第四章 文艺复兴

Early Renaissance Artists




Giotto: Flight into Egypt , Betrayal of Judas forerunner of renaissance Brunelleschi showed a systematic use of perspective Donatello, one of the first artists engaged in anatomy <David> Giorgione made happy use of colour schemes to unify his pictures <Sleeping Venus>
Renaissance Art

Renaissance Art:
A radical (根本的) break with medieval (中古的) methods of representing the visible world occurred in Italy during the second half of the 13th century. It was not until the second decade of the 15th century that there was a decided break with the medieval pictorial tradition (田园式风格).
西斯庭教堂内景
《椅中圣母》 （油画） （意大利） 拉斐尔 （1514 - 1516年）
III. Reformation and Counter-Reformation



Reformation Pre-Luther Religious Reformers Martin Luther and his Doctrines John Calvin and Calvinism Reformation in England Counter-Reformation Protestantism and the Rise of Capitalism

ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Early Renaissance Artists High Renaissance Artists
Decline of the Italian Renaisssance



The feuds (不合) of families， the conflicts of classes and the rivalry (竞争) between the city-states kept the economic structure of Italy in the traditional local order.(停滞不前) In world trade Italy had lost its supremacy (优势) because of the discovery of America in1492 and the rounding of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488， the opening of an all-water route (全线贯通) to India which provided a cheaper means of transport.
《最后的晚餐》 （意大利） 达 ·芬奇画 1495 - 1497年 米兰圣玛利亚· 格拉契修道院藏
77 × 53 1503 - 1505
自画像
《 蒙 娜 厘丽 米莎 》 意 大 利 年达 巴 黎芬 卢奇 浮画 尔 宫木 博板 物油 馆画 藏
·
《西斯廷教堂天顶画》局部 壁画 36· 54×13· 14米 米开朗期罗 （意大利） 梵帝冈西斯廷教堂藏 （1475 - 1564年）
European Culture An Introduction
Division Four Renaissance and Reformation
Renaissance and Reformation


I. General Introduction II. Renaissance in Italy III. Reformation and Counter-Reformation IV. Renaissance in Other Countries V. Science and Technology during the Renaissance VI. Summing-up



geographical position cities began to rise city-states established Florence
The Rise of Humanism


Intellectuals became closely tied up (息息相关) with the rising bourgeoisie.(人文主义兴起的重要 原因 Humanistic ideas to develop) At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion声称，主张 of the greatness of man.(以人为本-------人文主义的核心)

New Literature


Boccaccio was an Italian author and poet, a friend and correspondent of Petrarch, an important Renaissance humanist . <Decameron> 十日谈 collection of prose tales in Italian. It is the greatest achievement of prose fiction in the Middle Ages. Petrarch (彼得拉克) was the representative poet , father of modern poetry. <Canzoniers> Sonnet
High Renaissance Artists

Da Vinci : Last Supper, Mona Lisa
Last Supper adapted from the New Testament of the Bible. The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in Da Vincci’s Mona Lisa--model wife of a banker --- the ambiguity of the smile. Michelangelo: David, Sistine Chapel(from the First book of the Bible， the Genesis ), Dying Slave(垂死的奴隶), Moses(摩西) Raphael was best known for his Madonna (Virgin Mary) (圣母玛利亚) He painted his Madonnas in different postures (姿势)， against different backgrounds. One of the famous paintings besides the Madonnas is School of Athens (雅 典学派)。 Plato and Aristotle engaged (使用) in argument. Titian oil color the most prolific of the great Venetian painters of Western World The Venus of Urbino (断臂的维纳斯), Man with the Glove (带手套的人)

The Characteristics of Renaissance Art:
Art broke away from the domination of the church. Themes of paintings changed to an appreciation of all aspects of nature and man. The artists studied the ruins (毁灭) of Roman and Greek temples and put many of the principles (原则信念) of ancient civilization into their works. They began to be supported by individual collectors (私人收藏品)。 Artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomy (解剖) and perspective (透视)。
the essence of the renaissance humanism emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life.humanists voiced their beliefs the man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life ,but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders
I. General Introduction

1. Renaissance: Generally speaking， Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival (复兴)， specifically in this period of history， revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance， in essence (从实质上讲)， was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism (保守主 义思想) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (资产阶级)， to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.(权利威信) p129 2. Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings， sculpture and architecture. p129