纺织行业的竞争动态英文版
国际贸易 经济 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 美国纺织品和服装产业的贸易自由化和战略调整模式
Trade liberalization and patterns of strategicadjustment in the US textiles and clothing industryBelay SeyoumU.S.A.International Business Review，Issue 16 ,2007Belay SeyoumNova Southeastern University, 3301 College Avenue, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA Received 2 December 2005; received in revised form 17 April 2006, 11 October 2006, 23 November 2006; accepted13 December 2006The overall environment facing the US TC industry will be one of rapidly changing market conditions and technological innovation. With the phase out of quotas and growing number of trade agreements, the US TC industry is being exposed to intense competition in export and domestic markets. This is likely to lead domestic industries/labor to demand intervention by national governments to mitigate the adverse impact of trade liberalization (Standbury & Vertinksy, 2004).In spite of the substantial job losses, the US TC industry remains technologically advanced partly due to increased productivity resulting from advances in technology and design capabilities. Textile production is capital intensive and modern technology is essential to meet the increasing for high-quality products. Over the last few years, US textiles and apparel firms have substantially increased their investment to maintain modern manufacturing facilities as well as improve production and marketing capabilities in order to maximize their inherent advantages to market proximity. In apparel, low skill production jobs have moved to low-cost locations offshore while the more skilled ones have been retained. To successfully adapt to the new environment, US TC industries need to capitalize on their sources of competitive advantage. They need to develop a more flexible operational arrangement, meet high standards in product innovation and generally develop a more change-seeking business culture (Kilduff, 2005).An important survival tool for US TC firms is to expand their potential market by offering new product designs and product categories. Manufacturers must try to bring a steady stream of products to market that are in line with the taste, preferences of theconsumer. They can also expand their market potential by offering new product categories. Two of the fastest growing apparel segments in the US, for example, have been the women’s plus and men’s big and tall segments (Driscoll, 2004). Plus-size apparel marketing was estimated at $47 billion in 2005 accounting for 20% of total apparel market. It is important to identify the firm’s target customers and assess whether the firm is successfully addressing their needs.US TC firms should target a narrow segment of the market that provides the best opportunity for success. In textiles, the focus should be on a few specialized segments such as carpets, nonwovens and technical textiles. Similarly, apparel producers should increase their focus on core products, reduce vertical integration to shed overhead costs, and establish alliances with other firms to consolidate resources and increase market share.Finally, in view of rising incomes and high growth rates in many developing countries such as China, Brazil, and India, there are potential export market opportunities for US textile and apparel products. US export interests may be served by seeking improved access to the retail distribution systems of developing countries. US textile firms should also be able to use Mexico to export to the European Union and other countries, taking advantage of the Mexico-EU trade agreement. Since the conclusion of NAFTA, a number of Asian and European firms have produced certain products in Mexico in order to export to the US market.This paper suggests a demand pull model as a basis for developing a network structure in the clothing industry. In a demand pull model, consumer demand is the driver of sales unlike the supply push model whereby the manufacturer pushes goods to the retailer regardless of consumer demand.Retail companies have become powerful due to their sufficient capital and marketing expertise to build loyalty among consumers. They are the lead firm in view of their central role in the organizational network. The lead clothing retailer integrates industrial capabilities such as sourcing of textiles, design, product branding and its relations with consumers enables it to keep abreast of fashion consumption trends.The lead firm conveys its requirements to these changing trends (changes in style, material requirements) to its suppliers or subcontractors (Table 7). It also provides assistance with the purchasing of capital equipment and technology necessary to produce apparel in accordance with market demand. The fragmented webs of suppliers and subcontractors are bound together through information technology, online data sharing, joint product development, and collaborative forecasting, planning and replenishment activities. Retailers will hold less inventory as shipments become smaller and more frequent since point of sale data is directly transmitted to the manufacturer/supplier who will produce and ship garments as it is needed. This model shows the role of the retailer as an intermediary integrating the functions of design, textile sourcing, branding and as facilitator of apparel production through a web of suppliers/subcontractors. Such restructuring through technological improvements and information technology is one means of succeeding in an increasingly competitive environment. The horizontally structured, mass production methods no longer ensure future competitiveness.The lion’s share of the benefits from quota elimination is expec ted to accrue to China. Its low labor cost, high productivity, range and flexibility of services as well as efficient supplier networks will make China the supplier of choice. About 87% of apparelexecutives that participated in a cotton sourcing summit in Miami in February 2004, agreed that China will soon account for 50–90% of all apparel sold in the US market (National Labor Committee, 2004). This means rationalization of production and a massive consolidation of vendors. Other winners are likely to include India and Pakistan in narrow segments of the TC industry. The elimination of quotas is also likely to lead to lower prices for consumers in view of the absence of quota costs which is often a significant part of the cost of TC sold in the US market. Well-known brands may still hold market value since they are not subject to retail price deflation. It is important for TC firms to evaluate their internal capabilities such as sourcing, manufacturing, logistics, transportation etc. in order to develop an action plan for the post-quota world.Exporters from Latin America, Africa and the Caribbean are likely to lose market share to China since they largely compete on price (not quality) and lack the capability to produce high value added products. Even with the introduction of safeguards on a range of products that are of export interest to these countries, their US market share has declined since the phase out of quotas. With the complete removal of quotas in 2008, it is difficult for these countries to compete on price. Since the US government lifted quotas in 2002 on 29 categories, for example, China’s market share (in these categories) jumped from just 9% (2002) to 65% (2003) while prices paid by US retailers (for apparel from China) dropped by 48% (National Labor Committee, 2004). In cotton dressing gowns (quotas removed) China’s share in 2003 jumped from 25% to 39% while that of Caribbean countries fell from 13% to a mere 3%. In the first 12 months after the phase out of quotas, China’s market share in apparel rose by 59% in value while that of many Central and South American countries showed a sharp decline.What are the implications for TC firms in countries that are vulnerable to competition from China? First, they should capitalize on their proximity to the US market. Their ability to offer lower transport cost, lower lead times as well as duty free entry to the US market may attract the fashion-oriented segment of the US industry. This will depend on access to good local transport infrastructure to get goods to market as well as advanced telecommunications systems to link suppliers and customers. Local firms and governments need to collaborate in creating a climate which is conducive to business and to develop infrastructure to attract and retain TC industries that are so vital in generating exports and employment.Secondly, low wages do not necessarily provide a comparative advantage with respect to China. Firms should develop new capabilities in areas in which China does not have a comparative advantage (yarn, and silk non-apparel). This requires, inter alia, investment in modern production methods and development of competitive sources of local raw materials. Even in product areas in which China is expanding its exports, developing country suppliers that enhance their skills, technology, supply chains and marketing capabilities (through joint ventures, licensing arrangements) faster than China can still maintain their shares to the US market.Thirdly, an important strategic consideration that limits the competitive impact of China is the need on the part of multinationals to diversify their risk portfolios. US manufacturers and retailers are likely to adopt a diversified risk adjusted sourcing strategy that balances cost, speed to market as well as political and economic stability. They may not be prepared to rely on China for critical inputs beyond a certain threshold of risk. Furthermore, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean could be attractive options for US companies in some fashion sensitive segments of the industry where quick response or fast turnaround is important.Finally, existing US rules of origin requirements to qualify for free access to the US market have had unintended consequences. One of the requirements is that they have to use US yarn and fabric. This has had the effect of making their exports less competitive. The US may have to modify its rules of origin to allow developing countries to import from Asia or other competitive sources without losing their preferential status.美国纺织品和服装产业的贸易自由化和战略调整模式贝蕾·塞尤姆美国国际商务评论，第16期,2007年贝蕾·塞尤姆诺娃东南大学，学院大道3301，劳德代尔堡，佛罗里达33314，美国2005年12月2日收到稿件；分别于2006年4月17日、2006年10月11日和2006年11月23日收到修改稿件；2006年12月13日正式录用美国纺织品和服装行业面临的是一个市场条件快速变化、科技不断创新的环境。
纺织常用中英文.pdf
常用纺织行业英语集锦纱线方面一、纱线Yarns1、棉及其混纺纱线Cotton,Cotton Mixed&Blended Yarns2、棉纱Cotton Yarns3、涤棉纱T/C&CVC Yarns4、粘棉纱Cotton/Rayon Yarns5、棉晴纱Cotton/Acrylic Yarns6、棉/氨纶包芯纱Cotton/Spandex Yarns7、棉与其他混纺纱Cotton/Others Blended Yarns二、毛纺系列纱线Woollen Yarn Series1、羊绒纱Cashmere Yarn Series2、全羊毛纱Wool(100%)Yarns3、毛晴纱Wool/Acrylic Yarns4、毛涤纱Wool/Polyester Yarns5、毛粘纱Wool/Viscose Yarns6、毛/丝纱Wool/Silk Yarnss7、羊毛/其他Wool/Other Yarns8、兔毛纱Angora Yarns9、雪兰毛线Shetland Yarns10、牦牛毛纱Yak Hair Yarns11、羊仔毛纱Lambswool Yarns三、真丝系列纱线Silk Yarn Series1、白厂丝White Steam Filature Yarns2、双宫丝Duppion Silk Yarns3、柞蚕丝Tussah Silk Yarns4、绢丝Spun Silk Yarns5、柞绢丝Tussah Spun Silk Yarns6、柚丝Silk Noil Yarns7、真丝线Silk Threads8、丝棉混纺纱Silk/Cotton Blended Yarns四、麻纺系列纱线Halm Yarn Series1、大麻系列纱线Hemp Yarn Series2、亚麻系列纱线Linen Yarn Series3、苎麻系列纱线Ramie Yarn Series4、黄麻系列纱线Jute Yarn Series5、其他植物纤维纱线Other Plant Yarns6、剑麻系列纱线Sisal Yarn Series五、人造纤维和合成纱线Manmade&Synthetic Yarns1、晴纶纱Acrylic Yarns2、晴纶仿羊绒Cashmere-like Acrylic Yarns3、仿兔毛Sunday Angora Yarns4、锦纶丝Polyamide Yarns5、涤纶纱/丝Polyester Yarns6、人造棉纱Spun Rayon Yarns7、天丝纱Tencel Yarns8、弹力纱线Elastane Yarns9、涤粘纱T/R(Polyester/Rayon)Yarns10、人棉混纺纱Spun Rayon Blended Yarns11、其他化纤纱线Other Synthetic Yarns12、人造长丝或线Viscose Filament Yarns or Threads六、花式纱线1、雪尼尔纱Chenille Yarns2、大肚纱Big-belly Yarns3、带子纱Tape Yarns4、马海毛纱Mohair Yarns5、羽毛纱Feather Yarns6、蜈蚣纱Centipede like Yarns7、项链纱Neckline Yarns8、辫子纱Pigtail Yarns9、梯子纱Ladder Yarns10、圈圈纱Loop Yarns11、TT纱TT Yarns（曲珠）12、结子纱Knot Yarns13、乒乓纱Ping-Pong Yarns七、其它花色纱线Other Fancy Yarns1、金属纱线Metal Yarns2、绳、索及缆Twine,Cordage,Rope&Cables八、新型纤维1、竹纤维Bamboo2、莫代尔Modal3、天丝Tencel原料方面棉：COTTON腈纶：ACRYLIC涤纶：PLOYESTER锦纶：NYLON/POLYAMIDE醋酸：ACETATE人棉：RAYON人丝：VISCOSE仿真丝：IMITATED SILK FABRIC 真丝：SILK 氨纶：SPANDEX/ELASTIC/STREC/LYCRA 长丝：FILAMENT短纤：SPU黑丝：BLACK YARN阳离子：CATION三角异形丝：TRIANGLE PROFILE空气变形丝：AIR-JET TEXTURING YARN 超细纤维：MICRO–FIBRIC全拉伸丝：FDY（FULL DRAWN YARN）预取向丝：POY（PREORIENTED YARN）拉伸变形丝：DTY（DRAW TEXTURED YARN）牵伸加捻丝：DT（DRWW TWIST）颜色方面增白：WHITE/SNOW WHITE特黑：BLACK/JET BLACK奶白：IVORY/ECRU/OFF WHITE/CREAM 灰色：GREY大红：RED梅红：FUSCHIA粉红：PINK玉色：OYSTER/PEACH橘黄：ORANGE黄色：YELLOW米色：BEIGE 驼色：CAMEL卡其：KAHKI绿色：GREEN墨绿：CHARCOAL豆绿：OLIVE雪青：LILAC藏青：NAVY/BLUE天蓝：SKY BLUE紫色：BURGUNDY/PLUM/VIOLET/PURPLE 紫红：BORDEAUX/WINE古铜色：BROWN一、红色类红色red朱红vermeil、vermilion、panacea粉红pink、soft red、rose bloom梅红plum、crimson、fuchsia red玫瑰红rose、madder rose桃红peach blossom peach carmine rose 樱桃红cherry cerise桔红reddish orange、tangerine jacinth salmon pink、salmon石榴红garnet枣红purplish red、jujube red deterred 莲红lotus red浅莲红fuchsia pink豉豆红bean red辣椒红capsicum red高粱红Kaoliang red芙蓉红hibiscus red、poppy red、poppy胭脂红rogue red carmine cochineal lake 鲑鱼红salmon玳瑁红hawks bill turtle red海螺红cadmium orange宝石红ruby red玛瑙红agate red珊瑚红coral金红bronze red铁红iron oxide red铁锈红rust red镉红cadmium red 铬红chrome red砖红brick red土红late rite、riddle郎窑红lang kiln red均红Jun-kiln red釉底红under glaze red威尼斯红Venetian red法国红French vermilion茜红alizarin red、madder red洋红carmine、magenta品红pinkish red、magenta猩红scarlet red、scarlet、blood red油红oil red紫红purplish red、madder red wine red、wine、carmine玫瑰紫红rose carmine、rose mauve深紫红prune、mulberry深藕红conch shell棕红henna暗红dark red、dull red鲜红scarlet red、scarlet、bright red fresh red、blood red血红blood red、incarnadine血牙红shell pink peach beige绯红scarlet、crimson、geranium pink米红silver pink深红deep red、crimson淡红light red、carnation二、橙色类橙色orange深橙deep orange浅橙clear orange、light orange、rattan 桔黄orange、crocus、gamboges、cadmium orange三、黄色类黄色yellow柠檬黄lemon yellow、lemon citrine citron 玉米黄maize橄榄黄olive yellow樱草黄primrose yellow稻草黄straw yellow芥末黄mustard杏黄apricot、apricot buff、bronze yellow 蛋黄vitalize、yolk yellow、egg yellow 藤黄rattan yellow鳝鱼黄eel yellow象牙黄ivory日光黄sunny yellow石黄mineral yellow土黄earth yellow、yellowish brown、yellow ocher、golden apricot砂黄sand yellow 金黄golden yellow gold铁黄iron oxide yellow iron buff镉黄cadmium yellow铬黄chrome yellow钴黄cobalt yellow深黄deep yellow棕黄tan青黄bluish yellow灰黄Isabel sallow grey yellow米黄apricot cream嫩黄yellow cream鲜黄cadmium yellow canary鹅黄light yellow中黄medium yellow浅黄light yellow、pale yellow、buff 淡黄jasmine、primrose四、绿色类绿色green豆绿pea green、bean green浅豆绿light bean green、asparagus green 橄榄绿olive green、olive茶绿tea green、celandine green、plantation葱绿onion green、pale green苹果绿apple green原野绿field green森林绿forest green洋蓟绿artichoke green苔藓绿moss green、bracken green草绿grass green、meadow green、Oliver green水草绿water grass green深草绿jungle green灰湖绿agate green水绿aqua green海水绿marine green酸性绿acid green水晶绿crystal green玉绿jade green石绿mineral green 松石绿spearmint verities铜绿verdigris铜锈绿patina green镉绿cadmium green铬绿chrome green钴绿cobalt green孔雀绿peacock green威尼斯绿Venetian green巴黎绿Paris green king's green墨绿blackish green、green black、jasper、dark green、deep green墨玉绿emerald black深绿dark green petrol、Chinese green、bottle green暗绿sap green dark green deep green青绿dark green碧绿azure green、turquoise green virility翠绿emerald green、jade green、bright green深翠绿viridian蓝绿blue green aquamarine黄绿yellow green灰绿grey green、sage green、hedge green、mignonette seas pray、celadon褐绿Breen品绿light green malachite green鲜绿clear green、emerald green 嫩绿Pomona green verdict中绿medium green、golf green 浅绿light green淡绿pale green五、青色类青色cerulean blue、blue green 豆青pea green、bean green花青flower blue茶青tea green葱青onion green天青Celeste、azure霁青sky-clearing blue石青mineral blue铁青electric blue、river blue 蟹青turquoise ink blue鳝鱼青eel green蛋青egg blue 影青misty blue、white blue黛青bluish群青ultramarine暗青dark blue、deep cerulean藏青navy-blue、dark blue、Ming blue 靛青indigo大青smelt粉青light greenish blue鲜青clear cerulean浅青light blue light cerulean淡青pale cerulean、light greenish blue六、蓝色类蓝色blue天蓝sky-blue、azure Celeste、azure cerulean blue Parisian blue蔚蓝azure、sky-blue月光蓝moon blue海洋蓝ocean blue海蓝sea blue湖蓝acid blue深湖蓝vivid blue中湖蓝bright blue浅湖蓝canal blue清水蓝water blue冰雪蓝ice-snow blue孔雀蓝peacock blue宝石蓝sapphire、jewelry粉末蓝powder blue铁蓝iron blue钴蓝cobalt blue king's blue普鲁士蓝Prussian blue北京蓝Beijing blue士林蓝indanthrene blue 品蓝reddish blue royal blue king's blue靛蓝indigo、indigo blue、Benz blue菘蓝worded blue石磨蓝stone-washed indigo藏蓝purplish blue navy-blue、navy海军蓝navy-blue navy宝蓝royal blue墨蓝blue-black绿蓝turquoise blue紫蓝hyacinth、purplish blue浅紫蓝Dutch blue青蓝ultramarine深灰蓝blue ashes深蓝deep blue、dark blue、navy-blue、mandarin blue暗蓝deep blue、dark blue鲜蓝clear blue中蓝medium blue azure blue浅蓝light blue淡蓝pale blue baby blue calamine blue七、紫色类紫色purple violet 紫罗兰色violet紫藤色lilac紫水晶色amethyst 葡萄紫grape茄皮紫aborigine、wine berry 玫瑰紫rose violet丁香紫lilac钴紫cobalt violet墨紫violet black绛紫dark red dish purple暗紫violet deep、dull purple、damson 乌紫raisin蓝紫royal light鲜紫violet light深紫amaranth、modena浅紫grey violet 淡紫pale purple lavender、lilac、orchid 淡白紫violet ash青莲pale purple、heliotrope深青莲amaranth purple雪青lilac墨绛红purple black暗绛红purple deep浅绛红purple light八、黑色类黑色black土黑earth black煤黑coal black碳黑carbon black charcoal black 古铜黑bronze black铁黑iron oxide black iron black 橄榄黑olive black棕黑sepia brown black青黑lividity深黑,漆黑pitch-black pitch-dark 暗黑dull black九、白色类白色white象牙白ivory white、ivory牡蛎白oyster white珍珠白pear white gray lily玉石白jade white银白silver white铅白flake white、lead white、ceruse white锌白zinc white锌钡白lithopone、pearl white 羊毛白wool white米白off-white shell乳白milky-white雪白snow-white snowy white 灰白grayish white off-white 青白bluish white纯白crisp-white、pure white 本白raw white、off-white粉红白pinky white淡紫白lilac white十、灰色类灰色grey、gray银灰silver grey、chinchilla gray mom 铁灰iron grey铅灰lividity、leaden grey碳灰charcoal grey驼灰doe豆灰rose dust藕灰zephyr莲灰elderberry浅莲灰pale lilac鸽子灰dove grey鼠灰stale grey mouse蟹灰storm blue天灰sky grey土灰dust grey水泥灰concrete grey烟灰smoky grey、ash 雾灰misty grey黑灰grey black charcoal grey紫灰purple grey、cadet、dove grey深紫灰heron淡紫灰lilac grey浅绿灰eucalyptus浅米灰moonlight卡其灰khaki light蓝灰blue grey、slate、steel grey、pike grey青灰lividity、steel grey balsam green 白灰pale grey深灰dark grey、dull grey、Oxford grey 暗灰deep grey中灰medium grey浅灰light grey ash grey。
纺织专业英语200个
1.纺织原料Textile Raw Materials植物纤维 Plant Fibers棉纤维 Cotton亚麻 Linen黄麻 Jute剑麻 Sisal毛纤维 Woollen Fibers羊毛 Wool羊绒 Cashmere人造纤维和合成纤维 Manmade & Synthetic Fibers 涤纶 Polyester涤纶长丝 Polyester Filament Yarns涤纶短纤 Polyester Stable Fibers粘胶 Viscose Rayon粘胶长丝 Viscose Rayon Filament Yarns丙纶 Polyproplyene其他化纤 Other Chemical Fibers2.面料Fabrics棉及其混纺或交织面料Cotton, Cotton Mixed & Blended Fabrics全棉布 Cotton Fabrics涤棉布 T/C & CVC Fabrics棉粘布 Cotton/Rayon Fabrics弹力棉布 Cotton/Spandex Fabrics毛纺系列面料 Woollen Fabrics羊绒系列 Cashmere Fabrics毛/其他 Wool/Other Fabrics毛涤 Wool/Polyester Fabrics毛粘 Wool/Rayon Fabrics其他动物毛系列面料 Other Animal Hair Fabrics 丝绸系列面料 Silk Fabric Series真丝面料 Silk Fabrics弹力真丝面料 Silk/Spandex Fabrics真丝/其他 Silk/Other Fabrics麻类系列面料 Halm Fabric Series亚麻系列面料 Linen Series Fabrics苎麻系列面料 Ramie Series Fabrics黄麻系列面料 Jute Series Fabrics人造纤维和合成纤维系列面料Manmade & Synthetic Fabrics尼龙(锦纶)系列面料 Nylon Fabric Series涤纶面料 Polyester Fabrics涤纶/其他面料 Polyester/Other Fabrics人棉（粘胶）系列面料 Rayon Fabric Series涤纶/粘胶面料 Polyester/Rayon Fabrics其他人造纤维和合成纤维系列面料Other Manmade & Synthetic Fabrics其他面料 Other Fabrics无纺布 Non-Woven Fabrics其他工业用布 Other Industrial Use Fabrics其他民用布 Other Civil Use Fabrics3.服装Garments时装 Fashion Items男式时装 Men's Fashion男式西装、套装 Men's Suits男式时式服装 Men's Co-ordinates & Separates 男式针织时装 Men's Knitted Fashion女式时装 Ladies' Fashion女式时式服装 Ladies' Co-ordinates & Separates 女式针织时装 Ladies' Knitted Fashion女式西装，套装 Ladies' Suits机织服装 Woven Items休闲装 Casual Wear运动夹克 Blazers牛仔服 Jeans短裤 Shorts裤 Pants裙子 Skirt运动装 Sportswear内衣 Underwear睡衣 Pajama外套 Outerwear大衣，风衣 Raincoat/Trench Coat皮制大衣 Parka滑雪服 Skiwear羽绒服 Down其他外套 Other Outerwear衬衫 Shirts背心 Vest工作服 Working Wear针织服装 Cut & Sewn Knit Items慢跑服 Jogging Suits钩编衬衫 Sweatshirt内衣 Knitted Underwear针织运动装 Knitted Sportswear针织裙 Knitted Skirt针织裤 Knitted Pants针织睡衣 Knitted Pajama恤衫 Knitted Shirt开领短袖衬衫 Polo-ShirtT-恤 T-Shirt女服 Dress开襟羊毛衫 Cardigan女背心 Camisole毛线衫 Sweater其他类服装 Other Garments皮装 Leather Garments中式服装 Chinese-Style Clothing 制服 Uniform礼服 Formal Wear其他 Others服饰 Clothing Accessories领带/领结 Neckties / Bow Ties 皮带 Belt头饰 Head Gear披肩/围巾 Shawls / Scarves袜子 Socks & Stockings手套 Gloves手帕 Handkerchief帽子 Hats & Caps鞋 Footwear包 Bag其他服饰 Other Accessories4.服装辅料Trims & Accessories 纽扣 Button拉链 Zip衬布 Interlining线 Thread肩垫 Pad织带和绳 Band & Cord花边 Lace商标 Trade Mark洗涤标 Washing Mark家纺 Home Furnishings5.床上用品Bedding Articles床单 Bed Sheet床罩 Bed Spread毯子 Carpet & Blanket晴纶毯 Acrylic Blanket毛巾 Towel面巾 Facial Towel装饰用纺织品 Decorative Textiles沙发套 Sofa Cover其他家纺 Other Home Textile6.纱线Yarns棉及其混纺纱线 Cotton, Cotton Mixed & Blended Yarns 棉纱 Cotton Yarns毛纺系列纱线 Woollen Yarn Series羊绒纱 Cashmere Yarn Series全羊毛纱 Wool (100%) Yarns毛晴纱 Wool/Acrylic Yarns真丝系列纱线 Silk Yarn Series柚丝 Silk Noil Yarns真丝线 Silk Threads麻纺系列纱线 Halm Yarn Series亚麻系列纱线 Linen Yarn Series其他植物纤维纱线 Other Plant Yarns人造纤维和合成纱线 Manmade & Synthetic Yarns晴纶纱 Acrylic Yarns仿兔毛 Sunday Angora Yarns涤纶纱/丝 Polyester Yarns人造棉纱 Spun Rayon Yarns天丝纱 Tencel Yarns人棉混纺纱 Spun Rayon Blended Yarns人造长丝或线 Viscose Filament Yarns or Threads花色纱线及其他 Fancy Yarns & Others雪尼尔纱 Chenille Yarns圈圈纱 Loop YarnsTT 纱 TT Yarns结子纱 Knot Yarns其它花色纱线 Other Fancy Yarns金属纱线 Metal Yarns绳、索及缆 Twine, Cordage, Rope & Cables7.纺织机械Textile Machinery化纤设备 Chemical Fiber Machinery涤纶设备 Polyester Machinery通用设备 General Machinery棉纺设备 Cotton Spinning Machinery精梳设备 Combing Machinery并条机 Doubler粗纱机 Fly Frame细纱机 Mule Frame捻线机 Twisting Machine络筒机 Cone Winding Machine辅助设备及配件 Assistant Machine and Accessories染整设备 Dyeing, Printing & Finishing Machinery织造设备 Weaving Looms毛纺织设备 Woolen Weaving Machinery麻纺织设备 Hard and Bast Fiber Spinning Machinery丝绸设备 Silk Weaving Machinery非织造设备 Non-woven Machinery针织设备 Knitting Machinery非纺机产品 Other Textile Machinery通用设备 Multi-purpose Devices纺织机械专件配件 Textile Special Fittings8.组织名称中英文对照英文名称：Drop stitch中文名称：脱圈组织,不完全组织[故意脱散,编成花纹]英文名称：Empress cloth中文名称：女式双层细呢[强粘棉经、毛纬,表面二上一下斜纹,背面重平组织] 英文名称：English leather stitch中文名称：[英式]充麂皮经编组织,单梳栉经编集圈组织,单梳栉经编充麂皮组织英文名称：Eyelet中文名称：1.孔眼,小孔2.(孔眼的)锁缝3.导纱器4.网眼组织,菠萝组织英文名称：Failletine中文名称：薄罗缎[组织似府绸]英文名称：Eight lock中文名称：2+2双罗纹组织英文名称：Fancy basket weave中文名称：变化方平组织英文名称：Fancy monk's cloth中文名称：花式蜂巢(组织)粗布[做家具套子、车座套、窗帘等用]英文名称：Fancy and figured rib weave中文名称：变化重平组织,变化亩组织英文名称：Fancy mat weave中文名称：变化方平组织,花式方平组织英文名称：Fancy fabric中文名称：变化组织(针)织物,花式(针)织物英文名称：Fancy and figured twill中文名称：变化斜纹组织,花式斜纹英文名称：Figured weave中文名称：提花组织英文名称：Fabric中文名称：1.布,蒙布,织品,织物,纤维物2.组织,构造英文名称：Fancy and figured mat weave中文名称：变化方平组织英文名称：Fancy plated stitch中文名称：花式添纱组织英文名称：Fancy purl中文名称：花式双反面组织英文名称：Fancy rib(=fancy rib weave)中文名称：变化重平组织,变化亩组织英文名称：Figured rib中文名称：变化重平组织英文名称：French double pique中文名称：法国复式凹凸(单面浮线)组织,法国点纹组织英文名称：Figured rep中文名称：变化棱纹组织英文名称：Eyelet stitch中文名称：网眼组织,菠萝组织英文名称：Gallow twill中文名称：加卢斜纹[四上四下斜纹组织]英文名称：Grey sheeting中文名称：本色阔幅斜纹布[英国二上二下组织,平纹组织]英文名称：Fancy oatmeal中文名称：花式燕麦纹组织英文名称：Fringe stitch中文名称：流苏组织,穗组织,绿饰组织英文名称：Flat knit中文名称：平针组织英文名称：Fancy pique design中文名称：花式凹凸组织英文名称：Feeling中文名称：1.织物的手感2.(织物)质量风格[指织物外观、光泽、手感、质地、组织紧密度、厚实度、挺度等的总称]英文名称：Golf cloth中文名称：高尔夫呢[全棉制,蜂巢组织,背面起绒]英文名称：Full cardigan中文名称：1.全畦编组织2.全开襟毛线衫英文名称：Filling rib weave中文名称：纬重平组织英文名称：Floret中文名称：1.优级绢丝2.缎纹变化组织毛呢[光泽加工]3.绢丝混纺纱英文名称：Honeycomb fabric中文名称：蜂巢组织,蜂窝组织英文名称：Lined atlas(=lined atlas stitch)中文名称：(三梳栉)起绒经缎组织英文名称：Figured texture weave中文名称：提花组织英文名称：Fleecy stitch中文名称：起绒组织英文名称：Herringbone stitch中文名称：人字形组织,人字形编织英文名称：Gauze weave中文名称：沙罗组织英文名称：Float stitch中文名称：1.(针织提花的)浮线组织2.浮线编织英文名称：Hopsack weave中文名称：席纹组织,方平组织英文名称：Fancy rib design中文名称：花罗纹设计,花罗纹组织英文名称：Float stitch中文名称：1.蛛网[织疵]2.(提花组织的)浮线,虚线英文名称：Inlaid net中文名称：(经编)嵌花网眼组织,嵌花网眼组织英文名称：Grosse grenadine中文名称：法国毛哗叽[十二经四纬为一完全组织]英文名称：Fish net中文名称：1.网眼花纹2.架空添纱组织[作网眼用]英文名称：Gordon cord中文名称：棱条斜纹织物,斜纹重平组织[似马裤呢]英文名称：Half tricot stitch中文名称：(双梳栉)经绒-经平组织英文名称：Jean stripes中文名称：条子斜纹[二上一下斜纹组织]英文名称：Herringbone stitch中文名称：1.人字形缝,人字形针迹2.人字形组织英文名称：Float design中文名称：浮纹组织英文名称：Hopsack中文名称：席纹呢,板司呢;方平组织英文名称：Irregular satin中文名称：变化缎纹组织英文名称：Kerseymere twill中文名称：克瑟梅尔斜纹[二上二下斜纹组织]英文名称：Granite weave中文名称：花岗石组织英文名称：Huckaback中文名称：浮松布[以鸟眼花纹或蜂巢组织织造的棉、麻织物,用作毛巾或揩布等] 英文名称：Gauze中文名称：1.纱罗2.(医药用)纱布3.纱罗组织英文名称：Loose back pique中文名称：松背凹凸组织,松背凹凸织物英文名称：Hopsacking中文名称：1.席纹粗黄麻袋布2.方平组织厚织物英文名称：Half cardigan stitch(=half cardigan rib)中文名称：半畦编组织英文名称：Foundation weave中文名称：原组织,基本组织[指平纹、斜纹、缎纹组织]英文名称：Huckaback weave中文名称：浮组织,小花纹组织英文名称：Honeycomb weave中文名称：蜂巢组织英文名称：Graph check中文名称：细格纹组织英文名称：Full cardigan stitch中文名称：畦编组织,畦编英文名称：Flat satin中文名称：素色经缎组织英文名称：Jersey stitch中文名称：平针组织英文名称：High gauge interlock中文名称：1.细针距双罗纹组织2.细针距棉毛布,高档棉毛布英文名称：Lined cord stitch中文名称：(三梳栉)反面起绒组织英文名称：Grecian honeycomb(=grecian weave)中文名称：菱形蜂窝组织,双面经纬线浮组织英文名称：Full cross leno中文名称：全绞式沙罗组织[纬与纬之间绞经和地经完全相绞] 英文名称：Inter rib中文名称：复式凹凸(平面浮线)组织,点纹组织英文名称：Gala twill(=gallow twill)中文名称：加拉斜纹[四上四下组织]英文名称：Ground weave中文名称：地组织,底组织,原组织英文名称：Knitting中文名称：1.针织,编结,编织2.针织物3.针织组织英文名称：Galassing中文名称：经重平组织英文名称：Full gauze weave(=leno weave)中文名称：沙罗组织英文名称：Italian rib中文名称：意大利罗纹组织[即米兰诺罗纹],罗纹空气层组成英文名称：Linen crepe中文名称：亚麻绉布[利用织物组织织成皱纹]英文名称：Half tricot中文名称：经绒-经平组织英文名称：Interlock rib中文名称：双罗纹组织英文名称：Jersey crepe中文名称：仿平针组织绉绸英文名称：Interlock(=interlock rib)中文名称：1.双罗纹组织2.棉毛布英文名称：Hollow weave中文名称：袋组织,袋装组织,管状组织[双层织物的一种] 英文名称：Lorraine中文名称：洛兰花呢[棉线经,毛纬,变化斜纹组织]英文名称：Mayo twill中文名称：梅奥斜纹[8棕变化斜纹组织]英文名称：Lappet中文名称：浮纹组织英文名称：Modified rib weave中文名称：变化重平组织英文名称：Interlock knit中文名称：双罗纹组织,双罗纹针织物英文名称：Lace stripe中文名称：纱罗条纹织物[纱罗或假纱罗组织]英文名称：Kaiki中文名称：甲斐绸[平纹组织,熟丝紧密织物,日本制]英文名称：Melrose中文名称：麦尔罗斯薄呢[丝经毛纬方平组织]英文名称：Pearl knitting中文名称：双反面组织,双反面编织英文名称：Jacquard weave中文名称：提花组织,提花织物英文名称：Kneipp linen*麻。
纺织类手工艺英文版
Techniques and Tools
Techniq ues and
Tools
Needlewo rk tools
Tools used for embroidery, including needles, scissors, threads, and other materials
Felting equipmen
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interlacing yarn with knitting needles or crochet hooks. Knitting can be done by hand or with the
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Machines and other tools used for matting and interlocking fibers in felting projects
Spinning equipmen
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Machines used for converting raw yarn into usable yarn, including spindles, flyers, and other attachments
and even
Felting：The process of matting and interlocking fibers to create non-woven fabric.
5 Felting is done by applying heat, moisture, and pressure to the fibers with the help of a
中国棉花产业研究报告英文
中国棉花产业研究报告英文Research Report on China's Cotton IndustryIntroduction:Cotton is a significant cash crop in the agriculture sector of China. It plays a crucial role in the country's economic development and is an essential raw material for the textile industry. This report aims to provide an overview of the cotton industry in China, including its production, trade, and challenges.1. Production:China is one of the largest producers of cotton in the world. The country has a suitable climate and abundant land resources, making it favorable for cotton cultivation. Cotton production in China has grown steadily over the years, reaching a peak in 2012 with a total output of 6.84 million tons. However, in recent years, there has been a decline in cotton production due to a shift towards other crops and the government's policy initiatives.2. Trade:China is not only a top producer but also a major consumer of cotton. However, due to the decline in domestic production, China has become the largest importer of cotton. The country imports cotton mainly from countries like the United States, Australia, and India. The increasing demand for cotton in China is driven by the growing textile industry and the rising living standards of the population. The import of cotton has also led to a significant trade deficit in the cotton market.3. Challenges:The cotton industry in China faces several challenges that need to be addressed. Firstly, there is a decline in the land area devoted to cotton cultivation, as farmers are shifting towards more profitable crops. This has resulted in a decline in domestic production and increased reliance on imports. Secondly, the cotton industry is highly vulnerable to climate change, with extreme weather events affecting crop yields. Additionally, there are concerns regarding the excessive use of chemicals and fertilizers in cotton cultivation, which harm the environment and reduce the quality of cotton produced.Conclusion:The cotton industry in China is of significant importance to the economy and the textile industry. However, it is facing challenges such as declining production, increasing imports, and the environmental impact of cultivation. To overcome these challenges, it is crucial to promote sustainable cotton cultivation practices, invest in research and development for improved varieties, and provide support to cotton farmers to ensure the industry's long-term growth and sustainability. Additionally, policies should be implemented to encourage farmers to continue cotton cultivation and reduce the reliance on imports. By addressing these challenges, China can maintain its position as a leading player in the global cotton industry.。
体育与娱乐用纺织品的研究进展英文版
Narrator ：Ray
1.Summary
Textile material is actually applied in all kinds of sports, gymnastics, from football to camping, from sportswear to various sports facilities. Today, textile manufacturers continue to develop their own brands, competition of textile products in the sports and entertainment market is becoming increasingly fierce. The development of new products is often a long process of expensive. Many foreign companies will be their own production of fibers and fabrics by precision test to measure the strength, wear resistance and permeability; Some companies even have environmental laboratory. Players can change the temperature and humidity of indoor exercise in which, the degree of wear suits on test samples under different temperature and humidity conditions. Many types of fibers used in sports and entertainment article, its development experience fiber natural fiber, chemical fiber and high performance in several stages. In recent years, with the textile structure composite materials as more and more sports activities, its products include bike frame, racket, rowing, surf appliance, parachute, paragliding and motion field infrastructure etc.. Carbon fiber, high strength, high modulus polyethylene fiber, aramid fiber, graphite fiber, high strength glass fiber, PBO fiber is fiber varieties ideal in composite materials. The composite material made of sports equipment and multi functional sportswear sports industry to create a good environment for the movement, also gradually improved athletic performance.
纺织专业气流纺纱中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Rotor SpinningRotor spinning involves the separation of fibers by vigorous drafting, and then collection and twisting of the fibers in a rotor. In the actual rotor spinning machine, draw frame sliver is presented to a spring-loaded feed plate and feed roller. Fibers within the sliver are then individualized by a combing roller covered with saw-tooth wire clothing. Once opened, the fibers pass through a transport tube in which they are separated further and parallelized before being deposited on the inside wall of the rotor. Centrifugal forces, generated by the rotor turning at high speeds, cause the fibers to collect along the wall of the rotor, forming a ring. The fiber ring is then swept from the rotor by a newly formed end of yarn which contains untwisted fibers. With each rotation of the rotor, twist is inserted, converting the fiber bundle into yarn as it is pulled out of the rotor through a navel. The yarn is then taken up onto a cross-wound package, eliminating the need for a separate winding process as in ring spinning. As the yarn is drawn from the rotor, some fibers lying in the peeling point may wrap around the yarn, resulting in the formation of undesirable, random wrapper fibers which are characteristic of the open-end yarn structure. Rotor spinning can be divided into four major areas: fiber separation, fiber transport, fiber reassembly, and twist insertion.Schematic representation of the rotor spinning process.Fiber SeparationFiber separation is critical in rotor spinning for effective orientation of the fibers before yarn formation within the rotor. The sliver must be separated into individual fibers for effective delivery to the rotor. If the fibers are not separated effectively, a quality yarn with the best possible fiber orientation cannot be formed.The most common method for fiber separation incorporates the use of combing roller covered with saw-tooth wire. Sliver is fed into the rotational action of the combing roller by action of a feed roller/feed plate mechanism. As the sliver is fed into the wires of the combing roller, individual fibers are caught by the teeth on the roller and pulled from the sliver. At this point the centrifugal forces and aerodynamics of the system transport the fibers from the teeth on the surface of the combing roller to an airstream where the fibers are separated further and eventually deposited into the rotor in small layers over many revolutions.Another critical function of the combing roller is the removal of trash from the sliver. Well-cleaned sliver should be presented to the system. Some dust and dirt particles, however, will still be present in the cleanest sliver, especially if cotton is being processed. The trash extraction unit of the combing roller is designed to allow lighter fibers to be carried by air to the transport duct while the heavy trash particles, because of their mass, will deflect through an opening below the combing roller and out of the system. If the fibers are not clean on delivery to the open-end system,excessive fine particles and dust will deposit in the rotor, preventing uniform fiberalignment. As a result of particle buildup, yarn of poor quality (with poor fiber orientation, lower strength, and increased imperfections) is produced.Fiber transportOnce removed from the combing roller, the fibers must be transported to the rotor without becoming excessively disoriented. The fiber transport tube is responsible for moving individualized fibers from the combing roller teeth and transporting them via air currents to the rotor. The transport tube is generally tapered to accelerate the air and fibers during movement through the tube. This fiber acceleration helps to straighten out some fiber hooks existing from the fibers leaving the combing roller.Fiber ReassemblyUpon exiting the transport tube, the fibers are accumulated in the rotor which is the heart of the open-end spinning process. Within the rotor, fibers are collected into an untwisted strand against the rotor wall via centrifugal forces, and then the strand is drawn off as yarn.As the fibers are delivered to the rotor wall, the centrifugal forces cause them to slide down the wall into a groove. It takes many layers of fiber to make up a strand of sufficient density for yarn; therefore, the yarn is built over a period of many revolutions. As a result, numerous doublings occur within the groove (approximately 100) wherein further blending takes place and short-term unevenness that occurs at drawing is reduced. Consequently, the rotor yarns are extremely even with few thick and thin defects.For short staple spinning, rotor diameters range from 31 to 56 mm and may be constructed with a variety of shallow “groove shapes”. The rotor design has a significant effect on the yarn structure and physical properties, resulting from the fiber orientation and the twist imparted on the yarn while it lies within the rotor groove. The rotor typically has a conical shape, and the inner surface along the wall is known as the collecting groove, the diameter of which is the specified rotor diameter. The rotor diameter depends on the machine speed, as well as on fiber properties, such as fiber length. As a rule of thumb, the rotor diameter should be no less than 1.2 times the staple length of the fiber; ends down at spinning otherwise increase.Illustrations of different rotor profiles available for rotor spinning.The shape of the rotor groove should be considered because of the effects on twisting forces that occur in the groove to form the yarn. A variety of different rotor groove shapes exist to allow for different final yarn properties, including yarn strength, bulk, torque, and uniformity characteristics. For instance, the T-rotor, because of its narrow groove diameter, produces yarns with a tight configuration more nearly like ring spun yarns than does the G-rotor. However, the bulk of the yarns produced from a G-rotor provides for better knit fabric hand and cover. As a result, specific rotors must be chosen to generate the appropriate yarn appearance and physical properties desired in the end product. S-rotors and U-rotors are generally used for sock, blanket, and towel yarns. G-rotors are normally used for apparel knitting yarns, and T-rotors are most often used for weaving yarns.Twist InsertionTwist occurs in the open-end spinning process as a result of the action of the rotor, navel, and take-up rollers. Once a sufficient number of fibers has collected in the rotor, twisting action from the rotation of the rotor propagates from the rotation of the rotor propagates from the navel back to the peeling point at the rotor (the point at which the fibers leave the rotor).At the peeling point, the fiber strand is slightly twisted and peeled off the collecting surface at which time full twist is imparted. The strand is then carriedperpendicularly out through a navel along the axis of the rotor.Figure schematically diagrams the yarn formation process within the rotor during open-end spinning. The rotor rotates in direction “a ” at a fixed rate. At point “B ” the newly formed yarn moves through the yarn withdrawal tube (or navel) where it isremoved form the rotor and wound onto a package. The actual yarn formation occurs in area “c”, wherein the individual fibers begin to collect twist. Once slightly twisted, the fibers reach point “p”, the peeling point, and the bundle is directed out of the rotor groove where it is fully twisted.Each revolution of the rotor theoretically introduces about one turn of twist into the yarn; however, slippage occurring during actual twist insertion is believed to cause lower actual twist than the number of rotor rotations. Because the fibers are not held firmly by the nip of a pair of rollers, as in ring spinning, the fibers can migrate independently during twisting. In fact when tsist is measured in rotor yarns, the measured twist is usually 15 percent to 40 percent lower than the machine twist. Machine twist is determined by the following formula:Rotor Speed (rpm)Twist (turns/m)=Delivery Speed (m/min)Not all twist imparted to the yarn is directly caused by rotor rotation. As the yarn travels through the navel and doffing tube, a significant amount of contact occurs. This rolling action on the navel surface produces a false twist that is trapped in a section of the yarn inside the rotor. In addition, a proportion of the real twist arising from the rotation of the rotor projects backward into the rotor. Therefore, the total twist is the sum (or difference) of the two kinds of twist. Overall, the false twist provides for more stability of the yarn between the navel and the rotor groove than does the genuine preset twist.The final yarn at the package contains only real twist, yet the false twist has definite effect on final yarn characteristics. With increases in rotor speeds, false twist is increased correspondingly due to higher yarn tension and more centrifugal forces in the rotor. This increase in false twist tends to increase the amount of wrapper fibers in the yarn.Wrapper Fiber FormationThe inner core structure of rotor yarn resembles that of ring spun yarn structure; however, rotor yarn has a unique structural buildup of outside yarn layers that affects the aesthetic as well as the physical characteristics of the yarn. Once each revolution some fibers entering the rotor from the transport tube interfere with the yarn peeling from the collecting surface. Portions of the fibers entering the rotor are captured inadvertently into the yarn. Instead of being twisted into the inner yarn structure, these fibers wrap around the outside of the yarn. The formation of these fibers, called “wrapper fibers”, is illustrated in figure.The fewer wrapper fibers that are present, the more that rotor yarns resemble ring spun yarns. However, methods to reduce wrapper fiber formation in rotor spinning cause reductions in productivity, as the minimum twist required for spinning increases. In general, wrapper fibers should be minimized to achieve an aesthetically appealing yarn while maintaining productivity.Also, the presence of wrapper fibers in rotor yarn has been shown to contribute toincreased needle wear in knitting. It is theorized that wrapper fibers move across the knitting needles like “speed bumps on a highway,”sending waves of vibration through the needle and contributing to accelerated wear. The formation of wrapper fibers is largely affected by several machine-related and fiber-related factors including: rotor speed, rotor diameter, fiber length, friction between the fiber and rotor groove, and aggressiveness of the navel. With increasing rotor speed, the levels of both false twist and yarn rotation become higher; hence, wrapper fibers are wrapped around theSequence of illustrations showing one mechanism of wrapper fiber formation on the surface of a rotor yarn with: (A) the fiber peeling point which moves slightly clockwise during the above sequence, (1) a fiber entering the rotor, (2) this fiber beginning to wrap around the body of the yarn rather than being twisted into the tail of the yarn, (3) the fiber continuing to wrap, and (4) the final view of such a wrapper fiber.core more often. At higher speeds the rotor diameter or the navel should be changed to reduce false twist; otherwise, the yarn qualities will deteriorate.With smaller rotors the presence of wrapper fibers is less pronounced than with larger rotors. Even though more wrapper fibers exist owing to the fact that more fibers are delivered to the peeling point of the rotor, the wrapper fibers are wound fewer times around the yarn core than with large rotors. Therefore, yarns produced on smaller rotors tend to be more hairy, but less bulky than similar yarns produced with larger rotors.Overall, the factors relating to wrapper fiber formation must be adjusted so that the minimum number of wrapper fibers are produced for a given speed. Wrapperfibers cannot be entirely removed, or productivity would be restricted; however, excessive wrapper fibers will result in low quality, aesthetically displeasing yarn. Advantages and Disadvantages of Rotor Spun YarnThe primary attraction of rotor yarn is its production cost advantage over ring spun yarn. Because of its high degree of automation and higher productivity, a pound of rotor yarn can be produced with approximately one third the labor needed to produce ring spun yarn. Part of the labor reduction is attributed to the high automation of the system. Some other primary advantages include: (1) Lower defect levels compared to the other spinning systems, particularly fewer yarn long thick and thin places; (2) Superior knit fabric appearance; (3) Lower fiber shedding at knitting or weaving than ring spun yarn; (4) Less torque than ring spun yarn; (5) Less energy per unit produced required than for ring spinning; (6) Less floor spaced required compared to ring and air jet spinning; (7) Sophisticated real time quality and production monitoring on each yarn position; and (8) Superior dyeability compared to ring spun yarn.As with any spinning system, some disadvantages exist with rotor yarns. From the initial development of rotor yarn, concerns have existed regarding the harshness of the yarn compared to ring spun yarn. Some developments have been made to offset the difference through special spinning setups or fabric finishing; however, fabrics produced from rotor and ring spun yarn are still readily distinguishable. These are other disadvantages of rotor yarn: (1) Low strength (approximately only 70 percent of ring spun yarn); (2) High pilling propensity compared to air jet yarn; (3) Accelerated needle wear at knitting compared to ring spun yarn; and (4) High maintenance costs compared to ring and air jet spinning.Critical Spin box Factors for Spinning Performance and QualityDraftOne of the first decisions that must be made when beginning to produce a yarn at rotor spinning is the weight of the sliver that should be fed into the machine. The relationship between the sliver weight and the yarn weight is the draft required by the machine. The machine draft can be calculated with the equation:Yarn Count (Ne)Draft=Sliver weight (gr/yd)8.33The preferred draft is different for the various machines available. For the Rieter R1, draft levels above 200 generally help yarn strength, evenness, and IPI defects. Because the Schlafhorst machines have a smaller combing roller, the preferred draft level is lower, usually less than 200.Rotor SpeedRotor speed has a strong correlation with yarn strength, elongation, evenness, shedding, and yarn breaks if all else is held constant. Increases in rotor speed cause increases in spinning tension, which disrupt fiber formation in the rotor. However, if arotor speed increase is made in conjunction with a rotor diameter decrease, it is possible to avoid a spinning tension increase and preserve yarn quality and ends down levels.SuctionA vacuum is generated at the end of the rotor spinning machine to provide suction at each spinning position. The suction helps to remove the fibers from the combing roller and to move them through the fiber transport channel. The removal of fibers occurs before the fibers make a full turn on the combing roller. The air that travels with the fibers through the transport channel is accelerated by approximately 50 percent as it moves into the rotor because of the taper of the channel and the extra air generated by the rotor and vacuum. The air then exits around the edge of the rotor. If any turbulence exists (because of improper setting of the rotor), if air leaks occur due to worn seals, of if the vacuum level is insufficient, yarn formation in the rotor will be adversely affected, and quality and efficiency will deteriorate.Combing Roller ZoneThe combing roller zone is schematically illustrated in figure. The sliver is delivered to the combing roller by the feed which turns at a speed that is based on both the draft and the yarn delivery speed set on the machine. The critical factors in the combing roller zone for optimal quality and running performance include: feed clutch wear, feed tray-to-combing roller spacing, combing roller speed, combing roller wire selection, and combing roller wire condition.Rotor ZoneThe rotor zone can be defined as the combination of the rotor, twin disc assembly, and rotor drive belt. Critical factors influencing quality and machine performance in this zone include: rotor speed/diameter, rotor groove, rotor stem wear, rotor cup wear, twin disc wear, and rotor belt wear and alignment.Yarn Withdrawal Zone (Navel and Doff tube)The fiber bundle formed in the rotor is withdrawn through a navel and doff tube. These components not only guide the newly formed yarn out of the spin box, but contribute significantly to spinning performance and to yarn characteristics As mentioned previously, movement of yarn against the navel introduces a false twist that strengthens the yarn between the rotor and delivery roller. Similarly, inserts can be added into the doff tube to increase friction on the yarn and therefore to increase false twist. However, some measure taken to increase false twist cause evenness of the yarn to deteriorate. Critical factors in the yarn withdrawal zone include navel selection, navel spacing (the distance from the navel surface to the peeling point of the fibers from the rotor), and doff tube selection.Critical Winding and Piecing Factors for Spinning Performance and Quality Winding ZoneThe winding zone consists of the area from which the yarn exits the spin box to the drum that turns the package. The optimal setup of the winding zone is strongly dependent on the end use of the yarn. For instance, if the yarn is to be dyed, the desired package density would be low to allow dye to pass through the package. Thus, tension would be set lower than for yarns for weaving or knitting applications. Weaving packages are usually wound with relatively high tension to allow for a high density, heavy package, so it has to be changed less frequently at the next process, thereby helping processing efficiency. If a knitting yarn is being produced, wax must be applied at the winding zone to help to lubricate the yarn in order to reduce yarn-to-metal friction at the knitting machine.Critical factors to control in the winding zone to produce a high quality package include: yarn tension setting, angle of wind, cradle pressure, cradle pressure, cradle alignment, yarn traverse displacement, delivery roller wear, wax application, and drive tire condition. The winding tension is the ratio in speed of the winding drum and the delivery roller that pulls the yarn out of the spin box. As a rule of thumb, the higher the tension, the lower the yarn elongation, and the harder the package. Automatic Piece ConsiderationThe modern rotor spinning machines are equipped with a piece that travels along themachine, automatically rejoining the yarns that have stopped spinning. When thepiece reaches a stopped position, the spin box is opened and cleaned automatically using a plastic scraper that cleans the groove and a brush that removes loose residue. These are critical factors involving piece-ups: piece efficiency, piecing strength, and piecing appearance.译文：气流纺纱气流纺纱是通过强大的气流是纤维分离,然后把纤维加捻卷绕在转子上。
2023年新疆纺织服装行业现状及发展趋势分析模板
05
品牌提升和市场国际化是未来发展重点
市场需求稳步增长
1. 人口增加带动市场需求增长：随着新疆人口的增加和城市化进程的推进，纺织服装行业的市场需求稳步增长。新疆人口稳定增长，特别是年轻群体逐渐成为消费主力，对时尚、舒适的服装需求不断提升，推动了市场的扩大。
新疆纺织服装品牌提升
1. 通过市场调研数据显示，目前新疆纺织服装品牌在国内市场的知名度相对较低，仅有20%的消费者能够准确记住新疆纺织服装品牌的名称。2. 根据最近一年的销售额数据显示，新疆纺织服装品牌的平均销售额相较于全国平均水平低出20%。
3. 对于品牌形象的调查显示，消费者普遍认为新疆纺织服装品牌在设计感、品质保证和创新性方面相对不足。
市场情况
纺织服装行业现状
1. 新疆纺织服装行业市场规模稳步增长。根据数据显示，2021年新疆纺织服装行业总产值达到XXX亿元，同比增长XX%。
1. 农村市场潜力巨大。据调研数据显示，新疆农村地区纺织服装市场价值超过XXX亿元，其中近X%的农村居民表示愿意购买中高端品牌服装。
1. 高技术含量产品逐渐占据市场份额。随着科技不断进步，新疆纺织服装行业开始推出采用智能纺织技术生产的产品，预计2022年，高技术含量产品将占据市场份额的XX%。
2. 推广绿色制造技术，采用环保材料和工艺，减少对环境的影响。例如，采用水性染料替代传统染料，减少废水排放和化学物质的使用，实现纺织行业可持续发展。
1. 加强数字化技术应用，提高生产过程的智能化和信息化水平。通过建立数字化生产线，实现生产数据的实时监测和分析，以提升生产效率和产品质量，并为企业决策提供数据支持。4.
供需平衡改善
01
写一份纺织厂降本增效计划
写一份纺织厂降本增效计划英文回答：To increase cost-effectiveness in our textile factory, I have devised a plan that focuses on several key areas. By implementing these strategies, we can reduce expenses and improve efficiency.1. Streamline production processes: One way to achieve cost reduction is by optimizing our production processes. By identifying bottlenecks and eliminating unnecessary steps, we can improve productivity and reduce waste. For example, we can implement lean manufacturing principles to eliminate non-value-added activities and improve workflow.2. Invest in automation: Automation can significantly increase efficiency and reduce labor costs. By introducing automated machinery and robotics, we can improve production speed and accuracy. This will also free up human resources for more complex tasks that require creativity and problem-solving skills.3. Improve supply chain management: Efficient supply chain management is crucial for cost reduction. By closely monitoring inventory levels and establishing strong relationships with suppliers, we can minimize stockouts and negotiate better pricing. Additionally, implementing just-in-time inventory management can further reduce storage costs and minimize waste.4. Enhance workforce training: Investing in thetraining and development of our employees can lead to improved productivity and quality. By providing regular training sessions and workshops, we can ensure that our workforce has the necessary skills to perform their tasks efficiently. This will also help reduce errors and rework, resulting in cost savings.5. Implement energy-saving measures: Energy costs can be a significant expense for a textile factory. By implementing energy-saving measures such as using LED lighting, optimizing machine settings, and installingenergy-efficient equipment, we can reduce our energy consumption and lower utility bills.中文回答：为了增加我们纺织厂的降本增效，我制定了一个计划，重点关注几个关键领域。
纺织行业及纺织专业英文术语
纺织行业及纺织专业英文术语The textile industry is a major sector that plays a vital role in the contemporary society. This industry is involved in the production of fabrics, clothing, and other textiles. The textile industry has a rich history that dates back to ancient times, and it has evolved significantly over the years. In this document, we will explore the textile industry and examine some of the essential English terms in the textile field.Introduction to the Textile IndustryAs mentioned earlier, the textile industry is responsible for producing fabrics, clothing, and other textiles. It is a significant sector that employs millions of people across the world. Initially, textiles were made from natural fibers such as cotton, silk, and wool. However, with technological advancements, synthetic fibers such as polyester, nylon, and spandex have become widely used.The textile industry is a critical economic activity in many countries, particularly in developing nations. This sector contributes to gross domestic products and employs a significant number of people. The industry chain of the textile industry includes several aspects such as:1. Fiber production2. Yarn production3. Fabric production4. Dyeing and printing5. Garment productionEach of the steps listed above requires specific expertise and knowledge.Essential English Terms in the Textile Industry1. Warp and WeftWarp and weft are essential terms in the textile industry. The warp is the lengthwise thread in a fabric, while the weft is the crosswise thread. Together, they create the woven or knitted pattern of the fabric.2. DenierDenier is a unit used to measure the weight and thickness of fabric. It measures the mass of fiber per unit length. A higher denier means that the fabric is thicker and more durable.3. GSM (Grams per Square Meter)GSM is a unit used to measure the weight of fabric per square meter. It is commonly used to indicate the weight of a fabric used to make clothing or other products.4. WeaveWeave refers to the pattern created when fabric threads are interlaced, producing a particular fabric look and feel.5. Dyeing and PrintingDyeing is the process of coloring fabrics or fibers. There are various techniques involved in the dyeing process, such as pigmentation, vat dyeing, and reactive dyeing.Printing is the process of applying ink or other coloring agents onto the surface of the fabric. It can be done using several printing techniques such as screen printing, digital printing, and rotary printing.6. Textile FinishingTextile finishing refers to the application of chemicals to improve the fabric texture, durability, and appearance. Examples of textile finishing processes include washing, softening, and finishing.7. Textile RecyclingTextile recycling is the process of converting old and used textiles into new products. This process provides a sustainable solution to textile waste and reduces the environmental impact of the textile industry.ConclusionThe textile industry is a vast field encompassing various aspects such as fiber production, yarn production, fabric production, dyeing and printing, garment production, textile finishing, and textile recycling. The industry has essential English terms that are important for individuals working in this sector. These terms include warp and weft, denier, GSM, weave, dyeingand printing, textile finishing, and textile recycling. Knowing these terms will help individuals understand the nuances of the textile industry and help them in their work.。
纺织品的询盘英文范文
纺织品的询盘英文范文English:Dear Sir/Madam,We are interested in purchasing a variety of textile products for our upcoming spring and summer collection. We would like to inquire about the availability and pricing of cotton, linen, and silk fabrics in different colors and patterns. Additionally, we are also looking for options for custom printing or embroidery on the fabrics. Please provide us with a catalog of your available textiles, including specifications and pricing, as well as information on the minimum order quantity and lead time for production. We are also interested in knowing if you offer any samples for quality and color testing. Thank you for your attention to this matter, and we look forward to your prompt response.Sincerely, [Your Name]中文翻译:尊敬的先生/女士，我们有兴趣购买各种纺织品，以备我们即将推出的春夏系列。
我们想了解棉、亚麻和丝绸织物在不同颜色和图案上的供货情况和价格。
市场的动荡英文作文
市场的动荡英文作文The market is in turmoil, prices are fluctuating wildly, and investors are feeling the heat. It's a rollercoasterride of uncertainty and anxiety as people watch their investments rise and fall in the blink of an eye.Panic is setting in as people scramble to make sense of the chaos. Some are selling off their stocks in a desperate attempt to salvage what they can, while others are holding on for dear life, hoping for a miracle turnaround.The news is filled with doom and gloom, with experts predicting the worst and offering little in the way of reassurance. It's a perfect storm of fear and uncertainty, and no one seems to have any answers.In the midst of all this chaos, there are those who see opportunity. They thrive on the volatility of the market, making bold moves and reaping the rewards. For them, the turmoil is just another day at the office, and they relishthe chance to prove their mettle.Amidst all the chaos, one thing is clear: the market is a fickle beast, and trying to predict its next move is a fool's errand. It's a wild, unpredictable ride, and only time will tell where it will end up.。
激烈的商业竞争英语作文
选修3-4高考真题（全国卷）1、（2015年全国卷1）(1)(5分)在双缝干涉实验中，分别用红色和绿色的激光照射同一双缝，在双缝后的屏幕上，红光的干涉条纹间距△x1与绿光的干涉条纹间距△x2相比，△x1△x2(填“>”、“=”或“<”)。
若实验中红光的波长为630 nm，双缝与屏幕的距离为1.00 m，测得第l条到第6条亮条纹中心问的距离为10.5 mm，则双缝之间的距离为mm。
(2)(10分)甲、乙两列简谐横波在同一介质中分别沿x轴正向和负向传播，波速均为 =25 cm／s。
两列波在t=0时的波形曲线如图所示。
求(i)t=0时，介质中偏离平衡位置位移为l6 cm的所有质点的x坐标；(ii)从t=0开始，介质中最早出现偏离平衡位置位移为－16 cm的质点的时间。
2、（2015年全国卷2）(1)(5分) 如图，一束光沿半径方向射向一块半圆形玻璃砖，在玻璃砖底面上的入射角为θ，经折射后射出a、b两束光线，则（填正确答案标号，选对1个给2分，选对2个得4分，选对3个得5分，每选错1个扣3分，最低得分0分）A．在玻璃中，a光的传播速度小于b光的传播速度B．在真空中，a光的波长小于b光的波长C．玻璃砖对a光的折射率小于对b光的折射率D．若改变光束的入射方向使θ角逐渐变大，则折射光线a首先消失E．分别用a、b光在同一个双缝干涉实验装置上做实验，a光的干涉条纹间距大于b光的干涉条纹间距（2）（10分）平衡位置位于原点O 的波源发出简谐横波在均匀介质中沿水平x 轴传播，P 、Q 为x 轴上的两个点（均位于x 轴正向），P 与Q 的距离为35cm ，此距离介于一倍波长与二倍波长之间，已知波源自t=0时由平衡位置开始向上振动，周期T =1s ，振幅A =5cm 。
当波传到P 点时，波源恰好处于波峰位置；此后再经过5s ，平衡位置在Q 处的质点第一次处于波峰位置，求： （ⅰ）P 、Q 之间的距离（ⅱ）从t =0开始到平衡位置在Q 处的质点第一次处于波峰位置时，波源在振动过程中通过路程。
生厂商纺织品的自我介绍英语
生厂商纺织品的自我介绍英语英文回答：Hello, my name is Sarah and I am a manufacturer of textiles. I am passionate about creating high-quality fabrics and garments that meet the needs of our customers. Our company has been in the textile industry for over 20 years, and we take pride in our craftsmanship and attention to detail.We specialize in producing a wide range of textiles, including cotton, silk, and polyester fabrics. Our team of skilled workers and designers work tirelessly to ensurethat each product meets our strict quality standards. Whether it's a luxurious silk blouse or a durable cotton t-shirt, we strive to provide our customers with the best possible products.One of the things that sets us apart from other manufacturers is our commitment to sustainability. We useeco-friendly materials and production methods to minimize our impact on the environment. For example, we have invested in water-saving technologies and renewable energy sources to reduce our carbon footprint.In addition to our focus on quality and sustainability, we also prioritize customer satisfaction. We work closely with our clients to understand their needs and preferences, and we are always open to feedback and suggestions. Our goal is to build long-lasting relationships with our customers and provide them with products that exceed their expectations.Overall, I am proud to be a part of a company that values quality, sustainability, and customer satisfaction. We are constantly striving to improve and innovate, and we look forward to continuing to provide our customers with the best textiles on the market.中文回答：大家好，我叫Sarah，我是一家纺织品制造商。
纺织品英语
服装纺织贸易实用英文产品检验及标准方面质量标准：QUALITY STANDARD（OEKO-TEX STANDARD 100、ISO9002、SGS、ITS、AATCC、M&S）客检：CUSTOMER INSPECTION 台板检验：TABLE INSPECTION 经向检验：LAMP INSPECTION 色牢度：COLOR FASTNESS 皂洗色牢度：WASHING COLOR FASTNESS 摩擦色牢度：RUBBING / CRICKING COLOR FASTNESS 光照色牢度：LIGHT COLOR FASTNESS 汗渍色牢度：PERSPIRATION COLOR FASTNESS 水渍色牢度：WATER COLOR FASTNESS 氯漂白色牢度：CHLORINE BLEACH COLOR FASTNESS 尺寸稳定性：DIMENSIONAL STABILITY 外观持久性：APPEARANCE RETENTION 拉伸强度：TENSILE STRENGTH 撕破强度：TEAR STRENGTH 接缝滑裂：SEAM SLIPPAGE 抗起毛起球性：PILLING RESISTANCE 耐磨性：ABRASION RESISTANCE 拒水性：WATER REPELLENCY 抗水性：WATER RESISTANCE 织物密度：THREAD PER INCH/STICH DENSITY 纱支：YARN COUNT 克重：WEIGHT产品疵点方面：疵点：DEFECT/FAULT 经柳：STREAKY WARP 断经：BROKEN END 急经：RIGHT END 粗纬：COARSE PICKS 粗经：COARSE END 断纬：BROKEN PICKS 纬斜：SKEWING/SLOPE 横档：FILLING BAR 污迹：STAIN/DIRT 异型丝：GOAT/FOREING YARN 破洞：HOLE 色花：SHADE VARIATION/COLOR DIFFERENCE/COLOR DIVIATION 色柳：COLOR STRIPE 渗色：COLOR BLEEDING 褪色：COLOR FADING/DISCOLOR 擦伤：SCRATCH/BARASION/WINCH MARK 松板印：MOIRE EFFECTS 折痕：CREASE MARK整理方面染色前整理：PREMINARY FINISHE （PFP，PFD）退浆：DESIZING染色：DYEING 固色：COLOR FIXING 后整理：AFTER FINISH / AFTER TREATMENT 热定型：HEAT SETTING 树脂整理：RESIN FINISH 切割：CUT轧花：EMBOSSED/LOGOTYPE 涂层：COATING （PVC、PU、PA）涂白：WHITE PIGMENT 涂银：SILVER 烫金：GOLD PRINT 磨毛：BRUSHED 起皱：CRINKED/ CREPED 轧泡：BUBBLED 丝光：MERCERIZED 硬挺：STIFFENING 抗静电：ANTI-STATIC 抗起球：ANTI-PILLING 防羽绒：DOWN PROOF 防霉：ANTI-FUNGUS 免烫：WASH AND WEAR 砂洗：STONE WASHED 阻燃：FLAM RETARDANT 环保染色：AZO FREE / NO AZO 防水：W/P （WATER SHRINKAGE ）拒水：W/R （WATER REPELLENT ）缩水：W/S （WATER SHRINKAGE ）印花：PRINTING 涂料印花：COAT PRINTING 拔染印花：DISCHARGE PRINTING 平网印花：PLATE SCREAM PRINTING 圆网印花：ROTARY SCREAM PRINTING 转移印花：TRANSFER PRINTING 烂花：BURN OUT 模版印花：BLOCK PRINTING 纸版印花：PAPER STENCIL纺织品英语（专业帖）一、上装的成品术语西服Western-style clothes 又称西装背心vest 也称为马甲或坎肩牛仔服cowboy's clothes中山服Zhongshan coat 又称中山装茄克jacket猎装hunting wear衬衫shirt棉袄cotton padded coat羽绒服down coat二、装的成品术语背心裙Jumper skirt斜裙bias skirt鱼尾裙fish tail skirt超短裙miniskirt 又称迷你裙褶裙pleated-skirt筒裙barrel skirt, tube skirt 又称统裙、直裙或直统裙旗袍裙cheongsam skirt, hobble skirt, slim skirt西服裙skirt 又称西装裙西裤trousers西短裤short pants中式裤Chinese style slack裙裤culotte牛仔裤jeans背带裤bib pants马裤riding breeches灯笼裤knickerbockers, knickers, bloomers, pantalets 连衣裤overalls喇叭裤flare trousers, bell-bottom pants三、全身装成品术语连衣裙one-piece dress旗袍Qipao, Chinese dress新娘礼服bridal gown, bridal veil燕尾服swallow-tailed coat, swallowtail夜礼服evening dress, evening suit大衣overcoat风雨衣weather-all coat & cloak披风dress smock, manteau, mantle睡袍night-gown睡衣裤sleepwear套装suit经柳：STREAKY WARP断经：BROKEN END急经：RIGHT END粗纬：COARSE PICKS粗经：COARSE END断纬：BROKEN PICKS纬斜：SKEWING/SLOPE横档：FILLING BAR污迹：STAIN/DIRT异型丝：GOAT/FOREING YARN破洞：HOLE色花：SHADE VARIATION/COLOR DIFFERENCE/COLOR DIVIATION 色柳：COLOR STRIPE渗色：COLOR BLEEDING褪色：COLOR FADING/DISCOLOR擦伤：SCRATCH/BARASION/WINCH MARK松板印：MOIRE EFFECTS折痕：CREASE MARK起球balling up起球lint ball起球pilling布面小圈ballooning织疵、疵点flaw布面拖纱Flying threads蛛网Float loop蛛网Entering draft多起Excessive lift破洞Bore洞（针织疵点）Duck eye破洞、破孔Holes开匹（疵布）Cut across卷边Curling selvedge卷边Rolled selvedge松边Baggy selvedge松边Loose edge/ selvedge紧边Tight list/selvedge弯曲布边（由纬纱退绕张力引起）Dog-legged selvedge破边Cut listing/ selvedge破边Broken selvedge破边Ripped selvedge破边Torn selvedge坏边Edge end break缩边Pilled-in selvedge宽窄不匀布边Uneven selvedge毛边Rough selvedge三角形破洞Hang pick布幅不足Narrow width布面不匀Uneven cover布面不匀Rowdy波浪形布面Wavy face厚薄段Thick and thin places粗经Thick filling断经Thread out紧经、急经Tight end/thread紧纬、急经Tight filling/pick起伏不平的布Ridgy cloth起伏不平的布边Slack selvedge布边浮经Selvedge float霜白疵、起霜花（印染引起）frosting剪毛不良blur条痕、条花barring稀布bare cloth错花Broken figures稀弄Crack筘痕Cracked ends夹起Defective lift刀线Darts and steels布头纬向皱横Decating mark小环结Duvet落针，停经片：drop wire粗粒Fag拖浆、罩色（印花疵点）Facing跳花、跳纱Felter跳花、跳纱harness skip飞花织入Gout飞花织入Loom fly浆斑Hard size搭头印（手工印花疵点）Joining stencil mark红印色Keel搭色Marking off霉、生霉Mildew普通瑕疵、中类Minor defects次要瑕疵、大类Major defects主要瑕疵、特大类Super major defects错纬Mispick花纹少织（多梭箱织机的换纬运动不良造成Weaving under浆斑Starch lump开车痕Start-up marks条花疵点Stripy defects筘痕Reed mark局部纹路不明（主要由于开口运动或投梭失常所致）Shuttle mark 拖浆Snap/snappers渍经Stain warp斑点染色、染斑Staining胶着类（生丝疵点）Gum knots丝把发硬Gummed books丝胶发硬Gummed skeins双经/纬（生丝疵点）Double flat双片丝（生丝疵点）Double skeins 灰点（绸缎疵点）break-mark断纬（丝）broken course切丝Cut ends螺旋类（生丝疵点Corkscrews螺旋疵（捻丝疵点）Corkscrew twist 螺旋线（并线疵点）Corkscrews yarn 毛羽类Hairiness粗经Heavy end粗纬Heavy filling/pick打把不正Improper making of book 扣丝失当Improper skein lacking打绞不正Improper skein twisting纬疵Irregular pick长短绒档Irregular pile bar丝绞不正Irregular skeins络交不正Irregular traverse松紧捻档Irregular twist streak长结Knots缫丝下脚，小糙疵Knub环结Loops双丝Marriages绒毛、拉绒Nap针洞Pin hole浮丝Raised threads里料：LINING平纹：TAFFETA斜纹：TWILL缎面：SATIN / CHARMEUSE绡：LUSTRINE提花：JACQUARD烂花：BURNT-OUT格子：CHECK条子：STRIPE双层：DOUBLE – LAYER双色：TWO –TONE绣花织物embroidered fabric抽绣punch work无纺织物bondedfibre fabric网眼织物mesh fabric贴花刺绣applique embroidery提花丝织物figured silk绒线刺绣crewel work双列凸纹(浮线)组织：Double cote双棱哗叽[法国制,每一完全组织10经10纬]：Double denbigh plain tricot双梳栉经平组织：Double elastic webbing弹性袋织组织：Double fabric重经组织：Double pique复式凹凸(单面浮线)组织,点纹组织：Double plush双面长毛绒组织：Double satin加强缎纹组织：Double weave经纬双层组织：Double weft weave纬二重组织：Double-large weave双层组织：Doup weave沙罗组织：Double loop(=double loop stitch)重经组织,双线圈：Double plain weave双层平纹组织：Drap bresilliene丝毛呢[丝经毛纬,二上二下斜纹组织,法国制] ：Drap satin丝光毛纬[表面为缎纹组织,上光] ：Drill weave斜纹布,二上一下经面斜纹组织：Duplex soft-filled sheeting双面绒布[变化斜纹组织] ：Double vandyke stitch双梳栉经缎组织：Accordion stitch单面提花组织：Allemande阿勒芒德灯芯绸[变化斜纹组织,法国制] ：Armure小卵石纹薄呢2.小卵石纹组织：Armure weave小卵石纹组织,花岗石纹组织：Army oxford军用牛津布[双经双纬平纹组织衬衫料] ：Art weave艺术花纹[菱形几何图案组织]：Artillery twill斜纹马裤呢2.三上一下63°急斜纹(组织)：Astrakan经缎毛圈组织：Astrakhan(=astrachan)仿羔皮织物2.俄国羔皮,卷毛羔皮3.经缎毛圈组织：Atlas缎纹织物[八枚或五枚]2.经编缎纹组织：Atlas milanese米兰尼斯经缎组织：Atlas net经缎网眼组织：Atlas tricot经编缎纹织物,特利考经缎组织：Barathea巴拉西厄毛葛[丝经毛纬,卵石纹组织]2.巴拉西厄军服呢或礼服呢[精纺方平斜纹组织] ：Barrege 丝毛纱罗[丝经毛纬,纱罗组织] ：Basket席纹,方平组织：Basket cloth方平组织棉布,绣花(用)十字布：Basket fabric方平网眼织物,蜂巢形网眼织物2.方平组织织物：Basket stitch方平式贴线缝绣,席纹组织：Basket twill方平组织,板丝组织,席纹组织：Bird's-eye pique鸟眼凹凸组织(织物),菱形纹凹凸组织(织物)：Bliss twill四上二下斜纹组织：Brighton weave(变化)蜂巢组织,(变化)蜂窝组织：Broad rib阔罗纹组织,2+2双罗纹组织：Broken pattern色纬次序错乱,错花,错组织[织疵]：Broken twill(=cross twill)破斜纹组织：Buckskin weave鹿皮组织[八综缎纹] ：Cable stitch绞花组织,辫子组织：Calico weave平纹组织：Camelina卡默利纳粗绒呢[方平组织]：Cameline卡默利粗绒呢[方平组织] ：Canton cotton广东棉绒布[中支经,粗支纬,斜纹组织]：Cardigan rib(=cardigan stitch)畦编组织[指鱼鳞花纹]：Cardigan stitch畦编组织：Cardigan(rib)stitch畦编组织[鱼鳞花纹] ：Cargaison卡格松亚麻布[中等重量,平纹组织,法国制] ：Cashmere silk卡丝米毛葛,开士米毛葛[蚕丝经精纺毛纬,斜纹组织] ：Cashmere twill卡丝米斜纹,开士米斜纹[一上二下斜纹组织] ：Cattle hair cloth牛毛厚呢[斜纹组织,低级毯]：Celtic twill方块斜纹组织：Chain stitch绞花组织,链式针迹：Chain weave链纹组织,链式组织：Check cord亩组织格子2.平纹条格布：Chinchilla weave灰鼠纹组织[纬线起毛形如灰鼠皮] ：Cloky泡泡组织物,缬缬织物,泡泡点纹：Cloque泡泡沙,泡泡组织织物：Cloque泡泡组织织物,缬缬织物,泡泡点纹[法国用语]：Cobourg科堡斜纹呢[二上一下组织或二上二下组织]：Combined weave(=combination weave)联合组织[两种以上不同组织联合而成的组织]：Compound twill复合斜纹[两种或两种以上的不同斜纹的复合组织] ：Contracting stitching收缩线圈，收缩（针织）组织：Cord weave凸条组织,棱纹2.经向灯芯布,凸条纹布：Cordelat柯迪拉长绒厚呢[二上二下斜纹组织,法国制] ：Corkscrew twill螺旋斜纹(组织)：Cotton weave平纹组织[别名]：Covert weave经面斜纹[一般用缎纹组织] ：Crepe起绉组织：Crepe janigor杰尼果绉[粘胶人丝及无光粗酯人丝相间作经,精纺毛纬,厚重棱纹组织,染后呈不同色泽,美国制] ：Crepe lisse亮光绉[上光和上浆的皱纹组织] ：Crepe ondese翁代斯绉绸[人造丝和粗酯纤维绉织物,组织粗松]：Crepe soleil有光人丝绉[缎纹组织]：Crepe vitylla维耶勒绉呢[毛经棉纬,二上二下斜纹组织]：Crepe weave皱纹组织,呢地组织：Crepe-effect weave皱纹组织：Crepe-like texture绉绸状结构,绉绸状组织：Crepine小点皱纹绸[点纹由织物组织形成] ：Creseau粗起绒帆布[平纹组织] ：Cross twill破斜纹组织：Crowfoot satin破斜纹组织,四枚缎：Curved twill曲线斜纹组织：Cut check破斜纹方格组织：Cut stripe阴阳斜条组织,变化方平组织：Denim粗斜纹布,劳动布[色经,白纬,斜纹组织,做工作服用] ：Derby rib 德比式罗纹组织[6＋3罗纹组织] ：Derivation weave(织物)变化组织：Devon huck德文郡组织[十经六纬]2.德文郡毛巾织物：Diagonal急斜纹(组织)2.贡斜纹：Diagonal rid weave斜棱纹组织,贡斜纹组织：Diagonal weave急斜纹组织2.贡斜纹：Diamond weave菱形花纹组织：Dice weave阴阳小方格组织,阴阳菱形组织,席纹组织：Dobby weave多臂提花组织,多臂花式组织：Doeskin weave仿麂皮组织,驼丝棉组织[五经缎纹组织]：Double atlas(fabric) 双梳栉经缎组织：Double bar cord stitch双梳栉经绒组织：Double blister莫代尔Modal / Modal Rayon凸条布Bedford Cord雪尼尔Chenille花缎Damask毛布Flannel丕布Grey Cloth / Greige被单布Sheeting春亚纺：PONGEE花瑶：FAILLE高士宝：KOSHIBO雪纺：CHIFFON乔其：GEORGETTE塔丝隆：TASLON弹力布：SPANDEX/ELASTIC/STREC/LYCRA牛仔布：JEANET牛津布：OXFORD帆布：CAMBRIC白条纺：WHITE STRIPE黑条纺：BLACK STRIPE空齿纺：EMPTY STRIPE水洗绒/桃皮绒：PEACH SKIN 卡丹绒：PEACH TWILL绉绒：PEACH MOSS玻璃纱：ORGANDY单幅single width双幅double width丹尼尔denier提花jacquard条纹stripe条格花纹check,plaid多臂花式织dobby平纹织布plain密织平纹broad cloth彩色格子布gingham check斜纹劳动布dungaree牛津布oxford斜纹布twill牛仔布denim,jean丝光卡其军服布chino cloth双绉布crepe de cine乔其布georgette缎纹布satin缎背绉satin-back crepe凹凸组织pique棉绒cotton velvet灯心绒corduroy丝绒，天鹅绒velvet哔叽呢serge华达呢gaberdine苏格兰格子tartan check小方格子花纹gien check粗呢，粗花呢tweed纬呢斯缎纹venetian法兰绒fiannel麦尔登呢melton柳条绉crepe泡泡布sucker马德拉斯条子细布madras check 茧绸，山东府绸silk pongee花塔夫taffeta人造短纤维spun rayon植绒印花flock printing半透明处理，烂花处理，乳白处理opal printing凹凸扎花，拷花处理emboss finish桃皮起毛处理peach-skin finish上胶涂布coating双面布double faced fabric针织布knitted fabric单面针织布single jersey双面针织布double jersey平针织布plain knitting fabric双罗纹织布，棉毛double rib罗纹织rib毛巾布，起毛毛圈布terry丝绒velour绒头纱布pile cloth平布：PLAIN CLOTH粗平布：COARSE SHEETING中平布：PLAIN CLOTH细平布：FINE PLAIN粘纤平布：VISCOSE PLAIN CLOTH富纤平布：POLYNOSIC PLAIN CLOTH粘/棉平布：VISCOSE/COTTON PLAIN CLOTH粘/维平布：VISCOSE/VINYLON PLAIN CLOTH涤/棉平布：T/C PLAIN CLOTH涤/粘平布：POLYESTERE/VISCOSE PLAIN CLOTH棉/丙平布：COTTON/POLYPROPYLENE PLAIN CLOTH 棉/维平布：C/V PLAIN CLOTH细纺：CAMBRIC涤/棉细纺：T/C CAMBRIC府绸：POPLIN纱府绸：POPLINETTE线府绸：THREADY POPLIN涤/棉府绸：T/C POPLIN棉/维府绸：C/V POPLIN麻纱：HAIR CORDS柳条麻纱：STRIPED HAIR CORDS异经麻纱：END-AND-END HAIR CORDS提花麻纱：FIGURED HAIR CORDS罗布：LENO-LIKE CLOTH罗缎：BENGALINE，TUSSORES巴厘纱：VOILE麦尔纱：MULL防绒布：DOWN-PROOF FABRIC双经布：DOUBLE ENDS FABRIC双纬布：DOUBLE WEFT FABRIC蓝白花布：INDIGO PRINT纱斜纹：SINGLE DRILL线斜纹：THREADY DRILL粗斜纹：COARSE DRILL细斜纹：JEAN哔叽：SERGE纱哔叽：SINGLE SERGE粘胶哔叽：VISCOSE SERGE华达呢：GABERCORD纱华达呢：SINGLE GABERCORD线华达呢：THREADY GABERCORD卡其：KHAKI DRILL单面卡其：ONE-SIDED DRILL双面卡其：REVERSIBLE DRILL纱卡其：SINGLE DRILL线卡其：THREADY DRILL人字卡其：POINTED DRILL缎纹卡其：WHIPCORD涤/棉卡其：T/C DRILL直贡：TWILLED SATIN纱直贡：SINGLE TWILLED SATIN羽绸：SATINET线直贡：THREADY TWILLED SATIN横贡：SATEEN绒布：FLANNELETTE单面绒布：IRREVERSIBLE FLANNELETTE双面绒布：BOTH-SIDE RAISED FLANNELETTE斜纹绒布：TWILLED FUSTIAN，FLANNEL TWILLS厚绒布：HEAVY FLANNELETTE灯芯绒：CORDUROY粗条灯芯绒：SPACIOUS WALED CORDUROY中条灯芯绒：MID-WALE CORDUROY细条灯芯绒：PINWALE CORDUROY特细条灯芯绒：ULTRA-FINE CORDUROY提花灯芯绒：FIGURED CORDUROY弹力灯芯绒：ELASTIC CORDUROY棉/涤灯芯绒：T/C CORDUROY仿平绒：VELVETEEN-LIKE FABRIC烂花仿平绒：ETCHED-OUT VELVETEEN-LIKE FABRIC 平绒：VELVET AND VELVETEEN纱罗织物：LENO AND GAUZE牛津布：OXFORD竹节布：SLUBBED FABRIC结子布：KNOP FABRIC提花布：FIGURED CLOTH提格布：CHECKS绉布：CREPE皱纹布：CREPPELLA泡泡纱：SEERSUCKER轧纹布：EMBOSSING CLOTH折绉布：WRINKLE FABRIC水洗布：WASHER WRINKLE FABRIC稀密条织物：THICK AND THIN STRIPED FABRIC经条呢：WARP STRIPEED FABRIC华夫格：WALF CHECKS巴拿马：PANAMA服装衬布：PADING CLOTH树脂衬布：RESIN PADDING CLOTH热熔粘合衬布：HOT-MELT ADHESIVE PADDING CLOTH黑炭衬：HAIR INTERLINING马尾衬：HAIR CLOTH粘纤织物：SPUN RAYON FABRIC富纤织物：POLYNOSIC FABRIC氨纶弹力织物：SPANDEX STRETCH FABRIC中长化纤织物：MIDFIBRE FABRIC纬长丝织物：WEFT FILAMENT MIXED FABRIC纬长丝大提花仿绸织物：SILK-LIKE FABRIC JACQUARD仿麂皮织物：SUEDE FABRIC仿麻布：LINEN TYPE CLOTH合纤长丝仿麻布：POLYSTER LINEN TYPE FILAMENT FABRIC低弹涤纶丝仿毛织物：WOOL-LIKE FABRIC WITH TRUE-RAN LOW-ELASTIC YARN 凉爽呢：WOOL-LIKE FABRIC雪尼儿织物：CHENILLE FABRIC柔道运动服织物：FABRIC OF JUDO WEAR医药用纱布：MEDICAL GAUZE尿布：DIAPER烂花布：ETCHED-OUT FABRIC全包芯纱烂花布：COMPOSITE YARN ETCHED-OUT FABRIC混纺纱烂花布；BLENDED YARN ETCHED-OUT FABRIC帆布：CANVAS遮盖帆布：CANVAS OF COVER橡胶帆布：RUBBER CANVAS鞋用帆布：PLIMSOLL DUCK百页布：BAIYE FABRIC滤布：FILTRATION FABRIC印花衬布：PRINTING BLANKET圆筒布：TUBULAR FABRIC43-3丙纶长丝滤布：POLYPROPYLENE FILAMENT FILTRATION FABRIC 729-涤纶大圆筒滤布：POLYESTER TUBULAR FILTRATION FABRIC 318锦纶布：318 POLYAMIDE FABRIC锦纶布：601 POLYAMIDE FABRIC伞布：UMBRELLA CLOTH砂皮布：ABRASIVE CLOTH玻璃纤纬织物：GLASS-FIBRE FABRIC土工模袋布：FABRICFORM标准贴衬织物：STANDARD ADJACENT FABRIC家具布：UPHOLSTERY FABRIC窗帘布：WINDOW BLIND FABRIC贴墙布：WALL CLOTH粘晴大提花装饰织物：R.A JACQUARD ORNAMENTAL FABRIC漂白织物：BLEACHED FABRIC染色织物：DYED FABRICS印花织物：PRINTED FABRIC拒水整理织物：WATER REPELLENT FANISH FABRIC拒油整理织物：OIL-REPELLENT FINISH FABRIC阻燃整理织物：FLAME RETARDANT FINISH FABRIC预缩整理织物：SHRUNK FINISH FABRIC防皱整理织物：CREASE RESISTANT FINISH FABRIC柔软电整理织物：ANTISTATIC FINISH FABRIC易去污整理织物：SOIL RELEASE FINISH FABRIC减量整理织物：DEWEIGHTING FINISH FABRIC增重整理织物：WEIGHTED FINISH FABRIC液氨整理织物：LIQUID AMMONIA FINISH FABRIC电光整理织物：SCHREINER FINISH FABRIC轧光整理织物：CALENDER FINISH FABRIC涂层整理织物：COATED FINISH FABRIC轧纹整理织物：GAUFFERED FINISH FABRIC磨绒整理织物：SANDED FINISH FABRIC防蛀整理织物：MOTH PROOF FINISH FABRIC防毡缩整理织物：ANTIFELTING FI混纺织物mixture fabric, blend fabric钩编编织物crochet编织物braided fabric棉织物：COTTON FABRIC平纹织物：PLAIN CLOTH斜纹织物：TWILL CLOTH缎纹织物：SATIN AND SATEEN CLOTH纯纺织物：PURE YARN FABRIC混纺织物：BLENDED FABRIC混并织物：MIXTURE交织织物：MIXED FABRIC服装用织物：DRESS FABRIC装饰用织物：FURNISHING FABRIC产业用织物：TECHNICAL FABRIC粗花呢：costume tweed弹力呢：lycra woolen goods塔丝绒：Nylon taslon塔丝绒格子：N/Taslon ripstop桃皮绒：(polyester) peach skin丝光针织Mercerized knit粗横棱纹织物Ottoman梳织不纹布Poplin色丁Satin / Sateen粒纱Slub yarn等纺毛纱Special Yarn绣帷/织锦Tapestry毛染Top dye印度格布Madras抽条磨毛天鹅绒：Rib fleece velvet雪花天鹅绒：melange velvet轧花天鹅绒：ginning velvet粒粒绒布：pellet fleece velvet麻棉混纺布：linen/cotton blended fabric麻棉交织布：linen/cotton mixed fabric素色毛巾布：solid terry蚂蚁布：fleece in one side素色卫衣布：solid fleece兔羊绒大衣呢：Angora cachmere overcoating双面呢：double-faced woolen goods羊毛立绒呢：cut velvet顺毛呢：over coating粗花呢：costume tweed弹力呢：lycra woolen goods塔丝绒：Nylon taslon塔丝绒格子：N/Taslon ripstop桃皮绒：polyester peach skin涤塔夫：polyester taffeta春亚纺：polyester pongee超细麦克布：Micro fiber锦棉稠(平纹)：Nylon-cotton fabric （plain）重平锦棉稠：Nylon-cotton-cotton fabric(double weft) 人字锦棉纺：Nylon-cotton fabric斜纹锦棉纺：Nylon-cotton fabric (twill)素色天鹅绒：solid velvet靛蓝青年布：Indigo chambray人棉布植绒：Rayon cloth flockingPVC植绒：PVC flocking针织布植绒：Knitting cloth flocking珠粒绒：Claimond veins倒毛：Down pile making平绒：velveteen (velvet-plain)仿麂皮：Micro suede牛仔布植绒：Jeans flocking尼丝纺：Nylon taffeta (Nylon shioze)尼龙塔夫泡泡纱：Nylon seersucker taffeta素面植绒：plain flocking印花植绒：flocking(flower)雕印植绒：Embossing flocking皮革沟底植绒：Leather imitation flocking牛仔植绒雕印：Embossing jeans flocking春亚纺：polyester pongee超细麦克布：Micro fiber ：又叫雪克，超细春亚纺，比常规春亚纺原料要细，一般用50D/72F，65D/204F，50D/96F等极细纤维做成，多为平纹，常用做羽绒服面料，手感很好。
市场竞争的英语作文
市场竞争的英语作文In the realm of business, competition is an inevitable aspect that drives innovation and shapes the landscape of industries. The following essay delves into the intricacies of market competition, its benefits, challenges, and the strategiesthat companies employ to stay ahead.Market competition refers to the rivalry among firms to achieve a larger share of consumer spending by offeringbetter products or services. It is a fundamental concept inthe capitalist economy, where the 'survival of the fittest' principle prevails. Companies engage in various tactics to outperform their rivals, which can range from improvingproduct quality to aggressive pricing strategies.One of the most significant benefits of market competition is the drive for innovation. As companies vie for customers,they are compelled to develop new products and services that meet the evolving needs and preferences of consumers. This constant push for improvement leads to advancements in technology and the introduction of groundbreaking solutions that can transform industries.Moreover, competition fosters efficiency in the market. Businesses strive to optimize their operations to reducecosts and offer competitive prices. This efficiency not only benefits the companies by increasing their profits but also consumers, who enjoy better products at lower prices.However, market competition also poses challenges. The pressure to outperform can lead to a race to the bottom, where companies compromise on quality to cut costs. Additionally, the intense rivalry can result in unethical practices, such as false advertising or predatory pricing, which can harm the overall market environment.To navigate the competitive landscape, companies adopt various strategies. One such strategy is differentiation, where a company sets itself apart from competitors by offering unique products or services. Another is cost leadership, where a company aims to become the low-cost producer in its industry, thereby enabling it to offer lower prices to consumers.Collaboration and strategic partnerships also play a crucial role in market competition. By forming alliances, companies can pool their resources and expertise to create products or services that are superior to those of their rivals.In conclusion, market competition is a double-edged sword. While it spurs innovation and efficiency, it also presents challenges that companies must navigate carefully. By understanding the dynamics of competition and employing effective strategies, businesses can not only survive but thrive in the competitive marketplace. It is through this ongoing contest that the business world continues to evolve and improve, ultimately benefiting consumers and driving economic growth.。
纺织工程英文作文
纺织工程英文作文英文回答：Textile engineering is a broad field of engineeringthat encompasses the production, processing, and properties of textile materials. Textile engineers design, develop, and improve textile products, including fabrics, yarns, and fibers. They work in a wide range of industries, including fashion, manufacturing, and healthcare.Textile engineering is a challenging and rewarding field. Textile engineers must have a strong understanding of mathematics, physics, and chemistry. They must also be creative and have a good eye for detail.There are many different career paths available to textile engineers. They can work in research and development, design, manufacturing, or sales. Textile engineers can also work in government or academia.The job outlook for textile engineers is expected to be good over the next few years. The demand for textile products is expected to increase as the population grows. Textile engineers will be needed to develop new and innovative textile products that meet the needs of consumers.Here are some of the specific tasks that textile engineers may perform:Research and develop new textile materials。
纺织工程英文作文
纺织工程英文作文英文：As a textile engineer, my job is to design and develop new fabrics and textiles for various applications. This involves a lot of research and testing to ensure that the materials are durable, comfortable, and functional.One of the most important aspects of textile engineering is understanding the properties of different fibers and fabrics. For example, cotton is a popular choice for clothing because it is breathable and comfortable, but it may not be the best choice for outdoor gear because it does not wick moisture away from the body. On the other hand, synthetic fibers like polyester and nylon are often used for athletic wear because they are moisture-wicking and quick-drying.Another important aspect of textile engineering is developing new manufacturing techniques to improveefficiency and reduce waste. For example, we may use computer-aided design (CAD) software to create patterns and designs, or we may use 3D printing to create prototypes before starting production.In addition to technical skills, communication and collaboration are also important in textile engineering. We often work with designers, manufacturers, and other engineers to ensure that our products meet the needs of our customers. This may involve presenting our research and ideas to a team, or working with suppliers to source materials.Overall, textile engineering is a challenging and rewarding field that requires a combination of technical skills, creativity, and collaboration.中文：作为一名纺织工程师，我的工作是设计和开发各种应用的新织物和纺织品。
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Competitive Dynamics
• Competitive actions and responses taken by all
firms competing in a market
5
個案:General Mills
早餐穀片市場
主要競爭者—家樂氏 與Post (Philip Morris旗下的Kraft)
Feedback
Definitions
Competitors
– firms operating in the same market, offering similar products and targeting similar customers
Competitive rivalry
– the ongoing set of competitive actions and responses occurring between competitors
競爭手法—價格/創新 產品
– 買一送一的促銷
General Mills 的問 題
– 現有競爭者 – 潛在競爭者 – 供應商的貨源受污染
1995年GM總裁宣佈 取消價格促銷戰術
– 家樂氏跟進 – Post乘機爭奪市場 – 次要競爭者(私有品牌)
伺機大顯身手
• 改良產品 • 提高效率 • 和零售商建立良好關係
to them – how well the firm anticipates and responds to
its competitors’ initial actions
Competitive rivalry
– affects all types of strategies – most dominant influence is on the firm’s
Competitive dynamics
– the total set of actions and responses taken by all firms competing within a market
4
From Competitors to Competitive Dynamics
Competitors
business-level strategy or strategies.
7
A Model of Competitive
Rivalry
Competitive Analysis
feedback
• Market commonality
• Resource similarity
Outcomes • Market position • Financial performance
Controls
Chapter 12 Strategic Leadership
Chapter 13 Strategic Entrepreneurship
Strategic Outcomes Strategic Actions
Strategic
Competitiveness
Above-Average
Returns
– competitive rivalry influences an individual firm’s ability to gain and sustain competitive advantages
3
Definitions
Competitive behavior
– the set of competitive actions and competitive responses the firm takes to build or defend its competitive advantages and to improve its market position
Drivers of Competitive Behavior
• Awareness • Motivation • Ability
Interim Rivalry • Likelihood of Attack • First mover incentives • Organizational size • Quality • Likelihood of Response • Type of competitive action • Reputation • Market dependence 8
Chapter 5
Competitive Rivalry and Competitive Dynamics
Michael A. Hitt R. Duane Ireland Robert E. Hoskisson
©2003 Southwestern Publishing Company
1
Strategic Inputs
Engage in Competitive rivalry
Why? How?
What results?
• To gain an advantageous market position
• Through competitive behavior • Competitive actions • Competitive responses What results?
Chapter 5 Competitive Rivalry
and Competitive Dynamics
The Strategic Management Process
Strategy Implementation
Chapter 10 Corporate Governance
Chapter 11 Organizational Structure and
大廠的競爭反應
– 減價 – 私有品牌利潤受到壓
縮而出售產品線
6
Effect of Competitive Rivalry on a Firm’s Strategies
Success of a strategy is determined by:
– the firm’competitive actions – how well it anticipates competitors’ responses
Chapter 2 The External Environment
Chapter 3 The Internal Environment
Strategic Intent Strategic Mission
Strategy Formulation
Chapter 4 Business-Level
Strategy