2015考研英文原刊《经济学人》：识别人们的行踪
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P24—医学
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P24—医学Passage 24There are certain people who behave in a quite peculiar fashion during the work of analysis. When one speaks hopefully to them or expresses satisfaction with the progress of the treatment, they show signs of discontent and their condition invariably becomes worse. One begins by regarding this as defiance and as an attempt to prove their superiority to the physician, but later one comes to take a deeper and juster view. One becomes convinced, not only that such people cannot endure any praise or appreciation, but that they react inversely to the progress of the treatment. Every partial solution that ought to result, and in other people does result, in an improvement or a temporary suspension of symptoms produces in them for the time being an intensification of their illness; they get worse during the treatment instead of getting better. They exhibit what is known as a “negative therapeutic reaction”.There is no doubt that there is something in these people that sets itself against their recovery, and its approach is dreaded as though it were a danger. We are accustomed to say that the need for illness has got the upper hand in them over the desire for recovery. If we analyse this resistance in the usual way —then, even after fixation to the various forms of gain from illness, the greater part of it is still left over; and this reveals itself as the most powerful of all obstacles to recovery, more powerful than the familiar ones of narcissistic(admiring one’s own self too much) inaccessibility, a negative attitude towards the physician and clinging to the gain from illness.In the end we come to see that we are dealing with what may be called a “moral”factor, a sense of guilt, which is finding satisfaction in the illness and refuses to give up the punishment of suffering. We shall be right in regarding this disencouraging explanation as final. But as far as the patient is concerned this sense of guilt is dumb; it does not tell him he is guilty, he feels ill. This sense of guilt expresses itself only as a resistance to recovery which it is extremely difficult to overcome. It is also particularly difficult to convince the patient that this motive lies behind his continuing to be ill; he holds fast to the more obvious explanation that treatment by analysis is not the right remedy for his case.1. According to the author, some unusual patients would[A] openly resist the treatment of the physician.[B] intentionally hold the physician in contempt.[C] respond against the physician’s expectation.[D] disregard the appreciation by the physician.2. For the patients the author describes,[A] a hopeful treatment often leads to a reverse result.[B] a local treatment improves temporarily their symptoms.[C] a partial solution betters rather than worsens their illness.[D] a right solution cures them partially of their illness.3. The author’s study of this syndrome leads him to think that[A] patients must be convinced of the treatment by analysis.[B] patients’sense of guilt may hinder them from getting well.[C] patients need to know the final explanations of their illness.[D] patients should give up the punishment of suffering from their illness.4. It can be inferred from the text that[A] certain people behave in a particularly fashionable way.[B] the need for illness has overcome the desire for recovery.[C] the patients who are content with their illness are guilty.[D] the syndrome of inverse reaction to therapy is curious.5. The root cause of the resistance to recovery lies in the fact that the patients[A] are apt to refuse the recognization of the physician’s authority.[B] can hardly put up with being praised or appreciated by their doctors.[C] cling to the unconscious belief in their deserved penalty by sickness.[D] suffer from a chronic mental disease that offers them a feeling of guilt.词汇注释defiance 蔑视therapeutic 治疗的dreaded 令人担心的narcissistic 自我陶醉的inaccessibility 不易接近的难句讲解1. Every partial solution that ought to result, and in other people does result, in an improvement or a temporary suspension of symptoms produces in them for the time being an intensification of their illness; they get worse during the treatment instead of getting better.[简析] 本句话的主干是“Every partial solution produces in them an intensification, they get worse…”。
2015年考研英语(一)阅读理解text4详解
2015年考研英语(一)阅读理解text4详解2015年英语(一)的阅读理解Part A部分与2014年相比没有太大改变，考生在考试过程中应继续秉承正确的方法——先读题目，了解题目的要求，再有目的地回到原文中找正确答案。
Text 4 的文章整体来讲不算难，如果对Murdoch (默多克)传媒帝国下属的news of the world (《世界新闻报》)的telephone hacking(电话窃听)丑闻有所了解的话，这篇文章做起来应该是得心应手的，所以多了解背景知识对我们的英语考试有很大帮助。
第36题，According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by_____. 问Elisabeth 因为什么感到生气。
第一段和第二段都是围绕Elisabeth的话展开的，第一段有一个明显的提示词because of，这句话就非常清晰的解释了Elisabeth生气的原因，Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism”in society should be profit and the market.(诚信崩塌是因为公众都接受这样一个观点：社会的“分拣机制”应该是能盈利的和能做交易的)。
与A选项对应，the consequences of the current sorting mechanism.(现行分拣机制的后果)。
其实就是说Elisabeth主要是因为“dearth of integrity”或“integrity had collapsed”生气，而这正是现行“sorting mechanism”的结果。
第37题，It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that______. 可以从第3段推断出什么。
2015年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译
但为君故系列 B 遭到强烈的反对 C 增加《科学》杂志的发行量 D 对其他杂志树立榜样 34. David Vaux《科学》杂志正在做的事情是—— A 给科学家带来负担 B 减弱了评审者的作用 C 还有提升空间 D 在可预见的未来会失败 35. 下面那个选项是本文的最佳标题 A 《科学》杂志加入到“检查论文的数据”的活动中来了 B 职业的数据员值得更多的尊重 C 数据分析在编辑室中发现了自己的位置 D 数据员随着《科学》杂志回归了
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翻旧有的假定——权利机关可以在逮捕时搜查嫌疑人的所有物品， 加 如果法院遵循了加利福尼亚州的建议，他们就是不一般的谦虚 了。很多影响是可辨识得，甚至是显而易见的，所以法官应该必须向 警察、律师和被告们提供新的指导规则。 他们应该首先放弃杰利弗尼亚州蹩脚的论点——搜查储存了大 量电子信息的智能手机等同于翻查嫌疑人的钱包。 法院曾判决警察在 没有搜查令的情况下搜查嫌疑人的钱包或皮夹并不融犯宪法第四修 正案。但是搜查智能手机更像闯入一个人的家中。智能手机可能包含 了嫌疑人的阅读、财务、医疗以及最新联系人的大量记录。同时，云 计算技术更使得这种探究轻而易举。 美国人应该采取行动来保护数字隐私。 但将敏感信息保存在这些 设备上越来越成为正常生活的需要。 公民们仍有权期待个人文件的私 密性受到宪法的保活，免于受到没有根据的搜查。 但情况往往是，强调原则并不能淡化分界这个棘手的挑战，在大 多数情况下，相关当局为搜查手机内容而申请搜查令会非常繁琐。他 们任然可以在一些严重紧急的情况下无视第四修正案， 他们可以在搜 查令的审批过程中采取合理的措施来保证手机数据没有被删除或者 篡改。 但是法院可能想给警察更多的机会来引证那些他们拥有更多权 限时的情况。 但是法官不应该全盘接受加州的说法。 新的破坏性的技术有时候 要求新颖信息 的爆炸与易用性和 20 世纪汽车成为生活必需品是一样的。当时，法 官必须就轿车这个新时代的个人领域制定新的规则， 而现在他们应该 想想第四修正案应该怎样应用在点自信心上。 26. 最高法院将会决定在抓捕的过程中，——是否合法的 A 在没有搜查令的情况下搜查嫌疑人的移动电话 B 在没有授权的情况下检查嫌疑人电话里的内容 C 阻止嫌疑人删除电话里的内容 D 禁止嫌疑人使用移动电话 27. 作者对于加州观点额态度是
2015年考研英语(二)翻译原文
2015年考研英语（二）翻译原文What a simple cognitive bias teaches about how to live our lives.Here’s a common experience for motorists: you are driving somewhere new and you’re late.As you drive down unfamiliar roads it seems that everything is conspiring against you: other cars, the road-layout, the traffic lights and even suicidal cyclists. You know it’s only a few more miles, but it seems to be taking for-e-e-e-e-e-ever.Psychologically there are all sorts of things going on to make the journey seem longer than it really is, but let’s just isolate one of those: the unfamiliarity of the route.Unknown routes peak our curiosity; they are filled with new names, landscapes and landmarks, all of which attract the interest. The fact that our attention is engaged with all this newness has a subtle effect on how much time we think has passed.To see why, let’s take the opposite perspective for a moment.Think about driving a route that’s very familiar. It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home.Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand. On these sorts of trips it’s easy to zone out from the actual (真题中改写为lose concentration on the)driving and pay little attention tothe passing scenery. The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.This is the well-travelled road effect: people tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.The corollary is that unfamiliar routes seem to take longer.The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention. When we travel down a well-known route, because we don’t have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly.And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can’t remember the journey wellbecause we didn’t pay much attention to it. So we assume it was proportionately shorter.虽然有突破口、也有规律可循，但这并不意味着我们可以一劳永逸、高枕无忧，要知道，想要精通世界上任何一门语言，除非有天生的语言天分，否则偷不得半分懒，只能勤勤恳恳反复练习。
经济学人 2015-6-12
Social change社会的改变The weaker sex弱男子Blue-collar men in rich countries are in trouble. They must learn to adapt在发达国家的蓝领男性群体正处于困境中，他们必须学会适应。
AT FIRST glance the patriarchy appears to be thriving. More than 90% of presidents and prime ministers are male, as are nearly all big corporate bosses. Men dominate finance, technology, films, sports, music and even stand-up comedy. In much of the world they still enjoysocial and legal privileges simply because they have a Y chromosome. So it might seem odd to worry about the plight of men.父系社会现在咋一看似乎正兴盛。
超过90%的国家总统总理，和几乎所有大型公司的大boss 都是男性。
男性统治着经济，科技，企业，体育，音乐，甚至连说相声的都基本是男的。
在大多数国家里男人仅仅因为拥有一条Y染色体便享有在社会和法律上的特权，这样看来，担心男性的“悲催命运”般的困境似乎是在杞人忧天。
Yet there is plenty of cause for concern. Men cluster at the bottom as well as the top. They are far more likely than women to be jailed, estranged from their children, or to kill themselves. They earn fewer university degrees than women. Boys in the developed world are 50% more likely to flunk basic maths, reading and science entirely.但有却又大量的原由让人不得不担心。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
“This Mortal Coil” is a surprisingly upbeat history of death《人世纷扰》出人意料地以乐观态度讲述人类死亡史Andrew Doig’s study of how people die is a story of human ingenuity安德鲁·多伊格对人类死因的探究也是一个关于人类智慧的故事For over 200 years, France has diligently recorded the life spans of its citizens. Since 1816 their average life expectancy has more than doubled: long skewed by high infant mortality, it jumped from 41.1 years to 85.3 for French women, and from 39.1 years to 79.3 for men.200多年来，法国一直在孜孜不倦地记录着公民的寿命。
自1816年以来，法国人的平均预期寿命增长了一倍多：在经历长期被高婴儿死亡率拉低的阶段后，法国女性的平均预期寿命从41.1岁跃升至85.3岁，男性从39.1岁跃升至79.3岁。
In other words, it “has increased on average by five hours per day”, writes Andrew Doig in “This Mortal Coil”, a study of how people die. “So, every day, the date of a French person’s death gets closer by 24 hours due to the passing of time, but recedes by five hours, thanks to medicine, nutrition, sanitation, good government, trade, peace and so on.”安德鲁·多伊格在其研究人类如何死亡的著作《人世纷扰》中写道，换句话说，法国人的预期寿命“平均每天延长5个小时”。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
Malaysia’s elephants stay more outside protected areas than in马来西亚大象呆在保护区外的时间比呆在保护区内的时间更久The grub is better there因为那里有更好的食物Way back in 1999, Iain Douglas-Hamilton, adoyen of research into African elephants, made an intriguing discovery. Using the Global Positioning System (GPS) to track them—a first—he found that they knew exactly where the boundaries of protected areas were.早在1999年，研究非洲象的老前辈伊恩·道格拉斯-汉密尔顿就有了一个有趣的发现。
他最早利用全球定位系统（GPS）追踪非洲象，发现它们非常清楚保护区的边界在哪里。
They ranged freely within these areas, but when crossing between them, through apparently similar but unprotected habitat, they did so at night and at what was (for an elephant) a gallop.它们会在保护区内自由活动，而一旦想穿过看似没什么区别但未受保护的栖息地时，它们会选择在夜间且疾驰而过（对于大象而言）。
At first sight, it looks as though Asian elephants did not get the memo. They seem to travel outside protected areaswith gay abandon. But a study by Ahimsa Campos-Arceiz of Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, in Yunnan province, China, and Benoit Goossens of Danau Girang Field Centre, in Sabah, Malaysia, suggests that this abandon is not quite as gay as it seems.乍一看，亚洲象似乎不懂这些。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P11—法学类
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P11—法学类Passage 11Since 1975 advocates of humane treatment of animals have broadened their goals to oppose the use of animals for fur，leather，wool and food.They have moaned protests against all forms of hunting and the trapping of animals in the wild.And they have joined environmentalists in urging protection of natural habitats from commercial or residential development.The occasion for these added emphases was the publication in 1975 of Animal Liberation：A New Ethics for Our Treatment ofAnimals by Peter Singer，formerly a professor ofphUosophy at Oxford University in England.This book gave a new impetus to the animal rights movement.The post 1 975 animal rights activists are far more vocal than theirpredecessors，and the organizations to which they belong are generally more radical.Many new organizations are formed.The tactics of the activists are designed to catch the attention of the public.Since the mid 1 980s there have been frequent newsreports about animal rights organizations picketing stores that sell furs，harassing hunters in the wild，or breaking into laboratories to free animals.Some of the more extreme organizations advocate the use of assault，armed terrorism，and death threats to make their point.Aside from making isolated attacks on people who wear fur coats or trying to prevent hunters from killing animals，most of the organizations have directed their tactics at institutions.The results of the protests and other tactics have been panies are reducing reliance on animal testing.Medical research has been somewhat curtailed by legal restrictions and the reluctance of younger workers to use animals in research.New tests have been developed to replace the use of animals.Some well—known designers have stopped using fur.While the general public tends to agree that animals should be treated humanely，most people are unlikely to give up eating meat or wearing goods made from leather and wool. Giving up genuine fur has become less of a problem，since fibers used to makefake fur such as the Japanese invention Kanecaron can look almost identical to real fur.Some of the strongest opposition to the animal rights movement has come from hunters and their organizations.But animal rights activists have succeeded in marshaling public opinion to press for state restrictions on hunting in several parts of the nation.1.1 975 was an important year in the history of animal treatment because[A]many people began to call for humane treatment of animals that year[B]a new book was published that broadened the animal rights movement[C]the environmentalists began to show interest in animal protection[D]the trapping of animals began to go wild all through the world2.Some animal rights organizations advocate the use of extreme means in order to[A]wipe out cruel people [B]stop using animals in the laboratory[C]attack hunters in the wild [D]catch full public attention3.By saying“the results ofthe protests and other tactics have been mixed”(Line 1，Para.3)，the author means[A]the protest and other tactics have produced desired effects[B]the protest and other tactics almost amounted to nothing[C]the protest and other tactics have some influence on the public[D]the protest and other tactics have proved to be too radical4.The word“marshaling”(Line 5，Para.4)probably means[A]conducting [B]popularizing [C]changing [D]outraging5.It seems that the author ofthis article[A]is strongly opposed to the animal rights movement[B]is in favor ofthe animal rights movement[C]supports the use of violence in animal protection[D]hatestheuse offakefurfor clothes阅读小帮手核心词汇advocate n.提倡者philosophy n.哲学predecessor n.前辈tactics n.策略identical adj.同样的oppose vt.反对impetus.促进radicaladj.激进的reliance n.依赖publication .出版vocaladj.有声的assault n.攻击fake adj.假的译文：号召人道对待动物的倡导者们从1975年起将自己的目标扩大到反对利用动物来获取毛皮、皮革、毛织品和食品的行为。
《经济学人》中英对照
（15）《经济学人》中英对照TEXT 1 Rebuilding the American dream chine 重建美国梦机器 Jan 19th xx | NEW YORK From The Economist print edition FOR America's colleges, January is a month of reckoning. Most applications for the next academic year beginning in the autumn have to be de by the end of De mber, so a university's popularity is put to an objective standard: how ny people want to attend. One of the more unlikely offi s to have been flooded with il is that of the City University of New York (CUNY), a public college that lacks, among other things, a famous sports team, bucolic campuses and raucous parties (it doesn't even have dorms), and, until re ntly, academic credibility. 对美国的大学而言，一月是一个清算的月份。
大多数要进入将于秋季开学的下一学年学习的申请必须在12月底前完成，因此一所大学的声望就有了客观依据：申请人的多少。
纽约城市大学，一所公立学院，与其他学校相比，它没有一支声名显赫的运动队，没有田园诗一般的校园，也没有喧嚣嘈杂的派对——甚至连宿舍都没有，而且，直到最近也没取得学术上的可信度，可就是这所大学的办公室塞满了学生们寄来的申请函，这简直有些令人难以置信。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
Child psychology儿童心理学Babies learn about the world by looking at who shares saliva婴儿通过看谁分享唾液来认识世界The complexities of human relations are difficult enough for adults to navigate—and they have at least some idea of the rules. Children have yet to learn those rules. Infants are, nonetheless, able quickly to identify close relationships between other people, and thus to build up a map of the social world around them.人际关系的复杂性对成年人来说已经够难驾驭的了——而且他们至少对规则有所了解。
孩子们甚至都没有了解过这些规则。
尽管如此，婴儿还是能够很快地识别出其他人之间的亲密关系，从而构建出他们对周围社会世界的认识。
How they do this has perplexed sociologists, anthropologists and developmental psychologists for decades. In a paper just published in Science, Ashley Thomas of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology proposes a partial answer: slobber.几十年来，他们是如何做到这一点的一直困扰着社会学家、人类学家和发展心理学家。
在刚刚发表在《科学》期刊上的一篇论文中，麻省理工学院的阿什利·托马斯提出了一个可能的答案：唾液。
考研英语《经济学人》选读
考研英语《经济学人》选读在考研英语的备考过程中，阅读部分的重要性不言而喻。
而《经济学人》作为一份具有广泛影响力和高质量内容的英文刊物，成为众多考研学子提升阅读能力和积累语言素材的重要资源。
《经济学人》涵盖了政治、经济、科技、文化等多个领域的内容，其文章不仅语言地道、表达精准，还具有深刻的见解和独特的视角。
通过阅读《经济学人》，考生可以接触到丰富多样的话题，从而拓宽自己的知识面和思维广度。
首先，从语言层面来看，《经济学人》中的词汇丰富且用法灵活。
很多考研英语词汇在《经济学人》的文章中都能找到生动的运用实例。
比如，“proliferation”（激增；扩散）这个相对较难的词汇，在一篇关于新兴技术快速发展的文章中可能就会出现“the proliferation of artificial intelligence”这样的表述。
再比如，“mitigate”（减轻；缓和）这个词，可能会在讨论环境问题的文章里被用到，如“measures to mitigate climate change”。
除了词汇，《经济学人》中的句子结构也十分多样，既有简单明了的短句，也有复杂冗长的长句。
长句的分析和理解对于提升考研英语阅读中的长难句分析能力至关重要。
例如：“Despite the challenges posed by the economic downturn and the uncertainties brought about by geopolitical tensions, the company managed to maintain a steady growth rate by implemen ting innovative strategies and leveraging its core competencies”这样的长句包含了多种从句和短语，通过对其结构的剖析和理解，能够帮助考生更好地应对考研英语阅读中的类似句子。
考研英语英文原刊《经济学人》油价下跌 赚了or赔了
考研英语英文原刊《经济学人》油价下跌赚了or赔了Cheaper oil油价下跌Winners and losers赚了还是赔了?America and its friends benefit from falling oil prices;its most strident critics don't美国及其盟友将从油价下跌中获益;最为毒舌的批评者们却不能如此IN EARL Y October the IMF looked at what might happen to the world economy if conflict in Iraqcaused an oil-price shock. Fighters from Islamic State (IS) were pushing into the country'snorth and the fund worried about a sharp price rise, of 20% in a year. Global GDP would fall by0.5-1.5%, it concluded. Equity prices in rich countries would decline by 3-7%, and inflationwould be at least half a point higher.十月初，国际货币基金组织(IMF)预估了一旦伊拉克冲突导致油价震荡会带来怎样的后果。
伊斯兰国(IS)的武装分子在向该国北部进军时，IMF担心今年油价可能会猛增约20%。
它还估计今年全球GDP增速可能会下滑0.5%至1.5%。
富裕国家的股价跌幅可能会达到3%至7%，而通胀率可能至少会上浮0.5个百分点。
IS is still advancing.Russia, the world's third-biggest producer, is embroiledinUkraine.Iraq,Syria,Nigeria and Libya, oil producers all, are in turmoil. But the price of Brentcrude fell over 25% from 115 abarrel in mid-June to under 85 inmid-October, before recoveringa little. Such a shift has global consequences. Who are the winners and losers?IS仍在继续进军。
《经济学人》杂志原版英文(整理完整版)之欧阳物创编
Digest Of The. Economist. 2006(6-7)Hard to digestA wealth of genetic information is to be found in the human gutBACTERIA, like people, can be divided into friend and foe. Inspired by evidence that the friendly sort may help with a range of ailments, many people consume bacteria in the form of yogurts and dietary supplements. Such a smattering of artificial additions, however, represents but a drop in the ocean. There are at least 800 types of bacteria living in the human gut. And research by Steven Gill of the Institute for Genomic Research in Rockville, Maryland, and his colleagues, published in this week's Science, suggests that the collective genome of these organisms is so large that it contains 100 times as many genes as the human genome itself.Dr Gill and his team were able to come to this conclusion by extracting bacterial DNA from the faeces of two volunteers. Because of the complexity of the samples, they were not able to reconstruct the entire genomes of each of the gut bacteria, just the individual genes. But that allowed them to make an estimate of numbers.What all these bacteria are doing is tricky to identify—the bacteria themselves are difficult to cultivate. So the researchers guessed at what they might be up to by comparing the genes they discovered with published databases of genes whose functions are already known.This comparison helped Dr Gill identify for the first time the probable enzymatic processes by which bacteria help humans to digest the complex carbohydrates in plants. The bacteria also contain a plentiful supply of genes involved in the synthesis of chemicals essential to human life—including two B vitamins and certain essential amino acids—although the team merely showed that these metabolic pathways exist rather than proving that they are used.Nevertheless, the pathways they found leave humans looking more like ruminants: animals such as goats and sheep that use bacteria to break down otherwise indigestible matter in the plants they eat.The broader conclusion Dr Gill draws is that people are superorganisms whose metabolism represents an amalgamation of human and microbial attributes. The notion of a superorganism has emerged before, as researchers in other fields have come to view humans as having a diverse internal ecosystem. This, suggest some, will be crucial to the success of personalised medicine, as different people will have different responses to drugs, depending on their microbial flora. Accordingly, the next step, says Dr Gill, is to see how microbial populations vary between people of different ages, backgrounds and diets.Another area of research is the process by which these helpful bacteria first colonise the digestive tract. Babies acquire their gut flora as they pass down the birth canal and take a gene-filled gulp of their mother's vaginal and faecal flora. It might not be the most delicious of first meals, but it could well be animportant one.Zapping the bluesThe rebirth of electric-shock treatmentELECTRICITY has long been used to treat medical disorders. As early as the second century AD, Galen, a Greek physician, recommended the use of electric eels for treating headaches and facial pain. In the 1930s Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini, two Italian psychiatrists, used electroconvulsive therapy to treat schizophrenia. These days, such rigorous techniques are practised less widely. But researchers are still investigating how a gentler electric therapy appears to treat depression.Vagus-nerve stimulation, to give it its proper name, was originally developed to treat severe epilepsy. It requires a pacemaker-like device to be implanted in a patient's chest and wires from it threaded up to the vagus nerve on the left side of his neck. In the normal course of events, this provides an electrical pulse to the vagus nerve for 30 seconds every five minutes.This treatment does not always work, but in some cases where it failed (the number of epileptic seizures experienced by a patient remaining the same), thatpatient nevertheless reported feeling much better after receiving the implant. This secondary effect led to trials for treating depression and, in 2005, America's Food and Drug Administration approved the therapy for depression that fails to respond to all conventional treatments, including drugs and psychotherapy.Not only does the treatment work, but its effects appear to be long lasting. A study led by Charles Conway of Saint Louis University in Missouri, and presented to a recent meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, has found that 70% of patients who are better after one year stay better after two years as well.The technique builds on a procedure called deep-brain stimulation, in which electrodes are implanted deep into the white matter of patients' brains and used to “reboot” faulty neural circuitry. Such an operation is a big undertaking, requiring a full day of surgery and carrying a risk of the patient suffering a stroke. Only a small number of people have been treated this way. In contrast, the device that stimulates the vagus nerve can be implanted in 45 minutes without a stay in hospital.The trouble is that vagus-nerve stimulation can take a long time to produce its full beneficial effect. According to Dr Conway, scans taken using a technique called positron-emission tomography show significant changes in brain activity starting three months after treatment begins. The changes are similar to the improvements seen in patients who undergo other forms of antidepression treatment. The brain continues to change over the following 21 months. Dr Conway says that patients should be told that the antidepressant effects could be slow in coming.However, Richard Selway of King's College Hospital, London, found that his patients' moods improved just weeks after the implant. Although brain scans are useful in determining the longevity of the treatment,Mr Selway notes that visible changes in the brain do not necessarily correlate perfectly with changes in mood.Nobody knows why stimulating the vagus nerve improves the mood of depressed patients, but Mr Selway has a theory. He believes that the electrical stimulation causes a region in the brain stem called thelocus caeruleus (Latin, ironically, for “blue place”) to flood the brain with norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter implicated in alertness, concentration and motivation—that is, the mood states missing in depressed patients. Whatever the mechanism, for the depressed a therapy that is relatively safe and long lasting is rare cause for cheer.The shape of things to comeHow tomorrow's nuclear power stations will differ from today'sTHE agency in charge of promoting nuclear power in America describes a new generation of reactors that will be “highly economical” with “enhanced safety”, that “minimise wastes” and will prove “prolife ration resistant”. No doubt they will bake a mean apple pie, too.Unfortunately, in the world of nuclear energy, fine words are not enough. America got away lightly with its nuclear accident. When the Three Mile Island plant in Pennsylvania overheated in 1979 very little radiation leaked, and there were no injuries. Europe was not so lucky. The accident at Chernobyl in Ukraine in 1986killed dozens immediately and has affected (sometimes fatally) the health of tens of thousands at the least. Even discounting the association of nuclear power with nuclear weaponry, people have good reason to be suspicious of claims that reactors are safe.Yet political interest in nuclear power is reviving across the world, thanks in part to concerns about global warming and energy security. Already, some 441 commercial reactors operate in 31 countries and provide 17% of the planet's electricity, according to America's Department of Energy. Until recently, the talk was of how to retire these reactors gracefully. Now it is of how to extend their lives. In addition, another 32 reactors are being built, mostly in India, China and their neighbours. These new power stations belong to what has been called the third generation of reactors, designs that have been informed by experience and that are considered by their creators to be advanced. But will these new stations really be safer than their predecessors?Clearly, modern designs need to be less accident prone. The most important feature of a safe design isthat it “fails safe”. F or a reactor, this means that if its control systems stop working it shuts down automatically, safely dissipates the heat produced by the reactions in its core, and stops both the fuel and the radioactive waste produced by nuclear reactions from escaping by keeping them within some sort of containment vessel. Reactors that follow such rules are called “passive”. Most modern designs are passive to some extent and some newer ones are truly so. However, some of the genuinely passive reactors are also likely to be more expensive to run.Nuclear energy is produced by atomic fission. A large atom (usually uranium or plutonium) breaks into two smaller ones, releasing energy and neutrons. The neutrons then trigger further break-ups. And so on. If this “chain reaction” can be controlled, the energy released can be used to boil water, produce steam and drive a turbine that generates electricity. If it runs away, the result is a meltdown and an accident (or, in extreme circumstances, a nuclear explosion—though circumstances are never that extreme in a reactor because the fuel is less fissile than the material in abomb). In many new designs the neutrons, and thus the chain reaction, are kept under control by passing them through water to slow them down. (Slow neutrons trigger more break ups than fast ones.) This water is exposed to a pressure of about 150 atmospheres—a pressure that means it remains liquid even at high temperatures. When nuclear reactions warm the water, its density drops, and the neutrons passing through it are no longer slowed enough to trigger further reactions. That negative feedback stabilises the reaction rate.Can business be cool?Why a growing number of firms are taking global warming seriouslyRUPERT MURDOCH is no green activist. But in Pebble Beach later this summer, the annual gathering of executivesof Mr Murdoch's News Corporation—which last year led to a dramatic shift in the media conglomerate's attitude tothe internet—will be addressed by several leading environmentalists, including a vice-president turned climatechangemovie star. Last month BSkyB, a British satellite-televisioncompany chaired by Mr Murdoch and run by hisson, James, declared itself “carbon-neutral”, having taken various steps to cut or offset its discharges of carboninto the atmosphere.The army of corporate greens is growing fast. Late last year HSBC became the first big bank to announce that itwas carbon-neutral, joining other financial institutions, including Swiss Re, a reinsurer, and Goldman Sachs, aninvestment bank, in waging war on climate-warming gases (of which carbon dioxide is the main culprit). Last yearGeneral Electric (GE), an industrial powerhouse, launched its “Ecomagination” strategy, aiming to cut its output ofgreenhouse gases and to invest heavily in clean (ie, carbon-free) technologies. In October Wal-Mart announced aseries of environmental schemes, including doubling the fuel-efficiency of its fleet of vehicles within a decade.Tesco and Sainsbury, two of Britain's biggest retailers, are competing fiercely to be the greenest. And on June7thsome leading British bosses lobbied Tony Blair for a more ambitious policy on climate change, even if that involvesharsher regulation.The greening of business is by no means universal, however. Money from Exxon Mobil, Ford and General Motorshelped pay for television advertisements aired recently in America by the Competitive Enterprise Institute, with thedaft slogan “Carbon dioxide: they call it pollution; we call it life”. Besides, environmentalist critics say, some firmsare engaged in superficial “greenwash” to boost the image of essentially climate-hurting businesses. Take BP, themost prominent corporate advocate of action on climate change, with its “Beyond Petroleum” ad campaign, highprofileinvestments in green energy, and even a “carbon calculator” on its website that helps consumers measuretheir personal “carbon footprint”, or overall emissions of carbon. Yet, critics complain,BP's recent record profits arelargely thanks to sales of huge amounts of carbon-packed oil and gas.On the other hand, some free-market thinkers see the support of firms for regulation of carbon as the latestattempt at “regulatory capture”, by those who stand to profit from new rules. Max Schulz of the ManhattanInstitute, a conservative think tank, notesdarkly that “Enron was into pushing the idea of climate change, becauseit was good for its business”.Others argue that climate change has no more place in corporate boardrooms than do discussions of other partisanpolitical issues, such as Darfur or gay marriage. That criticism, at least, is surely wrong. Most of the corporateconverts say they are acting not out of some vague sense of social responsibility, or even personal angst, butbecause climate change creates real business risks and opportunities—from regulatory compliance to insuringclients on flood plains. And although these concerns vary hugely from one company to the next, few firms can besure of remaining unaffected.Testing timesResearchers are working on ways to reduce the need for animal experiments, but new laws mayincrease the number of experiments neededIN AN ideal world, people would not perform experiments on animals. For the people, they are expensive. For theanimals, they are stressful and often painful.That ideal world, sadly, is still some way away. People need new drugs and vaccines. They want protection fromthe toxicity of chemicals. The search for basic scientific answers goes on. Indeed, the European Commission isforging ahead with proposals that will increase the number of animal experiments carried out in the EuropeanUnion, by requiring toxicity tests on every chemical approved for use within the union's borders in the past 25years.Already, the commission has identified 140,000 chemicals that have not yet been tested. It wants30,000 of theseto be examined right away, and plans to spend between €4 billion-8 billion ($5 billion-10 billion) doing so. Thenumber of animals used for toxicity testing in Europe will thus, experts reckon, quintuple from just over 1m a yearto about 5m, unless they are saved by some dramatic advances in non-animal testing technology. At the moment,roughly 10% of European animal tests are for general toxicity, 35% for basic research, 45% for drugs andvaccines, and the remaining 10% a variety of uses such as diagnosing diseases.Animal experimentation will therefore be around for some time yet. But the hunt for substitutes continues, and lastweekend the Middle European Society for Alternative Methods to Animal Testing met in Linz, Austria, to reviewprogress.A good place to start finding alternatives for toxicity tests is the liver—the organ responsible for breaking toxicchemicals down into safer molecules that can then be excreted. Two firms, one large and one small, told themeeting how they were using human liver cells removed incidentally during surgery to test various substances forlong-term toxic effects.PrimeCyte, the small firm, grows its cells in cultures over a few weeks and doses them regularly with the substanceunder investigation. The characteristics of the cells are carefully monitored, to look for changes in theirmicroanatomy.Pfizer, the big firm, also doses its cultures regularly, but rather than studying individual cells in detail, it counts cellnumbers. If the number of cells in a culture changes after a sample is added, that suggests the chemical inquestion is bad for the liver.In principle, these techniques could be applied toany chemical. In practice, drugs (and, in the case of PrimeCyte,food supplements) are top of the list. But that might change if the commission has its way: those 140,000screenings look like a lucrative market, although nobody knows whether the new tests will be ready for use by2009, when the commission proposes that testing should start.Other tissues, too, can be tested independently of animals. Epithelix, a small firm in Geneva, has developed anartificial version of the lining of the lungs. According to Huang Song, one of Epithelix's researchers, the firm'scultured cells have similar microanatomy to those found in natural lung linings, and respond in the same way tovarious chemical messengers. Dr Huang says that they could be used in long-term toxicity tests of airbornechemicals and could also help identify treatments for lung diseases.The immune system can be mimicked and tested, too. ProBioGen, a company based in Berlin, is developing anartificial human lymph node which, it reckons, could have prevented the near-disastrous consequences of a drugtrial held in Britain threemonths ago, in which (despite the drug having passed animal tests) six men sufferedmultiple organ failure and nearly died. The drug the men were given made their immune systems hyperactive.Such a response would, the firm's scientists reckon, have been identified by their lymph node, which is made fromcells that provoke the immune system into a response. ProBioGen's lymph node could thus work better than animaltesting.Another way of cutting the number of animal experiments would be tochange the way that vaccines are tested, according to CoenraadHendriksen of the Netherlands Vaccine Institute. At the moment, allbatches of vaccine are subject to the same battery of tests. DrHendriksen argues that this is over-rigorous. When new vaccine culturesare made, belt-and-braces tests obviously need to be applied. But if abatch of vaccine is derived from an existing culture, he suggests that itneed be tested only to make sure it is identical to the batch from which itis derived. That would require fewer test animals.All this suggests that though there is still some way to go before drugs,vaccines and other substances can be tested routinely on cells ratherthanlive animals, useful progress is being made. What is harder to see ishow the use of animals might be banished from fundamental research.Anger managementTo one emotion, men are more sensitive than women MEN are notoriously insensitive to the emotional world around them. At least, that is the stereotype peddled by athousand women's magazines. And a study by two researchers at the University of Melbourne, in Australia,confirms that men are, indeed, less sensitive to emotion than women, with one important and suggestiveexception. Men are acutely sensitive to the anger of other men.Mark Williams and Jason Mattingley, whose study has just been published in Current Biology, looked at the way aperson's sex affects his or her response to emotionally charged facial expressions. People from all cultures agreeon what six basic expressions of emotion look like. Whether the face before you is expressing anger, disgust, fear,joy, sadness or surprise seems to be recognised universally—which suggests that the expressions involved areinnate, rather than learned.Dr Williams and Dr Mattingley showed the participants in their study photographs of these emotional expressions inmixed sets of either four or eight. They asked the participants to look for a particular sort of expression, andmeasured the amount of time it took them to find it. The researchers found, in agreement with previous studies,that both men and women identified angry expressions most quickly. But they also found that anger was morequickly identified on a male face than a female one.Moreover, most participants could find an angry face just as quickly when it was mixed in a group of eightphotographs as when it was part of a group of four. That was in stark contrast to the other five sorts of expression,which took more time to find when they had to be sorted from a larger group. This suggests that something in thebrain is attuned to picking out angry expressions, and that it is especially concerned about angry men. Also, thishighly tuned ability seems more important to males than females, since the two researchers found that men pickedout the angry expressions faster than women did, even thoughwomen were usually quicker than men to recognizeevery other sort of facial expression.Dr Williams and Dr Mattingley suspect the reason for this is that being able to spot an angry individual quickly hasa survival advantage—and, since anger is more likely to turn into lethal violence in men than in women, the abilityto spot angry males quickly is particularly valuable.As to why men are more sensitive to anger than women, it is presumably because they are far more likely to getkilled by it. Most murders involve men killing other men—even today the context of homicide is usually aspontaneous dispute over status or sex.The ability to spot quickly that an alpha male is in a foul mood would thus have great survival value. It would allowthe sharp-witted time to choose appeasement, defence or possibly even pre-emptive attack. And, if it is right, thisstudy also confirms a lesson learned by generations of bar-room tough guys and schoolyard bullies: if you wantattention, get angry.The shareholders' revoltA turning point in relations between company ownersand bosses?SOMETHING strange has been happening this year at company annual meetings in America:shareholders have been voting decisively against the recommendations of managers. Until now, mostshareholders have, like so many sheep, routinely voted in accordance with the advice of the people theyemploy to run the company. This year managers have already been defeated at some 32 companies,including household names such as Boeing, ExxonMobil and General Motors.This shareholders' revolt has focused entirely on one issue: the method by which members of the boardof directors are elected. Shareholder resolutions on other subjects have mostly been defeated, as usual.The successful resolutions called for directors to be elected by majority voting, instead of by thetraditional method of “plurality”—which in practice meant that only votes cast in favour were counted,and that a single vote for a candidate would be enough to get him elected.Several companies, led by Pfizer, a drug giant, sawdefeat looming and pre-emptively adopted a formalmajority-voting policy that was weaker than in the shareholder resolution. This required any director whofailed to secure a majority of votes to tender his resignation to the board, which would then be free todecide whether or not to accept it. Under the shareholder resolution, any candidate failing to secure amajority of the votes cast simply would not be elected. Intriguingly, the shareholder resolution wasdefeated at four-fifths of the firms that adopted a Pfizer-style majority voting rule, whereas it succeedednearly nine times out of ten at firms retaining the plurality rule.Unfortunately for shareholders, their victories may prove illusory, as the successful resolutions wereall“precatory”—meaning that they merely advised management on the course of action preferred byshareholders, but did not force managers to do anything. Several resolutions that tried to imposemajority voting on firms by changing their bylaws failed this year.Even so, wise managers should voluntarily adopt majority voting, according to Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen&Katz, a Wall Street law firm that has generally helped managers resist increases in shareholder power butnow expects majority voting eventually to “become universal”. It advises t hat, at the very least,managers should adopt the Pfizer model, if only to avoid becoming the subject of even greater scrutinyfrom corporate-governance activists. Some firms might choose to go further, as Dell and Intel have donethis year, and adopt bylaws requiring majority voting.Shareholders may have been radicalised by the success last year of a lobbying effort by managersagainst a proposal from regulators to make it easier for shareholders to put up candidates in boardelections. It remains to be seen if they will be back for more in 2007. Certainly, some of the activistshareholders behind this year's resolutions have big plans. Where new voting rules are in place, they plancampaigns to vote out the chairman of the compensation committee at any firm that they think overpaysthe boss. If the 2006 annual meeting was unpleasant for managers, next year's could be farworse.Intangible opportunitiesCompanies are borrowing against their copyrights, trademarks and patentsNOT long ago, the value of companies resided mostly in things you could see and touch. Today it liesincreasingly in intangible assets such as the McDonald's name, the patent for Viagra and the rights toSpiderman. Baruch Lev, a finance professor at New York University's Stern School of Business, puts theimplied value of intangibles on American companies' balance sheets at about $6 trillion, or two-thirds ofthe total. Much of this consists of intellectual property, the collective name for copyrights, trademarksand patents. Increasingly, companies and their clever bankers are using these assets to raise cash.The method of choice is securitisation, the issuing of bonds based on the various revenues thrown off byintellectual property. Late last month Dunkin' Brands, owner of Dunkin' Donuts, a snack-bar chain, raised$1.7 billion by selling bonds backed by, among other things, the royalties it will receive from itsfranchisees. Thethree private-equity firms that acquired Dunkin' Brands a few months ago have used thecash to repay the money they borrowed to buy the chain. This is the biggest intellectual-propertysecuritisation by far, says Jordan Yarett of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison, a law firm that hasworked on many such deals.Securitisations of intellectual property can be based on revenues from copyrights, trademarks (such aslogos) or patents. The best-known copyright deal was the issue in 1997 of $55m-worth of “Bowie Bonds”supported by the future sales of music by David Bowie, a British rock star. Bonds based on the films ofDreamWorks, Marvel comic books and the stories of John Steinbeck have also been sold. As well asDunkin' Brands, several restaurant chains and fashion firms have issued bonds backed by logos andbrands.Intellectual-property deals belong to a class known as operating-asset securitisations. These differ fromstandard securitisations of future revenues, such as bonds backed by the payments on a 30-yearmortgage or a car loan, in that the borrower has to make his asset work. If investors are to recouptheirmoney, the assets being securitised must be “actively exploited”, says Mr Yarett: DreamWorks mustcontinue to churn out box-office hits.The market for such securitisations is still small. Jay Eisbruck, of Moody's, a rating agency, reckons thataround $10 billion-worth of bonds are outstanding. But there is “big potential,” he says, pointing out thatlicensing patented technology generates $100 billion a year and involves thousands of companies.Raising money this way can make sense not only for clever private-equity firms, but also for companieswith low (or no) credit ratings that cannot easily tap the capital markets or with few tangible assets ascollateral for bank loans. Some universities have joined in, too. Yale built a new medical complex withsome of the roughly $100m it raised securitising patent royalties from Zerit, an anti-HIV drug.It may be harder for investors to decide whether such deals are worth their while. They are, afterall,highly complex and riskier than standard securitisations. The most obvious risk is that the investorscannot be sure that the assets will yield what。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
The 19th century French philosopher Auguste Comte got it wrong: demography is not destiny.19世纪法国哲学家奥古斯特•孔德错了：人口并不决定命运。
Population trends are some of the strongest forces in economics, affecting global prosperity, the growth of individual nations and the strength of public finances. But reducing the success of countries and regions to their trends in births, deaths and migration is a simplification too far.各种人口趋势是经济学中最强大的一些力量，影响着全球繁荣、单个国家的增长和公共财政的实力。
但是，将国家和区域的成功归结于其出生、死亡和人口移徙趋势是一种过于简单化的做法。
As the coronavirus pandemic has shown, the confident predictions in 2020 of a lockdown baby boom followed by the 2021 fear of a Covid baby bust demonstrate that demographic trends are far less stable than often imagined. Small changes in fertility, mortality and migration can have immense effects.正如新冠疫情所显示的那样，2020年对疫情封锁会带来一波婴儿潮的自信预测，以及接下来的2021年对疫情会造成婴儿荒的担忧，表明人口趋势远没有通常想象的那么稳定。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
Mistrust vs. Distrust: What’s the Difference?Mistrust 与Distrust，这两个词有什么区别？In a language where some words are also their own opposites, it can be hard to remember the subtle differences between all the nearly identical pairs of terms, from historic and historical to disinformation and misinformation.在一种语言里，有些词本身就包含两个相反的含义，这让我们很难记住所有长得很像的词语之间的细微差别，比如说historic 和historical 以及disinformation 和misinformation。
In the case of mistrust vs. distrust, you can technically use them interchangeably without fear of being corrected. As verbs, they both basically mean “to be suspicious of” or “to lack trust in;” and their noun forms similarly mean “suspicion” or “a lack of trust.”就mistrust 和distrust 而言，你在平时使用时可以随意将这两个词相互替换，而不用担心出现表达错误。
作为动词，它们的基本含义都是“怀疑”或“不信任”；作为名词，其含义近似于表示“怀疑”或“缺乏信任”。
Even the most well-respected dictionaries use the terms to define each other. The Oxford English Dictionary describes mistrust as “to be distrustful,” and Merriam-Webster lists distrust as one definition of mistrust.即便是最权威的词典也会使用这些术语来定义彼此。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
You’re walking around and a thought occurs: “I should check my phone.” The phone comes out of your pocket. You type a message. Then your eyes remain glued to the screen, even when you walk across the street.当你正在走路的时候，一个念头跳出来：“我应该看一下手机。
”你从口袋里把它拿出来。
输入一条短信。
然后，你一直在看手机，甚至在过马路的时候也不放下。
We all do this kind of distracted walking, or “twalking.” (Yes, this term is really a thing.)我们都会做这种走路不专心的事情，英文里因此出现了一个词“twalking”（由英文“发短信”和“走路”两个词结合而成。
——译注）。
（是的，真的有这么个说法。
）The behavior has spawned debates among lawmakers about whether walking and texting should be illegal. Some cities, such as Honolulu and Rexburg, Idaho, have gone beyond talk and banned distracted walking altogether.这种行为在立法者当中引发了争论：边走路边发短信，究竟是否属于违法行为。
在有些城市，比如火奴鲁鲁和爱达荷州的雷克斯堡，对这种行为已有定论，全面禁止走路时一心二用。
But we shouldn’t let that reassure us. Last year, pedestrian deaths in the United States were at their highest point since 1990, with distracted drivers and bigger vehicles the chief culprits. So being fixated on a screen while walking can’t be safe.但我们不能因此而掉以轻心。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
Keep science out of Europe’s post-Brexit arguments让科学置身于欧洲关于英国脱欧后的争论之外A year ago, researchers from across Europe breathed sighs of relief when the United Kingdom and the European Union agreed the terms of their relationship after Brexit.一年前，当英国和欧盟就英国脱欧后的关系条款达成一致时，欧洲各地的研究人员松了一口气。
Although a majority of UK researchers did not support their country’s exit from the EU, there was relief that they would still be permitted to participate in the EU’s €95.5-billion (US$107-billion) collaborative research programme, Horizon Europe, through a category of membership called association.尽管大多数英国研究人员都不支持他们的国家退出欧盟，但令人欣慰的是，他们仍然可以通过一个名为协会的成员类别，参与欧盟价值955亿欧元（1070亿美元）的合作研究项目“欧洲地平线”（Horizon Europe）。
The UK government would pay the EU a total of around £15 billion (US$20.4 billion) over 7 years. In exchange, UK researchers would be able to apply for prestigious grants from the European Research Council (ERC), and participate in Horizon Europe collaborations, including taking leadership roles. The United Kingdom would no longer have the right to contribute to governance decisions, but UK representatives could sit on committees as observers.英国政府将在7年内向欧盟支付总计约150亿英镑（204亿美元）。
阅读《经济学人》，学会这样查词典，从此英语学习不求人
阅读《经济学人》，学会这样查词典，从此英语学习不求人《经济学人》定位的读者群体是“the most sophisticated” ，即英语国家受过较高教育的人群，这就意味着文章的单词量很大，遣词造句非常考究，涉及的语法面非常广，这些对读者本身的英语基础提出了一定要求。
读懂《经济学人》，首要障碍是词汇，原版报刊的用词都有一个比较特别的范围，就算你把四六级、考研英语、GRE词汇都背了，都未必能流畅阅读。
比如，《经济学人》20210206期有一篇文章《Doing the do》看到这个标题，是不是很奇怪？DO前面加了THE！Do 不就是动词“干”的意思嘛。
那你随手翻下词典，就知道自己孤陋寡闻了。
DO还有名词含义：宴会/社交聚会/社交活动；注意事项/规矩等。
甚至你背过的很多单词在杂志里并未出现，杂志的常用单词你可能也没背过。
在不断地查单词的过程中，你的精气神逐渐被消耗，然后，也就没有然后了。
因此，我们现在提供一份经济学人高频核心词汇（2706个）。
大家先把高频词汇熟悉，再看《经济学人》，更容易打通任督二脉，让我们的阅读不再困难。
•PDF 版•Excel 版而且，可以让你的词汇量和阅读能力有大幅提升！搞定这两千个高频词汇之后。
接下来，就要学会使用强大的词典工具。
我们常见的权威词典有牛津、柯林斯、韦氏等等。
它们在移动大潮兴起后推出了相应的app版本。
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这类软件里，大家听得比较多的可能有灵格斯、有道词典、金山词霸等，但从综合功能上来讲，目前这一领域里，“欧路词典”是当之无愧的强者。
欧路词典支持苹果ios、安卓、Windows、Mac系统，而且软件免费！欧路词典不仅有常用英汉词条30万个，专业词条40万个，例句库178万条，而且还支持个性化加载mdx和mdd等多种格式的扩充词库。
为了阅读《经济学人》的需要，我们需要扩展词库。
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2015考研英文原刊《经济学人》：识别人们的行踪感谢凯程考研李老师对本文做出的重要贡献在考研已成为一种趋势和潮流的今天，大学生考研以求上进的思想是好的。
但每个人的学习、身体、经济等方面的条件是不同的，所以毕业生在选择读研或是就业的时候不要“从众”，更不要一哄而上，一定要从实际出发，综合自己的优势，认清自己的劣势，最好是考虑一下自身的情况，包括本科就业的机会、收入、家庭的经济情况、自身的活动能力、读研后预期的情形等等，对这些情况做一个大概的估算，这样就可以得出，你读研到底是否划算。
现凯程为大家带来重要信息点拨。
Facial-recognition systems are getting better面部识别系统愈发完善WITH some pride, the FBI trumpeted the news last month that thanks to the agency's facial-recognition system Neil Stammer, wanted for sexual assault and kidnapping, had beenapprehended in Nepal after being on the run for 14 years. The truth was slightly moreprosaic. A State Department official had used the FBI's “Wanted”posters in a test for passportfraud. The system then matched Mr Stammer's face with an American calling himself KevinHodges who regularly visited the US embassy in Kathmandu to renew his visa. Still, MrStammer's arrest illuminates the growing importance of facial-recognition technology.上个月，在FBI面部识别系统的帮助下，因性侵犯和绑架而被通缉长达14年的Neil Stammer在尼泊尔落入法网。
FBI对此大肆宣传，还带着点小骄傲呢~ 经过可能较为平淡。
一名国务院官员使用FBI的通缉海报来测试护照欺诈行为。
然后系统识别出，Stammer的面部同一名自称Kevin Hodges的美国人相符。
后者经常到美国驻加德满都大使馆去更新他的签证。
不过，Stammer的落网，说明面部识别技术日益重要。
The two main techniques used to recognise faces electronically are principal-componentanalysis (PCA) and linear-discriminant analysis (LDA). Both compare a picture of someone'sphizog with a reference image taken in a controlled environment. Passport photos andmugshots, then, are about as ideal as it gets.电子识别人脸的两种技术分别为主成分分析(PCA)和线性判别分析(LDA)。
两种方法都是通过在特定环境下比较某人的面部和参照图片。
碰巧，护照照片和疑犯照片是最理想化的。
Basic PCA and LDA are good for skin colour, hair colour and the like. Advanced systems, suchas that used with British biometric passports, may look at cheek bones, the bridge of the nose,jaw lines and eyes.基本的PCA和LDA擅长处理肤色、发色等。
先进系统，比如英国计量生物学护照所采用的，可能会记录面颊骨骼，鼻梁，下颌轮廓以及眼睛。
All of which is fine when someone is sitting or standing in front of a camera, but is less usefulinthe world beyond the studio. That requires a technique called Elastic Bunch Graph Matching(EBGM), which tries to create a three-dimensional (3D) model from two-dimensional images.This model can, thereafter, be used to match any subsequent image, or part thereof.在人正坐在或者正立在摄像头前的时候，所有这些标准都好办，但是在摄影棚外就不那么有用了。
这要求一种名为弹性束图匹配(EBGM)的技术，该技术力求通过2D图像创建一个3D模型。
因此这个模型就能用于匹配任何相关图片，或其中的部分。
EBGM considers the head as a union of two ellipsoids: one whose main axis is vertical, andruns from forehead to chin; the other whose main axis is horizontal, and runs from tip of thenose to the back of the cranium. This basic scheme is overlaid with “fiducial”points which act asanchors for the modelling. These can be as few as half a dozen (the pupils of the eyes, thecorners of the mouth, and so on), or as many, in one system, as 40,000.EBGM将头部视为两个椭圆的结合体。
一个的主轴是垂直的，从前额到下巴;另一个的主轴是水平的，从鼻尖到头盖骨后侧。
基本方案是通过确定基点位置，定位模型尺寸。
基点少则6个(瞳孔，嘴角，等等)，多则可能在一个系统中达到40000个。
EBGM allows the construction of a three-dimensional representation of a face from poorly litimages taken at odd angles, such as a closed-circuit television camera might provide. Once itrecognises enough fiducial points it can work out what aspect of a face it is viewing. It thenextrapolates the expected positions of other fiducial points. As more data come in from thecamera, the model's shape is updated. Given enough horsepower, says a British official, such asystem can build a model from as few as 80 pixels located between a subject's eyes—and onlytwo images are needed for a 3D reconstruction.EBGM可以将小角度拍摄的暗光照片，比如闭路电视所提供的，塑造为三维模型。
一旦它捕捉到了足够的基点，系统就能计算出它所观测的是面部的那个位置。
然后系统推断出其他基点的预期位置。
随着摄像头提供的数据增多，模型的形状不断更新。
如果有足够动力，比如英国官方要求，只需要两张照片，像素少到在人物的眼睛中只有80个像素，这个系统就能偶建立出3D复原模型。
Governments are not the only ones interested. Earlier this year, Facebook's DeepFace systemwas asked whether thousands of pairs of photos were of the same person. It answeredcorrectly 97.25% of the time, a shade behind humans at 97.53%. Although DeepFace is only aresearch project, and is aided by the fact that many Facebook photos are tagged with thenames of people in the images, which lets the system learn those faces in different poses andlighting conditions, it is still an impressive feat.并不只有政府对此感兴趣。
今年早些时候，有人拿脸谱的“深脸”系统测试了成千上万张照片，看他们是否是同一个人。
其正确率为97.25%，在人背后后有阴影的情况下识别率为97.53%。
尽管深脸只是研究项目，并且脸谱上的许多照片都是贴着人的姓名这个情况给出了一定帮助，使得系统能够辨别出不同姿势、不同采光下的人脸，但是这个成果仍旧令人瞩目。
As DeepFace shows, access to an accurate gallery of images is crucial. Passport photos, orthose on national identity cards, can act as such galleries, as they can be rendered by EBGMinto usable 3D models. Add in the increasing ubiquity of closed-circuit television, and the ideathat anyone will be able hide for long in Nepal, or anywhere else, looks quaint.正如深脸所显示的，想精确识别大批量图案依然困难重重。