《英语国家概况》- Chapter 15 American History1
L05 -America01英语国家概况之美国篇
Gareth Williams Major
Last Week Physical detail Arrivals Columbus Settlements Virginia New England Maryland Culture Clashes Black slavery Revolution Tea Act Boston Tea Party Treaty of Paris The war years Growth + Depression WWII Cold War 1960-70 Rosa Parks NAACP, Luther King, Sit-ins
English Speaking Countries – 5 – America
North-South Culture divide
geewizz78@
North culture (p119)
White Anglo Saxon Protestants (p153) Individualism, progress, attitude Innovations in business Came for economy, not political reasons Grew cash crops, needed manual labour Imported slaves.
English Speaking Countries – 5 – America
Tea Act
geewizz78@
1756, England fighting French in Canada 1773, Britain taxed America to pay for it, using the Tea Act. (p126) Led to the Boston Tea Party
英语国家概况之American History
The Constitutional Convention
May, 1787 Delegates from all states except Rhode Island met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. George Washington was unanimously elected presiding officer.
“Supreme Law of the Land”
The structure of the government The rights of the American people No law can contradict it. No person or government is exempt from following it.
III. American Civil War
Cause No. 1 Election of Lincoln Cause No. 2: Abolitionism The War Begins - the Firing on Fort Sumter The Progress of Secession Emancipation Proclamation Gettysburg – Turning Point Lincoln is Assassinated
A Survey of the United States of America 2. History
History Of America
1607 British First Settlement at James town, Virginia by London company. 1619 First group of black slaves introduced into Virginia. 1620 Pilgrims land at Plymouth Mass 1621 First Thanksgiving 1765 The Stamp Act---the heavy tax
史上超强!英语国家概况复习笔记!
英语国家概况复习笔记Chapter 1 Land and People 英国的国土与人民Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称:不列颠群岛,大不列颠和英格兰.2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称:大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国.3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands—Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛［大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛］及成千上万个小岛组成.4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政区:英格兰,苏格兰和威尔士.①England is in the southern part of Great Britain.It is the largest, most populous section. 位于大不列颠岛南部,是最大,人口最稠密的地区.②Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh. 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部.它有三大自然区：北部高地,中部低地及南部山陵.首府：爱丁堡.③Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部.首府：加的夫④Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast. 北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域.首府：贝尔法斯特5.The Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain.Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading agreements.The Commonwealth has no special powers.The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991.英联邦是一个自由联合体,由曾是英国殖民地而现在已经独立的国家构成.成员国之间实行经济合作,有一定的贸易协议.英联邦没有特别的权利,是否参加英联邦由各成员国自己决定.它成立于1931年,到1991年止已有50个成员国.Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066) 英国的起源1.Arrival and settlement of the Celts At about 700 BC the Celts began to arrive in Britain and kept coming until the arrival of the Romans.They may come originally from eastern and central Europe,now France,Belgium and southern Germany.约公元前700年,凯尔特人来到不列颠岛并一直陆续到来直到罗马人的入侵.他们可能源自东欧和中欧,即现在的法国,比利时和德国南部. They came in three main waves:the Gaels~about 600 BC;the Brythons~about 400 BC;the Belgae~about 150 BC.凯尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮:第一次是约公元前600年的盖尔人;第二次是约公元前400年的布立吞人;第三次是约公元前150年的贝尔盖人. The Celtic tribes are the ancestors of the Highland Scots,the Irish and the Welsh,and their languages are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic.凯尔特人是山地苏格兰人,爱尔兰人和威尔士人的祖先,他们的语言是威尔士语和盖尔语的基础. The Celts’ religion was Druidism. 凯尔特人的宗教为德鲁伊德教. The Belgae were the most industrious and vigorous of the Celtic tribes.贝尔盖人是最勤奋,最精力充沛的. The Celts were practised farmers. 凯尔特人是有经验的农民.2.Basis of modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons现代英国人的基础:盎格鲁—萨克逊(446-871) In the mid-5th century Jutes,Saxons, and Angles came to Britain.They were three Teutonic tribes.The Jutes,who fished and farmed in Jutland(now southern Denmark),came to Britain first.Then the Saxons came.They came from northern Germany,established their kingdoms in Essex, Sussex and Wessex. In the second half of the 6th century,the Angles who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. 五世纪中叶,朱特人,撒克逊人和盎格鲁人来到不列颠岛.这是三支日耳曼部落.居住在朱特兰岛(现丹麦南部)从事打渔农耕的朱特人先到达不列颠;接着是撒克逊人,他们来自德国北部,在埃塞克斯,苏塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王国;六世纪后半叶,同样来自德国北部把自己名字给了英国人的盎格鲁人,在东盎格利亚,麦西亚以及诺森伯利来定居.Heptarchy:During the Anglo-Saxon’s time,Britain was divided into many kingdoms,among which there were seven principal kingdoms of Kent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,East Anglia,Mercia and Northumbria.They were given the name for Heptarchy. 在盎格鲁-撒克逊时期,英国被划分为许多王国,其中有七个主要王国:肯特,埃塞克斯,苏塞克斯,威塞克斯,东盎格利亚,麦西亚和诺森伯利来.他们被合称为七王国.The Anglo-Saxon tribes were constantly at war with one another,each trying to get the upper hand,so that the kingdoms were often broken up and often pieced together again. 盎格鲁-撒克逊部落之间不断交战,彼此都想占上风,因此王国总是分了合,合了又分The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. 盎格鲁—撒克逊人把日耳曼宗教带到了英国.Although the Anglo-Saxons were ferocious people,they laid the foundations of the English state.Firstly,they divided the country into shires;Secondly,they devised the narrow-strip,three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century;Thirdly,they also established the manorial system.Finally,they created the Witan(council/meeting of wisemen)to advise the king,the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today. 虽然盎格鲁-撒克逊人是凶猛的民族,但他们为英国国家的形成打下了基础.首先他们把国家划分为郡;其次他们设计的窄条三圃田农耕制延用至18世纪;他们还建立了采邑制;最后他们还创立了议会(贤人会议),向国王提供建议,这是现存的枢密院基础.3.The Viking and Danish invasions The Norwegian Vikings and the Danes attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century.The Danes gained control of the north and east of England—the Danelaw.从8世纪末起,挪威海盗和丹麦人就不断袭击英格兰各地方.丹麦人控制英格兰北部和东部丹麦法区. After Alfred’s death,his s uccessors reconquered the Danelaw.King Ethelred the Unready tried paying the invaders to stay away.But the Danes didn’t go away but invade again. 亚尔弗雷德死后,他的继任者们重新征服了丹麦地区."未准备好者"埃塞尔雷德国王进贡给丹麦人以免被侵略,但丹麦人又再度进犯. After Ethelred’s death,Canute,the Danish leader was made English king in 1016.He proved to be a wise ruler.After his death in 1035,his sons Harold and Hardicanute reigned successively.After Hardicanute’s death the succession passed to the successor Edward the Confessor. 埃塞尔雷德死后,丹麦首领喀奴特在1016年成为了英国国王.他是位英明的通知者.1035年他死后,他的儿子哈罗德和哈迪喀奴特先后统治王国.哈迪喀奴特死后,王位传给了"忏悔者"爱德华.4.King Alfred and his contributions亚尔弗雷德国王和他所做出的贡献(849-899) ①Alfred was the king of Wessex and defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879亚尔弗雷德是威塞克斯的国王.他打败了丹麦人,并于公元879年与他们达成了友好协议;②He founded a strong fleet and is known as “the father of the British navy”他因为建立了强大舰队,而以“英国海军之父”闻名于世;③He reorganized the Saxon army,making it more efficient他改组了撒克逊军队,使之更为高效;④He is said to have taught himself Latin and translated a Latin book into English据说他自学了拉丁语并将一本拉丁语书译成英语⑤He encouraged learning in others,established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alfred the Great”他鼓励向他人求知并修建学校,并且制订法律制度.5.The Norman Conquest and its consequences诺曼征服及其影响(1066) It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, William defeated Harold in the battle of Hastings.On Christmas Day William was crowned king of England in Westminster Abbey. 爱德华国王曾答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉,但是贤人会议挑选了哈罗德为国王.公元1066年10月,在哈斯丁斯战役中威廉打败了哈罗德军队.圣诞节这天在威斯敏斯特大教堂,威廉被加冕为英格兰国王. The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government.The Norman Conquest ended the English history of being invaded, the feudal system was completely established in England . Relations with the Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced.The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts. 公元1066年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上的最著名事件.征服者威廉没收了几乎所有土地,将其分发给他的诺曼追随者.他用强大的诺曼政府取代软弱的撒克逊人统治.诺曼征服结束了被侵略的英国历史,英格兰完全确立了封建制度:扩展了与欧洲大陆的关系;文明和商业都得到发展;引进了诺曼—法国文化、语言、举止和建筑.教会与罗马的联系更为密切,教会法庭从世俗法庭中单独分离出来.Chapter 3 The Shaping of the Nation 英国的形成（公元1066-1381）1.England's feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror在威廉统治下的英国封建制度①Under William,the feudal system in England was completely established在威廉统治下,英国的封建制度得到完全确立;②In this system,the King owned all the land personally根据此制度,国王拥有全国所有土地;③William gave his barons large estate s in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land’s produce威廉把英国的大片土地分给贵族,条件是贵族保证服役和交租;④These estates were scattered far and wide over the country,so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king贵族的这些地产分散于各处,这样土地拥有者就不易联合起来反叛国王;⑤The barons parceled out his land to the lesser nobles,knights and freemen,also in return for goods and services贵族又把土地分配给小贵族,骑士和自由民,同样要他们交租和服役;⑥At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs在封建等级底层的是农奴;⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance,not only to their immediate lord,but also to the king英国封建制独有的特色就是,无论是土地承租人还是二佃户,都必须要宣誓效忠于直接领主,而且要效忠于国王.William replaced the Witan with the Grand Council. 威廉用大议会取代了贤人会议. In order to have a reliable record of all his lands,his tenants and their possessions,William sent his clerks to compile a property record known as Domesday Book,which was completed in 1086. 为了使所有的土地,佃户和他们的财产记录可靠,威廉派官员编了一本财产清册,称为«末日审判书»2.Contents and the significance of the Great Charter«大宪章»的内容及意义Also known as the Magna Carta,Great Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons.«大宪章»是约翰国王1215年在封建贵族压力下签定的. It consists of 63 clauses. Its important provisions are as follows«大宪章»共有63条:①no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council没有大议会批准不得征税;②no freeman should be arrested,imprisoned,or deprived of his property except by the law of the land除依照法律,不得随意逮捕,拘禁自由民,不依照土地法不得剥夺其财产;③the Church should possess all its rights,together with freedom of elections教会拥有的权利和选举自由不受侵犯;④London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privileges伦敦和其它城市应保留其古老的权利和特权;⑤there should be the same weight and measures throughout the country全国应统一度量衡. Although the Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties,it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons,a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king.The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king,keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.尽管长期普遍认为«大宪章»是英国自由的基础,但它只是国王与贵族之间的封建与法律关系,保证教会的自由,限制国王的权力.«大宪章»的精神是限制王权,置王权于封建法律的约束下.3.The origins of the English Parliament英国议会的起源In 1258,the barons,under Simon de Montfort,forced Henry Ⅲand his son Prince Edward to swear to accept the Provisions of ter,Henry refused to confirm to the Provisions of Oxford,thus a civil war brake out between the king’s suppor ters and the baronial army led by Simon de Montfort. 1258年,贵族们在西蒙•德•孟福尔的领导下迫使国王和他的儿子爱德华王子宣誓接受"牛津协定".亨利拒绝批准牛津协定,国王的支持者和西蒙•德•孟福尔领导的封建主组成的军队之间爆发了内战.The Great Council is known to be the prototype of the current British Parliament. In 1265,Simon de Montfort summoned the Great Council,together with two knights from each country and two citizens from each town.,a meeting which has seen as the earliest parliament.It later developed into the House of Lords and the House of Common as a parliament. 大议会是当今英国议会的原型.1265年,西门德孟福尔召开大议会,各县有两名骑士,各镇有两名市民参加,此次会议被看作是最早的议会.大议会发展到后来演变成议会.分为上议院和下议院Its main role was to offer advice,not to make decisions.There were still no elections,no parties,and the most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords. 其作用是咨询而非决定,也没有选举和政党.议会的最重要的部分是上议院4.The Hundred Years' War with France and its consequences百年战争及其结果When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recognize,the war broke out. 爱德华三世宣布要继承法国王位,但法国人民拒绝承认,于是引发了百年战争. The Hundred Years’ War with France refers to the war between England and France that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453.The causes of the war were partly territorial and partly economic. The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the large duchy of Aquitaine,while the French kings coveted this large slice. The economic causes were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders, which were the importer of English wool, but they were loyal to the French king politically. Besides, England's desire to stop France from giving aid to Scots and a growing sense of nationalism were the other causes.百年战争指1337年到1453年英法之间一场断断续续的战争.战争的起因既有领土因素又有经济因素.领土起因尤其是与英国国王拥有法国阿奎丹大片的公爵领地有密切关系,随着法国国王势力日增,他们日益渴望占领这片从他们领土内被分割出去的土地.经济原因则与弗兰德斯有关.弗兰德斯地区生产棉布的城镇是英国羊毛的主要进口地,但这些城镇在政治上却效忠法国国王.其他原因还有英国试图阻止法国帮助苏格兰人,以及不断觉醒的民族意识.When the war ended,Calais was the only part of France that still in the hands of English. 战争结束的时候只有加来港还被英军占领.Consequences:The expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries:had they remained,the superior size and wealth of France would certainly have hindered the development of a separate English national identity,while France was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory. 战争的结果:把英国人赶出了法国对两个国家都是幸事:若英国人继续留在法国,那么法国人在领土和财富上所占的优势必然会阻碍英国作为一个独立民族的发展;而法国如被外国势力占领了大量的领土,其民族特性的发展也要长期受阻.HenryⅤrenewed the war in 1415 and won a crushing victory at Argencourt.He was recognized to the French throne in 1420.After his death,the French,encouraged by Joan of Arc,finally drove the English out of France. 亨利五世在1415年重新发动战争.在阿根科特战役中大胜.他在1420年成为法国国王.亨利死后,法国人民在圣女贞德的鼓舞下,最终把英军驱逐出法国.5.Consequences of the Black Death黑死病的影响The Black Death was the modern name given to the deadly epidemic disease spread by rat fleas across Europe in the 14th century.It swept through England in the summer of 1348 without warning and,most importantly,without any cure.It reduced England’s population from four million to two million(about one half and one third of the population was killed) by the end of the 14th century. 黑死病是现代名称,指老鼠身上的跳蚤传播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫引起的传染性疾病.14世纪传播了到欧洲.1348年夏天横扫全英国,事先毫无预兆,而更重要的是无药可救.英国的人口在14世纪末从400万锐减至200万. The economic consequences of the Black Death were far-reaching.As a result of the plague,much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of ndowners tended to change from arable to sheep-farming,which required less labour.The surviving peasants had better bargainning power and were in a position to change their serfdom into paid labour.So some landlords,unable or unwilling to pay higher wages,tried to force peasants back into serfdom.In 1351 the government issued a Statute of Labourers which made it a crime for peasants to ask for more wages or for their employers to pay more than the rates laid down by the Justices of the Peace. 黑死病对经济造成的后果更为深远.鼠疫导致了大片土地无人照管和劳动力极度匮乏.地主只得把耕地改成对人力需求较少的牧场.幸存的农民处于有利的可以讨价还价的地位,他们从农奴变为雇佣劳动力。
英语国家概况美国部分
11. On the Christmas Day of 1776, the Americans defeated the British troops at Trenton, New Jersey. Not long afterwards, the Americans troops defeated the British at Saratoga in Northern New York. This was a great turning point of the War of Independence, leading directly to an alliance between the U.S and France. 1766年的圣诞节，美军在新泽西的特伦顿挫败英军，这之后不久，美军在萨拉托加击败英军，史称“萨拉托加大捷”这次胜利被认为是北美独立战争的转折点，并直接导致美法联军的建立。
5. The slave system was formally ended by Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865.
6. The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the United States is the blacks who number about 12.1% of the population. The first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619. 美国人口最多的少数民族是黑人，大约占总人口的12.1%，第一批黑人作为奴隶于1619年运抵北美。
英语国家概况-美国部分【清晰完整版】
Chapter 13 geography 地理位置I. Location and size1. The full name of the United States is the United States of America. The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north, Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south, the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in America. Alaska borders on northwestern Canada and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。
阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。
2. The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometers. It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia, Canada and China.就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国。
3. Of all states of American, Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island the smallest. But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。
American historys 美国历史精讲 英语国家概况
1) The "discovery" of the New World 发现新大陆①The "first Americans" were the Indians 最早的美国人是印第安人②②In the late 15th century, Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, supported by the Spanish queen, he led his men to sail across the vast ocean in 1492 and reached some small islands in the now west Indies. He thought he had reached Asia and didn't know he had discovered a New Continent.15世纪后期，意大利航海家克里斯多弗.哥伦布，在西班牙女王的支持下,于1492年率领船队穿越浩瀚的大西洋，抵达了现在西印度群岛的一些小岛。
他误以为到达了亚洲，并不知道自己已经发现了一个新大陆。
③Ameriga Vespucci proved that the land was a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after him.阿美利歌·韦斯普奇证明了这是新大陆，因此，以他的名字命名。
2)Causes of the colonization of the New World 殖民时期Opportunity was a magic word.机遇是一个神气的词①The new Would drew English nobles (who dreamed of getting more land and establishing great new estates.).②Drew other people who could not find jobs in England.③Most of all , it drew the poor and the homeless from the farmlands and villages of Europe.④Many settlers came to the English colonies in search of religious freedom because they had been persecuted in England.1）他吸引了英国的贵族（那些梦想在荒原上创建庞大的新地产的）2）吸引那些在英国无法找到工作的人。
余志远《英语国家概况》(2015年版)复习笔记和课后习题详解(第15章 美国政治)【圣才出品】
第15章美国政治15.1复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ.The U.S.Constitution1.The Federal system2.Separation of powers:checks and balances3.Provisions for amendment4.Bill of RightsⅡ.The Legislative Branch1.A Two-chamber Congress2.The House of Representatives3.Senate4.Functions of the CongressⅢ.The Executive BranchⅣ.The Judicial Branch1.The Supreme Court2.Courts of Appeals and District CourtsⅤ.State GovernmentⅥ.Local Government【重难点归纳】Ⅰ.The U.S.ConstitutionThe American Constitution is the oldest written constitution in the world.It was drawn up in1787and went into effect in1789.Ⅰ.美国宪法美国宪法是世界上最古老的成文宪法。
1787年制定，1789年生效。
1.The Federal systemThe Constitution set up a federal system of government which has two layers of rule.There is federal government.There are also state and local governments.1.联邦系统宪法规定了具有两层规则的联邦政府系统，包括联邦政府与州和地方政府。
2.Separation of powers:checks and balancesThe government is divided into three branches,the legislative,the executive and the judicial.And each branch can check the actions of the other branches.The three branches are thus in balance.This is called“checks and balances”.2.三权分立，相互制衡政府分为三个分支机构，即立法，行政和司法。
余志远《英语国家概况》(2015年版)笔记和课后习题详解资料
余志远《英语国家概况》（2015年版）笔记和课后习题详解关注薇公号-精研学习网-查找资料本书是余志远《英语国家概况》（2015年版）教材的学习辅导书，主要包括以下内容：1．整理名校笔记，浓缩内容精华。
在参考了国内外名校名师讲授该教材的课堂笔记基础上，复习笔记部分对该章的重难点进行了整理，因此，本书的内容几乎浓缩了该教材的知识精华。
2．解析课后习题，提供详尽答案。
本书参考了该教材的国内外配套资料和其他教材的相关知识对该教材的课（章）后习题进行了详细的分析和解答，并对相关重要知识点进行了延伸和归纳。
本书提供电子书及打印版，方便对照复习。
第一部分英国第1章国土与人民1.1复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ.Geographical Features1.The UK’s Geographical Location and Its Size2.Rivers and LakesⅡ.Climate1.A Maritime Climate2.Factors Which Influence the Climate3.RainfallⅢ.Plant and Animal Life1.Plant Life2.Animal Life1.Ethnic Groupsnguages3.Religion4.Urbanization5.Population Growth6.Migration Patterns【重难点归纳】1.Great Britain is made up of England,Scotland,and Wales.Together with Northern Ireland, it forms the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2.The total population of the UK was around63million,which is the third-largest in the European Union and the22nd-largest in the world.3.The UK is a developed country with considerable economic,cultural,military,scientific and political influence internationally.4.The UK’s capital is London,and it has other major cities including,Birmingham,Liverpool, and Manchester in England and so on.1.大不列颠由英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士组成。
英语国概Unit 15 The Southwest and the Northwest of America
It is famous for multicolored hills （ 多彩的沙丘）and small uprisings（小山） from the desert floor that glow in the daylignt in colors of reddish-brown(红褐 色),yellow,orange,and even purple.
★the Petrified Forest (石化森林国家公园）
Within the Painted Desert National Park , there is the Petrified Forest (石化森林国 家公园), a field of fallen trees that have turned to stone by a process of mineralization( 矿化) known as petrifaction (石化).
★Dinosaur National Monument (国家恐龙化石保护
• Not too far away is Dinosaur National Monument
(国家恐龙化石保护区，位于科罗拉多州西北和犹他州东北 Utah), the site of many fossils(化石) of
•Thank you
prehistoric(史前的) animal life.
★Bryce Canyon National Park(布莱斯峡谷国家公园 ) • And nearby also is Bryce Canyon National Park(布 莱斯峡谷国家公园 ),a small park with enormous sandstone spires(螺旋) and pinnacles(尖顶), whose slopes(斜坡) are colored in red, white, pink and orange layers(层).
英语国家概况-美国文化-历史人文环境
Part Three The United States of AmericaChapter 13 Geography第一部分：Location and Size1. 美国的地理位置：The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north, Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south, the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.2. 识记：The two newest states Alaska and Hawaii are separated from the continental United States.3. 简答：Why does the United States have an ideal location for trade?The United State has an ideal location for trade. Its Atlantic coast faces the developed countries of Western Europe and its Pacific coast and Hawaii give the nation an approach to the Far East and Australia.(澳大拉西亚: 一个不明确的地理名词,一般指澳大利亚,新西兰及附近南太平洋诸岛,有时也泛指大洋洲和太平洋岛屿)4. 美国最大和最小的州：Of all the states Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island is the smallest, but on the mainland Texas is the largest state of the country.5. 美国两大主要山系：the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky mountains6. 落基山脉的最高峰：the Elbert7. 落基山脉--大陆分水岭：The Rockies, the backbone of the North American continent, is also known as the Continental Divide.8. 名词解释：the Continental Divide (金鸡落下[落基]，座北朝南[north-south line]，东边的翅膀沾满蜂蜜[密西西比]和墨水[墨西哥湾]；西边的翅膀挥舞着和太平洋边上的加州旅馆say “Hello”!)----- The Rockies, the backbone of the North American continent, is also known as the Continental Divide, it is an imaginary north-south line that separates the major river systems of the United States. The rivers that descendfrom the eastern slopes of the Rockies flow into the Mississippi and Gulf of Mexico. Those that begin on the western slopes of the Rockies flow to the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of California.9. 有关the Mississippi 的重点：(记密西西比的发源地：想象：秘密[密西西比]地从湖里舀了杯苏打[明尼苏达]水喝下去，嘻嘻地笑了)Lying between the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky Mountains is one of the world’s great continental rivers—the Mississippi. The Mississippi proper rises in the lake region in North Minnesota and flows south to the Gulf of Mexico. The Mississippi has been called “father of waters” or “old man river”. （英语里father=old man）10. The Ohio River的别称：(鹅害鹅[Ohio]，鹅害怕，骑着鹿儿[Ruhr]，逃跑了。
英美概况unit15
• The Southest
• North of Florida along the Atlantic Seaboard are the southern states of Georgia,South Carolina,North Carolina and Virginia. • Fort Sumer National Park
• There is in the south a stretch of desert area that suddenly becomes verdant in the Imperial Valley of California (加州皇 家河谷).
• Yosemite National Park（约瑟米 蒂国家公园）
• Alaska
• vast expanses of Alaska covered with ice and snow. • Alaska is the largest state of the US by area;it is situated in the northwest extremity of the North America continent. • Many active volcanoes are found in the Aleutain Islands chain
• Hawaii
• Hawaii is unique in many ways • Hawaii is made up of a chain of islands(124 islets and 8 main island) • Mauna Kea (莫纳克亚山) • there are 2 national parks and 3 historical parks • a National Park Service (美国国家公园管理 局) • 3W„s( wind，waves,wings)
《英语国家概况》各章节概要知识点——美国部分
《英语国家概况》各章节概要知识点——美国部分1. Population, Race and Ethnic Groups 人口与民族世界第三人口大国，20世纪90年代人口增长更加迅速，将来60年还将迅猛增加。
预计将从1992年的25，550万，增加到2000年的27，500万。
移民是人口增长的主要来源，基本开放的移民政策。
现在多数移民来自亚洲和拉丁美洲。
城市化高，最大的城市：纽约，洛杉矶，芝加哥，旧金山，费城。
1946-1964是生育高峰，20世纪80年代人口老龄化趋势。
美国是移民国家。
第一批移民来自英国和荷兰，为了逃避宗教迫害，寻求更好的生活，契约劳工。
三次移民浪潮：第一次移民浪潮始于1805年，1845年到达高峰，许多爱尔兰人迁入。
第二次移民浪潮从1860-1890。
第三次移民浪潮从1890-1914，是最大的一次。
来自奥匈帝国，意大利，俄国，希腊，罗马尼亚和土耳其。
Characteristics of the American population 美国人口的特征流动性。
四次大规模的人口流动：第一次从内战结束到1880年，西进运动。
从东海岸向西部迁移。
第二次从1890-1920年，随着工业化和城市化的实现，人口从农村涌向城市。
第三次从1920-1960年，大批黑人离开南方涌入外地。
第四次从60年代至今，从东北部向西南部的阳光地带迁移。
Black people and the Civil Rights Movement 黑人与民权运动黑人是美国人口最多的少数民族。
自1619年作为奴隶贩运到北美洲，集中在南部农业区，生活悲惨。
代表小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》和《根》。
1863年林肯的《解放奴隶宣言》和1865《宪法》第13条修正案正式结束了奴隶制，但仍存在歧视。
1954年布朗诉教育委员会一案，开始了漫长的废除种族隔离的进程。
60年代爆发民权运动。
1964年通过《民权法案》，1965年通过《选举权法案》。
英语国家概况Chapter15
James Madison, fourth president of the United States, is often regarded as the "Father of the Constitution." (The American History）
Ⅵ.Territorial Expansion and Westward Movement （开拓疆土和西进运动）
Chapter 15 American History (I) (1600-1900)
I. II. III. IV. V. VI.
Discovery of the New World The Colonial Period The War of Independence A New Form of Government The War of 1812 Territorial Expansion and Westward Movement VII. The Civil War VIII. Rapid Growth of Capitalism after the Civil War
contents
I. Discovery of the New World
Think about the following questions. 1. Who are the original American people? 2. Do you know where the name “America” came from?
3. Struggle during ratification ①Between: a. Federalists –Federalist Paper b. Anti-federalists, concerned the absence of Bill of Rights in the Constitution. ②Final: Bill of Rights.
英语国家概况American-HistoryPPT课件
2021
Inspired by the success of Spanish explorers who had found gold in South America, these adventurers hoped to get rich. The English merchants who organized the Jamestown colonists expected prosperity or wealth from the venture. They were particularly interested in sources of gold.
pilgrim father
8
❖ The colonists were building a new way of life in the New World. There were a number of features which would play a role in forming the American character.
2021
6
Immigration has been a major source of population growth and cultural change throughout much of American history.
The economic, social, and political aspects of immigration have caused controversy regarding ethnicity, religion, economic benefits, job growth, settlement patterns, environmental impact, impact on upward social mobility （上进心,向上倾向） , levels of criminality, nationalities, political loyalties, moral values, and work habits.
英语国家概况Chapter-15
Sichuan University of Science & Engineering
II Geography: Geographical Regions
Mount Kosciuszko (科 修斯科山) • Southwest in Canberra of New South Wales • The highest point in Australia and Oceania
Australia is widely known as “the Dry Continent” due to its low rainfall. The aridity of Australia stems from its proximity to the • The hot and dry conditions of Australia bring equator. about recurring droughts across the country. The 1895 to 1903 drought is considered Australia’s worst draught in terms of severity and scale.
I Lead-in:
Koala
Sichuan University of Science & Engineering
I Lead-in:
Emu (鸸鹋)
Sichuan University of Science & Engineering
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
I Lead-in:
Duckmole (鸭 嘴兽)
Sichuan University of Science & Engineering
英语国家概况-美国篇中英翻译
chapter 13 geography 地理位置美国的全称是美利坚合众国。
我们通常简称它为美国。
The full name of the United States is the United States of America ，Often we just call it the United States, the U. S. or simply America.1. 阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州(1959年)。
阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。
Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American(1959年).Alaska lies in northwestern Canada，and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.2.美国陆地面积为930万平方公里。
就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，仅次于俄罗斯、加拿大和中国。
The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres.It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia，Canada and China.3.所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。
Of all states of American，Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the smallest.But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.4. 落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭。
The Rockies，the backbone of the North American Continent，is also known as the Continental Divide.5. 阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。
美国经济主要英语国家概况chapter15
Trade——Service Industry
Efficient ways of providing goods
Thank you very much!
Your Topic Goes Here
Your subtopic goes here
U.S. trade with China——Increased dramatically
The top items the U.S. exported to China Electrical machinery & equipment Power generation equipment Oil seeds and fruits Aircraft and spacecraft Medical equipment The top items the U.S. imported from China Power generation equipment Electrical machinery & equipment Toys and games Furniture ,shoes and clothes
The ways of consuming
Cash Personal checks ——same value as Cash Credits ——make purchase on credit encourage people to spend more money most Americans are in debt
Your Topic Goes Here
英语国家概况(修订版)Chapter 15
The Conservative Party
-- the merger of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative Party -- form the government of Canada since 2006
The New Democratic Party
What are the main characteristics of Canada's electoral democracy?
-- Participation, fairness and transparency -- Secrecy and privacy -- Adaptability
---the Senate (105 members)
What are the functions of the parliament?
(Page192-193, the textbook)
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
Structure of the government of Canada
Government of Canada
Sovereign
(Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II )
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
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第十五章美国历史(Ⅰ)(1600-1900)Ⅰ.发现新大陆"最早的美国人"是印第安人。
没有人知道他们是什么时候或以什么方式来到现被称之为美国的这块土地上。
有些科学家认为他们是从亚洲穿过一度连接西伯利亚和阿拉斯加的大陆桥过来的，这可能发生在3万或4万年前。
在这块土地上，印第安人以狩猎、采集野果、捕鱼和农业为主。
15世纪时期，意大利海员克里斯托夫·哥伦布认为他们向西航行就可以到达印度。
在西班牙王后的支持下，1492年他率船员横渡大洋来到现在的西印度洋的一些小岛上。
他认为自己已经到了印度，而并不知道他已经发现了一个新大陆。
另一个航海家阿美利哥·韦斯普西证实了这块土地不是印度，而是一块新大陆。
因此，这块土地以他的名字被命名为America (美洲)。
Ⅱ.殖民时期美洲的第一块英国殖民地于1607年在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯建立。
从1607 年到1733年间，英国在北美洲的东海岸建立了13个殖民地。
它们是弗吉尼亚、缅因、新罕布什尔、马萨诸塞、康涅狄格、纽约、罗得岛、马里兰、北卡罗来纳、南卡罗来纳、新泽西、宾夕法尼亚和佐治亚。
到1750年，将近有200万人生活在这些殖民地。
他们为什么来?他们为什么离开旧大陆的家园和朋友而来到这块陌生又遥远的土地上呢?是机会这一富有魔力的字眼吸引人们来到美洲。
它吸引来了英国的贵族，他们梦想在荒野上创立更多的庄园；它吸引来了许多在英国找不到工作的木匠、烤面包师、裁缝和其它技术工人；它吸引来最多的是欧洲农场和村庄里的人和无家可归的人们；它给了人们一个过更好生活的机会，这种好生活他们在旧大陆是无望得到的。
许多人到英国殖民地来是为了寻求宗教自由。
他们渴望在自己的教堂里用自己的方式来敬仰上帝。
他们之所以离开自己的国家，是因为他们是宗教迫害的受害者。
第一批新教徒移民就是一个例子。
为了逃避宗教迫害，他们离开英国到荷兰的莱顿生活。
尽管那里气氛比较宽容，但他们担心如果不采取措施，他们的子孙就会变成荷兰人。
于是在1620年，102(史载应为102人--编者注)个英国清教徒乘坐一艘叫"五月花号"的船来到新大陆。
他们来到普利茅斯建立了普利茅斯殖民地。
他们到达后的第一个冬天特别冷，到来年春天，他们中的一半人已经死了。
邻近的印第安人来帮助他们，教他们如何种玉米。
那一年他们获得了大丰收。
于是他们请来印第安人，一起举行了美国的第一个感谢上帝的感恩节庆祝活动。
和以工匠和农民为主的首批新教徒移民不同，清教徒都是富裕的、受过良好教育的绅士，他们想净化英国国教。
由于对英国政治腐败不满和饱受宗教迫害的威胁，清教徒的领袖们就把新大陆视为上帝赐予他们拯救人们的庇护所，于是大规模的清教徒移民活动在1630年3月开始了。
从1630至1643年，大约 200只船把2万英国人运到了马萨诸塞湾殖民地。
清教徒不允许在宗教上有异议(持不同的宗教信仰)。
他们到美洲的目的不是为了实行宗教信仰宽容，而是要建立一个他们认为是真正的教会。
他们认为高地位和大成就是"永但天恩"(上帝的恩惠)的迹象，他们想要把上帝的意志强加给其他种族。
清教徒的传统还包括对知识的尊重，这促进了学校的建立和读、写能力的传播。
这一切对美国资本主义的发展非常有益。
殖民主义者正在新大陆上建立一种崭新的生活方式。
其中许多特点在形成美国人的性格中发挥了作用。
这些特点是:代议制政府，法治，对个人权利的尊重，宗教上的宽容以及强烈的个人进取心。
Ⅲ.独立战争十三个殖民地的经济发展非常迅速。
随着经济的发展，殖民地人民需要更多的权力来决定自己的事。
英国政府的政策是控制殖民地的发展和收取更多的税。
英国商人低价钱收购南方生产的烟草、木材、兽皮及其他产品。
却以很高的价格向殖民地出售服装、家具、酒和其他商品。
英政府对殖民地从西印度群岛进口的糖蜜征税，这种糖蜜可用来制成酒(糖蜜酒)出口。
为维持大批驻美军队，英政府实行印花税，从殖民地收取更多的钱来供应军队，并且要求殖民地为驻军提供燃料、灯油、寝具和其他物品。
为帮助英国东印度公司渡过难关，英政府允许东印度公司通过自己的销售员人以较低的价格向殖民地销售茶叶，这抢走了北美茶叶商的生意。
殖民地人民反对不公平待遇和所有这些政策。
他们宣称"没有代表权就不交税"，没有他们代表参加决策，他们就没有义务纳税。
1773年，满载茶叶的船只到达波士顿，总督决心要依法确保茶叶的销售。
就在这时，几十个波士顿居民化装成印第安人在夜间登上了船，把价值75000美元的茶叶倾倒入海港。
这就是著名的"波士顿倾茶事件"。
1774年9月，第一次大陆会议在费城召开，号召北美人民拒绝购买英国的商品，殖民地的民兵组织也建立了。
1775年4月19日。
1000多名英国士兵从波士顿出发，去夺取存放在康科德的民兵组织的军需品。
爱国者们早在提防。
英国士兵一出发，北教堂塔楼上就有人迅速用灯笼把讯息传递给保罗·里维尔，保罗马上骑马去向村民报警，英军一到列克星顿，就遇到了几十个武装民兵。
先是突然一声枪响，然后便枪声大作。
8个美国人当场被打死，另外10个也负了伤。
北美的独立战争爆发了。
列克星顿和康科德战斗之后的第三周，第二次大陆会议再次在费城召开。
代表们同意支持战争，大会建立了大陆陆军和海军，由弗吉尼亚的民兵指挥官乔治·华盛顿任总司令。
大会还指派一个委员会起草一份正式的宣言。
弗吉尼亚的托马斯·杰斐逊起草了《独立宣言》。
1776年7月4日大会通过了这份这宣言。
《独立宣言》中写道"我们认为下述真理是不言自明的:人生而平等，造物主赋予了他们若干不可让与的权利，其中包括生存权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。
为了保障这些权利，人类才在他们中间建立政府，而政府的正当权力则是经被统治者同意所授予的。
任何形式的政府一旦对这些目标的实现起破坏作用时，人民使有权予以更换或废除……"。
《独立宣言》清楚地阐明了支撑这场革命的政治理论，这一理论来源于英国的哲学家约翰·洛克。
战争初期，美军接连受挫，然而在1776年圣诞节那一天，美国军在新泽西的特伦顿击败了英国军队。
之后不久，美国又在纽约州北部的萨拉托加击败了英军。
这次胜利是独立战争的转折点，直接导致了美、法联军的建立。
1781年10月，英国乔治·康沃利斯将军率领英军撤退到北卡罗来纳的一个小镇，希望在那里从海上得到补给，继而向北进军。
华盛顿和法军指挥官率领美法联军从纽约出击，与此同时法国海军开往弗吉尼亚的约克敦。
这次联合行动的时机安排得非常好，把康沃利斯夹在了陆海之间。
两天之后，康沃利斯率全军投降，不久英国政府要求和谈。
1783年9月签订了《巴黎条约》，英国承认美国独立。
美国独立战争表明，在正义的战争中，弱国是可以打败强国的。
这是一次历史性的事件:美国人民打碎了英国殖民统治的枷锁获得了独立，这也使资本主义得到了更加自由的发展机会。
同时它还有巨大的国际影响:比如，西属美洲殖民地也相继起来推翻西班牙的殖民统治。
Ⅳ.新的政府形式随着独立的临近，很明显需要一个更加永久和合法的各州联合。
1777年11月大陆会议通过邦联草案，并交给各州讨论通过或否定。
1781年3月各州批准了这一文件，并被称为《邦联条例》。
《邦联条例》在许多方面与众不同。
第一，它不设国王。
起草者把英国人民的苦难归咎于英王乔治三世。
于是他们决定不设国王而建立共和国，这是富有革命性的。
第二，条例把国会作为中央政府，但仍然侧重各州的权力。
第二《邦联条例》是美国的一部成文的宪法。
当时世界上没有哪个重要国家有成文宪法，包括英国在内。
然而条例也有很多严重缺陷，这一点美国人很快就认识到了。
由于没有人做执行工作，所以政府的各种事务很难处理。
国会是一个太庞大的机构，因而起不到政府的作用，而且国会无权征税。
1787年5月又在费城召开会议，讨论怎样使《联邦条例》能够满足需要。
除罗得岛外，所有的州派代表都出席了这次制宪会议。
各州总共指派74名代表，但只有55名代表到会。
会议召开之后不久，代表们一致认为，仅对《联邦条例》修修补补是不行的，因而决定放弃该条例而重新起草新的政府纲领。
这就出现了大州与小州之间的矛盾，工商业利益集团和农业利益集团之间的矛盾等等。
7月16日通过的 "大妥协"最终解决了各方分歧:各州在参议院中享有相等席位，而众议院的席则应按各州的人口分配。
文件的最后稿于9月17日提交给大会审议。
当天出席会议的有42名代表，39名代表签字同意。
1787年9月联邦大会把宪法提交各州讨论，围绕是否通过宪法又展开了斗争。
那些在制宪会议上主张全国一体化并获胜的代表们，又领导了一场要求通过宪法的运动，他们自称为联邦派;而那些反对通过此宪法的人们则被称为反联邦派。
从1787年10月27日开始，纽约市的报纸上几乎不断地登出致公众的信，共85封。
署名皆为帕伯里亚。
后来人们得知这些信是亚历山大·汉密尔顿、詹姆斯·麦迪逊和约翰·杰伊写的，这些信被称为《联邦文集》。
《联邦文集》被认为是对宪法的最好的解释，也是最重要的政治理论著作之一。
反对宪法的一些观点涉及到宪法中缺少《人权法案》。
直到联邦派接受了《人权法案修正案》，宪法才得以确定通过。
宪法于1787年12月首先被特拉华州通过，而在马萨诸塞州的会议上却遭到强烈反对，以致最后以宪法生效后要首先补充《人权法案》修正案为条件，宪法才以很小的差额获得通过。
178*年，詹姆斯·麦迪逊在众议院提出了一系列的修正法案，后来这些法案被起草成十二条修正法案提交各州讨论。
其中有两条没被各州通过，其余十条在1791年被通过，成为宪法的前十项修正案--《人权法案》。
从那时起美国就完成了宪法体制的建立。
宪法被批准后，于1788年底举行了第一次大选。
第一届国会于1789年4月6日召开，要做的第一件事就是统计总统选举人的投票。
69位总统选举人都投票选举乔治·华盛顿为总统，34票选举约翰·亚当斯为副总统。
4月30日，华盛顿在政府所在地纽约宣誓就职。
179年政府迁往费域。
Ⅴ.1812年英美二次战争1812年美国向英国宣战，这是英美间的最后一次战争。
导致战争爆发的原因如下:1.欧洲正在打仗。
先是英国和革命中的法国打仗，而后是英国和拿破仑一世时期的法国打仗。
美国保持中立地位，并从与交战双方进行的贸易中获利。
随着战争日趋激烈，英国就利用它的海军优势开始对法国实行封锁，法国采取反封锁措施。
于是，如果美国船只和法国进行交易，他们就会被英国抓住，反之则会被法国抓住。
比如，1793年到1794年之间，英国抓获了300多艘美国商船，给美国商人带来巨大损失。
美国政府起初制定的政策是不允许同这两个交战国进行贸易，但是这项政策遭到新英格兰商人的反对。