻译(英译汉)1. The solution to most design problems does arise from a set of equations, instead it is a compromise to satisfy a number of design requirements and practical limitations such as available tooling and servicing ease. Designs are often revised to introduce new features, but as much as possible of the old design is retained for economic reasons. Producing a revised design is usually not as difficult as producing a new design because the history of the original is available for evaluation.2. When cutting screw threads, power is provided to the gearbox of the apron by the lead screw. In all other turning operations, it is feed rod that drives the carriage. The lead screw goes through a pair of half nuts, which are fixed to the rear of the apron. When actuating a certain lever, the half nuts are clamped together and engage with the rotating lead screw as a single nut, which is feed , together with the carriage along the bed.3.Generally, grinding is considered to be a finishing process that is usually used for obtaining high-dimensional accuracy and better surface finish. Grinding can be performed on flat, cylindrical, or even internal surfaces by employing specialized machine tools, which are referred to as grinding machines. Obviously, grinding machines differ in construction as well as capabilities, and the type to be employed is determined mainly by the geometrical shape and nature of the surface to be ground. -e.g. cylindrical surfaces are ground on cylindrical grinding machines.4. The dielectric serves to concentrate the discharge energy into a channel of very small crosssectional area. It also cools the two electrodes, and flushes away the products of machining from the gap. The electrical resistance of the dielectric influences the discharge spark energy and time of spark initiation .if the resistance is low , an early discharge spark occurs. If it is large the capacitor will attain a higher value charge before the discharge spark occurs.5. As we previously saw, CNC,DNC and computer-assisted part programming are different kinds of preplanned computerized control of machine tools. In all cases, the tool path has to be established beforehand through a program, the person who prepares the programs employs his or her experience in order to bring the processing time to minimum and not to cause any damage or distortion to the workpiece. This is, in many cases, a difficult problem that involves many factors, alternatives, and constraints. Obviously, this is exactly where an expert system is needed.6. Equipment productively is improved because of the better utilization of machines whenCIM is implemented. We can see that factors like program ability of equipment and computerized monitoring and control of the whole manufacturing facility would largely improve the efficiency of machine utilization. Higher labor and equipment productivity would certainly result in lower product cost.7. Where loads are due to contact, a pair of equal and opposite forces occur. One force acts as an external load on one contacting member. This action-reaction force pairing is one of the basic natural laws put to practical use by engineers. Tracing these power transmission forces through connected machine linkages is an extremely useful visualization aid for identifying machine component loads.8. Element design is concerned with the proper sizing of machine elements to perform a given function at some stated life criterion. Mechanical designers must also be familiar with properties of materials and machining processes to achieve optimal design. In addition, designers must always contend with the question of cost. The watchword should be simplicity, since a simple device is usually the least expensive.9. The tailstock assembly consists basically of three parts, its lower base, an intermediate part, and the quill. The lower base is a casting that can slide on the lathe bed along the guideways, and it has a clamping device to enable locking the entire tailstock at any desired location, depending upon the length of the workpiece. The intermediate part is a casting that can be moved transversely to enable alignment of the axis of the tailstock with that of the headstock.10. Internal grinding is employed for grinding relatively short holed. The workpiece is held in a chuck or a special fixture. Both the grinding wheel and the workpiece rotate during the operation and feed is applied in the longitudinal direction. Any desired depth of cut can be obtained by the cross feed of the grinding wheel. A variation from this type is planetary internal grinding, which is recommended for heavy workpieces that cannot be held in chucks. In the case, the grinding wheel not only spins around its own axis but also rotates around the centerline of the hole that is being ground.11. The intelligent robot has always been the dream of manufacturing engineers, in order to make the automated factory of the future attainable. It is artificial intelligence that will make that dream come true. By definition, an intelligent robot is one that is able to think, sense, and effect, so that it can cope with a changing environment and learn from experience. Since thinking is a brain function, it is obvious that it would fall within the domain of artificial intelligence if it is to be performed by a computer. An integration between sensing, reasoning, and effecting would unify artificial intelligence and robots, with the final outcome an intelligent robot.12. In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in the range of media used to convey information. Initially, communication was limited to simple forms of media such as voice and paper. This century, however, has witnessed the introduction of a greater variety of media types such as the telephone and visual forms of media. In the latter part of the century,this trend has accelerated and there is now a wide range of media types available to convey information.13. It is well known that a hot plate of metal will cool faster when placed in front of a fan than when exposed to still air. We say that the heat is convected away and we call the process convection heat transfer. Convection is a much simpler physical process than conduction since it merely consists of the actual motion of a volume of hot fluid from one place to another.14.Around the turn of the twentieth century the steam turbine came into use. Steam turbines are very efficient. They can utilize almost 40 percent of the energy supplied to them. They are three times as efficient as reciprocating engines. Steam turbines power many of the world's ships and the majority of the world's electricity generating stations.15. Most small i.C.engines in common use has four cylinders, which fire in a definite and regular sequence. A flywheel is fitted to the crankshaft to keep it running smoothly. It is essential for the inlet and exhaust valves to open and close at exactly the appropriate moment in relation to the position of the piston. Therefore they are actuated by a cam-shaft running in phase with the crankshaft.16. The alternative to forming method is machining. In machining, a sharpened tool of suitable shape removes material in the form of chips until the desired shape is produced. The use of computer and punched-tape control of machine tools makes it possible forthe machining tool to follow any complex three-dimensional path.17. Perhaps because more high-strength, hard, tough, and exotic materials are used, there isa tendency to use chipless machining despite the progress just noted. There is a trend to reduce the amount of metal that needs to be removed. Often chipless machining is more expensive, but the reduced loss of material results in a saving. The increased use of metal forming, forging, rolling, die-casting and other processes illustrates this trend.18.For the semi-mechanized forging of small to medium-sized components, forging hammers powered by various means are employed. The feature common to all of them is that, like the hand forging hammer, they utilize the energy of a falling weight to develop the pressure needed for shaping the metal. Larger components are forged by means of forging presses operated by steam or compressed air or by hydraulic or electric power. Largely automatic forging machines are used for the quantity production of engineering parts.19. As we know, these are the main tasks of an engineer: to explore new ways, invent new solutions to problems, and design new devices. In the research stage of a project, the engineer usually has found a new way of doing a job and is analyzing it (using mathematics and computers) to see how feasible the idea is and how well it will work. The development stage then follows. Here the idea is carried out in the laboratory. The processes vary among different projects, but the basic point is the same: Turn the idea into a working reality.20.The fact that steel can possess a wide range of useful mechanical properties is of extreme economic importance. This is clearly illustrated in the railroad industry, forex-ample. To move a train from one place to another, we use a locomotive which has the ability to pull a given total load. This load is composed of the weight of the cars and the weight of the freight being transported. If a freight car is made of high strength steel, the structural members can be relatively small and the car will be lighter as well as stronger. This means that the amount of freight can be increased.21.The simplest method of welding two pieces of metal together is known as pressure welding. The ends of metal are heated to a white heat— for iron, the welding temperature should be about 13000C—in a flame, At this temperature the metal becomes plastic. The ends are then pressed or hammered together, and the joint is smoothed off. Care must be taken to ensure that the surfaces are thoroughly clean first, for dirt will weaken the weld. Moreover, the heating of iron or steel to a high temperature causes oxidation, and a film of oxide is formed on the heated surfaces.22. The design of a machine includes many factors other than those of determining the loads and stresses and selecting the proper materials. Before construction or manufacture can begin, it is necessary to have complete assembly and detail drawings to convey all necessary information to the shop men. The designer frequently is called upon to check the drawings before they are sent to the shop. Much experience and familiarity with manufacturing processes are needed before one can become conversant with all phases of production drawings.23. Flat pulleys and belts. This is the oldest and simplest type of pulley and belt. The pulley may be a single pulley, or it may have three or four different diameters. A one-piece pulley having three or four diameters is called a cone pulley. Actually the pulleys are not flat. They are tapered slightly so that the diameter of the pulley is a little larger at its center. We call this a crowned pulley. The pulley is made larger in diameter at the center because a flat belt will always climb to the highest part of a pulley. The crown ensures that the belt will run in the center of the pulley.24.Of course, materials have always been vital to human civilization. Three of humanity’s earliest eras are called the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age, because the civilization of each was almost entirely dependent on the material after which the era was named. But now, in the twentieth century, materials-not just one, but many-have become a most important factor on which the advance of technology and industry depends. Our progress in space, in electronics, and in atomic energy is directly linked to the solution of crucial materials problems.25.The purpose of the design calculations is of course to attempt to predict the stress or deformation if the part in order that it may safely carry the loads which will be imposed upon it, and that it may last for the expected life of the machine. All calculations are, of course, dependent on the physical properties of the construction materials as determined by laboratory tests. A rational method of design attempts to take the results of relatively simple and fundamental tests and apply them to all the complicated and involved situations encountered in present-day machinery.二、按要求翻译下列句子（略）……答案1.对大多数设计问题的解决并不是来源于一组公式，而是受制于要满足很多设计要求和实际限制诸如可用的工具或使用的舒适性。

机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语课文翻译-Unit1-9

U 1The use of metals has always a key factor in the development of the social systems of man. Of the roughly ['rʌfl ɪ] 100 basic elements of which all matter is composed, about half are classified as metals.金属的开发利用在人类社会系统的发展中扮演了了重要的角色，世界的物质大概由100种基本元素构成，其中一半是金属元素。

The distinction[dɪ'stɪŋkʃən] between a metal and a nonmetal is not always clear cut. The most basic definition centers around the type of bonding existing between the atoms of the element, and around the characteristics [,kærəkt ə'ristiks] of certain of the electrons[ɪ'lɛk,trɑn] associated with these atoms.金属与非金属的区分不是十分的清晰，最重要（基本）的在于元素原子之间的连接形式以及和原子相关联的电子的确定特性。

in a more practical['præktikəl] way, however, a metal can be defined as an element which has a particular package of properties.然而，在更多的实践当中，金属定义为具有一种整体特性的元素。

(完整版)机械类专业英语课文参考翻译

第一课Text:It is known that metals are very important in our life. Metals have the greatest importance for industry. All machines and other engineering[7endVi5niEriN] constructions have metal[5metl] parts; some of them consist only of metal parts.众所周知，金属在我们的生活中是非常重要的，金属对于工业而言是有巨大的重要性，所有机器和其他工程构造都有金属零部件，其中一些还只能由金属组成。

There are two large groups of metals:1) Simple metal- more or less pure chemical elements[5elimEnt]2) Alloys[5AlCi]- materials consisting of a simple metal combined with some other elements.有两大类金属：（1）纯金属——或多或少的金属元素（2）合金——组成纯金属的原料结合其他元素。

About two thirds of all elements found in the earth are metals, but not all metals may be used in industry. Those metals which are used in industry are called engineering metals. The most important engineering metalis iron[5aiEn], which in the form of alloys with carbon[5kB:bEn] and other elements, finds greater use than any other metal. Metals consisting of iron combined with some other elements are known as ferrous[5ferEs] metals; all the other metals are called nonferrous[5nCn5ferEs] metals. The most important nonferrous metal arecopper[5kCpE], aluminum[E5lju:minEm], lead[li:d], zinc[ziNk], tin[tin], but all these metals are used muchless than ferrous metals, because the ferrous metals are much cheaper.在地球上发现的所有元素中，大约三分之二是金属元素，但是并不是所有的金属都能够用于工业上。

机械设计制造及自动化专业英语第三版课后答案

机械设计制造及自动化专业英语第三版课后答案1、I think ______ time with my friends is fun for me.（）[单选题] *A. spendB. spendC. spending(正确答案)D. spent2、It took a long time to _______ Tom to go shopping with me. [单选题] *A. speakB. tellC. persuade(正确答案)D. talk3、Neither she nor her friends ______ been to Haikou. [单选题] *A. have(正确答案)B. hasC. hadD. having4、The carbon we produce when we breathe is much less than（）produced by a car. [单选题] *A. oneB. itC. that(正确答案)D. those5、How lovely a day,（）? [单选题] *A. doesn't itB. isn't it(正确答案)C.shouldn't itD.hasn't it6、15．This kind of bread is terrible. I do not want to eat it ________. [单选题] *A．any more(正确答案)B．some moreC．no longerD．some longer7、You cannot see the doctor _____ you have made an appointment with him. [单选题] *A. exceptB.evenC. howeverD.unless(正确答案)8、( )He gave us____ on how to keep fit. [单选题] *A. some advicesB. some advice(正确答案)C. an adviceD. a advice9、( ) What _____ fine weather we have these days! [单选题] *A. aB. theC. /(正确答案)D. an10、Mary, together with her children ,_____ some video show when I went into the sitting room. [单选题] *A. were watchingB. was watching(正确答案)C. is watchingD. are watching11、--Jenny, what’s your favorite _______?--I like potatoes best. [单选题] *A. fruitB. vegetable(正确答案)C. drinkD. meat12、Is there ____ for one more in the car? [单选题] *A. seatB. situationC. positionD. room(正确答案)13、The old woman doesn’t feel _______ though she lives _______. [单选题] *A. alone; lonelyB. alone; aloneC. lonely; lonelyD. lonely; alone(正确答案)14、My sister gave me a _______ at my birthday party. [单选题] *A. parentB. peaceC. patientD. present(正确答案)15、We _______ play basketball after school. [单选题] *A. were used toB. used to(正确答案)C. use toD. are used to16、My father can?_______ a little English. [单选题] *A. speak(正确答案)B. sayC. talkD. tell17、Sam is going to have the party ______ Saturday evening. （）[单选题] *A. inB. on(正确答案)C. atD. to18、She serves as a secretary in a university. [单选题] *A. 为…服务B. 担任…职务(正确答案)C. 竞争…服务D. 申请…职务19、She was seen _____ that theatre just now. [单选题] *A. enteredB. enterC. to enter(正确答案)D. to be entering20、We often go to the zoo _______ Saturday mornings. [单选题] *A. atB. inC. on(正确答案)D. of21、—The weather in Shanghai is cool now, ______ it? —No, not exactly. （）[单选题] *A. doesn’tB. isC. isn’t(正确答案)D. does22、The green shorts are _______ sale for ＄[单选题] *A. forB. on(正确答案)C. atD. with23、If you get _______, you can have some bread on the table. [单选题] *A. happyB. hungry(正确答案)C. worriedD. sad24、This kind of work _______ skills and speed. [单选题] *A. looks forB. waits forC. calls for(正确答案)D. cares for25、--_______ does Ben go to school?--By bus. [单选题] *A. How(正确答案)B. WhatC. WhereD. Why26、Don’t _______. He is OK. [单选题] *A. worry(正确答案)B. worried aboutC. worry aboutD. worried27、His new appointment takes（）from the beginning of next month. [单选题] *A. placeB. effect(正确答案)C. postD. office28、The young man had decided to give up the chance of studying abroad, _____ surprised his parents a lot. [单选题] *A. whenB. whereC. which(正确答案)D. that29、（）, it would be much more sensible to do it later instead of finishing it now. [单选题] *A. FinallyB. MildlyC. Actually(正确答案)D. Successfully30、—It’s too noisy outside. I can’t fall asleep.—I can’t, either. We have to ______ new ways to solve the problem.（）[单选题] *A. come up with(正确答案)B. get on withC. make up withD. catch up with。

机械制造专业英语课后标准答案(部分)

专业英语翻译一stressand strain（应力与应变）1the fundamental concepts 基本概念cross section 横截面 the internal stresses produced in the bar 杆的内应力 continuous distribution of hydrostatic pressure 流体静压力 the tensile load 拉伸载荷 a uniform distribution over the cross section 在横截面均匀分布arbitrary cross-sectional shape 任意截面形状tensile stresses 拉应力compressive stresses 压应力a normal stress 正应力through the centroid of the cross sectional area 通过横截面形心the uniform stress condition 压力均匀分布the stress distribution at the ends of the bar 杆末端应力分布 high localized stresses 高度应力集中an axially loaded bar 轴向载荷杆件a tensile strain 拉应变 an elongation or stretching of the material 材料拉伸 a compressive strain 压应变 the ratio of two lengths 两个长度的比值purely statical and geometrical considerations 从纯静态以及几何角度考虑1.That branch of scientific analysis which motions, times and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics. 研究位移、时间和力运动乘力是科学分析法的一个分支，被称作力学，力学由两大部分组成，静力学和动力学。

机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语第三版第二章课后答案

机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语第三版第二章课后答案1、Location is the first thing customers consider when_____to buy a house. [单选题] *A.planning(正确答案)B.plannedC.having plannedD.to plan2、It was _____the policeman came_____the parents knew what had happened to their son. [单选题] *A.before…asB. until…whenC. not until…that(正确答案)D.until…that3、A?pen _______ writing. [单选题] *A. is used toB. used toC. is used for(正确答案)D. used for4、It is reported（）three people were badly injured in the traffic accident. [单选题] *A. whichB. that(正确答案)C.whileD.what5、It _____ us a lot of time to do this job. [单选题] *A. spentB. madeC. took(正确答案)D. cost6、78．—Welcome to China. I hope you'll enjoy the ________.—Thank you. [单选题] * A．tour(正确答案)B．sizeC．nameD．colour7、As I know, his salary as a doctor is much higher_____. [单选题] *A. than that of a teacher(正确答案)B. than a teacherC. to that of a teacherD. to a teacher8、It’s raining outside. Take an _______ with you. [单选题] *A. cashB. life ringC. cameraD. umbrella(正确答案)9、In order to find the missing child, villagers _______ all they can over the past five hours. [单选题] *A. didB. doC. had doneD. have been doing(正确答案)10、He often comes to work early and he is _______ late for work. [单选题] *A. usuallyB. never(正确答案)C. oftenD. sometimes11、Do not _______ me to help you unless you work harder. [单选题] *A. expect(正确答案)B. hopeC. dependD. think12、She talks too much; you’ll be glad when you’re free of her. [单选题] *A. 与她自由交谈B. 离开她(正确答案)C. 受她的控制D. 与她在一起13、We have ______ homework today. （）[单选题] *A. too manyB. too much(正确答案)C. much tooD. very much14、( ) What she is worried __ is ____ her daughter is always addicted to chatting online./; that [单选题] *A /; thatB of thatC about that(正确答案)D about what15、The students in that university are not fewer than（）in our university. [单选题] *A. the oneB. thatC. themD. those(正确答案)16、Kate has a cat _______ Mimi. [单选题] *A. called(正确答案)B. callC. to callD. calling17、There was a time（）I wondered why I would like to do this boring job. [单选题] *A. whichB. whyC. whereD. when(正确答案)18、Do you know what（）the change in his attitude? [单选题] *A. got throughB. brought about(正确答案)C. turned intoD. resulted from19、_______ your parents at home last week? [单选题] *A. IsB. WasC. AreD. Were(正确答案)20、The early Americans wanted the King to respect their rights. [单选题] *A. 统治B. 满足C. 尊重(正确答案)D. 知道21、一Mary wants to invite you to see the movie today. 一I would rather she（B）me tomorrow. [单选题] *A.tellsB. told (正确答案)C. would tellD. had told22、We’re proud that China _______ stronger and stronger these years. [单选题] *A. will becomeB. becameC. is becoming(正确答案)D. was becoming23、The relationship between employers and employees has been studied（）. [单选题] *A. originallyB. extremelyC. violentlyD. intensively(正确答案)24、The young man had decided to give up the chance of studying abroad, _____ surprised his parents a lot. [单选题] *A. whenB. whereC. which(正确答案)D. that25、The children are playing wildly and making a lot of?_______. [单选题] *A. cryB. voicesC. noises(正确答案)D. music26、_____from far away, the 600-meter tower is stretching into the sky. [单选题] *A. SeeB. SeeingC. To seeD. Seen(正确答案)27、—What do you think of Animal World? —______. I watch it every day.（）[单选题] *A. I don’t mind it.B. I like it.(正确答案)C. I can’t stand it.D. I don’t like it.28、I hope to see you again _______. [单选题] *A. long long agoB. long beforeC. before long(正确答案)D. long29、Chinese is one of ____ most widely used languages in ____ world. [单选题] *A. a, theB. /, theC. the, the(正确答案)D. a, /30、In winter, animals have a hard time_____anything to eat. [单选题] *A.to findB.finding(正确答案)C.foundD.to finding。

机械制造专业英语--课后答案(部分)

专业英语翻译一（应力与应变）1 基本概念横截面杆的内应力流体静压力拉伸载荷a在横截面均匀分布任意截面形状拉应力压应力a 正应力通过横截面形心压力均匀分布杆末端应力分布高度应力集中轴向载荷杆件 a 拉应变材料拉伸 a 压应变两个长度的比值从纯静态以及几何角度考虑 1 , , . 研究位移、时间和力运动乘力是科学分析法的一个分支，被称作力学，力学由两大部分组成，静力学和动力学。

2 , a , , . 例如：如果止推轴承上的作用力过大的话，会挤出油膜，引起金属和金属之间的相互接触，轴承将过热而迅速失效。

3 , , , a . 力的直观概念包括力的作用点、大小、方向，这些被称为力的三要素。

4 . , , ., , . 所有的物体既可以是弹性的也可以是塑性的，如果受到力的作用就产生变形。

当变形很小的时候它们被假设成刚体，也就是不产生变形。

5 . . 刚体假设不能应用于内应力和内应变的分析，所以在实际力的分析时，要考虑物体的形变。

6 a , a a .如果作用在质点上所有的力是平衡的，质点将会保持静止或做做匀速直线运动。

21) 主要的表现能力2) （）最大单位载荷（应力） 3）应力—应变图 4）简单的拉伸试验 5）断裂伸长率 6）拉伸试样的两端 7）永久变形 8）由此产生的载荷位移曲线 9）a 大量产生的物质 10）屈服点 11) 从弹性到塑性的过度 12）材料属性表 13）塑性变形 14）a 指定的标准式样长度15）此刻的破裂 16）短圆柱标本 17）韧性材料 18）高应力集中 19）极限抗拉强度 20）应变硬化区 1)Aa a . . 拉伸试验包括慢慢加载拉伸载荷直到断裂，拉伸试件两端加粗为了提供装夹区域和避免试件断裂。

2） a , , a . 通常进行试验的方法就是使试件以恒定速度发生变形。

例如，在万能拉伸试验机上，固定端和移动的十字滑块之间的变形是以恒定速度进行的。

3） . FA . 随着实验的进行，用来产生位移的载荷是随位移的变化而变化。

机械专业英语课后习题答案

机械专业英语课后习题答案机械专业英语课后习题答案在机械专业的学习中，英语是一个必不可少的工具。

通过学习机械专业英语，我们可以更好地理解和应用机械工程领域的知识。

下面是一些机械专业英语课后习题的答案，希望对大家的学习有所帮助。

1. 请解释以下术语的意思：a) CNC b) CAD c) CAMa) CNC：CNC是计算机数控的缩写，它是一种通过计算机控制机床进行加工的技术。

通过CNC技术，我们可以实现高精度、高效率的加工过程。

b) CAD：CAD是计算机辅助设计的缩写，它是一种利用计算机软件辅助进行产品设计和制图的技术。

通过CAD技术，我们可以快速、准确地设计出产品的三维模型。

c) CAM：CAM是计算机辅助制造的缩写，它是一种利用计算机软件辅助进行制造过程的技术。

通过CAM技术，我们可以自动化地生成加工程序，提高制造效率和质量。

2. 请解释以下术语的意思：a) torque b) horsepower c) efficiencya) torque：torque是力矩的意思，它是描述力在旋转物体上产生转动效果的物理量。

在机械工程中，我们经常使用力矩来描述机械系统的转动特性。

b) horsepower：horsepower是马力的意思，它是描述功率的单位。

在机械工程中，我们经常使用马力来衡量机械设备的功率大小。

c) efficiency：efficiency是效率的意思，它是描述能量转换或工作过程中能量利用率的物理量。

在机械工程中，我们经常使用效率来评估机械系统的能量转换效果。

3. 请解释以下术语的意思：a) stress b) strain c) modulus of elasticitya) stress：stress是应力的意思，它是描述物体受力后产生的内部力的物理量。

在机械工程中，我们经常使用应力来评估材料的强度和稳定性。

b) strain：strain是应变的意思，它是描述物体受力后产生的形变程度的物理量。

机械制造专业英语翻译

Medium - technology robots Medium-technology robots are used primarily for picking and placing and for machine loading and unloading. These robots are a bit more sophisticated than the low-technology robots, as the characteristics described next indicate.媒介技术的机器人主要用于拾取和放置机器装卸。

这些机器人比低技术的机器人更时髦一点，作为特征表明。

1.Axes.In the majority of case, the medium-technology robots have a greater number oh axeson the manipulator than the low-technology robots have. These robots also have a large work cell, which mean that axis travel is greater.1. 轴在大多数情况下，媒介技术的机器人有更多，轴比低技术的机器人机械手。

这些机器人也有大量的工作单元，意味着轴行程更大。

The number of axe on these robots is increased because of the addition of a wrist. The wrist connected to the end of the robot’s arm gives the system two or three additional axes. The wrist allows the robot to develop movements that the low-technology robot is not capable of. With the addition of the wrist, these robots may have five or six axes of motion.对这些机器人斧头的数量是因为对手腕的增加。

机械工程专业英语参考译文

机械工程专业英语》参考译文高等学校机械设计制造及其自动化专业新编系列教材(供教师及学生使用)黄运尧黄威司徒忠李翠琼武汉理工大学出版社目录编译者的话………………………………第1章材料和热加工…………………第1课机械学的基本概念…………第2课塑性理论的基本假设………第3课有限元优化的应用…………第4课金属…………………………第5课金属和非金属材料…………第6课塑料和其他材料……………第7课模具的寿命和失效…………第8踩冷加工和热加工……………第9踩铸造…………………………第10课制造中的金属成形工艺…第11课缎选………………………第12课锻造的优点和工作原理…第13课焊接………………………第14课热处理……………………第二章机构和机器原理……………。

第15课机构介绍…………………。

第16课运动分析…………………．第l7课运动的综合………………—第18课凸轮和齿轮………………—第19课螺纹件，紧固件和联接件—第20课减(耐)摩擦轴承…………*第2l课斜齿轮、蜗杆蜗轮和锥齿轮第22课轴、离合器和制动器……—第三章机床………第23课机床基础第24课车床……第25课牛头刨、钻床和铣床…………第36课磨床和特种金属加工工艺……第四章切削技术和液压“………………第27课加工基础………………………第28课基本的机械加工参数…………第29课切削参数的改变对温度的影响第30课刀具的磨损…………第31课表面稍整加工机理…第32课极限和公差…………“第33课尺寸控制和表面桔整”第34课自动央具设计………“第36课变速液压装置……………—…………—策37课电液伺服系统…………。

……………。

第五章机械电子技术………………………………第38课专家系统……。

…………………………第3D课建筑机器人………………………………第40课微机为基础的机器人模拟………………第41课机器人学的定义和机器入系统…………第42课微型计算机基础(1)……………………第43课微型计算机基础(x)……………………第44课可编程控制器……………………………第45课CAD／CAM计算机辅助设计与制造…第46课计算机数控和直接数控，CNC和DNC第47课加工过程的数控—………………………第48课柔性制造系统……………—……………第仍课交互式编程系统…………………………第50课在振动分析方面的计算机技术…………策51课压力传感器………………………………第52课反馈元件…………………—……………第53课现代按制理论概述………………………第54课管理上采取了新的措施—来自福持汽第六章英文科技文献和专利文献的查阅…………6．1 常见科技文献及其查阅………………………6．2 专利文献概述…………………………………第七章英文科拉论文写作…………………………7．1 标题与摘要写法………………………………7．2 正文(body)的组织与写法…………………7．3 致谢、附录及参考文献………………—……参考文献………………………………………………第1章材料和热加工机械学的基本概念功是力乘以该力作用在物体上佼物体移动的距离。

机械设计制造及其自动化《专业英语》翻译

2、应力和应变在任何工程结构中独立的部件或构件将承受来自于部件的使用状况或工作的外部环境的外力作用。

如果组件就处于平衡状态,由此而来的各种外力将会为零,但尽管如此,它们共同作用部件的载荷易于使部件变形同时在材料里面产生相应的内力。

有很多不同负载可以应用于构件的方式。

负荷根据相应时间的不同可分为:(a)静态负荷是一种在相对较短的时间内逐步达到平衡的应用载荷。

(b)持续负载是一种在很长一段时间为一个常数的载荷, 例如结构的重量。

这种类型的载荷以相同的方式作为一个静态负荷; 然而,对一些材料与温度和压力的条件下,短时间的载荷和长时间的载荷抵抗失效的能力可能是不同的。

(c)冲击载荷是一种快速载荷(一种能量载荷)。

振动通常导致一个冲击载荷, 一般平衡是不能建立的直到通过自然的阻尼力的作用使振动停止的时候。

(d)重复载荷是一种被应用和去除千万次的载荷。

(e)疲劳载荷或交变载荷是一种大小和设计随时间不断变化的载荷。

上面已经提到，作用于物体的外力与在材料里面产生的相应内力平衡。

因此,如果一个杆受到一个均匀的拉伸和压缩，也就是说, 一个力,均匀分布于一截面,那么产生的内力也均匀分布并且可以说杆是受到一个均匀的正常应力,应力被定义为应力==负载 P /压力 A,因此根据载荷的性质应力是可以压缩或拉伸的,并被度量为牛顿每平方米或它的倍数。

如果一个杆受到轴向载荷，即是应力，那么杆的长度会改变。

如果杆的初始长度L和改变量△L已知，产生的应力定义如下:应力==改变长△L /初始长 L因此应力是一个测量材料变形和无量纲的物理量 ,即它没有单位;它只是两个相同单位的物理量的比值。

一般来说,在实践中,在荷载作用下材料的延伸是非常小的, 测量的应力以*10-6的形式是方便的, 即微应变, 使用的符号也相应成为ue。

从某种意义上说，拉伸应力与应变被认为是正的。

压缩应力与应变被认为是负的。

因此负应力使长度减小。

当负载移除时，如果材料回复到初始的，无负载时的尺寸时，我们就说它是具有弹性的。

机械制造专业英语答案

第一单元应力与应变‎That branc‎h of scien‎t ific‎analy‎s is which‎motio‎n s, times‎and force‎s is calle‎d mecha‎n ics and is mad e up of two parts‎, stati‎c s and dynam‎i cs.研究位移、时间和力运‎动乘力是科‎学分析法的‎一个分歧，被称作力学‎，力学由两大‎部分组成，静力学和动‎力学。

For examp‎le, if the force‎ opera‎t ing on a sleev‎e beari‎n g becom‎e s too high, it will squee‎ze out the oil film and cause‎ metal‎-to-metal‎ conta‎c t, overh‎e atin‎g and rapid‎ failu‎r e of the beari‎ng. 例如：如果止推轴‎承上的作用‎力过大的话‎，会挤出油膜‎，引起金属和‎金属之间的‎相互接触，轴承将过热‎而迅速失效‎。

Our intui‎t ive conce‎p t of force‎inclu‎d es such ideas‎as place‎of appli‎c atio‎n, direc‎t ion, and magni‎t ud e, and these‎are calle‎d the chara‎c teri‎s tics‎of a force‎.力的直观概‎念包括力的‎作用点、大小、方向，这些被称为‎力的三要素‎。

All bodie‎s are eithe‎r elast‎ic or plast‎ic and will be defor‎med if acted‎ upon by force‎s. When the defor‎m atio‎n of such bodie‎s is small‎, they are frequ‎e ntly‎ assum‎e d to be rigid ‎, i.e., incap‎able of defor‎m atio‎n, in order‎t o simpl‎ify the analy‎sis. 所有的物体‎既可以是弹‎性的也可以‎是塑性的，如果受到力‎的作用就产‎生变形。