煤化学缩印版

Ⅰ. Blank-filling（填空）1.（P5）Lignin（木质素）and cellulose （纤维素）are considered to be the major organic precursors（母体、前体）to coal although there is little evidence to support this theory.2.（P78）The microscopic（微观的）constituents（成分）of coals are called macerals （煤显微组分）. The macerals are actually identified microscopically（显微镜）by their form and reflectivity（反射率），and are divisible into three groups based appearance （外观）and physical characteristics. The three main groups—vitrinite（镜质组）, exinite （壳质组）, and inertinite（惰质组）—are each further subdivided（细分）on the basis of individual （个人）maceral form. （同11）3. The ashing technique（灰化技术）is commonly to make a coal completely combusted（燃烧）at quite a high temperature by using a special device（设备）—a muffle furnace（马弗炉）, then to weigh the residue （残留物）, i.e., the ash, and to use the ash content（含量）as an indication（标示，表明）to the minerals（矿物质）in the coal.4.（P137）The proximate analysis of coal （煤的工业分析）may be considered as the determination（判断）of the overall composition(总成分)of a coal sample and is, in reality, the determination of moisture content （水分含量）, volatile matter（挥发分）content, ash（灰分）content, and (by difference（差减法）) fixed carbon（固定碳）content.5.（P142）Fixed carbon（固定碳）is a measure of the solid combustible（易燃的）material in coal after the expulsion（排出）of volatile matter（挥发分）; fixed carbon plus ash represent（相当于）the approximate（近似的）yield of coke from coal. The fixed carbon value is determined (ASTM D3172) by subtracting （减去）from 100 the resultant（结果）summation（总和）of moisture（水分）, volatile matter, and ash with all percentages on the same moisture（水分）reference（参考）base.6.（P5）The makeup of the organic portion of plants consists of carbohydrates（碳水化合物）, lignin（木质素）, proteins（蛋白质）and lipoids（类脂）.7.（必考煤的定义）Coal is a kind of sedimentary（沉积的）organic rock originating from（源自）ancient plant remains undergone complicatedly（复杂地）biochemical（生物化学）and physicochemical（物理化学）changes under certain climatic（气候）, biological（生物）, environmental（环境）and geological （地质）conditions.8. A piece of humic coal（腐植煤）can be identified（定义）as bright coals (anthraxylon （镜煤，纯木煤）) or dull coals (attritus（暗煤）). The former have been further subdivided （细分）into vitrain（镜煤，闪碳）and clarain （亮煤）while the later are subdivided into fusain（丝炭，丝煤）and durain（暗煤）. Each of these lithotypes（岩石类型）has individual characteristics that are easily distinguishable （区分、辨别）.9.（P123）A variety of minerals have been reported to be present in coals，involving Clay minerals（粘土矿物）, Quartz minerals（石英矿物）, Carbonate（碳酸盐）minerals, and Sulfur（硫化物）minerals. Mineral matter in coal can be evaluated（评价）by using ashing techniques, ash analysis（灰分分析）and direct mineral analysis.10. （P76）The two major sapropelitic coals（泥岩煤）are cannel coal（烛煤）and boghead coal（藻煤）( the latter is also well known as torbanite（块煤）).11.（P78）The macerals（煤显微组分）are actually identified microscopically（显微镜可见地）by their form and reflectivity（反射率）and are divisible（可分的）into three groups based appearance and physical characteristics(Table 3-3).The three main groups－vitrinite（镜质组）(sometimes calledhuminite（腐植组）in subbituminous coals（次烟煤）), exinite（壳质组）(sometimes calledliptinite), and inertinite（惰质组）–are eachfurther subdivided on the basis of individualmaceral form.Ⅱ. Explanation of terms of coal chemistry1. (P72) Coal petrography（岩石学）Coal petrography is, in essence, aninvestigation（调查）with subsequent（随后）identification（鉴定）of the macrostructures（宏观结构）and microstructures（微观结构）that are the physical structure of coal.2.（P142）Ultimate analysis of coal （煤碳氢元素分析）Ultimate analysis is an absolute（绝对）measure of the elemental(基本的，初步)composition（组成）of coal, expresses thecomposition of coal in percentages of carbon,hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and ash（灰分）.3.（P147）The calorific（发热的）value ofcoalThe calorific value of coal is a directindication（征兆、迹象）of the energy valueof the coal and this particular property（特定的属性）is considered to be one of the mostimportant means by which a coal can beevaluated（评价）.4.（同I-3）Ash technique to detect the ashcontent of coalThis technique is commonly to make acoal completely combusted（燃烧）at quite ahigh temperature by using a special device（设备）—a muffle furnace（马弗炉）, then to weighthe residue（残留物）, i.e., the ash, and to usethe ash content（含量）as an indication（标示，表明）to the minerals（矿物质）in the coal.Ⅲ. Comprehensive understanding1. Please briefly describe the coal formingprocess from the ancient higher plant remainsto the substance（物质）we know as coal today,according to the following schematic（示意图）graph.（P3）Coal was formed from partiallydecomposed (已降解的，已腐烂的）(andsubsequently (后来，随后）metamorphosed(变质，变形）) plant debris (碎片，残骸）which collected in regions（地区）wherewaterlogged (浸满水的，涝的）or swampy (沼泽的，湿地的）conditions prevailed (流行，盛行，占优势）. These conditions prevented（阻止）complete decay (腐烂，降解）of thedebris（碎片）as it accumulated（累积）andeventually(最后的）led to the material（材料、物质）now as coal.In general terms, the debris consisted of trees,ferns（蕨类植物）, rushes （灯芯草，灌木）,lycopods （石松属植物）, and several thousandplant species that have been identified（确定）in coal beds, but it appears that none of thespecies identified in many different coalsoriginated（起源）in brackish-water （盐水）locales （区域）.Similar types of plant remains may befound in all types (ranks （煤阶）) of coal，but,of course, the relative amounts （相对含量）vary considerably （相当地，非常地）. On thisbasis （由此）, it is not surprising that coaldiffers markedly （显著地）in composition（组成）from one particular seam are notuncommon, due not only to the wide variety ofplant debris that could have formed theprecursors （母体，前体）but also to the manydifferent chemical reactions that can occurduring the maturation （成熟）process.Thus, once plant debris has accumulatedunder the “correct”conditions, the formation（形成）of peat（泥炭）gradually occurs （发生，出现）. Peat is not actually classified as coalbut it is, nevertheless （仍然，不过）, believedto be that material which is formed as theinitial step in the process. However, to becomecoal, peat must progress （前进，进展，经历）through what is loosely （松散的）termed（被称为）“coalification”（煤化作用）process.The coalification process is, in essence（本质）, the progressive （渐进的，累进的）change in the plant debris as it becomestransformed from peat to lignite （褐煤）andthen through the higher ranks （高阶）of coal（such as subbituminous （次烟煤）andbituminous （烟煤）coals）to anthracite （无烟煤）. The degree of coalification generallydetermines（决定）the rank of the coal, but theprocess is not a series of straightforward （简单的，直截了当的）chemical changes. Forexample, the metamorphism （变质作用）ofthe plant debris not only relies on （＝dependon）geological time （地质年代）but also ontemperature and pressure.Thus, when the organic debris (which maybe identified as peat) is buried beneath （在之下）overburden （过载，重压）, variousphysicochemical （物理化学的）processesoccur as part of the metamorphosis （变质，变形）. The major influences are believed to bethe resulting （由此引起的）heat and pressuredeveloped because of the overlying （上面堆垛的）sedimentary（沉积）cover(overburden).This leads to changes in the constituents （成分，组成）of the debris such as an increase inthe carbon content, alteration （改变）of thefunctional groups （官能团）, alteration （改造）of the various molecular（分子）structuresultimately （finally）resulting in the loss ofwater , oxygen, and hydrogen with theincreased resistance （阻力，阻抗，电阻）tosolvents（溶剂）, heat, and oxidation（氧化）.All theories about the formation of coalrequire that the original plant debris eliminate（去除，减少，消除）oxygen and hydrogencontinuously under the prevailing （优势的）conditions, ultimately leading to a productcontaining approximately （大约）90% w/wcarbon, i. e., anthracite （无烟煤）. In order forthe maturation （成熟）to proceed, chemicalprinciples （原理，法则）require that oxidationreactions be completely inhibited （禁止）.However, in the early stages （早期阶段）ofcalcification（钙化）, microorganisms （微生物）may play an important role and, somewhatparadoxically （看似矛盾而实际地）, theymay interact with（相互）the plant materialunder aerobic （需氧的）conditions as well asunder anaerobic （厌氧的）conditions.The formation of coal under the slowconditions generally referred to （指的是）asgeological time （地质时期）may ,nevertheless （不过，仍然）, be regarded as（被认为是）occurring in the absence of （缺少的）oxygen, thereby （因此）promoting（促进，提高，提升）the formation of highlycarbonaceous （碳质的，高碳的）molecules（分子）through losses of oxygen andhydrogen from the original organic molecules.2. Please briefly（简洁的）describe Two-phasestructural model of coal.（第十单元P273）The organic matter of coal iscomposed（组成）of two relevant（有关）phases: macromolecular（大分子的）andmicromolecular（小分子）phases.Three-dimensional（三维的，立体的，真实的）net of macromolecular skeletons（骨骼骨架）Coal is not composed of any unitary（单一的，整体的）structure, rather, three-dimensional skeleton（骨架）network of aromatic rings（芳烃环）(macromolecular phase) and some small molecular compounds（高分子化合物）(micromolecular matters), among which the small molecules interact with the macromolecules and be fixed on the skeletons, or interacted themselves to form larger clusters（族）and then be trapped inside（受困于）the skeletons. Complex intermolecular actions occur between two phases in coal. Coal organic matters are rich in aromatic ring（芳烃环）structures (and always aliphatic 脂肪族的rings as well).Coal macromolecules take these rings as structural units, and are polymerized（聚合）by linkages（连接）of ―(CH2)n―、―O―and ―S―. The size and condensation degree of aromatic ring unit in coal increase with metamorphic（变质的）grade of coal, while the number of linkages reduce. The small molecular phase of coal is also quite a complex organic system, and aliphatic（脂肪）, alicyclic（脂环组的）and aromatic （芳香族）hydrocarbons （碳氢化合物）as well as heteroaromatics （芳香杂环化合物）and other polar compounds （极性化合物）are involved.3. Please briefly describe the main changes of coal decomposition（分解）along with different temperature stages.（Totally 15）（第九单元P241）Below 100℃---- the formation（形成）of low molecular weight species: water absorbed methane （甲烷）and carbon dioxide（二氧化碳）100-200℃--- more than 50% of the carboxylic acid （羧酸）functions can lose carbon dioxide200-370℃--- coals lose a variety of lower molecular weight organic species (may aliphatic compounds（脂肪族化合物）, and some of the aromatic（芳香族）species ) which are believed to arise from moieties （基）that are “loosely bound” to the more thermally（热）stable （稳定）part of the coal structure.proper 350℃---- cracking（开裂）temperature >370℃; >700℃--- methane (indicative （指示）of the thermal destruction（拆开）of the coal structure), polycyclic aromatics（多环芳香烃）, phenols（酚类）, and nitrogen compounds （含氮化合物）are produced.For bituminous（烟煤）coals, the decomposition（分解）increases markedly （显著）above 400℃and reaches a maximum in the range 700-900℃4.Please briefly describe coal pyrolysis and the main products of coal pyrolysis（热解裂解）（P242）The pyrolysis of coal is generally defined as the widespread thermal decomposition(分解)of coal in the absence(缺乏)of air or other added substances（物质）. The thermal decomposition of coal on a commercial scale（商业规模）is often more commonly referred to as carbonization（碳化）and is more usually achieved by the use of temperatures up to 1500℃. The rapid(快速的)heating of coal in an inert（惰性）atmosphere is referred to as flash pyrolysis （快速热解）whereas in a hydrogen–containing（含氢）atmosphere the process becomes flash hydropyrolysis （加氢热解）.Combustible Gases（可燃气体）:hydrogen（氢气）, methane（甲烷）, andcarbon monoxide（一氧化碳）as well aslesser amounts of hydrocarbons（碳氢化合物）Tarry（柏油的）products: smallmolecular volatile matters （挥发性物质）such as hydrocarbons（碳氢化合物）,aromatics （芳烃）and their derivatives（衍生物）Coke（焦炭）: char residue（碳渣）which consists of carbon and mineralmatter（矿物质）5.Precursors（母体前体） of coal（P5）The makeup of the organic portionof plants consists of carbohydrates（碳水化合物）, lignin（木质素）, proteins（蛋白质）andlipoids（类脂）. The constituents （组成，组分）of the organic portion of the originalplants, which ultimately （最终，最后）transformed （转化）into coal, has greatinfluence on （对有极大影响）the finishedcoal structure and its composition. So it isnecessary to make complete understanding ofthe constituents（成分）of the organic portionof plants. Lignin （木质素）and cellulose （纤维素）are considered to be the major organicprecursors （母体）to coalAll the organic constituents in plants, whichnot soluble（可溶性）in the organic solventssuch as ethers（醚）, benzene（苯）, chloroform（氯仿）, etc., fall within lipoid（类脂）. Theyare: Oils and fats; Waxes（蜡）; Resins（树脂）; Cutins, Seberins, sporins.Proteins are believed to be the maincontributors of the organic nitrogen-containingcomounds.Carbohydrate（糖类），namely saccharide（糖类）or sugar, is quite a broad type ofconstituents of plant, and was believed to havemade a lot of contribution to coal formation.Ⅳ. Talks1. Talk about Coal reserves in the world andChinaCoal is the most abundant fossil fuel（丰富的化石燃料）in the world. Coal reserves （储备）are also more widely distributed（分布）throughout the world.Main countries of coal: China, the U.S.A.,Russia（俄罗斯）, India（印度）, Australia（澳大利亚）China contains more than 126,000 million（百万）short tons of recoverable （可回收）coal reserves, third behind only the UnitedStates and Russia.These recoverable reserves are nearlyequally divided between hard coal and lignite（褐煤）deposits (i.e., 68,500 and 57,700million short tons, respectively分别).Coalfields（煤田）are scattered（分布、分散）throughout China：with the largestdeposits being found in western China,stretching from（伸入）north to south withmost of the reserves in the northern part,specifically in the Inner Mongolia（内蒙古）,Shanxi, and Shaanxi provinces.Significant anthracite（无烟煤）depositsare found in the Shanxi and Guizhou provinces.Bituminous（烟煤）coal deposits occur in theHeilongjiang, Shanxi, Jiangxi, Shandong,Henan, Anhui, and Guizhou provinces.China is the world’s largest coal producer;most of the coal is used internally forindustry and electricity generation. Thehard-coal rank appears to increase slightlynorthward from the Yangtze River（长江）,while locally seam quality is very variable。