刘艳方语义学课件

Lexically simple phrasal expression: ●pass muster ●red herring (idiomatic phrasal lexemes)
not systematically determinable from the meaning of its constituent lexemes
Part 2 Lexical Meaning
Words as meaningful unit
应用语言学 刘艳方
word
Natural language
phrase sentence
Assumption: The meaning of a sentence is the product of the words (and phrases) of which it is composed.
laughs: different tokens (instances) of the same type
Distinction between words as forms and words as expressions Eg. If he is right and I am wrong , we are both in trouble? It is composed of thirteen word-forms and eleven wordexpressions word–expression：the headword in conventional dictionary
●the grammaticalization of meaning is not simply a matter of inflection, there are still syntactic differences .
when word-forms are considered, not just as forms, but as forms invested with grammatical meaning. Eg. ●That sheep over there belongs to the farmer next door. formally identical , but not ●Those sheep over there belong to the farmer next --. grammatically identical
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
The End Thank you!
grammatical and semantic analysis of natural languages
● Different forms of the same lexeme will
generally differ in meaning, they will share the same lexical meaning, but differ in respect of their grammatical meaning.
herring是一种鱼（鲱鱼），而俚语red herring可不是红色的鲱鱼，意思是为分散注 意力而提出的不相干事实或论点。 Lexically composite phrasal expression: ●pass the examination ●red herring (non-idiomatic) 类似的词：bus boy busy body green hand black sheep 等
Headword :the first word, in heavy type, of a dictionary entry.首 词（标题或起首用的词，如词典词条中用粗体刊出的第一个词）
In order to assign a meaning to the word-forms of which a sentence is composed, we must be able to identify them, not merely as tokens, or instances, of particular types, but as forms of particular expressions. And tokens of the same type are not necessarily forms of the same expression. Eg. They have found it impossible to found hospitals or charitable institutions of any kind without breaking the law.
They are grammatically, inflectionally, or morphosyntactically , distinct forms of the same lexeme.
Form (type) Grammar Token
Word-meaning
Expression Phonology Syntax morphology
What is word? ●Purely as forms ●As composite expressions , which combine form and meaning –dictionary words (lexeme) A lexeme is a lexical unit : a unit of the lexicon a minimal unit (as a word or stem) in the lexicon of a language; go' and `went' and `gone' and `going' are all members of the English lexeme `go' Lexical meaning ≠word meaning Not all words are lexemes and, conversely, not all lexemes are words.
Not all the expressions listed in a dictionary are words, some of them are phrases. The expressions of a language falls into two sets: ●lexically simple expressions: lexemes（in the dictionary ) Most word expressions, in all languages that have words, are lexically simple. word-formation: construct new word expressions out of the pre-existing lexically simpler expressions. Eg. ‘Politeness’ is constructed from the lexically simpler expression, ‘polite’, by means of a productive rule of word-formation. ●lexically composite expressions: are constructed by means of the grammatical (i.e., syntactic and morphological) rules of the language Most phrasal expressions, in contrast with word-expressions, are lexically composite.
Word as meaningful unit : ● a single form may be combined with several meanings –homonymy ●the same meaning maybe combined with several word forms –synonymy
2.1 forms and expressions
Two distinctions: The distinction between words as tokens and words as types (American philosopher C.S.Peirce , 18391914) 根据Peirce的定义，类型和实体之间是一种“体现” 与“实现”的关系，即实体是类型的实际体现 Eg. He who laughs last laughs longest.