腹地连接和多式联运_英文_刘翠莲

第28卷　增刊大连海事大学学报Vol.28,Suppl. 2002年8月Journal of Dalian Maritime University Aug.,2002文章编号:1006-7736(2002)增-0108-03腹地连接和多式联运刘翠莲(大连海事大学交通运输管理学院,辽宁大连　116026)摘要:在这里指出腹地连接的概念及运输方式的功能特性。

第二部分是多式联运,主要分析了四种运输方式。

第三部分是在多式联运中信息和通讯技术。

最后指出了多式联运的发展趋势。

关键词:腹地连接;多式联运;网络;集成电路计算机遥测技术中图分类号:U695.2 文献标识码:AHinterland connections and intermodal transportLIU Cui-lian(Shipping Management College,Dalian M aritime Univ.,Dalian116026,China)A bstract:There are four parts in this paper.The first part is an introduction.In this part points out defini-tions of hinterland connections and performance indicators for mode of transport.The second part is inter-modal transport.The four transport styles are analysed in it.In the third part is information&communica-tion technology in intermodal transpo rt.And in the last part co nclusions draw n indicates development in in-termodal transpo rt.Key words:hinterland co nnection;intermodal transpo rt;netwo rk;ICT1　Introduction1.1　Types of hinterlandHinterland is the area to be reached at the port to transport goods for im port and ex port.There are three types of hinterland:direct hinterland;poten-tial hinterland;and commodity hinterland.1.2　Developments in EuropeDevelopments in Europe include these aspects: (1).Increase in population from460mio people now to490mio people in2015;(2).Ex pected eco-nomical g row th betw een1,9%and2,8%;(3)Grow th of w orld trade:production in Far East;(4) Global production:low production costs versus transport costs;(5)Developments in Middle and East Europe.The results of development in Europe are those:(1)High consumption levels;(2)High transport dem and from/to and in Europe;(3)High demand on quality of transport system;(4)High demand on quality of infrastruture;(5)Increase of containerization.1.3　Hinterland connections1.3.1　Modal splitHow does the hinterland connect?I t depends收稿日期:2002-07-10.作者简介:刘翠莲(1964-),女,山东牟平人,副教授,主要从事交通运输管理的研究.on road/rail/inland shipping/sho rt sea/pipeline transports.These five transport styles are formed transport netw ork.M odal split are:(1)Interconti-nental cargo transport:deep-sea;(2)Continental cargo transport:barge/pipeline/rail/short-sea;(3) Cargo transport sho rt distance:per truck.1.3.2　The differences betw een multimodal trans-port and intermodal transportDefinitions of multimodal transport are those: carriage of goods by at least tw o different modes of transport;goods are handled when changing modes.Especially fo r bulk transpo rt.Intermodal transport is defined as the movement of goods stowed in one and the same intermodal transport u-nit w hich uses several carriers or modes of transport w ithout handling the goods themselves when changing modes.Intermodal transpo rt units are de-fined as loading units(container,sw ap-bodies)or se-mi-trailers suitable fo r intermodal transpo rt.Con-tainer is a special box to carry freight,strengthened and stackable and allow ing ho rizontal and vertical transfering;sw ap body is freight carrying unit not strong enoug h to be stackable,except in some cases w hen empty,o r top-lifted(used only in rail/road movements).1.3.3　Selection criterions for modal of transportThere are four selectio n criterions for modal of trransport:quality(reliability,regularity and ser-vice);availability;costs;transit time(frequency, transport time).Other criteria:value of goods;reg-ulations.1.3.4　Performance indicators for mode of trans-po rt(1)Speed:how much time takes a trip(transit time).(2)Costs:how much money costs atrip.(3)Penetration:possibility to reach destina-tions.(4)Control:possibility tointervene once a trip has started.(5)Reliability:change you reach a destination in time.2　Intermodal transportation2.1　Road transportation2.1.1　Characterristics road transportationThere are two sty les.M ultimodal:especially for bulk transpo rt;Intermodal:especially for pick up and delivery of containers with a continental ori-gin/destination.Road transport causes problems in Europe:environment,congestion,safety.2.1.2　Alternative fo r roadIn general rail transport less then500km is more expensive than road transport and barge transport less then100km is more expensive than road transport.2.1.3　Org anisation of intermodal road transportIntermodal maritime transport:carrier haulage (shipping lines org anise inland transport);mer-chant haulage(receiver organises inland transport). Intermodal continental transport:trucking company arranges pick up/delivery with other mody of transport.2.2　Rail transport2.2.1　Rail transport of containers in the past (composite trains)Day activity.A.Collection containers by train from port terminals.B.Shunting on marshalling y ard in a po rt;Moving train to marshalling yard in hinterland.C.Shunting on marshalling yard.D. Distribution containers by train to rail service cen-ters in hinterland;T rucking containers to con-signees.Characteristics of composite(o r mixed) train are those.Train made up of cargo(loading u-nits)for different destinations;No fixed cobina-tion;No fixed frequency;Time consuming shunting operations.2.2.2　Rail transport of containers nowdays(shut-tle trains)Day activity.A.Trucking containers from po rt terminals to rail service centre in port;M oving shuttle train to rail service centre in hinterland.B. Trucking containers to consignees.Characteristics of block train o r shuttle train:fixed combination, fixed frequency,fixed destination,visa-versa.2.2.3　Trans European intermodal rail netwo rk(TEI R)A.Rough netwo rk around residential areas.B.Development of intermodal transper points.C. Continental and sea borne cargo.D.Betuwe line part of TEIR.2.2.4　Trends in rail transportLiberalisation:more than one rail operator.A. Competition betw een railw ay operato rs.B.Rail op-eration by trucking companies/shipping lines.2.2.5　Trans European rail freight freewaysEuropean rail concept for standarisation is that..Border crossing procedures,information ex-109第3期 LIU Cui-lian:Hinterland connections and intermodal transport hange,wo rking conditions,locomotives,safety sy s-tem s and power supply,service levels,suppo rt pro-g ramme the European Union,free access of railw ay companies,North-South Freew ay in the first initia-tive.2.3　Inland shipping2.3.1　Characteristics Rhine transportA.Container transpo rt mo re then500.000 containers per year.B.Appro x60barges sailing.C. Pick up/delivery of sea borne cargo(continental transport small role).D.Co-operation though “Fahrgeneinschaften”.E.Fixed sailing list.2.3.2　Projected inland shipping netw orkThe appeal of the short distance road/water combination has been approved,due to the usage of a ROC's/BSC's netw ork.ROC's/BSC's combine road transpo rt flow s betw een nodes and po rts for w ater transport“Just-in Time”and“Door-to-Door”.2.3.3　Reaso n fo r incerased share of containertransport by bargeA.Economy of sealed resulting in competitive prices.B.Scheduled sailing's:applicable fo r SIT transport.C.Inland container terminals.D.Increase in contain traffic.E.Infrastructure present.F.Safe and environmental friendly.2.3.4　Disadvang atesDisadvangates are those.Low level of penetra-tion;Relatively high additional costs(pick up/deliv-ery containers,stevedoring,turn around time in port).2.3.5　Differentiation in marketIntermodal container barge operators have dif-ferent customers/funtions:Deep sea carriers,Ship-pers/consignee(merchant haulage),Producers-cu-tomers(continental transport),Direct transfer from terminal-hinterland(avoidance of congestion).Dif-ferent customers have different demands.2.3.6　DiversificationThere are tw o points in this part.Trunk net-w ork:concentrated/large container flow s;high level of automatisatio n;large barge operators/interna-tional network.Distribution network:low budget solutions;small container flow s;small barge opera-tors/national netw ork.2.3.7　Continental barge transportIndustry located near main roads.Inland transport mainly with truck.Trucking companies:logistic service provider for industry.Challenge for RO/RO transpo rt-mainly distribution netwo rk (short distance).2.3.8　Suggestions:how to make best use of in-land water transpo rtA.Development of inland terminals.B.Provi-sion of infrastructure.C.Regular sailing s:regularity and reliability.D.Adeguate barges.E.ICT/applica-tion of EDI.F.Stimulation by the authorities:less road congestion;less impact on environment.2.4　Short sea/feeder services2.4.1　Intermodal short sea shippingA part of intermodal transport is transported by sea.Feeder transport:distribution of containers by sea between mainpo rt and other destinations be-tween Europe;transport arranged by shipping lines.2.4.2　Domestic shippingTranspo rt of cargo(containers)by sea with ori-gin and destination in Europe.Including Baltic countries w ith Black Sea area and No rth Africa. Transport characterised as Co ntinental transpo rt and arranged by shippers/forw arders.2.4.3　CharacteristicsFixed destinations w ith inland transpo rt possi-bilities.Fixed sailling schemes.Documentation and information of transport within the transpo rt chain.3　Information&communication technology in intermodal trans-port3.1　Role of ICT becomes essential in intermodaltransportM any parties involved.Many transpo rt modes.International area of activities.On-line tracking and tracing of cargo/status.3.2　Status of IC T in intermodal transportThe situation are those.S tandardization is dif-ficult.Each branch has his ow n culture.Confiden-tiality of information.4　ConclusionsPresently there are some ideas of developments in intermodal transport.They are door-to-door con-cept,one price,one transpo rt document,one re-sponsible party.These thoughts give impact on hin-terland connections and o n the role of the port.110 大连海事大学学报 第28卷　。