词汇学

名词解释Extension of meaning, also known as generalization, is the name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo. It is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.词义的扩大也被称为普遍化，是指词的意义的扩展。

这是一个词的词义从表达某一专门的意义转化到表示概括意义的过程。

Narrowing of meaning, also called specialization, is the opposite of widening 16 meaning. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. 词义的缩小也称为词义的具体，与词义的扩大相反。

这是意义范围较大的词向意义较小的的方向演变的过程Elevation or amelioration refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.词义的的升格是指原来表示低微意义的词转而成为表示重要意义的词的词义演变过程。

Degradation or pejoration of meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense. 词义的降格与语义的升格相反，这是词从表示褒扬或中性的意义向表示贬义的意义的演变的过程Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed in this way are called blends or pormanteau words. 拼缀法是通过合并两个词的某些部分或一个词与另外一个词的另一部分相加起来构成新词。

以此种方式构成的词被称作为拼缀词或拼缀。

Another common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This is called clipping.-另一个常见的构词法时将原词的一部分截去，只用剩下来的一部分构成新词，这种方法叫截短法。

Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms, depending on the pronunciation of the words.首字母拼音法是将社会组织、特殊的名词词组或技术术语的首字母连起来构成新词的方法。

以这种方法构成的词根根据其读音不同又分别叫做首字母缩略词和首字母拼音词。

Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. Words created through back-formation are mostly verbs. 逆生法被认为是后缀法的队里过程。

由逆生法生成的词多半是动词。

Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning. The morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme is to a phone. -词素（形位）是抽象的单位，是由分立的形素在话语中具体实现的。

“形素”是实际说出来的最小的意义携带体形位与形素的关系同音位与因素的关系一样。

Some morphemes, however, are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs.有些词素根据它们在词中的位置不同可有一个以上的不同形素实现，这些不同的形素叫词素变体。

Derivational affixes. As the term indicates, derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. Derivational affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes come before the ward and the suffixes after the word.派生词缀。

是加在其他词素上创造新词的词缀。

派生词缀还可以进一步分为前缀和后缀。

前缀加在词的前面和后缀加在词的后面。

Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. The number of inflectional affixes is small and stable. 加在词尾表示语法关系的词缀发生屈折变化，因此称为内部屈折词素。

内部屈折词缀数量很少而且稳定。

词义变化的种类There are five types of meaning, changes: extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation, and transfer among which extension and narrowing are the most common. Changes in meaning can be accounted for from extra-linguistic factors (historical reason, class reason, and psychological reason) and intra-linguistic factors (shortening, the influx of borrowing, and analogy).词义的扩大Extension is a process by which a word with a specialized sense is generalized to cover a broader or less definite concept. Compare the following；词义的缩小Narrowing is a process by which a word of wider meaning acquires a specialized sense；词义的升华Elevation is a process by which a word moves from a derogatory or neutral sense to a neutral and/or appreciative sense；词义的降格Degradation is a process by which a word of reputation slides into a pejorative use,；词义的转移Transfer is a process by which a word denoting one thing changes to refer to a different but related thing. Paper serves as an example. This word formerly denoted an African plant papyrus, which was once used to make paper. In modern times, paper is made from rags, wood, straw and the like, but the product has retained the same name. There is associated transfer. There are other kinds of transfer, such as, concrete to abstract, abstract to concrete and transfer of sensation.上下义关系:Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. Superordinates refer to some general words; subordinates denote those more specific words. Hyponymy can be described in terms of tree-like graphs, with higher-order superordinates above the lower subordinates. But their status either as superordinate or subordinate is relative to other terms. For example, horse, dog, pig are subordinates in relation to animal, but superordinates of mare, hound and boar, Animal itself becomes a subordinate of creature.Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class. When the suffix under discussion is added to the stem, whatever class it belongs to, the result will be a noun or an adjective. -后缀法是在词干加上后缀来构成新词。