英美文学汇编详细版
(完整版)英美文学选读复习(时期+作家+作品)
Moby Dick
巴特尔比
自信者
比利.巴德
莫比.迪克
The Realistic Period
Mark Twain
马克.吐温
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court
西奥多.德莱塞
The Financier
The Titan
An American Tragedy
The Stoic
Sister Carrie
金融家
巨人
美国的悲剧
斯多噶
嘉莉妹妹
The Modern Period
Ezra Pound
埃兹拉.庞德
Hugh Selwyn Mauberley
The Cantos
简爱
呼啸山庄
Alfred Tennyson
阿尔弗雷德.丁尼生
In Memoriam
Break Break Break
Crossing The Bar
Ulysses
悼念
拍吧,拍吧,拍吧
过沙洲
尤利西斯
Robert Browning
罗伯特.布郞宁
My Last Duchess
Meeting at Night
茵尼斯弗利岛
梦见仙境的人
玫瑰
新的纪元
1916年的复活节
驶向拜占庭
丽达及天鹅
在学童们中间
T.S. Eliot
T.S.艾略特
The Love Song of J.Alfred
The Waste Land
英美文学作品介绍 PPT资料共24页
主要人物介绍
葛朗台：是资产阶级吝啬鬼的典型。是吝啬鬼中的吝啬鬼，善耍手段，虚伪 奸诈，吝啬贪婪，聚敛守财盘剥算计，心狠手辣，他是活在一个个观点上的 人，利用一切机会发财，顺应时势。
6.“获取一颗没有被人攻击的经验的心，也就像夺取一座没有守卫的城池一 样。”
7.“这些女人生前考究的生活越是闹得满城风雨，她们死后也就越是无声无 息。她们就像某些星辰，陨落时和初升时一样黯淡无光。”
After reading：
中文名： 外文名： 国籍： 出生地： 出生日期： 逝世日期：
奥诺雷·德·巴尔扎克，法国小说家，被 称为现代法国小说之父。一些评论家认 为他仅次于莎士比亚，擅长塑造为贪婪、 仇恨、野心等强烈情感所控制的人物。 巴尔扎克计划以《人间喜剧》（La Comédie Humaine）为题，撰写描绘和 分析法国社会各个层面的系列小说。这 些小说主要可以分为三组：道德研究、 哲学研究、分析研究。每一组又可以分 为个人生活、外省生活、巴黎生活、政 治生活，及乡村生活等场景。
主要人物介绍
玛格丽特：美丽，真诚，善良，富有同情心。生活奢侈，但不看重钱。当她得知阿 芒是真正关心她，想亲人那样爱护她时，她十分感动，立刻接受了阿芒的感情。最 后为了阿芒的家人放弃自己的爱情，为此忍受了许多阿芒的报复，是一个十分可敬 的人物。虽然是风尘女子，但从她的所作所为中看出一种崇高的灵魂。
阿芒（阿尔芒）： 痴情 他对玛格丽特一见钟情，遭到遗弃后用各种手段报复玛格 丽特。还有我个人认为他有些单纯任性，嫉妒心强，爱吃醋。他跟玛格丽塔在一起 但却怠慢家里人。如果他能好好处理他与家人的关系，积极解决妹妹的婚事，也不 至于与玛格丽特劳燕分飞最终遗恨终生。
英美文学理论教材
英美文学理论教材20世纪西方文学理论发生了一次次革命性变化，与之相对应，英美各高校也出现了种类繁多且各具特色的文学理论教材。
这些教材不仅为我们展示了当代西方理论与批评的全景，而且表现出与中国高校文学理论教材不尽相同的体例和风貌。
了解和研究英美高校的这些教材，特别是国外学者为解决“理论”危机而做出的种种颇有创意的努力，对于我国高校文学理论教材的编写无疑具有重要的借鉴意义。
本文从目前收集到的近50部英美文学理论教材中挑选出有代表性的20本教材作为研究对象（见篇末附录），通过认真研读和分析，以把握英美高校文学理论教材的编写思想和写作体例，并希望通过对这些教材的梳理和辨析，为我国当今文学理论教材的编写提供有价值的参考。
一、英美文学理论教材的类型导论型教材在英美文学理论教材中，不难发现其书名冠以“导论”、“引论”（Introduction）或者“指南”（Guide）的导论型教材，但这种导论型教材与国人理解的不完全一致。
在国人看来，作为导论型教材，应该关注文学理论（Literarytheory）的学科性质、研究对象、研究方法、核心范畴等基本问题，有比较明确的理论建构和明晰的范畴界定，论述过程缜密，结构也应相对完整。
而在英美高校，这种具有完整体系的教材并不多，也许受人文社会科学特别是当代哲学不再诉求宏大叙事的影响，英美文学理论教材似乎不再追求建构普遍的理论体系。
就所掌握的资料来看，韦勒克和沃伦合著的《文学理论》是少数具有完整体系建构的教材之一。
该教材涉及到文学、文学理论、文学批评和比较文学等方面。
韦勒克试图通过对文学理论、文学史和文学批评的区分来界定文学理论的研究对象，通过对文学研究的内部和外部的区分来寻找文学理论的研究方法，并重点阐述了文学理论的“内部研究”，分析了与此相关的重要概念。
该教材对我国新时期文学理论教材的编写影响颇深。
卡勒的《文学理论》也属于导论型教材。
如果说韦勒克、沃伦的《文学理论》是一种建构型体系的教材的话，那么这一本便可以视为“解构型”教材了。
《英美文学选读》自学资料全
《英美文学选读》自学资料-(全)American LiteratureChapter one : The romantic periodI. Emerson’s transcendentalism and his attitude toward nature:1.Transcendentalism—it is a philosophic and literary movement that flourish in New England, as a reaction against rationalism and Calvinism. It stressed intuitive understanding of god without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind.2. Emerson’s transcendentalism:The over-soul—it is an all-pervading power goodness, from which all things come and of which all are a part. It is a supreme reality of mind, a spiritual unity of all beings and a religion. It is a communication between an individual soul and the universalover-soul. And he strongly believe in the divinity and infinity of man as an individual, so man can totally rely on himself.3.His toward nature:Emerson loves nature. His nature is the garment of the over-soul, symbolic and moral bound. Nature is not something purely of the matter, but alive with God’s presence. It exercise a healthy and restorative influence on human beings. Children can see nature better than adult.II. Hawthorne’s Puritanism and his black vision of man:1. Puritanism—it is the religious belief of the Puristans, who had intended to purify and simplify the religious ritual of the church of England.2. his black vision of man—by the Calvinistic concept of original sin, he believed that human being are evil natured and sinful, and this sin is ever present in human heart and will pass one generation to another.3. Young Goodman Brown—it shows that everyone has some evil secrets. The innocent and naïve Brown is confronted with the vision of human evil in one terrible night, and then he becomes distrustful and doubtful. Brown stands for everyone ,who is born pure and has no contact with the real world ,and the prominent people of the village and church. They cover their secrets during daily lives, and under some circumstances such as the witch’s Sabbath, they becomewhat they are. Even his closed wife, Faith, is no exception. So Brown is aged in that night.III. The symbolism of Melville’s Mobby-Dick1.The voyage to catch the white whale is the one of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of universe.2. To Ahab, the whale is an evil creature or the agent of an evil force that control the universe. As to readers, the whale is a symbol of physical limits, or a symbol of nature. It also can stand for the ultimate mystery of the universe and the wall behind which unknown malicious things are hiding.IV. Whitman and his Leaves of Grass :1. Theme: sing of the “en-mass” and the self / pursuit of love, happiness, and ***ual love / sometimes about politics (Drum taps)2. Whitman’s originality first in his use of the poetic form free verse(i.e. poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme),by means of which he becomes conversational and casual.3.He uses the first person pronoun “I” to stress individualism, and oral language to acquire sympathy from the common reader. Chapter two : The realistic periodI. The character analysis and social meaning of Huck Finn inAdventure of Huckleberry Finn by Mark TwainHuck is a typical American boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”. He appears to be vulgar in language and in manner, but he is honest and decent in essence. His remarkable raft’s journey down on the Mississippi river can be regarded as his process of education and his way to grow up. At first, he stands by slavery, for he clings to the idea that if he lets go the slave, he will be damned to go to hell. And when the “King” sells Jim for money, Huck decides to inform Jim’s master. After he thinks of the past good time when Jim and he are on the raft where Jim shows great care and deep affection for him, he decide to rescue Jim. And Huck still thinks he is wrong while he is doing the right thing.Huck is the son of nature and a symbol for freedom and earthly pragmatism. Through the eye of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed. Twain contrasts the life on the river and the life on the banks, the innocence and the experience, the nature and the culture, the wilderness and the civilization.II. Daisy Miller by Henry James1. Theme: The novel is a story about American innocence defeated by the stiff, traditional values of Europe. James condemns the American failure to adopt expressive manners intelligently and point out the false believing that a good heart is readily visible to all. The death of Daisy results from the misunderstanding between people with different cultural backgrounds.2. The character analysis of Daisy: She represents typical American girl, who is uninformed and without the mature guidance. Ignorance and parental indulgence combine to foster he assertiveself-confidence and fierce willfulness. She behaves in the same daring naive way in Europe as she does at home. When someone is against her, she becomes more contrary. She knows that she means no harm and is amazed that anyone should think she does. She does not compromise to the European manners.3. The character analysis of Winterbourne: He is a EuropeanizedAmerican, who has live too long in foreign parts. He is very experience and has a problem understanding Daisy. He endeavors to put her in sort of formula, i.e. to classify her.III. Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser:1. Theme: The author invented the success of Carrie and the downfall of Hurstwood out of an inevitable and natural judgment, because the fittest can survive in a competitive, amoral society according to the social Darwinism.2. The character analysis of Carrie: She follows the right direction toa pursuit of the American dream, and the circumstances and her desire for a better life direct to the successful goal. But she is not contented, because with wealth and fame, she still finds herself lonely. She is a product of the society, a realization of the theory of the survival of the fittest.3. The character analysis of Hurstwood: He is a negative evidence of the theory of the survival of the fittest. Because he is still conventional and can not throw away the social morals, he is not fitted to live in New York.Chapter three : The Modern PeriodI. Ezra Pound and his theory of Imagism1. The principles: a. direct treatment of the thing; b. to use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation; c. to compose in the sequence of the musical; d. to use the language of common speech and the exact word; e. to create new rhythms; f. absolutely freedom in the choice of subject.2. Imagism is to present an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time. An imagistic poem must present the object exactly the way the thing is seen. And the reader can form the image of the object through the process of reading the abstract and concrete words.II. Frost and his poetry on nature:Frost is deeply interested in nature and in men’s relationship to nature. Nature appears as an explicator and a mediator for man and serve as the center of reference of his behavior. Peace and order can be found in Frost’s poetical natural world. With surface simplicity of his poems, the thematic concerns are always presented in rich symbols. Therefore his work resists easy interpretation.III. F. Scott Fitzgerald and his The Great Gatsby1. Theme: Gatsby is American Everyman. His extraordinary energy and wealth make him pursue the dream. His death in the end points at the truth about the withering of the American Dream. The spiritual and moral sterility that has resulted from the withered American Dream is fully revealed in the article. However, although he is defeated, the dream has gave Gatsby a dignity and a set of qualities. His hope and belief in the promise of future makes him the embodiment of the values of the incorruptible American Dream .2. The character analysis of Gatsby: Gatsby is great, because he is dignified and ennobled by his dream and his mythic vision of life. He has the desire to repeat the past, the desire for money, and the desire for incarnation of unutterable vision on this material earth. For Gatsby, Daisy is the soul of his dreams. He believe he can regain Daisy and romantically rebels of time. Although he has the wealth that can match with the leisured class, he does not have their manners. His tragedy lies in his possession of a naive sense and chivalry.IV. Ernest Hemingway’s artistic features:1. The Hemingway code heroes and grace under pressure:They have seen the cold world ,and for one cause, they boldly and courageously face the reality. They has an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life. Whatever is the result is, the are ready to live with grace under pressure. No matter how tragic the ending is, they will never be defeated. Finally, they will be prevail because of their indestructible spirit and courage.2.The iceberg technique:Hemingway believe that a good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. The one-eighth the is presented will suggest all other meaningful dimensions of the story. Thus, Hemingway’s languag e is symbolic and suggestive.V. The character analysis of Emily in A Rose for Emily:Emily is a symbol of old values, standing for tradition, duty and past glory. But she is also a victim to all those she cares and embrace. The source of Emily’s stran geness is from her born pride and self-esteem, the domineering behavior of her father and the betrayal of her lover. Barricaded in her house, she has frozen the past to protect her dreams. Her life is tragic because the defiance of the community, her refusal to accept the change and her extreme pride have pushed her to abnormality and insanity.【自考版重要资料汇总】自烤成柴engBus清洁工会员等级: 超级版主发帖数量: 1,243精华数量: 0所持现金: 3128英币银行状态:正常用户积分: 10来自: 注册日期: 2006-02-06# 22006-02-16 14:04English LiteratureChapter One The Renaissance PeriodI. Shakespeare’s sonnets1. With a few exceptions, Shakespeare writes his sonnets in the popular English form of three quatrains and a couplet. The couplet usually ties the sonnet to one of the general themes, leaving the quatrains free to develop the poetic intensity.2. The sonnet’s most common themes concern the destructive effects of time, the quickness of physical decay, and the loss of beauty, vigor, and love. Although the poems celebrate life, they are always with a keen awareness of death.3. His sonnet 18 expresses that beautiful things can rely on the force of literature to reach eternity. Literature is created by man, thus it declares man’s eternity. The poem shows the mighty self-confidence of the newly class.The vivid, variable and rich images reflect the lively and adventurous spirits of those who were opening new world.[/font]II. Shakespeare’s A Merchant of Venice1. Theme(1) Justice vs. mercy: Shakespeare suggests that all men should bemerciful. There is a further aspect of justice—the injustice revealed in the Christians’ treatment of the Jews.(2) Appearance vs. reality: e.g. superficial or external beauty vs. moral or spiritual beauty or truth (in the case of three caskets); the letters of law vs. the spirit of the law.(3) Commercial or material values vs. love: True love is much more worthwhile than money and material values. Antonioepitomizes true love in his friendship for Bassanio.2. The character analysis of ShylockShylock is a Jewish usurer, and he is a tragic-comic character.He is comic because he finally becomes the one punished by his own evil deed. He is avaricious. He accumulates as much wealth as he can and he even equates his lostdaughter with his lost money. He is also cruel. In order to revenge, he would rather claim a pound of flesh from his enemy Antonio than get back his loan.He is tragic, because he is the victim of the society. As a Jew, he is not treated equally by the society. The law is harsh to him. He has to make as much money as he can in order to protect him. He is abused by Antonio, so he wants to get revenge.III. The character analysis of HamletHamlet is a scholar and a warrior. His father has been killed by his uncle, Claudius, who then take the throne and marries his mother. Hamlet is informed by the ghost of his father to take revenge, but the weakness of indecisiveness or indetermination in his character always delay his action, and finally leads to his tragic fall of death. Hamlet is not a man of action, but a man of thinking at first. He hesitates at some crucial moments. At last when he is forced to take some actions, he does kill Claudiusgloriously, but he also sacrifices his own life.IV. Donne and his “The Sun Rising”1. Metaphysical poet: He wrote poems by using unconventional and surprising conceits and full of wit and humor, but sometimes the logic argument and conceits become pervasive. The language is colloquial but powerful, creating unorthodox images on the reader’s mind.2. His “The Sun Rising”: In this poem, the love’s wedding room has been intruded by sun and the man takes offence at the intrusion. He attack the sun as an unruly servant, and finally he allow the sun to enter their chamber and warm them. The poem’s true subject is the lady—his true emotional love. Every insult to the sun is a compliment to the lady.[font=Times New Roman]V. Milton’s Paradise Lost :1.Structure: The story is taken from the Old Testament. It extends chronologically from the exaltation of Christ before the creature of universe to the second coming of Christ. Geographically, it ranges over the entire world.2. The character analysis of Satan:He has the strength, the courage and the capacity for leadership, but he devoted all those qualities toevil. His defiance of God shows his egoistic pride, his false conception of freedom, and his alienation from all good. His own evil and damnation give him potentially tragic dimensions. Therefore, Satan is enveloped in dramatic irony because he fight in ignorance of the unshakable power of God and goodness.3.Features: Parallel and contrastThe central conflict and contrast between good and evil are intensified by the contrast between heaven and hell, light anddarkness, love and hate, reasonand passion, etc.自烤成柴engBus清洁工会员等级: 超级版主发帖数量: 1,243精华数量: 0所持现金: 3128英币银行状态:正常用户积分: 10来自: 注册日期:2006-02-06# 32006-02-16 14:04English LiteratureChapter One The Renaissance PeriodI. Shakespeare’s sonnets1. With a few exceptions, Shakespeare writes his sonnets in the popularEnglish form of three quatrains and a couplet. The couplet usually ties thesonnet to one of the general themes, leaving the quatrains free to develop thepoetic intensity.2. The sonnet’s most common themes concern the destructive effects of time,the quickness of physical decay, and the loss of beauty, vigor, and love.Although the poems celebrate life, they are always with a keen awareness ofdeath.3. His sonnet 18 expresses that beautiful things can rely on the force ofliterature to reach eternity. Literature is created by man, thus it declaresman’s eternity. The poem shows the mighty self-confidence of the newly class.The vivid, variable and rich images reflect the lively and adventurous spiritsof those who were opening new world.II. Shakespeare’s A Merchant of Venice1. Theme(1) Justice vs. mercy: Shakespeare suggests that all men should be merciful. There is a further aspect of justice—the injustice revealed in the Christians’ treatment of the Jews.(2) Appearance vs. reality: e.g. superficial or external beauty vs. moral or spiritual beauty or truth (in the case of three caskets); the letters of law vs. the spirit of the law.(3) Commercial or material values vs. love: True love is much more worthwhile than money and material values. Antonio epitomizes true love in his friendship for Bassanio.2. The character analysis of ShylockShylock is a Jewish usurer, and he is a tragic-comic character.He is comic because he finally becomes the one punished by his own evil deed. He is avaricious. He accumulates as much wealth as he can and he even equates his lost daughter with his lost money. He is also cruel. In order to revenge, he would rather claim a pound of flesh from his enemy Antonio than get back his loan.He is tragic, because he is the victim of the society. As a Jew, he is not treated equally by the society. The law is harsh to him. He has to make as much money as he can in order to protect him. He is abused by Antonio, so he wants to get revenge.III. The character analysis of HamletHamlet is a scholar and a warrior. His father has been killed by his uncle, Claudius, who then take the throne and marries his mother. Hamlet is informed by the ghost of his father to take revenge, but the weakness of indecisiveness or indetermination in his character always delay his action, and finally leads to his tragic fall of death. Hamlet is not a man of action, but a man of thinking at first. He hesitates at some crucial moments. At last when he is forced to take some actions, he does kill Claudius gloriously, but he also sacrifices his own life.IV. Donne and his “The Sun Rising”1. Metaphysical poet: He wrote poems by using unconventional and surprising conceits and full of wit and humor, but sometimes the logic argument and conceits become pervasive. The language is colloquial but powerful, creating unorthodox images on the reader’s mind.2. His “The Sun Rising”: In this poem, the love’s wedding room has been intruded by sun and the man takes offence at the intrusion. He attack the sun as an unruly servant, and finally he allow the sun to enter their chamber and warm them. The poem’s true subject is the lady—his true emotional love. Every insult to the sun is a compliment to the lady.V. Milton’s Paradise Lost :1.Structure: The story is taken from the Old Testament. It extends chronologically from the exaltation of Christ before the creature of universe to the second coming of Christ. Geographically, it ranges over the entire world.2. The character analysis of Satan:He has the strength, the courage and the capacity for leadership, but he devoted all those qualities to evil. His defiance of God shows his egoistic pride, his false conception of freedom, and his alienation from all good. His own evil and damnation give him potentially tragic dimensions. Therefore, Satan is enveloped in dramatic irony because he fight in ignorance of the unshakable power of God and goodness.3.Features: Parallel and contrastThe central conflict and contrast between good and evil are intensified by the contrast between heaven and hell, light and darkness, love and hate, reason and passion, etc.自烤成柴engBus清洁工# 4 2006-02-16 14:04会员等级: 超级版主发帖数量: 1,243精华数量: 0所持现金: 3128英币银行状态:正常用户积分: 10来自: 注册日期: 2006-02-06Chapter Two The Neo-classicalPeriodI. The allegorical meaning of “The Vanity Fair” in John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s ProgressThe Vanity Fair refers to the real world where people have become so degenerated that all they are concerned is to buy and sell everything they can. It allegorically represents vanity both in the society and in people’s heart, so people are spiritually lost. However, the pilgrims refuse to buy any of the things in the Vanity Fair. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggle with their own weakness and social evils. Christians’ refusal shows that they are one step nearer the Celestial City.II. Pope’s point of view on poetry criticism and the characteristics of his own poetry1. Pope’s point of view on poetry criticism is best shown in his An Essays on Criticism. He emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion and good taste. He calls on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance. He advises the critics not to stress too much the artificial use of conceit or the external beauty of language, but to pay special attention to true wit which is best set in a plain style.2. Pope’s poem strictly follows his idea of neoclassicism. He developed a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful and well-balanced style, and finally brought to its last perfection of the heroic couplet.III. The social satire of Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s TravelsThe account of Lilliputian life, especially the games for people at court, alludes to the similar ridiculous practices or tricks in the English government. The description of the competition in the games before the royal members leads to the fact that the success of those government officials such as the Prime Minister lies not in their being any wiser or better but in their being more dexterous in the game. This alludes to the practices in England. And the pompous words singing of the Lilliputian emperor ridicule the aristocratic arrogance and vanity.IV. Henry Fielding and his Tom JonesIt is a good example of “comic epic in prose”. Fielding describes the fight between Molly and the villagers and her fistfight with Goody Brown in the grand style of the Homeric epic. He first of all calls on the Muses to assist him in recounting the fight as if it were of great historical importance. Like Homer who would list names of gods involved in the battle, he lists the names of the villagers. He treats Molly as a great hero at battle, an “Amazonian heroine”. Besides, he uses a mock-epic tone and seems very solemn about what he is describing. He uses formal words and refined language. Finally, he makes use of different figures of speech, particularly, irony and hyperbole.V. Thomas Gray and his “Elegy Written in a County Church”In the poem, Gray presents a picture of the quiet and solitary county at dusk through the sounding of the curfew, the home-coming plowman, the tinkling of bells under the necks of the cattle, the moping owl, the narrow cell (grave), etc.. He bemoans the fate of those common laborers who are now buried in the graves, tries to imagine how they had lived as loving parents and hardworking people, and praise their homely joys. He then express his contempt for those noblemen who once lived a pompous life, and despised the poor, but havee nded up in a way no better than the ordinary folk. We can see Gray’s sympathy for the poor and contempt for the rich.Chapter Three The Romantic Period I. Wordsworth and his “I wandered lonely as a cloud”The poem is crystal clear and lucid. Below the immediate surface, we find that all the realistic details of the flowers, the trees, the waves, the wind, and all the realistic details of the active joy, are absorbed into an over-all concrete metaphor, the recurrent image of the dance. The flowers, the stars, the waves are units in this dancing pattern of order in diversity, of linked eternal harmony and vitality. Through the revelation and recognition of his kinship with nature, the poet himself becomes as it were a part of the whole cosmic dance.II. Shelley and his “Ode to the West Wind”In the poem, Shelley eulogizes the west wind as a powerful phenomenon of nature that is both destroyer and preserver. The wind enjoys boundless freedom and has the power to spread messages far and wide. The keynote in the poem is Shelley’s ever-present wish for himself and his fellow men to sharethe freedom of the west wind, remembering meanwhile his own and commonhuman miseries. And the dominant mood is that of hope rather than despair,as the poet is hoping for the realization of the freedom and joy. The optimismexpressed in the last two lines show the poet’s critical attitude toward the uglysocial reality and his faith in a bright future for humanity.III. John Keats and his “Ode on a Grecian Urn”In the poem Keats shows the contrast between the permanence of art and thetransience of human passion. The poet has absorbed himself into the timelessbeautiful scenery on the Grecian urn: the lovers, musicians and worshipperscarved on the urn, and their everlasting joys. They are unaffected by time,stilled in expectation. This is the glory and the limitation of the world conjuredup by and object of art. The urn celebrates but simplifies intuitions of joy bydefying our pain and suffering. But at last, the urn presents his ambivalenceabout time and the nature of beauty.IV. The character analysis of Elizabeth in Jane Austen’s Pride and PrejudiceElizabeth is a beautiful young lady in the Bennets. She is intelligent,contrasting her empty-minded, snobbish and vulgar mother. She is a womenof distinct character. She is not passive, but pursue her true love bravely. Sheturns down Mr. Collin’s marriage proposal and seeking her happiness withDarcy, the one she possesses true affection for her. She is also courageous.When Darcy’s aunt lady comes to force her into a promise of never consentingto marry Darcy, she boldly challenges her authority, contempt and arrogance.On the whole, Elizabeth is a typical image of the good, attractive lady in the19th century.自烤成柴engBus清洁工# 52006-02-16 14:04Chapter Two The Neo-classical会员等级: 超级版主发帖数量: 1,243精华数量: 0所持现金: 3128英币银行状态:正常用户积分: 10来自: 注册日期: 2006-02-06PeriodI. The allegorical meaning of “The Vanity Fair” in John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s ProgressThe Vanity Fair refers to the real world where people have become so degenerated that all they are concerned is to buy and sell everything they can. It allegorically represents vanity both in the so ciety and in people’s heart, so people are spiritually lost. However, the pilgrims refuse to buy any of the things in the Vanity Fair. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggle with their own weakness and social evils. Christians’ refusal shows that they are one step nearer the Celestial City.II. Pope’s point of view on poetry criticism and the characteristics of his own poetry1. Pope’s point of view on poetry criticism is best shown in hi s An Essays on Criticism. He emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion and good taste. He calls on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance. He advises the critics not to stress too much the artificial use of conceit or the external beauty of language, but to pay special attention to true wit which is best set in a plain style.2. Pope’s poem strictly follows his idea of neoclassicism. He developed a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful and well-balanced style, and finally brought to its last perfection of the heroic couplet.III. The social satire of Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s TravelsThe account of Lilliputian life, especially the games for people at court, alludes to the similar ridiculous practices or tricks in the English government. The description of the competition in the games before the royal members leads to the fact that the success of those government officials such as the Prime Minister lies not in their being any wiser or better but in their being more dexterous in the game. This alludes to the practices in England. And the pompous words singing of the Lilliputian emperor ridicule the aristocratic arrogance and vanity.IV. Henry Fielding and his Tom JonesIt is a good example of “comic epic in prose”. Fielding describes the fightbetween Molly and the villagers and her fistfight with Goody Brown in the grand style of the Homeric epic. He first of all calls on the Muses to assist him in recounting the fight as if it were of great historical importance. Like Homer who would list names of gods involved in the battle, he lists the names of the villagers. He treats Molly as a great hero at battle, an “Amazonian heroine”. Besides, he uses a mock-epic tone and seems very solemn about what he is describing. He uses formal words and refined language. Finally, he makes use of different figures of speech, particularly, irony and hyperbole.V. Thomas Gray and his “Elegy Written in a County Church”In the poem, Gray presents a picture of the quiet and solitary county at dusk through the sounding of the curfew, the home-coming plowman, the tinkling of bells under the necks of the cattle, the moping owl, the narrow cell (grave), etc.. He bemoans the fate of those common laborers who are now buried in the graves, tries to imagine how they had lived as loving parents and hardworking people, and praise their homely joys. He then express his contempt for those noblemen who once lived a pompous life, and despised the poor, but have ended up in a way no better than the ordinary folk. We can see Gray’s sympathy for the poor and contempt for the rich.Chapter Three The Romantic Period I. Wordsworth and his “I wandered lonely as a cloud”The poem is crystal clear and lucid. Below the immediate surface, we find that all the realistic details of the flowers, the trees, the waves, the wind, and all the realistic details of the active joy, are absorbed into an over-all concrete metaphor, the recurrent image of the dance. The flowers, the stars, the waves are units in this dancing pattern of order in diversity, of linked eternal harmony and vitality. Through the revelation and recognition of his kinship with nature, the poet himself becomes as it were a part of the whole cosmic dance.II. Shelley and his “Ode to the West Wind”In the poem, Shelley eulogizes the west wind as a powerful phenomenon of nature that is both destroyer and preserver. The wind enjoys boundless freedom and has the power to spread messages far and wide. The keynote in the poem is Shelley’s ever-present wish for himself and his fellow men to share the freedom of the west wind, remembering meanwhile his own and common human miseries. And the dominant mood is that of hope rather than despair, as the poet is hoping for the realization of the freedom and joy. The optimism。
英美文学之文学术语
英美文学之文学术语文学术语汇编11.Literature of the absurd: (荒诞派文学) The term is applied to a number of works in drama and prose fiction which have in common the sense that the human condition is essentially absurd, and that this condition can be adequately represented only in works of literature that are themselves absurd. The current movement emerged in France after the Second World War, as a rebellion against essential beliefs and values of traditional culture and traditional literature. They hold the belief that a human being is an isolated existent who is cast into an alien universe and the human life in its fruitless search for purpose and meaning is both anguish and absurd.2.Theater of the absurd: (荒诞派戏剧) belongs to literature of the absurd. Two representatives of this school are Eugene Ionesco, French author of The Bald Soprano (1949) (此作品中文译名<秃头歌女>), and Samuel Beckett, Irish author of Waiting for Godot (1954) (此作品是荒诞派戏剧代表作<等待戈多>). They project the irrationalism, helplessness and absurdity of life in dramatic forms that reject realistic settings, logical reasoning, or a coherently evolving plot.3.Black comedy or black humor: (黑色幽默) it mostly employed to describe baleful, naïve, or inept characters in a fantastic or nightmarish modern world playing out their roles in what Ionesco called a “tragic farce”, in which the events are often simultaneously comic, horrifying, and absurd. Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 (美国著名作家约瑟夫海勒<二十二条军规>) can be taken as an example of the employment of this technique.文学术语汇编24. Aestheticism or the Aesthetic Movement（唯美主义）: it began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century. The theory of “art for art’s sake” was first put forward by some French artists. They declared that art should serve no religious, moral or social purpose. The two most important representatives of aestheticists in English literature are Walt Pater and Oscar Wilde.5. Allegory（寓言）: a tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities, such as John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.6. Fable（寓言）: is a short narrative, in prose or verse, that exemplifies an abstract moral thesis or principle of human behavior. Most common is the beast fable, in which animals talk and act like the human types they represent. The fables in Western cultures derive mainly from the stories attributed to Aesop, a Greek slave of the sixth century B. C.7. Parable（寓言）: is a very short narrative about human beings presented so as to stress analogy with a general lesson that the narrator is trying to bring home to his audience. For example, the Bible contains lots of parables employed by Jesus Christ to make his flock understand his preach.(注意以上三个词在汉语中都翻译成语言，但是内涵并不相同，不要搞混)8. Alliteration（头韵）: the repetition of the initial consonant sounds. In Old English alliterative meter, alliteration is the principal organizing device of the verse line, such as in Beowulf.9. Consonance is the repetition of a sequence of two or more consonants but with a change in the intervening vowel, such as “live and love”.10. Assonance is the repetition of identical or similar vowel, especially in stressed syllables, in a sequence of nearby words, such as “child of silence”.11. Allusion （典故）is a reference without explicit identification, to a literary or historical person, place, or event, or to another literary work or passage. Most literary allusions are intended to be recognized by the generally educated readers of the author’s time, but some are aimed at a special group.12. Ambiguity（复义性）: Since William Empson（燕卜荪）published Seven Types of Ambiguity（《复义七型》）, the term has been widely used in criticism to identify a deliberate poetic device: the use of a single word or expression to signify two or more distinct references, or to express two or more diverse attitudes or feeling.文学术语汇编313. Antihero（反英雄）：the chief character in a modern novel or play whose character is totally different from the traditional heroes. Instead of manifesting largeness, dignity, power, or heroism, the antihero is petty, passive, ineffectual or dishonest. For example, the heroine of Defoe’s Moll Flanders is a thief and a prostitute.14. Antithesis（对照）：(a figure of speech)An antithesis is often expressed in a balanced sentence, that is, a sentence in which identical or similar syntactic structure is used to express contrasting ideas. For example, “Marriage has many pains, but celibacy（独身生活）has no pleasures.” by Samuel Johnson obviously employs antithesis.15. Archaism（拟古）：the literary use of words and expressions that have become obsolete in the common speech of an era. For example, the translators of the King James Version of Bible gave weight and dignity to their prose by employing archaism.16. Atmosphere（氛围）: the prevailing mood or feeling of a literary work. Atmosphere is often developed, at least in part, through descriptions of setting. Such descriptions help to create an emotional climate to establish the reader’s expectations and attitudes.文学术语汇编417. Ballad（民谣）：it is a song, transmitted orally, which tells a story. It originated and was communicated orally among illiterate or only partly literate people. It exists in many variant forms. The most common stanza form, called ballad stanza is a quatrain in alternate four- and three-stress lines; usually only the second and fourth lines rhyme. Although many traditional ballads probably originated in the late Middle Age, they were not collected and printed until the eighteenth century.18. Climax：as a rhetorical device it means an ascending sequence of importance. As a literary term, it can also refer to the point of greatest intensity, interest, or suspense in a story’s turning point. The action leading to the climax and the simultaneous increaseof tension in the plot are known as the rising action. All action after the climax is referred to as the falling action, or resolution. The term crisis is sometimes used interchangeably with climax.19. Anticlimax（突降）：it denotes a writer’s deliberate drop from the serious and elevated to the trivial and lowly, in order to achieve a comic or satiric effect. It is a rhetorical device in English.20. Beat Generation（垮掉一代）：it refers to a loose-knit group of poets and novelists, writing in the second half of the 1950s and early 1960s, who shared a set of social attitudes – antiestablishment, antipolitical, anti-intellectual, opposed to the prevailing cultural, literary, and moral values, and in favor of unfettered self-realization andself-expression. Representatives of the group include Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac and William Burroughs. And most famous literary creations produced by this group should be Allen Ginsberg’s long poem Howl and Jack Kerouac’s On the Road.文学术语汇编521. Biography（传记）：a detailed account of a person’s life written by another person, such as Samuel Johnson’s Lives of the English Poets and James Boswell’s Life of Samuel Johnson.22. Autobiography（自传）：a person’s account of his or her own life, such as Benjamin Franklin’s autobiography.23. Blank verse（无韵体）: Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. It is the verse form used in some of the greatest English poetry, including that of William Shakespeare and John Milton.24. A parody（模仿）imitates the serious manner and characteristic features of a particular literary work, or the distinctive style of a particular author, or the typical stylistic and other features of a serious literary genre, and deflates the original by applying the imitation to a lowly or comically inappropriate subject.文学术语汇编625. Celtic Revival also known as the Irish Literary Renaissance （爱尔兰文艺复兴）identifies the remarkably creative period in Irish literature from about 1880 to the death of William Butler Yeats in 1939. The aim of Yeats and other early leaders of the movement was to create a distinctively national literature by going back to Irish history, legend, and folklore, as well as to native literary models. The major writers of this movement include William Butler Yeats, Lady Gregory, John Millington Synge and Sean O’Casey and so on.26. Characters（人物）are the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from the dialogues, actions and motivations. E. M. Forster divides characters into two types: flat character, which is presented without much individualizing detail; and round character, which is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity.27. Chivalric Romance (or medieval romance) （骑士传奇或中世纪传奇）is a type of narrative that developed in twelfth-century France, spread to the literatures of other countries. Its standard plot is that of a quest undertaken by a single knight in order to gain a lady’s favor; frequently its central interest is courtly love, together with tournaments fought and dragons and monsters slain. It stresses the chivalric ideals of courage, loyalty, honor, mercifulness to an opponent, and elaborate manners.28. Comedy:（喜剧）in general, a literary work that ends happily with a healthy, amicable armistice between the protagonist and society.29. Farce （闹剧）is a type of comedy designed to provoke the audience to simple and hearty laughter. To do so it commonly employs highly exaggerated types of characters and puts them into improbable and ludicrous situations.30. Confessional poetry（自白派诗歌）designates a type of narrative and lyric verse, given impetus by Robert Lowell’s Life Studies, which deals with the facts and intimate mental and physical experiences of the poet’s own life. Confessional poetry was written in rebellion against the demand for impersonality by T. S. Elliot and the New Criticism. The representative writers of confessional school include Robert Lowell, Anne Sexton and Sylvia Plath and so on.31. Critical Realism:（批判现实主义）The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the fouties and in the beginning of fifties. The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils. Representative writers of this trend include Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray and so on.32. Drama:（戏剧）The form of composition designed for performance in the theater, in which actors take the roles of the characters, perform the indicated action, and utter the written dialogue. (The common alternative name for a dramatic composition is a play.)文学术语汇编733. Dramatic Monologue:（戏剧独白）a monologue is a lengthy speech by a single person. Dramatic monologue does not designate a component in a play, but a type of lyric poem that was perfected by Robert Browning. By using dramatic monologue, a single person, who is patently not the poet, utters the speech that makes up the whole of the poem, in a specific situation at a critical moment. For example, Robert Browning’s famous poem “My Last Duchess” was written in dramatic monologue. 34. Elegy（哀歌或挽歌）：a poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual. An elegy is a type of lyric poem, usually formal in language and structure, and solemn or even melancholy in tone.35. Enlightenment（启蒙运动）：The name applied to an intellectual movement which developed in Western Europe during the seventeenth century and reached its height in the eighteenth. The common element was a trust in human reason as adequate to solve the crucial problems and to establish the essential norms in life, together with the belief that the application of reason was rapidly dissipating the remaining feudal traditions. It influenced lots of famous English writers especially those neoclassic writers, such as Alexander Pope.36. Epic（史诗）：it is a long verse narrative on a serious subject, told in a formal and elevated style, and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe, a nation, or the human race.37. Epiphany:（顿悟）In the early draft of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, James Joyce employed this term to signify a sudden sense of radiance and revelation that one may feel while perceiving a commonplace object. “Epiphany” now has become the standard term for the description, frequent in modern poetry and prose fiction, of the sudden flare into revelation of an ordinary object or scene.38. Epithet（移就）: as a term in criticism, epithet denotes an adjective or adjectival phrase used to define a distinctive quality of a person or thing. This method was widely employed in ancient epics. For example, in Homer’s epic, the epithet like “the wine-dark sea” can be found everywhere.39. Essay:（散文）any short composition in prose that undertakes to discuss a matter, express a point of view, persuade us to accept a thesis on any subject, or simply entertain. The essay can be divided as the formal essay and the informal essay (familiar essay).40. Euphemism（委婉语）: An inoffensive expression used in place of a blunt one that is felt to be disagreeable or embarrassing, such as “pass away” instead of “die”41. Expressionism（表现主义）：a German movement in literature and the other arts which was at its height between 1910 and 1925 – that is, in the period just before, during, and after WWⅠ. The expressionist artist or writer undertakes to express a personal vision – usually a troubled or tensely emotional vision – of human life and human society. This is done by exaggerating and distorting. We recognize its effects, direct or indirect, on the writing and staging of such plays as Arthur Miller’s Death ofa Salesman as well as on the theater of the absurd.42. Free verse（自由体诗）：Like traditional verse, it is printed in short lines instead of with the continuity of prose, but it differs from such verse by the fact that its rhythmic pattern is not organized into a regular metrical form – that is, into feet, or recurrent units of weak and strong stressed syllables. Most free verse also hasirregular line lengths, and either lacks rhyme or else uses it only occasionally. Walt Whitman is a representative who employed this poem form successfully.文学术语汇编843. Gothic novel:（哥特式小说）It is a type of prose fiction. The writers of this type of fictions mostly set their stories in the medieval period and in a Catholic country, especially Italy or Spain. The locale was often a gloomy castle. The typical story focused on the sufferings imposed on an innocent heroine by a cruel villain. This type of fictions made bountiful use of ghosts, mysterious disappearances, and other supernatural occurrences. The principle aim of such novels was to evoke chilling terror and the best of this type opened up to the fiction the realm of the irrational and of the perverse impulses and nightmarish terrors that lie beneath the orderly surface of the civilized mind. Some famous novelists liked to employ some Gothic elements in their novels, such as Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights.44. Graveyard poets（墓园派诗歌）: A term applied to eighteenth-century poets who wrote meditative poems, usually set in a graveyard, on the theme of human mortality, in moods which range from pensiveness to profound gloom. The vogue resulted in one of the most widely known English poems, Thomas Gray’s“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”.45. Harlem Renaissance（哈莱姆文艺复兴）：a period of remarkable creativity in literature, music, dance, painting, and sculpture by African-Americans, from the end of the First World War in 1917 through the 1920s. As a result of the mass migrations to the urban North in order to escape the legal segregation of the American South, and also in order to take advantage of the jobs opened to African Americans at the beginning of the War, the population of the region of Manhattan known as Harlem became almost exclusively Black, and the vital center of African American culture in America. Distinguished writers who were part of the movement included Langston Hughes and Jean Toomer. The Great Depression of 1929 and the early 1930s broughtthe period of buoyant Harlem culture – which had been fostered by prosperity in the publishing industry and the art world – effectively to an end.46. Heroic Couplet（英雄双韵体）refers to lines of iambic pentameter which rhyme in pairs: aa, bb, cc, and so on. The adjective “heroic” was applied in the later seventeenth century because of the frequent use of such couplets in heroic poems and dramas. This verse form was introduced into English poetry by Geoffrey Chaucer. From the age of John Dryden through that of Samuel Johnson, the heroic couplet was the predominant English measure for all the poetic kinds; some poets, including Alexander Pope, used it almost to the exclusion of other meters.47. Hyperbole（夸张）:this figure of speech called hyperbole is bold overstatement, or the extravagant exaggeration of fact or of possibility. It may be used either for serious or ironic or comic effect.48. Understatement（轻描淡写）：this figure of speech deliberately represents something as very much less in magnitude or importance than it really is, or is ordinarily considered to be. The effect is usually ironic.49. Imagism（意象派）：it was a poetic vogue that flourished in England, and even more vigorously in America, between the years 1912 and 1917. It was planned and exemplified by a group of English and American writers in London, partly under the influence of the poetic theory of T. E. Hulme, as a revolt against the sentimental and mannerish poetry at the turn of the century. The typical Imagist poetry is written in free verse and undertakes to be as precisely and tersely as possible. Meanwhile, the Imagist poetry likes to express the writers’ momentary impression of a visual object or scene and often the impression is rendered by means of metaphor without indicating a relation. Most famous Imagist poem, “In a Station of the Metro”, was written by Ezra Pound. Imagism was too restrictive to endure long as a concerted movement, but it influenced almost all modern poets of Britain and America.50. Irony（反讽）：This term derives from a character in a Greek comedy. In most of the modern critical uses of the term “irony”, there remains the root sense of dissembling or hiding what is actually the case; not, however, in order to deceive, but to achieve rhetorical or artistic effects.51. Local Colorism（地方色彩）was a literary trend belonging to Realism. It refers to the detailed representation in prose fiction of the setting, dialect, customs, dress and ways of thinking and feeling which are distinctive of a particular region. After the Civil War a number of American writers exploited the literary possibilities of local color in various parts of America. The most famous representative of local colorism should be Mark Twain who took his hometown near the Mississippi as the typical setting of nearly all his novels.52. Lyric（抒情诗）：in the most common use of the term, a lyric is any fairly short poems consisting of the utterance by a single speaker, who expresses a state of mind or a process of perception, thought and feeling.。
(精品)英美文学复习资料(全)
文学体裁：诗歌poem，小说novel，戏剧dramaOrigin起源：Christianity 基督教→ bible 圣经Myth 神话The Romance of king Arthur and his knights 亚瑟王和他的骑士（笔记）一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
专八英美文学整合版2
Daniel Defoe
(1660-1731)
英国现实小说基础realism 理性主义
从1704年起，他创办《评论》杂志(The Review, 17041713)，这是英国第一份定期出版的文化和政治刊物， 是英国报业的先驱。笛福年近花甲才开始小说创作，他 的第一部小说《鲁宾逊漂流记》(Robinson Crusoe, 1719) 是其代表作，也是英国近代小说的开山之作；这 部小说通过具体而真实的细节来叙述故事、刻划人物， 以日常事件构成不平凡的故事，具有强烈的真实感，被 认为是现实主义的创始之作。笛福的其它小说作品包括 《辛格顿船长》(Captain Singleton, 1720)、《摩尔·弗 兰德斯》(Moll Flanders, 1722)、《大疫年日记》(A Journal of the Plague Year, 1722)和《罗克萨娜》 (Roxana, 1724）等。除小说外，他还写有国内外旅行 游记、人物传记及其他纪实性作品以及有关经商贸易的 著作。
他的ode 与Epigram 讽刺诗确定了 古典主义的确立
John Bunyan
(1628-1688)
Representative works
1. 《Grace Abounding》《功德无量》 2. 《The life and Death of Mr.Badman》 《败德先 生传》 or 《贝德曼先生的一生》 3. 《The Holy War》 《圣战》 4. 《 The Pilgrim‗s Progress 》 《天路历程》 5.grace abounding to the chief of sinner 上帝赐予罪 人最大的恩惠
人生 —— 朝圣者们的艰难历程。
人 —— 天路的朝圣者。 基督寻求救赎的朝圣历程 —— 人类摆脱世间 烦恼和焦虑，追求美好永恒未来的过程。
英美文学欣赏第二版 English Literature Unit 7 David Herbert
英美文学欣赏（第二版）
大学专业英语系列教材
中国人民大学出版社出版发行 版权所有 侵权必究
（注解：在牺牲时，她感到骄傲，舍弃时，她感到坚强。她时刻准备迎 接伟大而深沉的事情，比如悲剧。她不相信在渺小的日常生活中能够获 得圆满。她对待爱情的这种所谓献身精神限制了她对感情的直接表达， 只能拼命压抑自己。她怀有爱情，但又惧怕青春的萌动。 ）
英美文学欣赏（第二版）
大学专业英语系列教材
One after another she turned up to him the faces of the yellow, bursten flowers appealingly, fondling them lavishly all the while.
大学专业英语系列教材
英美文学欣赏（第二版）
大学专业英语系列教材
劳伦斯创作的主题主要揭示工业文明对人精神的侵蚀，他认为 人性是善良的，而机器工业和物质文明的过度发展压抑、禁锢甚至 窒息了人的本性，造成了人与社会、与自然的冲突。他主张恢复人 鲜活的生命力，形成人与自然、人与人之间的和谐关系。为了寻找 他的理想，他终生游历、漂泊，足迹遍及法国、意大利及澳大利亚、 墨西哥、美国等地，最后病逝于法国。但他的作品背景都集中在他 的家乡诺丁汉一带的矿区和乡村。
大学专业英语系列教材
英美文学欣赏（第二版）
大学专业英语系列教材
保尔（ Paul）的父亲是采煤工人，母亲婚前做过教师，婚后 日渐感到丈夫平庸粗俗，母亲的鄙视态度自然影响到了孩子们对 父亲的感情。父亲被排除在家庭乐趣之外，他的惟一作用就是养 家糊口。母亲将全部希望先是寄托在长子威廉身上，他却不幸早 逝。母亲遂将感情转移给保尔。保尔爱上了纯洁美丽的邻村少女 密丽安（ Miriam）， 两人志趣相投，母亲却不能容忍密丽安对 保尔精神上的影响。在母亲和密丽安之间，保尔毫无反抗地屈从 于母爱。他说，只要母亲活着，就不可能有别的女人占有他的感 情。同时，他认识了另一位已婚妇女克拉拉（Clara）， 但因为感 到两人之间缺乏心灵上的沟通，也难以建立长久的联系。他认识 到，是母亲的爱让他窒息。最后母亲患病死去。他感到自己多年 的精神支柱倒塌了，不知如何面对生活。
英美文学要点中英文对照版
Part one: English LiteratureChapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2.the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is themeasure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3.Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human natureand came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4.Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the bestrepresentatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
5.Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。
英美文学术语(英文版) literary terms
英国文学Alliteration:押头韵repetition of the initial sounds（不一定是首字母）Allegory:寓言a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.Allusion:典故a reference in a literary work to person, place etc. often to well-known characters or events. Archetype:原型Irony:反讽intended meaning is the opposite of what is statedBlack humor:黑色幽默Metaphor: 暗喻Ballad: 民谣about the folk logeEpic:史诗in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes.Romance: 罗曼史/骑士文学is a popular literary form in the medieval England./ChivalryEuphuism: 夸饰文体This kind of style consists of two distinct elements. The first is abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations and other artificial prosodic means. The second element is the use of odd similes and comparisons.Spenserian stanza: It refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter. 斯宾塞诗节新诗体，每一节有9排，前8排是抑扬格五步格诗，第9排是抑扬格六步格诗。
英美文学整理版
英美⽂学整理版English and American Literature and the Selected Readings1.Choose the best answer .Charles Dickens is a great writer in the AA. Victorian AgeB. RenaissanceC. Romantic periodD. 20th century2. Fill in the blanks.(1) _Beowulf is the representative works in the Anglo-Saxon Literature.(2) Humanism is the central theme of the English Renaissance.3.Say true or false.(1) Beowulf is written by Chaucer. F(2) Early English drama includes Miracle Play, Mystery Play and Morality Play T Examples for Terms and Questions4. Explain the literary terms. (1) Realism (2) RomanticismChapter One The Making of EnglandChapter Two "Beowulf"Early English Literature (450—1050)Important PointsAnglo-Saxon Period Early English Literature History LiteratureBritons & Britain FeaturesRoman Conquest BeowulfEnglish Conquest Other worksOld EnglishThe Making of EnglandThe English people are not one origin but a mixed blood.Early InhabitantsBritons Britaina tribe of Celts the land of Britonsprimitive people the tribal societyclustering of hutsThe Roman Conquest 55 B. C.Julius Caesar, the Roman conquerorBritons fought fiercely43 A. D. a Roman provinceBritain was under control completelyby the Roman Empire in 78 A. D.The Roman Conquestbeginning of 5th century:declining of the Roman EmpireIn 410 A. D. 400 years of occupationRomans withdrew.Influence:Britons, trodden (trampled践踏) down as slaves or cultivators of the land Buildings of Roman style for Roman conquerors Highways orRoman roads for military purposes Highways or Roman roads for military purposes Christianity introducedThe English Conquest and Old EnglishDuring the Roman Conquest, swarms (crowds, a number of ) of pirates (海盗) came from Northern Europe .Angles England people: English Saxons 7 small kingdoms 7th. C United into One Kingdom Land: Angle-land Jutes Language: Anglo-Saxon︾OldEnglishWhat is the Social Condition of the Anglo-Saxons?before the settlement after the settlementthe tribal society organs of statefamilies united by kinship(⾎族关系) kingship (君王统治)chiefs and warriors the military commanderchief’s bread;the booty (plunder战利品) The Anglo-Saxon periodwitnessed a transition fromtribal society to feudalism.power of life and death;close relationshipWhat is Anglo-Saxon religious belief?1.The Anglo-Saxons were heathen (异教徒) people, believing in oldmythology of Northern Europe.2.English language was influenced by the Northern mythology.3.The Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the 7th century. Themonks in the monasteries(修道院)maintained to tinge (affected slightly)the earliest works when copied them.Anglo-Saxon Literature2 groups：the pagan poetry Beowulfthe religious poetry Caedmon Cynewulf8th century, Anglo-Saxon proseAlfred the Great, Venerable Bebe Caedmon: Paraphrase of the Bible, Cynewulf Cynewulf: The ChristAlfred the Great: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles Venerable Bebe: The Ecclesiastical History of the English PeopleBeowulf《贝尔武甫》1. Beowulf is a national epic of English people2. It is the representative works of the early English literature with 3000 lines.3. Its writer is unknown.What is the plot of the story?Characters in the story:Beowulf: a nephew of king of Gents, a people in Denmark.Hrothgar: king of Denmark. Grendel: a monster.She-monster(⼥妖怪): Grendel’s mother. Dragon: a fire dragon, a monster.● 1. Beowulf is a folk legend brought to England by the Anglo Saxon fromtheir primitive Northern Europe.● 2. Beowulf was passed down from mouth to mouth.● 3. Beowulf was written down in the 10th century.● 4. Beowulf tells many marvelous stories.front: stormy northern ocean back: impenetrable(不能通过的) forestsmonsters beneath the sea,in the marshes in the dark forestsexploits (brave deeds) and voyages against the forces of nature● 5. Beowulf is a grand hero.●1) brave deeds2) faithful to his people● 6. Beowulf reflects the features of the tribal society of ancient times. What are the writing features of Beowulf?1. The most important is in alliterative(头韵的) verse and in artistic form.2. Another is the frequent use of metaphors and understatements(暗含的意义) for ironical humor. Metaphors: ring-giver: kinghearth-companions:attendant warriors whale’s road:seasea-wood:ship Understatement: not troublesome:very welcome Summary for the Literary Works:OthersMinstrels（吟游诗⼈） 1. Widsith 2. Deor’s Lament(哀歌)love 1. The Husband’s Message 2. The Wife’s Complaint sea adventures 1. Sea Farer (sailor) 2. The Wanderer Literary Features of the Anglo-Saxon Period1) secular(⾮宗教的) poetry, non religious poems but with Christian coloring;2) created collectively and orally;3) based on history, legend or events of the time;4) for entertainment;5) for the minstrels吟游诗⼈as a paying profession;6) unknown writers, written down by the monks in the 10th century.Choose the right answer.1. The early inhabitants in the island we now call England were _b__.A. CeltsC. BritainD. English2. In 55 B. C., Roman troops led by __a___ invaded Britain.A. Julius CaesarB. ClaudiusC. King Alfred the GreatD. William3.The Roman occupation in Britain lasted for about __c___ years.A. 200B. 300C. 400D. 5004.Old English came into being by the __d__ century.A. 4thB. 5thC. 6thD. 7th5. In __b__ Britain became a Roman province.A. 55B.C. B. 43 A.D. C. 410 A. D. D. 787 A. D.6.The Anglo-Saxon period ended in _d___.A. 1017B. 1042C. 1016D. 10667.__a__ is an early English poem about the life of the gleeman.A. “Deor’s Lament”B. “The Wife’s ComplaintC. “The Husband’s Message”D. “The Seafarer”8. ____c is an early English poem about love.A. “Deor’s Lament”C. “The Husband’s Message”D. “The Seafarer”9. __b__ is an early English poem about the adventures of the sea.A. “Deor’s Lament”B. “The Wanderer”C. “The Husband’s Message”D. “Beowulf”10. ___d_ is the representative work of the early English literature.A. “Deor’s Lament”B. “The Wanderer”C. “The Husband’s Message”D. “Beowulf”11. Grendel is a monster described in ___c___.A. “Deor’s Lament”B. “Widsith”C. BeowulfD. “The Seafarer”Complete the sentences.1.English language in the Anglo-Saxon period was influenced by theNorthern _mythology2.The Anglo-Saxon poetry belongs to secular poetry, that is non-religiouspoems_ but with Christian coloring.3. __Alliteration is the most important feature in Beowulf.4. Another writing feature in Beowulf is the frequent use of metaphors_and understatements_for ironical humor. Exercises1. How does Old English come into being?2. Comment on Beowulf.3. What are the features of Anglo-Saxon literature4.Preview the medieval English Literature, Langland, Chaucer.English Ballads Oral LiteratureMost of the written literature in feudal England was intended only for upper classes.The English people had a literature of their own, not written but oral—English folk songs.The Ballads●The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad●What is a ballad?● A ballad is a story told in song, usually in __4-line stanzas, withthe _second and fourth_lines rhymedFeatures of English Ballads● 1. The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.● 2. They were created collectively and revised when handed down frommouth to mouth.● 3. They are mainly the literature of the peasants.● 4. They give an outlook of the English common people in feudal society. The Subjects of English BalladsVariety in kind:1. struggle of young lovers2. the conflict between love and wealth3. the cruelty of jealousy4. the criticism of the civil war5. the matters of class struggle6. the ballads of Robin HoodThe Robin Hood Balladsvarious ballads of Robin Hood The Geste of Robin Hood (act, deed)valiant (brave) outlaw(逃犯) description of the whole life of the hero archery(射箭), greenwood tree,take from the rich, give to the poor,wage war, hunted by the sheriffs, outwits(智胜)1. The Origin of the Robin Hood Balladsthe perpetual (continuous)struggles of the peasantsthe landlords against the local official the king’s judgesrobbed only the rich, never molested the poorinvincible (战⽆不胜的) archers (⼸箭⼿) tireless (不屈不挠的)idol(偶像)of the country folk saintlike (圣⼈⼀样的) hero2. Character of Robin Hoodstrong, brave, clever, tender-hearted, affectionate,humorous, hearty laugh reverence (respect) for the King hatred for the nobles love for the poor fighting spirit, indomitable courage, revolutionary energydevout(虔诚), orthodox(正统) in religionRead the following.1. The fifteenth century has been traditionally described as the barren age in English literature. But it is the spring tide of English _ballads2. The most famous cycle of English ballads centers on the stories about a legendary outlaw called _ CA. Morte d’ArthurB. Robin HoodC. The Canterbury TalesD. Piers the Plowman Feudal EnglandRevision on Early English Literature Fill in the blanks.1.In 55 B. C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar , the Roman conqueror.Along with the invasion came the Roman mode of life_ into Britain.2.The _Anglo-Saxon_ period witnessed a transition from tribal societyto feudalism.3. the first Englishmen are usually known as _Angles, Saxons and JutesLanguage spoken by them is called_Old English_, which is the foundation of English language and literature.4. The literature of the Anglo-Saxon period falls naturally into two divisions, _pagan and Christian.5. Beowulf is the oldest surviving epic in the English language.Choose the right answer.The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years in Britain, and in__d___, all the Roman troops went back to their continent and neverreturned.A. 55B.C. B. 78 A.D. C. 400 A. D. D. 410 A. D.____c_is the first important religious poet in English literature.A. John DonneB. George HerbertC. CaedmonD. MiltonWhen we speak of the old English prose, the first name that comes into our minds is _d___, who is the first scholar in English literature and has been regarded as father of English learning.A. ShakespeareB. BeowulfC. Julius CaesarD. Venerable BebeChapter Three Feudal England Important Points1. The Influence of Norman Conquest on the English Language2. The Content of Romance3. Malory’s Le Morte D’Arthur1)The Norman Conquest1) Danish Invasion 2) The Norman Conquest3)The Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English LanguageThe Norman Conquest (—The Danish Invasion)1. about 787 Danish Vikings (海盗) plundering first, then permanentsettlements(849—901)King Alfred the Great Chronicle《编年史》1) education and literature a monument of Old English prose2) from Latin into English2. 1013, Danes again, 30 years’ occupationThe Norman Conquestin 1066battle in Hastings The Normans, from Northern France, Duke Williamrevolts suppressed;conquest completed; King of EnglandThe Norman Conquest ended the Anglo-Saxon period.The Norman ConquestNorman Conquest ended the Anglo-Saxon established the feudalism The “Domesday Book” 地籍簿confiscated the lands（没收） Anglo-Saxon lords(贵族)a great survey bestowed (赠送给)William I pushed England into the feudal societThe Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English Language ?After the Conquest, the body of customs and ideals known as chivalry was introduced by the Normans into England.The Knightly code, the romantic interest in women, tenderness and reverence (respect) paid to Virgin Mary were reflected in the literature. The Anglo-Saxons, low position; English, despised thing.French words of Warfare and chivalry, art and luxury, science and law, began to come into the English language. at firstLiterature language speakerRomances French nobles, lordsNo written English English subject(⾂民)chronicles,religious poems Latin scholarThe Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English Languagethe end of the 14th century English, dominant languageEnglish structure, English common wordsEnglish absorbed almost the whole body of French words and became the language of the land.Feudal England—Social FeaturesClasses landlords /peasants It was William I who pushed Englandinto the feudal societyruling the Kingthe King’s office church government/secular governmentheretics burnt aliveThe Miseries of the Peasants pauperized1. better than slaves2. Black Death (1348—1349)3. A Statute (法令) of Laborers (1350) low wages4. The war between England and France40 years, expenditure (cost)5. A poll-tax (⼈头税)The Rise of 1381: the rise of peasantsWhere there is depression, there is fight.The leader of the Rise of 1381 were Wat Tyler and John Ball.The Rising was treacherously and bloodily repressed.But the rise had shaken the feudal system in England to the root. John Ball’s Famous Sermon:neither vassals nor lords no more master equalityvelvet, rich stuffs, ermine貂⽪—poor clothing poor and richwines, spices, fine bread—water, rye, junk food miserable lifehandsome seats and manors庄园brave the wind and the rain working in the fieldJohn Ball’s Famous Sermon:What does the sermon tell us?The oppressed had a miserable life, having a quite different way of living with the oppressors in clothing, eating, drinking and housing.So they should fight for equality with the oppressors to have a happy life. John Ball’s famous sermon(布道,说教)What is the sermon essence (实质,本质)? The sermon was not an appeal (呼吁,要求) to the oppressors to mend their way (改过⾃新), but a call to action directed to the oppressed.In a word, it is a call to fight for equality with the oppressors.The Romance1The literature in feudal England was varied in interest and extensive in range.2 The Norman began to write histories or chronicles.3Most of them were written in Latin or French.4The prevailing form ofliterature in the feudal England was the Romance.The Romance—The Content of Romancelanguage spoken by the ancient Romansromance Medieval Latin word: “romanice”/in Old Frenchused in popular courtly(宫廷的，朝廷的) storiestraditional three subjects:the legends about Arthur, Charlemagne and his knights,and stories of classical heroes especially Alexander.The Romance—The Content of RomanceRomance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized worldand that deals with heroic adventures and battles between goodcharacters and villains or monsters.Originally, the term referred to a medieval tale dealing with the loveand adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and includingsupernatural happenings.The Romance—The Content of RomanceRomance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.The Romance—The Content of RomanceThe romance was the most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England.Form: long composition, in verse, in proseContent: description of life and adventures of a noble heroCharacter: knight with chivalry and devoted to the church and the king The Romance Cycles/Groups/Divisions Three Groupsmatters of BritainAdventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table matters of France Emperor Charlemagne and his peersmatters of Rome Alexander the Greatand the attacks of TroyThe Romance of King Arthur origin: Celtic legendsbeginning: Geoffrey of Monmouth’sHistory of the Kings of Britain《⼤不列颠国王史》(Latin);Layamon’s Brut 《布鲁特》 (alliterative and rimed English verse) culmination(顶点): Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《⾼⽂爵⼠和绿⾊骑⼠》(metrical romance)Summing up: Thomas Malory’s Le Morte D’Arthur(The Death of King Arthur)《亚⾊王之死》The Class Nature (阶级性) of the Romance●Loyalty to king and lord was the theme of the romances, as loyalty wasthe corner-stone(the most important part 基⽯) of feudal morality.●The romances were composed not for the common but for the noble, ofthe noble, and by the poets patronized (supported 庇护,保护)by the noble. Malory’s Le Morte D’ArthurThomas Malory English country gentleman and soldier, a member ofParliament for Warwickshire in 1445in the War of the Roses, on the side of Lancastriansin 1450, several crimes, to imprisonmentLe Morte D’Arthur, in prisontranslated from FrenchMalory’s Le Morte D’Arthur =The Death of King ArthurKing Arthur a romantic hero/ king of wonders and marvels/victorious battles against Saxons/traced to Celtic chieftain Arthur of Wales/legends made up by medieval poets ,especially French romancersThe Interesting parts of Le Morte D’Arthur1) the adventures of the Knights of the Round Table at Arthur’s court;2) the quest of the Holy Grail;3) the illicit love affair of Sir Launcelot andQueen Guinevere;4) the death of Arthur;5) the dissolution (解除，解散)of fellowship of the Knights of the Round Table(圆桌武⼠).Features of Le Morte D’Arthur1.Malory converted (changed) the long and involved sentences (complicated sentences) of the French romances into simple, idiomaticEnglish prose. 2.Malory told the Arthurian stories in a vivid manner.Le Morte D’Arthur became a 15th-century masterpiece which has amused generations of readers and influenced English poets and writers of latercenturies.Fill in the blanks.1.King Alfred the Great encouraged education- and literature.2. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was a monument of _Old English prose, encouraged and supervised by King Alfred the Great.3. Wat Tyler and John Ball are the leaders of the Rising of__1381_____.4. The peasants Rising of 1381 had shaken the __feudal_system in England to the root.5. The most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the__romance_______.6. The theme of the romances is the loyalty _ to king and lord.7. Malory’s _Le Morte D’Arthur_ was a 15th-century masterpiece which influenced the later writers.8. Malory used simple and idiomatic English prose to translate The Death of King Arthur from French_ into English___. Choose the right answer.The great majority of the romances fall into groups as matters of__d___.A. BritainB. FranceC. RomeD. A,B and C___a___was written in alliterative and rimed English verse.A. Layamon’s BrutB. Malory’s The Death of King ArthurC. King Alfred’s ChronicleD. Geoffrey of Monmouth’s History of Kings of Britain__d___ marked the establishment of feudalism in England.A. Roman ConquestB. English ConquestC. Danish ConquestD. Norman ConquestExercises 1. What is the influence of Norman Conquest on the Englishlanguage?2. How much do you know about romance? 3. Comment on Le Morte D’Arthur.Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗⾥·乔索the representative writer in the Medieval English literatureGeoffrey Chaucer (1340—1400)Chaucer’s three l iterary periods:1. The first or the French period:1) The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰传奇》a translation, popular in Middleages2) The Book of the Duchess 《悼公爵夫⼈》, the best work of the time Chaucer’s literary career2. The second or the Italian period:Troilus and Criseyde:《特罗伊拉斯和克莱西德》, a poem of a love story Chaucer’s literary career3. The third or the English period, his best period:The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》his masterpiece and arepresentative works of the Middle Ages.Troilus and Criseyde《特罗伊拉斯和克莱西德》Chaucer’s longest complete poem about 8000 lines.The poem is from a poem of Baccaccio. The love story of Troilus.Characters of Troilus and CriseydeTroilus: son of the King of Troy Criseyde: beautiful widowPandarus (彭⼤瑞), Calchas (卡尔卡斯), father of Criseyde,a priestuncle of Criseyde, go-between Diomede (戴沃密得), handsome Greek warriorFeatures of Troilus and CriseydeChaucer endowed (赋予) the poem with interest of characters and that of incident.He enriched the story by the vivid and humorous figure of Pandarus and by the development of the character of Criseyde, a fickle woman (易变的⼥⼈).With the poem, he became mature in versification (作诗法;诗体).He is a perfect master of his craft (writing skills).The Canterbury Tales● 1. It has 24 stories.● 2. It is the description of the pilgrims（朝圣者）who tell stories.● 3. It is about the life of ordinary people.● 4. It gives vivid characters, with humor and satire.The Outline and the PrologueOutline of the Story The Prologue (序诗) Tabard (泰巴客店) a framework for the tales 29 (30) pilgrims, to Canterbury vivid sketches of typical figures from allwalks of life24 stories written All major types of medieval literature The Prologue suppliesa miniature(⼩画像) of the English society ofthe timeThe Tales The stories are well suited to the different characters ofthe pilgrims.pathetic (悲哀的); exempla (说教性故事); estate (产业,财产);dreary (沉闷的);monotony (单调);swindling (诈骗的); grisly (恐怖的) ?Sometimes the pilgrims tell stories against each other; sometimes thestories form a group. reeve (地⽅官); friar (托钵修⼠); summoner (召唤⼈);matrimony (婚姻); submitted to (服从); forbearance (忍耐)●The Tales 5. The famous ones are the story of :●1) the wife of Bath（巴斯城的妇⼥）, 2) the Knight（骑⼠）,●3) the Pardoner（卖赎罪卷者）, 4) the Nun’s Priest（尼姑的教⼠）,●5) the Prologue（序诗）.The Wife of Bath （巴斯城的妇⼥）The wife of Bath shows Chaucer’s keen observation and his unsurpasse d (⽆⽐的) talent for characterization.She is the owner of a cloth factory, light-hearted, merry, somewhat vulgar (粗俗的), and exceedingly (⾮常) talkative.It is a vivid sketch (概述) of a woman of the middle class, and a colorful picture of the domestic life of that class in Chaucer’s day.Social SignificanceAffirm men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth.Opposes the dogma (教条) of asceticism (苦⾏主义;禁欲主义)preached by the church.Praise …Expose and satirize…AttackEmphasize the indifference to worldly wealth; the greed anddebauchery(放荡) of all the other clerics(牧师,教⼠).Weak points, e.g. nothing revolutionary in writingChaucer’s language:1. His language is full of humor and satire.2. His language is vivid, exact and smooth, a master of word-pictures.3. He is the first to use heroic couplet which he introduced from France.4. He is the first great poet who wrote in the English language, makingthe dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech. Comment on Chaucer:1. He is the first English short-story teller and the founder of Englishpoetry.2. He is the founder of English realism.3. With humor, irony and satire, he describes the true-to-life characters,like neighbors.4.He is the first to bring the atmosphere of romantic interest about menand women and the daily work of one’s own world.5.He is the master of English language, the greatest in the Middle Ages.What is the “heroic couplet”The heroic couplet is a verse form inepic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhymingpairs.英雄诗体：⽤于史诗或叙事诗，每⾏⼗个⾳节，五个⾳部，每两⾏押韵。
(完整word版)英美文学知识点总结(适用于英语专八)
Old English Literature 古英语文学（450-1066年）Beowulf （贝奥武甫）---The first English national epic中世纪英语文学（1066-1500）Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟，c. 1343–1400) was an English poet. He is remembered for his The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》, called the father of English litera ture“英国文学之父”William Langland (朗格兰，1330?-1400?),the author of the 14th-century English long narrative poem Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》.文艺复兴（16-17世纪）William Shakespeare (莎士比亚，1564-1616), English poet and playwright, his surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis 《维拉斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece.《鲁克丽丝受辱记》Shakespeare’s greatest works:greatest tragedies are King Lear 《李尔王》,Macbeth《麦克白》,Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello 《奥赛罗》,Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》grea t comedies: A Midsumme r Night’s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》,As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》,The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》, Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》great historical plays: Richard III 《理查三世》,Henry IV 《亨利四世》, Henry V 《亨利五世》, Henry VII 《亨利八世》John Milton (弥尔顿, 1608-1674)was an English poet and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost《失乐园》, Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson 《力士参孙》.18世纪文学和新古典主义Alexander Pope (浦柏,1688-1744 ) is generally regarded as the greatest English poet of the eighteenth century, best known for his satirical epigram 讽刺隽语and heroic couplet英雄双韵体.His major works include mock epic satirical poem An Essay on Man 《人论》and An Essay on Criticism 《论批评》Daniel Defoe ( 笛福，1660—1731)was an English writer who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》, spokesman for middle-class peopleHenry Fielding (菲尔丁, 1707 ---1754) ，an English novelist known for his novel:The History of Tom Jones.Jonathan Swift (斯威夫特,1667-1745), was an Anglo-Irish novelist, satirist. He is remembered for novel such as Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》.Richard Sheridan ( 谢立丹，1751—1816), Irish playwright ,known for his satirical play School of Scandal(造谣学校). He was a represntative writer of Comedies of Manners.Laurence Sterne (斯特恩,1713—1768 ), an English novelist. He is best known for his novel Tristram Shandy （《商第传》）.Oliver Goldsmith （哥尔德斯密斯，1728-1774）English novelist, known for his novel Vicar of Wakefield (《威克菲尔德牧师传记》)Thomas Gray (托马斯•格雷1716—1771 )，an English poet, author of Elegy Written in aCountry Churchyard（《墓畔哀歌》）, writer of sentimentalism感伤派.浪漫主义（18世纪末19世纪初）William Blake (1757 –1827) was an English poet, best known for his poetical collections of Song of Innocence 《天真之歌》and Song of Experience《经验之歌》.William Wordsworth (1770-1850),a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their 1798 joint publication, Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》.Wordsworth‘s magnum opus is generally considered to be The Prelude《序曲》.Samuel Taylor Coleridge(柯勒律治, 1772 –1834) was an English poet who was, along with his friend William Wordsworth, one of the founders of the Romantic Movement in England and one of the Lake Poets. He is probably best known for his poems The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子颂》and Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》George Gordon Byron (拜伦，1788—1824 )was a English poet and a leading figure in Romanticism.Amongst Byron‘s best-known works are his narrative poems Childe Harold‘s Pilgrimage 《哈罗尔德游记》and Don Juan《唐璜》Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792—1822) was one of the major English Romantic poets and is widely considered to be among the finest lyric poets in the English language. He is perhaps most famous for Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》, To a Skylark《致云雀》, Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》.Mary Shelley (玛丽• 雪莱1797 –1851) was a British novelist best known for her Gothic novel Frankenstein 《弗兰肯斯坦》, considered as first science fictionJohn Keats ( 济慈, 1795—1821) was an English poet who became one of the principal poets of the English Romantic movement. His masterpieces such as Ode on a Grecian Urn 《希腊古瓮颂》and Ode to a Nightingale《夜莺颂》浪漫主义时期小说家Jane Austen (1775—1817) , was an English novelist. Her major novels include Sense and Sensibility (《理智与情感》), Pride and Prejudice (《傲慢与偏见》), Emma (《爱玛》). Walter Scott (司各特, 1771---1832), a prolific Scottish historical novelist . His major works is Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》Realism 现实主义时期（Victorian Age 维多利亚时期1837-1901）Bronte sisters 勃朗宁姐妹, Charlotte (夏洛蒂, 1816 – 1855), Emily (艾米丽, 1818 – 1848) and Anne (安妮, 1820 – 1849), were English writers of t he 1840s and 1850s. Charlotte‘s Jane Eyre 《简爱》, Emily’s Wuthering Heights 《呼啸山庄》and Anne's Agnes Grey《艾格妮斯·格雷》are masterpieces of English literature.George Elliot (乔治-爱略特，1819—1880 ) was an English novelist. She was one of the leading writers of the Victorian era. Her novels, largely set in provincial England. Her major novels include:The Mill on the Floss《佛洛斯河上的磨坊》Middlemarch《米德尔玛契》.Charles Dickens (1812–1870)：one of the most popular English novelists of the Victorian era. His major novels include: A Tale of Two Cities 《双城记》,Oliver Twist 《奥利弗退斯特》,David Copperfield 《大卫科波菲尔德》, Great Expectation 《远大前程》, Hard Times 《艰难时世》William Makepeace Thackeray (萨克雷，1811—1863) was an English novelist of the 19th century. He was famous for his satirical works, particularly Vanity Fair《名利场》Mrs. Gaskell (盖斯凯尔夫人, 1810-1865)was an English novelist during the Victorian era. Her major novels include: Mary Barton 《玛丽• 巴顿》Thomas Hardy(哈代, 1840 – 1928) ,an English novelist of the naturalism自然主义. His major novels include: Tess of the d‘Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》Far from the Madding Crowd 《远离尘嚣》Jude the Obscure. 《无名的裘德》Most of his novels are set in Wessex（威塞克斯）.现实主义时期诗歌Robert Browning (布朗宁, 1812–1889) was an English poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse, especially dramatic monologues戏剧独白, made him one of the foremost Victorian poets.Alfred Tennyson (丁尼生，1809 – 1892) was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom and remains one of the most popular English poets. Tennyson excelled at penning short lyrics, including "Break, break, break"Oscar Wilde (王尔德, 1854 – 1900)playwright and one novel, known for his aestheticism唯美主义(art for art’s sake为了艺术而艺术). His major plays include The Importance of Being Earnest《不可儿戏》; His major novel is The Picture of Dorian Gray《道林-格雷的画像》20世纪和现代主义Bernard Shaw (萧伯纳, 1856-1950), an Irish playwright, the greatest dramatist in English literature in the 20th century. He adhered to the tradition of realism, writing plays as a way to discuss social problems. He won Nobel Prize for literature in 1925. His major plays include, Mrs Warren’s Profession《华伦夫人的情人》, Major Barbara《芭芭拉少校》, Pygmalion 《皮革马力翁》and Saint Joan《圣女贞德》John Galsworthy (高尔斯华绥, 1867-1933) one of the most important novelists in the Early 20th century，a Nobel Prize winner. His major works is Forsyte Saga 《福尔赛世家》which comprises three novels:The Man of Property《有产业的人》, In Chancery《衡平法院》To Let 《出租》Joseph Conrad (康拉德, 1857-1932)Conrad was born in Poland and an English novelist. His major novels include Lord Jim 《吉姆爷》and The Heart of Darkness《黑暗的心》.James Joyce (乔伊斯, 1882-1941):An Irish born novelist, known for the technique of the stream of consciousness. His main works: Ulysses 《尤利西斯》;A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man ; 《青年艺术家的肖像》Finnegan’s Wake; 《芬尼根彻夜祭》Dubliners《都柏林人》E. M. Forster （福斯特, 1879-1970）an English novelist, A Passage to India 《印度之行》T.S. Eliot (T.S.艾略特, 1888-1965)：American poet, best known for his poem The Waste Land 《荒原》, 1948 Nobel Prize winner for literature.David Herbert Lawrence (D.H.劳伦斯, 1885-1930),an English novelist. His most important novels are, Rainbow 《彩虹》and Sons and Lovers《儿子与情人》. He is the founder of stream of consciousness意识流.William Butler Yeats (叶芝, 1865-1939)an Irish poet and awarded Nobel Prize for literature in 1923. His major poems include Sailing to Byzantium《驶向拜占庭》and Leda and Swan《利达和天鹅》.Samuel Beckett (贝克特，1906-1989), an Irish dramatist and Nobel Prize winner for Literature. His masterpiece is Waiting for Godot《等待戈多》. He is the exponent of the theatre of the absurd 荒诞派戏剧.Iris Jean Murdoch (默多克, 1919-1999), English female novelist, her major novels include Black Prince《黑王子》, The Sea, the Sea《大海啊，大海》and Unicorn 《独角兽》Doris Lessing (莱辛, 1919--) is a British writer, author of works such as the novels The Grass is Singing. In 2007, Lessing won the Nobel Prize in Literature.Muriel Spark （斯帕克, 1918-2006）English female novelist, best known for her novel The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1961) 《布罗迪小姐的青春》Virginia Woolf (伍尔夫, 1882-1941)Woolf is an exponent of modernism and one of the most important female novelists. Her major works include Mrs. Dalloway《达洛威夫人》, To the Lighthouse 《向灯塔去》.美国文学殖民地革命时期Benjamin Franklin (富兰克林, 1706-1790): one of American founding fathers (建国之父) Major works: Autobiography《自传》Poor Richard’s Almanack《穷人理查历书》Jonathan Edwards (爱德华兹，1703 –1758) was a colonial theologian and writer. His work is often associated with the Puritan heritage. His famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,"《落在忿怒之神手中的罪人》is credited for starting the First Great Awakening.Thomas Pain (潘恩, 1737-1809):British pamphleteer. Major works: Common Sense《常识》（1776）Federalists’ Papers《联邦党人文集》:Alexander Hamilton汉密尔顿John Jay杰伊James Madison曼迪逊浪漫主义时期Romantic Period（1790-1865）：Earlier Romantic Period (1790-1830)Romantic Heyday (1830-1865)Earlier Romantic Period:Washington Irving (1783-1859)Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851)Washington Irving (华盛顿• 欧文, 1783-1859):American romantic novelist. He was best known for his short stories “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” and “Rip Van Winkle”, both of w hich appear in his book The Sketch Book《见闻札记》. Irving is the first American writer who gained international fame.James Fenimore Cooper (库珀, 1789-1851):American romantic novelist , best remembered for his Leatherstocking Tales 《皮袜子故事》(The Pioneer《拓荒者》, Deer Slayer《猎鹿者》, Pathfinder《探路人》, Prairie《大草原》, The Last of the Mohicans《最后的莫西干人》) featuring frontiersman Natty Bumppo.2) Romantic Heyday (1830-1865):Waldo Ralph EmersonHenry David ThoreauWalt WhitmanEmily DickinsonNathaniel HawthorneHerman MelvilleHarriet Beecher StoweEdgar Allan PoeTranscendentalists（超验主义）:Waldo Ralph EmersonHenry David ThoreauWalt WhitmanWalt Whitman (惠特曼，1819-1882): American romantic poet, father of free verse(自由诗) , best known for his collection of poems Leaves of Grass 《草叶集》Waldo Ralph Emerson (爱默生，1803-1882): leader of the transcendentalism, his essay Nature 《论自然》is the manifesto of transcendentalism. his another essay The American Scholar《美国学者》is considered to be America's "Intellectual Declaration of Independence”.Henry David Thoreau (梭罗, 1817–1862) : American romantic writer best known for his book Walden《瓦尔登湖》, a reflection upon simple living.Herman Melville (麦尔维尔, 1819–1891) : American novelist, best known for his novel Moby-Dick《白鲸》Nathaniel Hawthorne (霍桑, 1804–1864): American novelist, best known for his four romances(传奇小说):The Scarlet Letter《红字》The House of the Seven Gables 《七个尖尖角的房子》The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》The Marble Faun《玉石人像》Emily Dickinson (狄金森，1830–1886) American poetess, whose poetry are concerned with life, death and immortality.Harriet Beecher Stowe (斯托尔夫人, 1811–1896 American female novelist, whose novel Uncle Tom‘s Cabin (1852) 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》attacked the cruelty of slavery.)Realism 现实主义Mark Twain (马克•吐温1835 –1910), American novelist. most noted for his novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer （《汤姆索亚历险记》）and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 《哈克贝恩历险记》Life on the Mississippi River《密西西比河上的生活》Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur‘s Court 《亚瑟王朝的康涅狄克州的美国佬》The Gilded Age 《镀金时代》Henry James (亨利•詹姆斯1843-1916), American realist novelist, founder of international novel（国际题材小说）Important works:The American 《美国人》The Europeans 《欧洲人》The Portrait of a Lady 《贵妇画像》The Wings of the Dove 《鸽冀》The Ambassadors 《大使》The Golden Bowl 《金碗》O. Henry 欧亨利was the pen name of American novelist William Sydney Porter (1862 – 1910). O. Henry‘s short stories are well known for his short stories such as Cop and Anthem (《警察和赞美诗》) and Gift of Magie (《麦琪的礼物》)William Dean Howells (豪威尔斯, 1837 –1920) was an American realist novelist and literary critic. Major works include The Rise of Silas Lapham 《赛拉斯• 拉帕姆的发迹》Theodore Dreiser (德莱塞, 1871–1945) American novelist and journalist. He pioneered the naturalist school and is known for his novels Sister Carrie 《嘉莉妹妹》and An American Tragedy 《美国悲剧》and his desire trilogy《欲望三部曲》:The Financier 《金融家》The Titan 《巨头》The Stoic 《斯多葛》American Naturalist （自然主义）1) Stephen Crane 克莱恩2) Frank Norris 诺里斯3) Jack London 杰克-伦敦1) Stephen Crane (克莱恩, 1871–1900) was an American novelist. He won international acclaim for his 1895 Civil War novel The Red Badge of Courage《红色的英勇勋章》.2) Frank Norris (诺瑞斯1870–1902) American novelist. His notable works include McTeague 《麦克提格》, The Octopus《章鱼》3) Jack London (杰克• 伦敦, 1876–1916) American novelist, known for his novel Martin Eden 《马丁• 伊登》, The Call of the Wild 《野性的呼唤》.20世纪和现代主义-诗歌T.S. Eliot (T.S.艾略特, 1888-1965)：American poet, best known for his poem The Waste Land 《荒原》, 1948 Nobel Prize winner for literature.Ezra Pound（庞德）: American imagist poet意象派诗人, major poems include Cantos 《诗章》, Hugh Selwyn Maubery (莫伯里), Cathay (《华夏》translation of ancient Chinese poems) Robert Frost (弗罗斯特, 1874–1963)American poet. He is highly regarded for his realistic depictions of rural life in New England and his command of American colloquial speech. His work was first recognized in England and then in America.Wallace Stevens（斯蒂文斯, 1879-1955）American poet, best known for his poem Anecdote for the Jar and his emphasis on Imagination.Allen Ginsberg (金斯伯格, 1926-1997), American poet of Beat Generation (垮掉的一代), best known for his poem “Howl”《嚎》Ernest Hemingway (海明威, 1899—1961)American novelist. He was part of the 1920s expatriate community in Paris, and one of the veterans of World War I later known as "the Lost Generation". He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. Major works:The Sun also Rises 《太阳照样升起》A Farewell to Arms 《永别了-武器》The Old Man and the Sea《老人与海》For Whom the Bell Tolls《丧钟为谁而鸣》“Meditation XVII”, an essay by metaphysical poet John Donne 多恩“any man's death dim inishes me, because I am involved in mankind, and therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee.”Fitzgerald (菲茨杰拉德, 1896–1940) American writer of novels, whose works are evocative of the Jazz Age. Fitzgerald is considered a memb er of the “Lost Generation“. Most important worksis The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》which represents the destruction of American dream. Lost Generation迷惘的一代:The 'Lost Generation' is a phrase made popular by American author Ernest Hemingway in his first published novel The Sun Also Rises. Figures identified with the "Lost Generation" include authors and poets Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, John Dos Passos.William Faulkner 福克纳: American novelist, winner of Nobel Prize for literature. Most of his works was set in an imaginary location named Yoknapatawpha. Major works include:The Sound and the Fury 《喧哗与骚动》Sartoris《家族小说》Go Down, Moses 《去吧，莫西》Light in August 《八月之光》Absalom, Absalom! 《押沙龙，押沙龙！》Sanctuary 《圣地》John Steinbeck (斯坦贝克, 1902–1968) American novelist, Nobel Prize winner. He is known for his novel The Grapes of Wrath《愤怒的葡萄》Saul Bellow（贝缕, 1915-2005）American novelist, Nobel Prize winner, best known for his novel such as The Adventures of Augie March,《奥吉•玛其历险记》Herzog, Seize the Day, Humboldt's GiftJames Baldwin （鲍德温, 1924-1987）, black American novelist, best known for his novel Go Tell It on the Mountain 《向苍天呼吁》.Ralph Ellison （艾里森, 1913-1994）, black American novelist, best known for his The Invisible Man 《看不见的人》Alex Harley (1936-1969), black American novelist, best known for his Roots 《根》Toni Morrison(莫里森, 1931-)Toni Morrison is a Nobel Prize-winning female American novelist. among the best known are her novels The Bluest Eye《最蓝的眼睛》and Beloved《宠儿》.20世纪戏剧家Eugene O‘Neil （尤金-奥尼尔, 1888-1953）American playwright, Nobel Prize winner, best known for his Long Day’s Journey Into Night《长夜漫漫路迢迢》, Beyond the Horizon 《天边外》，The Hairy Ape 《毛猿》Arthur Miller （亚瑟-米勒,1915-2005 ）, American playwright, best known for his The Death of Salesman《推销员之死》Edward Albee (阿尔比1928---) is an American playwright best known for Who‘s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?(《谁怕弗吉尼亚伍尔夫》). His early works reflect a Americanization of the Theatre of the Absurd 荒诞派that found its peak in works by Irish playwrights such as Samuel Beckett贝克特.。
《英美文学选读》复习资料
《英美文学选读》复习指导资料一．课程介绍：本课程由英国文学和美国文学两个部分组成。
主要内容包括英美文学发展史及代表作家的简要介绍和作品选读。
文学史部分从英美两国历史、语言、文化发展的角度，简要介绍英美两国文学各个历史时代的主要历史背景、文学文化思潮、文学流派、社会政治、经济、文化等对文学发展的影响，主要作家的文学生涯，创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义等。
选读部分主要接选了英美文学史上各个时期重要作家的代表作品，包括诗歌、戏剧、小说、散文等。
二．《英美文学选读》的考核目标，按照识记，领会，应用规定应当达到的能力层次要求。
三个层次呈递进关系，其含义是：识记：有关的概念、定义、知识点等能够记住领会：在识记的基础上，能够把握基本概念、基本方法和彼此之间的关系和区别应用了在领会的基础上，能运用本课程的基本理论，基本知识和方法来分析英美文学作品，并能用英语正确表达。
Part 1 English LiteratureAn Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature一．重点：有关这部分的文学史内容1．古代英国文学和中世纪英国文学的起始阶段2．英国文学史上的第一部民族史诗----Beowulf3．中世纪文学的主要文学形式-----Romance4．Geoffrey Chaucer 的文学贡献二．练习：1. Choose the best answer for each blank.1). The period of ______ English literature begins from about 450 to 1066, the year of ______.A. Old----RenaissanceB. Middle---- the Norman Conquest of EnglandC. Middle ---- RenaissanceD. Old---- the Norman Conquest of England2).. The Medieval period in English literature extends from 1066 up to the ______ century.A. mid-13thB. mid-14thC. mid-15thD. mid-16th3). Beowulf, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded today as the national ______ of the Anglo-Saxons.A. sonnetB. essayC. epicD. novel4). In The Canterbury Tales, ______ presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. William ShakespeareC. Francis BaconD. William Langland5). For the Renaissance, ______ was regarded as the English Homer. His reputation has been securely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and ______.A. Geoffrey Chaucer----witsB. William Shakespeare----witsC. Geoffrey Chaucer----humanityD. William Shakespeare----humanity6). After the conquest of 1066, three languages co-existed in England. They are ______, ______ and ______.A. Old English, Greek, LatinB. Old English, French, LatinC. Old English, Greek, FrenchD. English, Greek, French7). Geoffrey Chaucer is the greatest writer of the Medieval period in English literature. In “The Legend of Good Women”, he used for the first time in English the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter which is to be called later the ______.A. coupletB. blank verseC. heroic coupletD. epic8). Thematically the poem “Beowulf” presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggle against the hostile forces of the ______ world under a wise and mighty ______.A. spiritual----heroB. natural----leaderC. spiritual----godD. natural----monster9). It can be said that though essentially still a medieval writer, Geoffrey Chaucer bore marks of humanism and anticipated a new ______ to come.A. manB. theoryC. doctrineD. era10). Geoffrey Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the Old English ______ verse.A. rhymedB. alliterativeC. socialD. visionary2. Explain the following literal terms.1). Romance2). Heroic Couplet3). Epic3. Answer the following questions.1). How many groups do the Old English poetry divided into? What are they? Which group does Beowulf belong to? Why?2). What is the contribution of Geoffrey Chaucer to English literature?Chapter1. The Renaissance Period一．重点前言部分1．文艺复兴的起源，起始时间，内容及特征2．人文主义的有关主张及对文学的影响3．文艺复兴时期的主要文学形式及其特征练习：Renaissance Period1. Choose the best answer for each blank.1). The Renaissance, in essence, is a historical period in which the European ______ thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church form the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.A. Greek and RomanB. humanistC. religiousD. loyal2). Generally, the ______ refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe.A. Medieval PeriodB. RenaissanceC. Old English PeriodD. Romantic Period3). ______ is the essence of the Renaissance. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and _______ are the best representatives of the English humanists.A. Humanity---- William ShakespeareB. Humanism-----Francis BaconC. Humanity---- Geoffrey ChaucerD. Humanism----William Shakespeare4). The Elizabethan ______ is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and ______.A. novel--- Geoffrey ChaucerB. poetry----Francis BaconC. drama----Ben JonsonD. drama----Geoffrey Chaucer5). Humanism sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and ______ civilization was based on such a conception that ______ is the measure of all things.A. Roman ---- moralB. French---- reasonC. Roman---- manD. French---- God6).One of the major result of the Reformation in England was the fact that the Bible in English was placed in every church and services were held in English instead of ______ so that people could understand.A. LatinB. FrenchC. GreekD. Anglo-Saxon7). Wyatt, in the Renaissance period, introduced the Petrarchan ______ into England, while Surrey brought in ______ verse.A. drama----freeB. sonnet----blankC. terzarima----blankD. couplet----free8). In the early stage of the English Renaissance, poetry and ______ were the most outstanding forms and they were carried on especially by William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson.A. fictionB. dramatic fictionC. poetic dramaD. novel9). By emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, ______ voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.A. humanistsB. ProtestantsC. CatholicsD. playwrights10). ______ was the first important English essayist. He was also the founder of modern science in England.A. Edmund SpenserB. Christopher MarloweC. Francis BaconD. Ben Jonson2. Explain the following literal terms.1). the Renaissance Period2). blank verse3). Humanism3. Answer the following questions.1). Make a comment on the influence of Italian literary works upon the literature in the Renaissance England.2). Make a comment on humanism3). What are the typical characteristics of literary works produced in Renaissance England?文艺复兴时期的主要作家。
英美文学选读美国部分第一章浪漫主义时期
英美文学选读中文翻译及重点习题答案美国文学(AMERICAN LITERATURE)第一章浪漫主义时期(The Romantic Period)一、背景知识(Background knowledge)1、历史背景(Historical background)（1）美国清教（2）美国西进运动（3）新英格兰超验主义运动2、主要特点(General characteristics)（1）衍生的美国浪漫主义作品(American Romantic writings as being derivative) （a）强调文学的想象力和情感特质（b）倡导情感的自由表达和人物心理状态的展示（c）颂扬普通人和作为个体的人（d）迷恋历史和异国情调（2）本土的美国浪漫主义作品(American Romantic writings on the native grounds) （a）全国性“西部拓荒”的体验（b）自然/美国山水风光的作用（c）清教道德（d）超验主义哲学二、本时期主要作家(Major writers of the period)A、华盛顿·欧文（Washington Irving,1783-1859）1、观点(Points of view)（1）社会保守主义(Social conservatism)总体上看，欧文是保守主义者。
他不喜欢疆土扩张以及当时席卷整个大陆的政治、文化的急剧变化。
因此通常欧文在故事中以正在不可避免地变化着的美国为背景，并对过去的荣耀和安宁的古老公社生活时时流露出哀惋叹息。
这种对人类万物皆无常，或人生苦短的伤感浸染了欧文的大多数作品。
然而，欧文并不是强求时间停止，或者逆转历史进程，而是暗示人类舍稳求变时丢掉了重要的价值观念。
（2）怀古的文学偏好(Literary preference for the past)在欧文看来，文学想象力应该孕育于有着丰富历史文化的土地之上，具体体现于岁月沉积而成的珍宝中，如破败的城堡、坍塌的塔楼、艺术的珍品、高度文明社会的精妙物件以及远古和当地风俗的古怪意趣。
英美文学欣赏资料-v.2.robertburns
04
罗伯特·彭斯在英美文学中的地位和
影响
对后世作家的启示
描绘真实的社会现
象
彭斯的作品揭示了当时苏格兰社 会的种种弊端，为后来的作家提 供了观察和描绘社会现象的范本。
独特的诗歌风格
彭斯的诗歌风格质朴、自然，对 后来的诗人产生了深远的影响， 启发了他们追求诗歌的简洁与真 挚。
对人性的深入剖析
彭斯的作品中，通过对人性的深 入剖析，揭示了人性的复杂与矛 盾，为后来的作家提供了思考人 性的角度。
英美文学欣赏资料v.2.robertburns
• 罗伯特·彭斯的生平简介 • 罗伯特·彭斯的诗歌风格 • 罗伯特·彭斯的主要作品分析 • 罗伯特·彭斯在英美文学中的地位和
影响 • 罗伯特·彭斯的作品对现代社会的启
示
01
罗伯特·彭斯的生平简介
出生与家庭背景
出生地
苏格兰埃尔郡的一个小村庄。
家庭状况
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
对英语语言文学的贡献
丰富了英语语言的表达
彭斯的作品中使用了大量的苏格兰方言和俚语，丰富了英语语言 的表达方式。
开创了民谣诗体
彭斯创作的民谣诗体独具特色，成为英语诗歌中的一种重要形式， 为后来的诗人提供了创作灵感。
推动了英语诗歌的发展
彭斯的作品对后来的英语诗歌产生了深远的影响，推动了英语诗歌 的发展和创新。
其他重要作品
总结词
除了《苏格兰方言诗集》和《诗选》，彭斯还创作了 多部重要的作品，包括长篇小说、短篇小说、戏剧等 。
详细描述
彭斯的长篇小说《汤姆·奥贝德兰》是一部描绘苏格兰 农民生活的小说，通过对主人公汤姆的成长经历和人生 波折的描写，展现了苏格兰乡村的风土人情和农民的苦 难生活。彭斯的短篇小说集《约克郡故事》收录了多篇 以约克郡为背景的短篇小说，通过对当地人物和风土人 情的描写，展现了约克郡的历史和文化。此外，彭斯还 创作了多部戏剧，包括《约翰·安德森》和《修道院与 俗世》等。这些作品都展现了彭斯在文学创作上的多面 才华和深厚底蕴。
英美文学欣赏(第二版)课件 American Literature Unit 6 O
英美文学欣赏（第二版）
大学专业英语系列教材
Quotations
Life is made up of sobs, sniffles, and smiles, with sniffles predominating. When one loves one’s art no service seems too hard.
（注解：黛拉和吉姆都是作家笔下的典型人物：生活困顿却勤奋刻苦， 相互扶持。）
英美文学欣赏（第二版）
大学专业英语系列教材
properly proclaiming its value by substance alone and not by meretricious ornamentation 只以货色论长短，不以装潢来炫耀
描写严冬的到来。）
英美文学欣赏（第二版）
大学专业英语系列教材
the North Wind, footman of the mansion of All Outdoors “北风”——“野外大厦” 的信使。 （注解：All Outdoors: 指所有露宿街头的人。）
英美文学欣赏（第二版）
大学专业英语系列教材
他的小说一般都是短篇故事，有近300 篇，大多构思奇妙，情节机智 有趣，充满幽默，结尾往往出人意料。他善于捕捉和把握生活中的典型场 面，在一个生活片段里集中刻画人物心理，在很短的篇幅里达到一种思想 和艺术的完美结合。与他所描写的人物和场景相配， 他常在小说中使用普 通人的口语和俚语，使他的作品带有地方特色。
故事的结尾使人啼笑皆非，但又发人深思。作者以玩笑调侃的口吻叙述 一个下层小人物的一个生活侧面，来表现严峻的社会现实，正所谓 “一粒沙里看世界”。
英美文学欣赏（第二版）
大学专业英语系列教材
英美文学资料
《英美文学》（03119）复习大纲第一部分英国文学一、课程简介本课程简要介绍英国各个历史断代的主要文学文化思潮,文学流派,主要作家; 本课程要求学生掌握英国文学史上各个时期的文学特点，出现的文学流派以及该时期一至两位重要作家的文学生涯,创作思想,艺术特色及代表作品；并要求学生做到在掌握有关知识理论的基础上使之转换这能力，即能用有关知识和理论来分析英国文学中的相关问题。
二、课程重点章节简介：第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学1. <<贝尔武夫>>2. 乔叟及其代表作第二章: 文艺复兴时期1. 文艺复兴的定义2. 萨士比亚的戏剧及十四行诗3. 培根的代表作第三章: 十七世纪英国文学1.弥尔顿的代表作<<失乐园>>、诗剧<<力士参孙>>的主要内容及<<失乐园>>选短第四章: 启蒙运动时期1.新古典主义2.伤感主义3.笛福及代表作4.蒲伯及代表作第五章: 浪漫主义时期1.浪漫主义时期文学的特点2.彭斯的创作特点及代表作3.华兹华斯的创作特点及代表作4.拜伦诗歌的特点及代表作第六章: 维多利亚时期1.维多利亚时期的文学特点2.布朗蒂姐妹的代表作第七章: 现代时期1.现代主义文学2.汤姆斯.哈代创作特点及代表作3. D.H.劳伦斯创作特点及代表作三、本课程重点和难点内容简介第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学：1．<<贝尔武夫>>简介及在英国文学史上的意义。
2．乔叟及其代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》对英国文学做出的贡献。
3．名词解释“骑士抒情诗”第二章: 文艺复兴时期：1.文艺复兴时期的时间界定2.“文艺复兴”的名词解释3.“人文主义” 的名词解释4.莎士比亚的“Sonnet 18”的主题5.哈姆雷特的性格分析6.英语解释《论学习》中的句子第三章: 十七世纪英国文学：1.英语解释弥尔顿《失乐园》选段中的句子2.《失乐园》的主要内容和意义3.《失乐园》中撒旦的人物分析第四章: 启蒙运动时期：1.启蒙运动时期的界定2.新古典主义的基本主张和特色3.伤感主义的名词解释4.《鲁滨逊漂流记》中鲁滨逊的人物分析5.蒲伯的《论批评》的主题6.英文解释《论批评》第五章: 浪漫主义时期：1.浪漫主义时期的界定及文学特点2.彭斯的诗歌的特点及其诗作“红玫瑰”3.华兹华斯和科勒律治合作的《抒情歌谣集》的重要意义4.华兹华斯的诗歌特点5.英文解释华兹华斯“我如行云独自游”中的句子6.拜伦“致希腊”的主题并用英语解释其中句子7.雪莱“西风颂” 的主题并用英语解释其中句子第六章: 维多利亚时期1.维多利亚时期的文学特点2.艾米莉。
最新暨大外语院精品电子版资料英美文学史作家作品全总结
诗：The Minstrlsy of the Scottish Border 苏格兰边区歌 谣集; Marimion 玛里恩; The Lady of the Lake 湖上夫人 小说：Waverley 威弗利;Guy Mannering 盖· 曼纳令; Rob Roy 罗布罗伊; The Heart of Midlothian 米德洛西恩监狱; Ivanhoe 艾凡赫; Kenilworth 坎尼尔华斯; Woodstock 皇家猎馆; Queentin Durward 昆廷· 达沃 Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见; Sense and Sensibility 理智与情感; Emma 爱玛; Mansfield Park 曼斯菲尔德公园; Persuasion 劝导 Northanger Abbey 诺桑觉寺
A Dictionary of the Engligh Language 英语语言辞典; Lives of Poets 诗人传; Vanity of Human Wishes 人类欲望的虚幻; Rasselas 拉塞勒斯 名文：Letter to Lord Chesterfield 给吉士菲尔伯爵的信
Samson Agonistes 力士参孙
5、John Bunyan 班扬 1628-1688
The Pilgrim’s Progress 天路历程; The Life and Death of Mr Badman 培德曼先生的一生
6、Joseph Addison 艾迪生
诗：The Campaign 远征； 剧本：Cato 加图 名文；Adventure of A shilling 一先令的历险
英国文学
1、Geoffrey Chaucer 杰佛利· 乔叟 1340-1400
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标题：英美文学汇编详细版Part I Introduction about Examination:1) 考试题型第一部分：选择题：I. Multiple Choice: (40 points, 1 point for each)E.g. Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies are the following works except ____.A. HamletB. King LearC. Romeo and JulietD. OthelloAnswer: C. (可参考课本P33)II. Reading Comprehension (16 points, 4 points for each)也就是根据选读中的一句话或一段话，回答三个问题，这些完成来自于书上，在以下的串讲中我们会给大家做具体的总结，以帮助大家顺利的通过考试！例如：2001年考过的一个题目：“Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere;/Destroy and Preserver’ hear, O hear!”Questions:A. Identify the poem and the poet.B. What is the "Wild Spirit"?C. What does the "Wild Spirit" destroy and preserve?Answer:A: Shelly’s "Ode to the West wind"雪莱的《西风颂》B. The West wind: "breath of Autumn’s being’’C. It destroys things /thoughts / idea that are dead, it preserves new life. (or seeds that represent new life or new birth.)(可参考课本P211)评分标准：A,B,各1分，C,2分. 语言错误酌情扣分第二部分是非选择题(共44分)III. Questions and Answers (24 points in all, 6 points for each)例如："My boy!" said the old gentleman, learning over the desk. Oliver started at the sound. He might be excused for doing so, for the words were kindly said, and strange sounds frighten one. He trembled violently, and burst into tears." (Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist)Explain why the boy (Oliver Twist) started first, then trembled violently and burst into tears when the words were” kindly" said.参考答案：The boy started at the words because kind words were not expected; it is (was, must be) the first time in all his life that the boy (Oliver Twi st) had been “kindly” greeted; strange sounds may predict another suffering/misfortune/torture/…) (At least one example from the text to back up the above statement.)评分标准：概述占4分, 例子占2分．语言错误酌情扣分．IV. Topic discussion (20 points in all, 10 points for each)Write no less than 150 words on each of the following topicsin English in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.例如：Mark Twin presented the 19th century American in his own unique way. Discuss Twain’s art of fiction: the setting, the language, a nd the characters, etc., based on his novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.参考答案：A.Mark Twain uses the Mississippi alley as his fictional kingdom, writing about the landscape and people, the customs and the dialects of one particular region, and therefore known as a local colorist.B.He creates life-like characters, especially the unconventional Huckleberry Finn, who runs away from civilization and stands opposite to conventional village morality.C.He uses a simple, direct vernacular language, totally different from any precious literary language. It is the kind of colloquial language belonging to the lower class, the living local American English.D.He has created a special humor to satirize social injustice and the decayed convention.评分标准：A,B, C三点各三分，D点1分．语言错误酌情扣分．注意: 在做这一类题时，不必死记硬背，一些不认识的生词可以换成你较熟悉的词来代替，只要意思表达清楚，把关键词答上，就可以得到基本的分数．切忌在做题的过程中死记硬背，这样很容易在考试中遗忘所及的内容，要在理解的基础上，融会贯通，充分发挥！万一考试时忘了也不能放弃，宁可多写，也不能少些或不写．附: 非选择题的评分标准：1. 提供的答案仅供参考．如果考生答出了参考答案的多数要点，而且某些要点有较好发挥，可给满分．如果考生的回答与参考答案不完全吻合，但确实有理由据，能够自圆其说，可适当给分．如果考生的答案在一两点上有创新，即使在整体上不够全面，也应酌情给高分，但不应超过该题的最高分值．分数不得超过该题的最高分值．分数不得出现0.5分．2. 考生答非所问不给分．3. 阅卷时，内容和语言要综合考虑．语言表达不好的要适当扣分．评判语言好坏及扣分原则如下：1)语言通顺，表达清楚，很少语法错误和拼写错误，则基本根据内容评分．2)语言基本通顺，有少数语法错误和拼写错误，应扣去该题分值的，应扣去该题分值的20%.3)语言不通顺，表达不连贯，有较多语法错误和拼写错误，应扣去该题分值的40%.4)语言很不通顺，无法表达连贯的意思，应扣去该题分值的60%.注: 英美文学这本书共八章，英国文学是五章，美国文学是三章，而在考试中, 英国文学占55%--60%, 美国文学占40%--45%，所以大家要分清主次，以便能在有效地时间内达到最好的效果！切忌：在看串讲资料的过程中，不能只记选择题的答案，一定要记住考点，融会贯通，灵活运用！Part One: English LiteratureChapter I An Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature & The Renaissance PeriodI. Choose the right answer:1. Dr. Faustus is a play based on the _____legend of a magician aspiring for ____ and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil.A.British/ immoralityB.French/moneyC.German/knowledgeD.American/political powerAnswer: C (可参考课本P21)2. _____, is a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.A.The Wife’s ComplaintB.BeowulfC.The Dream of the RoodD.The SeafarerAnswer: B (可参考课本P1)3.It’s Chaucer alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English Society in his masterpiece__________.A.The Canterbury T alesB.The Legend of Good WomenC.Troilus and CriseydeD. The Romaunt of the Rose.Answer: A (可参考课本P4)4. The Essence of Renaissance, the most significant intellectual movement, was_____.A. Geographical explorationB. Religious reformationC. Publishing and translationD. Humanism.Answer: D (可参考课本P8)5. “Prince Arthur’s greatest mission is his search for Gloriana, with whom he has fallen in love through a love vision.”The two figures come from_____.A.Paradise LostB.Dr. FaustusC.The Faerie QueeneD.HamletAnswer: C (可参考课本P13)6. In “Sonnet 18”, Shakespeare_________________.A.Meditate on the destructive power of time and eternal beauty by poetry.B.Satirize human’s vanity.C.Predict the eternity of love.D.Eulogize the power of the beauty.Answer: A (P37)7. ____ gave new vigor to the blank verse with his “mighty lines” and make ’blank verse’ the principle vehicle of expression in drama.A.SurreyB.WyattC.MarloweD.SidneyAnswer: C (P21)8. Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies are the following works except____.A.HamletB.King LearC.Romeo and JulietD.OthelloAnswer: C (P33)9. The Renaissance refers to between 14th----mid-17th century, which was underthe reign of Queen___and absolute monarchy in England reached its summit, and in which the ’real mainstream (真正的文学主流)’ was ____.A.Victoria/poetryB.Elizabeth/ dramaC.Mary/ novelD.James/ dramaAnswer: B (P11)10. In The Legend of Good Women, Chaucer used for the first time in English the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter, which is to be called later____.A.The Spenserian stanzaB.The heroic coupletC.The blank verseD.The free verseAnswer: B (P5)11. The Redcrosse Knight in “The Faerie Queene” stands for_____, and Una stands for_____.A.bravery/ chastityB.holiness/ truthC.error/ deliveryD.true gentleman/ lady.Answer: B (P16)12. Which of the following is NOT regarded as one of the characteristics of Renaissance?A.Rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture.B.Attempt to remove the old feudalist ideas in Medieval Europe.C.Exalta tion of man’s pursuit of happiness in his life, and tolerance of man’s foibles.D.Praise of man’s efforts in soul delivery and personal salvation.Answer: D (P7)13. “The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune” is an example of ______.A.MetaphorB.SimileC.IronyD.PersonificationAnswer: A (P55)14. _____ introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.A.Anglos/ SaxonsB.Normans/ Anglo-SaxonsC.Greeks/ RomansD.Romans/ NormansAnswer: B (P11)15. It is ___ alone who, for the first time in English literature presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.A.Edmund SpenserB.Geoffrey ChaucerC.William ShakespeareD.John DonneAnswer: B (P4)16. The following belong to the characteristics of ’metaphysical poetry’ represented by ’John Donne’ except___.A.ConceitsB.Actual imagery and simple dictionC.Argumentative formD.Elegant styleAnswer: D (P63)17. Paradise Lost is actually a story taken from____.A.Greek MythologyB.Roman legendC.The Old TestamentD.The New TestamentAnswer: C (P73)18. In “Paradise Lost”, Satan says “We may with more successful hope resolve/ To wage by force or guile eternal war, / Irreconcilable to our grand Foe” What does the “Eternal war” mean?A.To remove God from his throneB.To burn the Heaven DownC.To corrupt God’s creation of man and woman-----Adam and EveD.To beguile into a snake to threaten man’s lifeAnswer: C (P71, 节选部分在P75)19. _____, the first of the great tragedies, is generally regarded as Shakespeare’s most popular play on the stage, for it has the qualities of a “blood-and-thunder” thriller and a ’philosophical exploration’ of life and death.A.The Merchant of VeniceB.HamletC.King LearD.The Winter’s T aleAnswer: B (P33)20. It was ___and ___ the two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.A.Anglos/ SaxonsB.Normans/ Anglo-SaxonsC.Romans/ NormansD.Greeks/ RomansAnswer: B (P1)21. Paradise Lost is ___’s masterpiece, which is an epic in 12 books, written in blank verse, about the heroic revolt of Sa tan against God’s authority.A.John DonneB.Christopher MarloweC.John MiltonD.Edmund SpenserAnswer: C (P71)22. The following description fit into Milton ’except’_____.A.a great revolutionary poet of the 17th centuryB.an outstanding political pamphleteerC.a great stylist and master of blank verseD.a kind of elegant and refine style.Answer: D (P70---73)23. _____is not written by John Milton.A.Samson AgonistesB.Paradise LostC.Paradise regainedD.T amburlaineAnswer: D (P71)24. Marlow’s greatest achievement is that he perfected the ’blank verse’, and he is regarded as ’the pioneer of English drama’, which of the following is not written by him?A.T amburlaineB.The Jew of MaltaC.The Passionate to His LoveD.The Sun RisingAnswer: D (P20)25. ____Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature, which has been recognized as an important landmark in the development of English prose.A.John Milton’sB.Francis Bacon’sC.Montaigne’sD.Thomas Gray’sAnswer: B (P58)26. _____Wa s known as “the poets’ poet”.A.William ShakespeareB.Edmund SpenserC.John DonneD.John MiltonAnswer: B (P15)27. “And we will make thee beds of roses / And a thousand fragrant posies/ A cap of flowers, and a kirtle/ Embroidered all with leaves of myrt le.” The above lines are probably taken from______.A.Spenser’s The Faerie QueeneB.John Donne’s The Sun RisingC.Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18D.Marlow’s The Passionate Shepherd to His Love.Answer: D (P28)28. Which of the following statement best illustrat es the theme of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18?A.The speaker eulogizes the power of Nature.B.The speaker satirizes human vanity.C.The speaker praises the power of artistic creation.D.The speaker meditates on man’s salvation.Answer: C (P37)II. Read the quoted part and answer the questions:1.“For herein Fortune shows herself more kindThan is her custom. It is still her useTo let the wretched man outlive his wealth,To view with hollow eye and wrinkled browAn age of poverty; from which ling’ring penanceOf such misery doth she cut me off”1.Identify the title of the works and author.2.Explain “from which…cut me off”.3.What happened to him, which caused the words?参考答案:The lines are from “The Merchant of Venice”,William Shakespeare. (P48)2) This se ntence means she, ’Lady Fortune(命运女神)’, is more kind to him because she is taking away both his wealth and life.3) The speaker is Antonio, it’s said that his ship have all been lost, and he is penniless, and will have to pay the pound of flesh. (Because Shylock has made a strange bond that requires Antonio to pay him a pound of flesh if he can’t repay him the money that he borrowed for his friend in due time.) (P38)2.“Read not to contract and confuse, not to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider”1)Identify the work and author.2)What idea does the passage express?参考答案：1) The sentence comes from “Of Studies” written by ’Francis Bacon’. (P61)2) The Sentence talks about the proper way to read: When you read, don’t be puzzled by the content of the book; don’t take it for granted; don’t quote too much from the book; b efore accepting its idea, you’d better think about its shortcomings and consider it from all sides.3.“ Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st:So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.1) Where does the poem comes from? Who wrote it?What does “eternal lines” mean?Interpret it briefly.参考答案：1) The poem is “ Shall I Compare thee to a Summer’s Day”, by Shakespeare. (P38)2) Eternal lines means the lines of the poem and other sonnets. (P38)3) It means: you will not lose your beauty, and death will not threaten you withdarkness, either. As long as man can live in the world, they will see your beauty in my lines of my poem, which has given you eternal life. (Or A nice summer’s day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever. (P37)4.“… All is no lost: the unconquerab le will,And study of revenge, immortal hate,And courage never to submit or yield:And what is else not to be overcome?……Irreconcilable to our grand Foe”1) Please identify the poem and the poet.2) Interpret“all is not lost”.3) What does the whole passage mean?参考答案：1) It is taken from John Milton’s “Paradise Lost”.(P74)2) “all is not lost” is the word from Satan----Satan and other angels rebel against God, but they are driven from Heaven into hell. In the fire of the hell, Satan is determined to fight back, just like what he says: not all is lost, the unconquerable will, the deep hatred, and the courage to fight till death still remain. (P71)3) This passage shows Satan’s will not to submit (服从), and the desire to long for freedom; to beg God for mercy and worship his power is more shameful and disgraceful than the downfall.(P71)5.“If he be not apt to beat over matters, let him study the lawyer’s cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.”Questions:3)What does “beat over matters” mean?4)What does “receipt’ refer to?5)From which essay does the above sentences come, what is the essay mainly about?参考答案：1)It means: make through examinations of things. (P63)2)“Receipt” refers to cure, prescription. (P63)3)The sentences are fr om “Of Studies” (Francis Bacon). It is the most popular of bacon’s essays. It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human character. (P60—61)6.“What, is great Mephistophilis to passionateFor being deprived of the joys of heaven?Learn thou of Faustus manly fortitudeAnd scorn those joys thou never shalt possess.……Say he will spare him Four and twenty yearsLetting him live in all voluptuousnessH aving thee ever to attend on me…Questions:1)Identify the passage and author;2)“Say he surrenders up to him his soul”, who will surrender his soul? What for?3)Who are thee? What will he do?参考答案：1) The passage comes from “Dr.Faustus” written by Christ opher Marlowe. (P25—26)2) Dr.Faustus will surrender his soul to devil. Because he was a great scholar who has a strong desire to ’get knowledge’ in vain, finally he ’made a bond’ to sell his soul to Devil in return for 24 years of life in which he may get anything he desires. (P22) 3) The “thee”, refers to “Mephistophilis”, the Devil’s servant.He helped Dr.Faustus to do anything he wants. (P22)7.“Busy old fool, unruly sun,Why does thou thus,Through windows and through curtains call on us?”Questions:6)Identify the work and author.7)What idea does the passage express?参考答案:1)The passage comes from “The Sun Rising”, written by ’John Donne’. (P66)2) The speaker questions the sun’s authority and speaks condescendingly, placing the sun in the statu s of a subordinate. In the lover’s kingdom, the sun has no right to dictate the time of day or the passing of seasons. His presence in their bedchamber is an intrusion on their privacy.III. Questions and answers:1.How do you know about Renaissance? Give a summery about English literature in the period?(No more than 150 words)参考答案:1).The Renaissance refers to the period between 14th----mid-17th century. It first started in Italy.2).The Renaissance means rebirth or revival----the discovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture.3).In essence, The Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of the old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie/middle class, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of Roman Catholic church.4).Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. The humanism exalted/praised human nature and emphasized the dignity of human beings and the present life. They thought man had the right to enjoy the beauty of life and had the ability to perfect himself and made wonders, which got ready for the appearance of the great Elizabethan writers in Britain. Poetry and drama were the most outstanding literary forms.5).Shakespeare, Marlowe and Francis Bacon etc. were the remarkablerepresentatives of the English Renaissance.(可参考课本P7---12)2. Please give a brief analysis of Hamlet’s “To be or not to be” soliloqu y (独白).参考答案:“To be or not to be” is ’a philosophical exploration of life and death’. The soliloquy condemned the hypocrisy and treachery and general corruption of the world, and revealed the character of Hamlet---so ’speculative, questioning, contemplati ve and melancholy./gloomy’. It was not because he was not able to take action to revenge, but because of his ’hesitative/hesitant character’, when the chance for action came, it seemed defeat.It can be interpreted as: Hamlet bears the heavy burden of the duty to revenge his father’s death, he is forced to live in the suspense of facts and fiction, language and action. He considers that it would be better to ’commit suicide’, but being scared of what might happen to him in the afterlife. So he put off the thing because of the sin. He considers the plan carefully only to find reason for not carrying it out. The soliloquy conveys ’the sense of world-weariness (厌世)’ . (P33-34)3. What common features do the characters share in Marlow’s works? (No more than 150 words)参考答案:The creation of The Renaissance hero is one of Marlow’s contributions.1)Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition, facing bravely the challenge from god and men. They had human dignity and capacity, trying to get heaven/highest ideas on the earth by their own efforts.2)For example: T amburlaine is a character written by Marlowe. By depicting a great hero with high ambition and sheer brutal forc4e in conquering, Marlowe voiced the supreme desire of man for infinite/ limitless power and authority. In Dr.Faustus, Marlowe celebrated the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness.3) T amburlaine and Dr.Faustus are typical in owning such Renaissance spirit, T amburlaine, being a cruel conquer, found happiness in conquering other kingdom.Only death could defeat him. While Dr.Faustus, a more introspective and philosophical figure, had high spirit for knowledge but he had sin for having despair in God and trust in Devil. (P20—22)4. What are the main themes of Shakespeare’s pl ays?参考答案：Shakespeare’s plays are divided into 3 types: comedies, tragedies and historical plays.1) His historical plays are with the theme-----national unity under a might and just sovereign/ruler is necessary.2)In his romantic comedies, he takes an optimistic attitude toward love friendship and youth.3)In his tragedies, Shakespeare always portrays some noble heroes, who faces the injustice of life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of his nation. Each hero has his weakness of nature. We also see the conflict between the individual and the evil force in the society. And his major characters are always individuals representing certain types.5. Please comment on the character of Satan in “Paradise Lost.”参考答案：Satan is a rebellious (叛逆的) figure against God in literature, defeated, he and his rebel angels were cast into hell. However, Satan refused to accept his failure, swearing that “all was not lost” and that he would revenge for his downfall. The freedo m of the will is the keystone of Satan’s character, which was the important spirit of the rising middle class. While he tempted Adam and Eve, which proved his evilness.6. What are the characteristics of the Humanism?参考答案：1)’Humanism’ is the essence of Renaissance.2)Humanists see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited wastheirs not to despise (轻视) but to ’question, explore, and enjoy’.3)They also believe that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders (创造奇迹). (P8)Chapter 2 The Neoclassical PeriodI. Choose the right answer:1. ____brings Henry Fielding the name of the "Prose Homer".A.The Pilgrim’s ProgressB.Tom JonesC.Robison CrusoeD.Colonel JackAnswer: B (P122)2. Alexander Pope worked painstakingly on his poemsand finally brought to its last perfection ______Drydenhad successfully used in his plays.A.the heroic coupletB.the free verseC.the blank verseD.the Spenserian stanzaAnswer: A (P92)3. Of all the 18th century novelists ___was the first to set out,both in theory and practice, to write specially a "comic epic in prose."A.Henry FieldingB.Daniel DefoeC.Jonathan SwiftD.John BunyanAnswer: A (P120)4. ____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language.A.Genesis AB.The Holy WarC.The Pilgrims progressD.ExodusAnswer: C (P85)5. In which of the following works can you find the proper names "Lilliput", "Brobdingnag", "Houyhnhnm" and "Yahoo"?A.The Pilgrim’s ProgressB.The Faririe QueeneC.Gulliver’s travelsD.The School of ScandelAnswer: C (P108)6. "As shades more sweetly recommend the light,So modest plainness sets off sprightly wit;For works may have more wit than does’em goodAs bodies perish through excess of blood."In the above lines, Pope tries to sat that_______.A.more wit will make better poetryB.plainness is more important than wit in poetryC.too much wit will destroy good poetryD.plainness will make wit dullAnswer: C (P93-94)7. The Rape of the Lock by Alexander Pope is written in the formof a mock______, which describes the triviality of high societyin a grand style.A.epicB.elegyC.sonnetD.odeAnswer: A (P92)8. Which of the following is NOT a typical feature ofSamuel Johnson’s language style?A.His sentences are long and well structured.B.His sentences are interwoven with parallel words.C.He tends to use informal and colloquial words.D.His sentences are complicated, but his thoughts are clearly expressed. Answer: C (P132)9. "The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power,And all that beauty, all that wealth e’er gave,Awaits alike the inevitable hour.In the above quoted passage, Thomas Gray intends to saythat great family, power, beauty and wealth___________.A.will never make people lead to the same destination----paths of glory.B.will inevitably make people realize their glorious dreamsC.are the very best things to lead people to their gloriesD.will never prevent people from reaching their final destination---grave. Answer: D (P154)10. ____has been regarded by some as "Father of the English novel"for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.A.John BunyanB.Henry FieldingC.Daniel DefoeD.Johnathan SwiftAnswer: B (P121)11. ____was very much concerned with the theme of the vanityof human wishes and tried to awaken men to this follyand hoped to cure them of it through his writing.A.Samuel JohnsonB.Jonathan SwiftC.Richard Brinsley SheridanD.Thomas GrayAnswer: A (P132)12. ____was the only important dramatist of the 18th century,in his plays, morality is the constant theme.A.Alexander PopeB.Richard Brinsley SheridanC.Samuel JohnsonD.George Bernard ShawAnswer: B (P136)13. As the representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was oneof the first to introduce___to England.A.RationalismB.CriticismC.RomanticismD.RealismAnswer: A (P91)14. The Rivals and ____are generally regarded as important links between the masterpiece of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.A.The School for ScandalB.The DuennaC.Widower’s HousesD.The Doctor’s DilemmaAnswer: A (P137)15. ____is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy(道德沦丧) of thearistocratic-bourgeois society in the 18th century England.A.The RivalsB.Gulliver’s TravelsC.Toms JonesD.The School for ScandalAnswer: D (P138)16. The poem "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" by Thomas Gray is regarded as the most representative work of _____.A.The Metaphysical SchoolB.The Graveyard SchoolC.The Gothic SchoolD.The Romantic SchoolAnswer: B (P152)17. _______, written in heroic couplet by Pope, is considered manifesto of English Neoclassicism.A.An Essay of Dramatic PoetryB.An Essay on CriticismC.The Advancing of learningD.An Essay on FreedomAnswer: B (P93)18. ______is a typical feature of Swift’s writings.A.Elegant styleB.Causal narrationC.Bitter satireplicated sentence structureAnswer: C (P107)19. In the following writings by Henry Fielding,which brings him the name of the "Prose Homer"?A.The Coffee---House Politician.B.The Tragedy of Tragedies.C.The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling.D.The History of Amelia.Answer: C (P120)20. "Hold! See whether it is or not before you go to thedoor----I have a particular message for you if it should be my brother."The two sentences are found in ________.A.The School for ScandalB.The RivalsC.The CriticD.The Scheming LieutenantAnswer: A (P139)21. In terms of Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, which is wrong?A.The author employs metaphor in this poem.B.The author excessively expresses his personal melancholy.C.Here he reveals his sympathy for the poor and the unknown.D.He mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc on them. Answer: B (P152-153)22. The Houyhnhnms depicted by Jonathan Swift in Gulliver’s Travels are________.A.horses that are endowed with reason.B.pigmies that are endowed with admirable qualitiesC.giants that are superior in wisdom.D.Hairy, wild, low and despicable creatures,who resemble human beings not only in appearancebut also in some other ways.Answer: A (P108)II. Read the quoted part and answer the questions:1. "Words are like leaves;and where they most abound,Much fruit of sense beneath is rarely found.False eloquence, like the prismatic glass,Its gaudy colors spreads on every place;The face of Nature we no more survey,All glares alike, without distinction gay."Questions:1) Identify the author and the passage;2) Name the devices used in the passage with examples;3) Explain "Words….found".4) What is the mainly implied idea of the passage?参考答案：1) The passage is from Pope’s "An Essay on Criticism". (P94)2) In the passage the author used "Simile" the device,e.g. "Words are like leaves" and "false eloquence,like the prismatic glass’ etc.3) The sentence means: Where/When too many words are used,they seldom express much sense.4) The passage implies authors shouldn’t stress too muchthe artificial use of Conceit or the external beauty of language,they should pay special attention to True Wit, which is bestset in the plain style. (just as too many leaves will cover the fruits,too gaudy/ showy glass will hide the face the Nature,too false and eloquent language will hide the Wit in the articles.) <P93>2. "Let not Ambition mock their useful toil,Their homely joys, and destiny obscure;Nor Grandeur hear with a disdainful smileThe short and simple annals of the poor.。