S1B Unit 1 Grammar Gerund

Grammar: Gerund
i. On hearing (hear) the bad news, she couldn’t help crying (cry).
ii. The worker was praised for having finished (finish) the task ahead of time.
iii. He came without being invited (invite).
iv. The house showed no sign of having been damaged (damage).
2.动名词的用法：
在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。

e.g.
i. Collecting information is very important to business men.
ii. He is fond of playing football.
iii. Her job is teaching.
iv. He has a reading room.
3.接动名词作宾语的情况：
1)在某些动词后用动名词作宾语。

例如：(列举至少１０个) admit, advise, allow, appreciate, avoid, confess, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, forbid, forgive, imagine, involve, keep, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practice, risk, suggest..
2)在allow, permit, forbid, advise, recommend, encourage等动词后直接
跟动词作宾语时，要用动名词；如果后面用名词或代词作宾语，然后再跟动词作宾语补足语，其宾语补足语用带to 的不定式。

e.g.
i. We don’t allow smoking (smoke) here.
ii. We don’t allow students to smoke (smoke) here.
iii. I recommend taking (take) a holiday.
iv. I recommend you to take (take) a holiday.
3)动词need, require, want作‘需要’解，deserve作‘应得’解，其
后跟动词作它的宾语表示主语是该动作的受动者时，必须用动名词的主动式或不定式的被动式表示被动意义。

e.g.
i. The bike needs repairing/ to be repaired (repair).
ii. The old lady wants comforting / to be comforted (comfort).
iii. He deserved praising / to be praised (praise).
4)短语中的’to’是介词，而不是不定式的符号，因此后面须接名词或
动名词。

例如（列举10个含有to的词组）：
add to; be accustomed to; devote oneself to; be equal to; be familiar to; get down to; keep to; look forward to; object to; pay attention to; stick to; stand up to; see to; turn to; be used to.
5）下列句型后用动名词：
i. It’s no use/good sending (send) him over there. It’s too late already.
ii. What’s the good of arguing (argue) with them?
iii. The place is well worth visiting (visit) again.
iv. There is no point (in) waiting (wait) here.
v. We can’t help laughing (laugh) at the joke.
vi. We had great difficulty solving (solve) the problem.
vii. We had a difficult time persuading (persuade) him.
viii. They had a lot of fun listening (listen) to fairy tales.
4.动名词的复合结构：
动名词复合结构的一般规则是：
1）逻辑主语是有生命的名词作主语时，必须用名词或代词所有格;
作宾语时，也可用名词普通格或人称代词宾格。

2）逻辑主语是无生命名词时，只用名词普通格；
3）逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this, that, somebody, someone, nobody, none, anyone, anybody时，只用普通格；
4）逻辑主语是以‘s’结尾的名词，或是由一个以上的名词构成的词组，用普通格。

Make choices:
i. _______ coming is what we have expected. (A)
A. Tom’s
B. Tom
ii. _______ failing the exam disappointed us. (A)
A. His
B. Him
iii. She didn’t mind ______ arriving late. (A, B, C, D)
A. Jack’s
B. Jack
C. his
D. him
iv. Is there any hope of ______ winning the match? (A)
A. our team
B. our team’s
v. She was disturbed by ______ shouting outside. (A)
A. somebody
B. somebody’s
vi. It was quite unexpected the ______ finishing the exam so soon. (B) A. students’ B. students
vi. I never heard of ______ doing such a thing. (A)
A. a person of character
B. a person of character’s
5.动名词和不定式结构在意义上的区别：
1）动名词形式表示一般习惯、抽象概念、或已成为过去的动作;不定式表示的往往是具体的或特定的动作，也可表示现在或将来的动作。

i. Playing with fire is dangerous. （泛指玩火）
ii. To play with fire will be dangerous. （指一具体动作）
iii. He has forgotten seeing me before. （指已成为过去的动作）
iv. I must remember to remind John that the garden needs watering. （指将来的动作）
2) remember, forget, regret, mean, stop, try等动词后可带动名词和不定
式作宾语，但意义上有区别。

i. I remember sending the letter. （记得做过某事）
ii. I must remember to send the letter when I pass the post office. （记得要去做某事）
iii. I regret not studying hard before. （后悔做过某事）
iv. I regret to tell you that you failed the exam. （为某事感到遗憾）
v. Missing the train means waiting for another hour. （意味着做某事）vi. I mean to come early tomorrow morning. （打算做某事）
vii. When the bell rang, the teacher asked us to stop talking. （停止做某事）
viii. When he saw me the other day, he stopped to talk with me. 停下来做某事）
ix. I’ll try to find out who did this matter. （设法去做某事）
x. If you can’t work out this math problem, try doing in another way. （试着去做某事）
3) begin, start后可接动名词和不定式，一般无多大区别，书面语中多
用动名词，在口语中多用不定式，但当begin/start 为进行式时，只能用不定式；当begin/start后跟feel/ know/ realize/understand等感觉或精神活动的动词时，多用不定式; 主语不是人时，多用不定式; 表示长期性、习惯性行为之开始，则多用动名词。

Practice:
i. I am beginning to feel (feel) better, thank you.
ii. He began to understand (understand) the situation.
iii. Suddenly, it started to rain (rain) while were having a meeting in the open air.
iv. How old were you when you began practicing (practice) the piano?。