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康奈尔笔记模板完整攻略+详细教程

康奈尔笔记模板完整攻略+详细教程

康奈尔笔记模板完整攻略+详细教程大家好,我是小白,今天我们讲述的是,康纳尔笔记模板的使用,其实康纳尔笔记,就是一张白纸,横划两下,竖划两下,一张白纸就画成了这样:再加上几个字,一篇完整的康奈尔笔记模板就出来了。

DUANG~是不是很简单?那么,小白今天就来跟大家一起学习一下,这个模板到底应该如何运用呢?NO1. 编号NO2. 标题NO3. 线索NO4. 笔记-归因溯源NO5. 笔记-延伸变化NO6.。

总结收获,-------------NO.1-编号,是一篇笔记的索引根据,当你确定了你的阅读计划之后,可以在一张白纸上写清楚你书单每本书的编号,例如我们在阅读《好好说话》这本书的时候,可以用编号100作为母编号,以后凡是《好好说话》里面的内容都可以用作101,,102,103等排序来编号,这样小小的设计也是为了系统的学习时,能够很轻松的对笔记进行整理。

NO.2 标题,标题是对文章的概括,可以用书名+章节名来填写,例如《好好说话》里面,标题可以写成《好好说话》沟通NO3 线索,这个设计主要是为了以后在检索时,能够一眼看出这篇笔记写的什么内容,通常用几个词语来概括就OK啦,切忌不要写的繁复。

NO4,笔记-归因溯源,这个是我们训练营的初创,也是我们认为很重要的一部分,归因溯源就是从文章当中剥丝抽茧,提取文章的核心观点,通过1234这样的数字序号进行排列,起到逻辑严密,观点突出的作用,当然要迅速掌握这一套方法,还需要多学多练,我们的为期21天第一期的课程就会讲到这个内容,到时候大家踊跃的参加吧!NO5 笔记-延伸变化,这个特色设计是我们为了避免有些同学为了做笔记而做笔记,将笔记做的毫无作用,延伸变化,顾名思义就是通过上面的归因溯源得到的观点运用到现实生活当中的案例,能想到的都写上去就可以了。

NO6.总结收获,在这里,要运用极度概括的句子,一方面对上面的内容进行总结,另外一方面,还需要对收获内容进行阐述,在这里,内容也不要多,不超过100个字为宜。

图解世界公认最好用的笔记法—康奈尔笔记法,可用于上课、读书、复习、记忆、会议记录,推荐给孩子们!

图解世界公认最好用的笔记法—康奈尔笔记法,可用于上课、读书、复习、记忆、会议记录,推荐给孩子们!

图解世界公认最好用的笔记法—康奈尔笔记法,可用于上课、读书、复习、记忆、会议记录,推荐给孩子们!康奈尔笔记法,由康奈尔大学的Walter Pauk博士发明。

这种记笔记的方法广泛运用于上课、读书、复习、记忆、会议记录等地方。

它还能让你的笔记系统化,让你不知不觉参与到知识的创造中去。

不仅能提高你的学习工作效率,还能帮助你得到预期的知识转化效果。

康奈尔笔记布局康奈尔笔记步骤1.在页面顶端写上你的课程名称,日期,授课的题目或者所读书目的标题。

坚持这样做,这样会让你的笔记更加系统,而且当你复习的时候也更加容易找到你想要复习的那部分内容。

2.在每页最大的一块区域做笔记。

当你在听课或者阅读的时候,只能把笔记记在右手边的区域。

笔记应该包括:老师在黑板上的所有板书内容或者是幻灯片中的内容。

3.利用笔记做主动学习,包括主动的听讲和阅读。

当你要把遇到的每个要点都记下来。

留意重要信息的发出讯号。

如果你的老师这样子说:“XXX的三个最重要的含义是……”或者“XXX现象发生,是由两个基本的原因造成的,”那么,这样的信息就应该被记到你的笔记当中。

如果你在聆听一个讲座,那么,被反复强调的东西就有可能是重要的。

这些小窍门在你阅读文本的时候也同样受用。

课本一般会把重要的内容用粗体字标记出来,而且书中的图表信息也值得我们再三斟酌。

4.保持简洁。

想着这一点:你的笔记最后要可以成为授课内容或者所读书本的一个大纲。

专注于获取关键词或者关键语句,这样你才能跟得上授课或者演讲人的速度——之后你将有足够的时间查缺补漏。

不要试图把每一个字都记在纸上,使用着重号、特殊符号(比如用“&”代替“和”)、缩略词或者你自己“发明”的速记符号。

这样你更容易保持注意力去跟上思路,同时也没有遗漏掉信息。

5.记录中心思想,抛开解释性的例子。

把主旨或者主要思想记下来,而不要试着去记录那些例证,例证只是为了证明中心思想而存在的。

对中心思想的转述不仅可以节约时间和空间,也会迫使你用自己的语言表述那些给出的观点,这将会让你更容易记住他们。

康奈尔笔记的方法

康奈尔笔记的方法

康奈尔笔记的方法嘿,朋友们!今天咱来聊聊康奈尔笔记法呀!这可是个超棒的学习和记录的好法子呢!你看啊,康奈尔笔记就像是给知识盖了一座特别的房子。

首先呢,得有一大块地方来放“课堂实录”,就像房子的主体结构,把老师讲的重点啊、关键内容啊都一股脑儿地记下来。

这可不能马虎,得认真听,仔细记。

然后呢,在旁边留一块小地方,就像给房子开了个小窗户,这是用来写“要点提炼”的。

等课后或者复习的时候,把那些最重要的点拎出来,写在这里,就像从窗户看出去,能一下子看到最关键的景色。

还有啊,最下面得有一大块空地,这可是房子的大院子呀,是用来写“总结反思”的。

在这里,你可以好好想想,这些知识和以前学过的有啥联系呀,自己掌握得怎么样啊,有没有啥地方还不太懂呀。

用康奈尔笔记法,就好像给自己的学习之路铺上了整齐的砖石。

你想想,要是没有这么个好方法,知识不就像散沙一样,乱糟糟的嘛!那可不行,咱得把它们好好整理起来。

比如说学历史吧,老师讲了一大通历史事件,你就在“课堂实录”里详细记下来。

课后,把最重要的时间、人物、事件概要写在“要点提炼”里。

最后,在“总结反思”里写一写对这段历史的感受,或者想想如果自己在那个时候会怎么做。

再比如学数学,那些公式、定理,都先记在“课堂实录”,然后在“要点提炼”里把关键的公式单独拎出来。

在“总结反思”里就可以写自己做错题的原因,或者是对某个定理的独特理解。

康奈尔笔记法还特别适合复习呢!你拿着笔记,先看看“要点提炼”,回忆一下知识的重点,要是想不起来,再去看看“课堂实录”。

等复习完了,再看看“总结反思”,检查自己是不是真的掌握了。

咱可不能小瞧了这个方法呀,它就像一个贴心的学习小助手,帮咱把知识整理得井井有条。

有了它,学习就像有了导航一样,不会迷路啦!所以呀,朋友们,赶紧用起来吧,让康奈尔笔记法带咱在知识的海洋里畅游,去发现更多的精彩,去收获满满的知识果实,难道不是吗?。

了不起的盖茨比英文读书笔记

了不起的盖茨比英文读书笔记

The Great Gatsby ReviewThe Great Gatsby is probably F. Scott Fitzgerald' s greatest novel--a book that offers damning and insightful views of the American nouveau riche in the 1920s.The Great Gatsby is an American classic and a wonderfully evocative work. Like much of Fitzgerald' s prose, it is neat and well--crafted. Fitzgerald seems to have had a brilliant understanding of lives that are corrupted by greed and incredibly sad and unfulfilled. The novel is a product of its generation--with one of American literature's most powerful characters in the figure of Jay Gatsby, who is urbane and world-weary. Gatsby is really nothing more than a man desperate for love.The AuthorF. Scott Fitzgerald was born on September 24, 1896, in St. Paul, Minnesota. His first novel's success made him famous and let him marry the woman he loved, but he later descended into drinking and his wife had a mental breakdown. Following the unsuccessful Tender is the Night, Fitzgerald moved to Hollywood and became a scriptwriter. He died of a heart attack in 1940, at age 44, his final novel only half completed.OverviewThe Great Gatsby is a story told by Nick Carraway, who was once Gatsby's neighbor, and he tells the story sometime after 1922, when the incidents that fill the book take place. As the story opens, Nick has just moved from the Midwest to West Egg, Long Island, seeking his fortune as a bond salesman. Shortly after his arrival, Nick travels across the Sound to the more fashionable East Egg to visit his cousin Daisy Buchanan and her husband, Tom, a hulking, imposing man whom Nick had known in college. There he meets professional golfer Jordan Baker. The Buchanans and Jordan Baker live privileged lives, contrasting sharply in sensibility and luxury with Nick's more modest and grounded lifestyle. When Nick returns home that evening, he notices hisneighbor, Gatsby, mysteriously standing in the dark and stretching his arms toward the water, and a solitary green light across the Sound.One day, Nick is invited to accompany Tom, a blatant adulterer, to meet his mistress, Myrtle Wilson, a middle-class woman whose husband runs a modest garage and gas station in the valley of ashes, a desolate and run-down section of town that marks the convergence of the city and the suburbs. After the group meets and journeys into the city, Myrtle phones friends to come over and they all spend the afternoon drinking at Myrtle and Tom's apartment. The afternoon is filled with drunken behavior and ends ominously with Myrtle and Tom fighting over Daisy, his wife. Drunkenness turns to rage and Tom, in one deft movement, breaks Myrtle's nose.Following the description of this incident, Nick turns his attention to his mysterious neighbor, who hosts weekly parties for the rich and fashionable. Upon Gatsby's invitation (which is noteworthy because rarely is anyone ever invited to Gatsby's parties — they just show up, knowing they will not be turned away), Nick attends one of the extravagant gatherings. There, he bumps into Jordan Baker, as well as Gatsby himself. Gatsby, it turns out, is a gracious host, but yet remains apart from his guest — an observer more than a participant — as if he is seeking something. As the party winds down, Gatsby takes Jordan aside to speak privately. Although the reader isn't specifically told what they discuss, Jordan is greatly amazed by what she's learned.As the summer unfolds, Gatsby and Nick become friends and Jordan and Nick begin to see each other on a regular basis, despite Nick's conviction that she is notoriously dishonest (which offends his sensibilities because he is "one of the few honest people" he has ever met). Nick and Gatsby journey into the city one day and there Nick meets Meyer Wolfshiem, one of Gatsby's associates and Gatsby's link to organized crime. On that same day, while having tea with Jordan Baker, Nick learns the amazing story that Gatsby told her the night of his party. Gatsby, it appears, is in love with Daisy Buchanan. They met years earlier when he was in the army but could not be together because he did not yet have the means to support her. In the intervening years, Gatsbymade his fortune, all with the goal of winning Daisy back. He bought his house so that he would be across the Sound from her and hosted the elaborate parties in the hopes that she would notice. It has come time for Gatsby to meet Daisy again, face-to-face, and so, through the intermediary of Jordan Baker, Gatsby asks Nick to invite Daisy to his little house where Gatsby will show up unannounced.The day of the meeting arrives. Nick's house is perfectly prepared, due largely to the generosity of the hopeless romantic Gatsby, who wants every detail to be perfect for his reunion with his lost love. When the former lovers meet, their reunion is slightly nervous, but shortly, the two are once again comfortable with each other, leaving Nick to feel an outsider in the warmth the two people radiate. As the afternoon progresses, the three move the party from Nick's house to Gatsby's, where he takes special delight in showing Daisy his meticulously decorated house and his impressive array of belongings, as if demonstrating in a very tangible way just how far out of poverty he has traveled.At this point, Nick again lapses into memory, relating the story of Jay Gatsby. Born James Gatz to "shiftless and unsuccessful farm people," Gatsby changed his name at seventeen, about the same time he met Dan Cody. Cody would become Gatsby's mentor, taking him on in "a vague personal capacity" for five years as he went three times around the Continent. By the time of Cody's death, Gatsby had grown into manhood and had defined the man he would become. Never again would he acknowledge his meager past; from that point on, armed with a fabricated family history, he was Jay Gatsby, entrepreneur.Moving back to the present, we discover that Daisy and Tom will attend one of Gatsby's parties. Tom, of course, spends his time chasing women, while Daisy and Gatsby sneak over to Nick's yard for a moment's privacy while Nick, accomplice in the affair, keeps guard. After the Buchanans leave, Gatsby tells Nick of his secret desire: to recapture the past. Gatsby, the idealistic dreamer, firmly believes the past can be recaptured in its entirety. Gatsby then goes on to tell what it is about his pastwith Daisy that has made such an impact on him.As the summer unfolds, Gatsby and Daisy's affair begins to grow and they see each other regularly. On one fateful day, the hottest and most unbearable of the summer, Gatsby and Nick journey to East Egg to have lunch with the Buchanans and Jordan Baker. Oppressed by the heat, Daisy suggests they take solace in a trip to the city. No longer hiding her love for Gatsby, Daisy pays him special attention and Tom deftly picks up on what's going on. As the party prepares to leave for the city, Tom fetches a bottle of whiskey. Tom, Nick, and Jordan drive in Gatsby's car, while Gatsby and Daisy drive Tom's coupe. Low on gas, Tom stops Gatsby's car at Wilson's gas station, where he sees that Wilson is not well. Like Tom, who has just learned of Daisy's affair, Wilson has just learned of Myrtle's secret life — although he does not know who the man is — and it has made him physically sick. Wilson announces his plans to take Myrtle out West, much to Tom's dismay. Tom has lost a wife and a mistress all in a matter of an hour. Absorbed in his own fears, Tom hastily drives into the city.The group ends up at the Plaza hotel, where they continue drinking, moving the day closer and closer to its tragic end. Tom, always a hot-head, begins to badger Gatsby, questioning him as to his intentions with Daisy. Decidedly tactless and confrontational, Tom keeps harping on Gatsby until the truth comes out: Gatsby wants Daisy to admit she's never loved Tom but that, instead, she has always loved him. When Daisy is unable to do this, Gatsby declares that Daisy is going to leave Tom. Tom, though, understands Daisy far better than Gatsby does and knows she won't leave him: His wealth and power, matured through generations of privilege, will triumph over Gatsby's newly found wealth. In a gesture of authority, Tom orders Daisy and Gatsby to head home in Gatsby's car. Tom, Nick, and Jordan follow.As Tom's car nears Wilson's garage, they can all see that some sort of accident has occurred. Pulling over to investigate, they learn that Myrtle Wilson, Tom's mistress, has been hit and killed by a passing car that never bothered to stop, and it appears to have been Gatsby's car. Tom, Jordan, and Nick continue home to East Egg. Nick, nowdisgusted by the morality and behavior of the people with whom he has been on friendly terms, meets Gatsby outside of the Buchanans' house where he is keeping watch for Daisy. With a few well-chosen questions, Nick learns that Daisy, not Gatsby, was driving the car, although Gatsby confesses he will take all the blame. Nick, greatly agitated by all that he has experienced during the day, continues home, but an overarching feeling of dread haunts him.Nearing dawn the next morning, Nick goes to Gatsby's house. While the two men turn the house upside down looking for cigarettes, Gatsby tells Nick more about how he became the man he is and how Daisy figured into his life. Later that morning, while at work, Nick is unable to concentrate. He receives a phone call from Jordan Baker, but is quick to end the discussion — and thereby the friendship. He plans to take an early train home and check on Gatsby.The action then switches back to Wilson who, distraught over his wife's death, sneaks out and goes looking for the driver who killed Myrtle. Nick retraces Wilson's journey, which placed him, by early afternoon, at Gatsby's house. Wilson murders Gatsby and then turns the gun on himself.After Gatsby's death, Nick is left to help make arrangements for his burial. What is most perplexing, though, is that no one seems overly concerned with Gatsby's death. Daisy and Tom mysteriously leave on a trip and all the people who so eagerly attended his parties, drinking his liquor and eating his food, refuse to become involved. Even Meyer Wolfshiem, Gatsby's business partner, refuses to publicly mourn his friend's death. A telegram from Henry C. Gatz, Gatsby's father, indicates he will be coming from Minnesota to bury his son. Gatsby's funeral boasts only Nick, Henry Gatz, a few servants, the postman, and the minister at the graveside. Despite all his popularity during his lifetime, in his death, Gatsby is completely forgotten.Nick, completely disillusioned with what he has experienced in the East, prepares to head back to the Midwest. Before leaving, he sees Tom Buchanan one last time. When Tom notices him and questions him as to why he didn't want to shake hands, Nickcurtly offers "You know what I think of you." Their discussion reveals that Tom was the impetus behind Gatsby's death. When Wilson came to his house, he told Wilson that Gatsby owned the car that killed Myrtle. In Tom's mind, he had helped justice along. Nick, disgusted by the carelessness and cruel nature of Tom, Daisy, and those like them, leaves Tom, proud of his own integrity.On the last night before leaving, Nick goes to Gatsby's mansion, then to the shore where Gatsby once stood, arms outstretched toward the green light. The novel ends prophetically, with Nick noting how we are all a little like Gatsby, boats moving up a river, going forward but continually feeling the pull of the past.The Great Gatsby is at once a romantic and cynical novel about the wealth and habits of a group of New Yorkers during the Jazz Age. Fitzgerald's writing is unassailably magnificent, as he paints a grim portrait of shallow characters who maneuver themselves into complex situations. This classic American novel is required reading for a lot of high school students, and it can definitely be appreciated and understood on some levels by teenagers. However, Fitzgerald's use of language and symbolism is best appreciated by mature readers able to analyze literature and think critically. Some characters express racial and religious prejudice.Some Thoughts1. “They were careless people, Tom and Daisy—they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money and vast carelessness, or whatever it was that kept them together, and let other people clean up the mess they had made…”That’s one of my favorite lines from F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, the greatest novel in 20th century American literature. The book is full of fantastic lines, from “her voice is full of money” to “That’s all a girl can hope to be in this world, a beautiful little fool”. With such great lines, it seems like a great candidate for adaptation into film.Such notions have so far been wrong. The two surviving movie versions of The Great Gatsby are horrible, and many have deemed Fitzgerald’s masterpiece “unfilmable”.To my own surprise, however, Baz Lurhman (Romeo + Juliet is laughably bad), has managed to achieve the impossible, and make a good film out of an amazing but peculiar novel.Of course, many critics have denounced Lurhman’s newest project as mediocre. You can browse the Rotten Tomatoes page for yourself, but I have quite a different opinion. This surprises me, as my impressions from the trailers weren’t good; Leonardo Dicaprio is, in my opinion, only a decent actor, and I wasn’t feeling the artistic direction Lurhman took.You should understand how much I love the novel. I study English at college, and my area of greatest interest is the American modernist movement. Fitzgerald is a fine example of fantastic fiction writing. So, to say I hold The Great Gatsby near and dear to my heart would be an understatement.2. The story is good, but it’s honestly not a story you haven’t heard before. To me, the beauty of The Great Gatsby is found in 1) Fitzgerald’s prose and 2) the layers and layers and layers of complexity of the novel.In the realm of simple stories with all kinds of underlying complexity, The Great Gatsby is as good as they come. Every character is rich, and I don’t mean monetarily rich.Even minor characters that come and go, like the owl-eyed man in Gatsby’s library, serve a purpose. In that case, the owl-eyed man—the “wise” one, if you will—is the only person who’s really on to Gatsby’s double life.The list of symbols goes on and on: Dr. T.J. Eckleburg’s eyes. The green light on Daisy’s dock. The constant references to color in the book.And EVERY SINGLE WORD is written with purpose. The book is so short andreadable that it’s easy to just skip right past some of this stuff. And that’s okay, if you do. The Great Gatsby can be easily read as just a great story, but Fitzgerald did so much more with it.3. The unpredictable ending will leave you paralyzed as it did to me. This book shows you that you can’t always get what you want. Even if you are the richest person in the world, the world will always hold surprises for you. Wrapped up with a good lesson, “The Great Gatsby” will never l eave your mind. It will always be there like the green light on the Buchanan’s dock, flashing; signaling something more. As Nick says, “So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past.”The American dream is an ideal that has been present since American literature’s onset. Typically, the dreamer aspires to rise from rags to riches, while accumulating such things as love, high status, wealth, and power on his way to the top. The dream has had variations throughout different time periods, although it is generally based on ideas of freedom, self-reliance, and a desire for something greater. The early settlers’ dream of traveling out West to find land and start a family has gradually transformed into a materialistic vision of having a big house, a nice car, and a life of ease. In the past century, the American dream has increasingly focused on material items as an indication of attaining success. In The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby is a self-made man who started out with no money—only a plan for achieving his dream. He is so blinded by his luxurious possessions that he does not see that money cannot buy love or happiness. Fitzgerald demonstrates how a dream can become corrupted by one’s focus on acquiring wealth, power, and expensive things.Gatsby’s dream “is a naïve dream based on the fallacious assumption that material possessions are synonymous with happiness, harmony, and beauty”. His American dream has become corrupted by the culture of wealth and opulence that surrounds him.Daisy is the symbol of all that Gatsby strives for; her voice is full of money, as Gatsbydescribes it. Her voice was “full of money—that was the inexhaustible charm that rose and fell in it, the jingle of it, the cymbals’ song in it” . She can be interpreted as a twentieth-century siren because she ensnares men with her husky, mysterious voice. Gatsby became so enamored by her voice that he based all of his actions on winning Daisy over. Her voice contains the promise of vast riches. However, Gatsby is too late to realize that money is the only thing her voice promises. There is no compassion in Daisy, just as there is none in cold, hard cash. Gatsby’s idealism is so great that even though Daisy is married and they are having an affair, he assumes that his vision will be realized as long as she will say that she has never loved her husband, Tom. “Not content merely to repeat the past, Gatsby must also eradicate the years in which his dream lost its reality”. Daisy has been the object of Gatsby’s obsession for t he past five years, and his romanticism will not allow him to separate the past from the present. He still sees Daisy as the golden girl he knew five years ago, and he is still set on their golden future together.The drifting, careless, shallow people who comprise the social group of East Egg and West Egg are representative of the corruption that materialism can bring. Gatsby is surrounded by this materialism and discontent, which serves to tarnish his dream of success. His rags-to-riches dream turns into a dark nightmare that leads to his untimely downfall. His romantic idealism has not prepared him for the corrupt world in which he enters. Fitzgerald effectively offers a powerful critique of materialistic society and the effects it can have on one’s hope s and dreams.。

基于优化Gabor滤波器和GMRF的笔迹特征提取方法

基于优化Gabor滤波器和GMRF的笔迹特征提取方法

基于优化Gabor滤波器和GMRF的笔迹特征提取方法邱娟;谢昊;张传林【摘要】Extracting effective features to describe handwriting is always a key problem in writer identification. In order to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional Gabor filter method, as well as to fully exploit correlation between Gabor filtering coefficient, this paper proposes a novel method for handwriting feature extraction, which merges the global and local features together. Histogram Of Gradient(HOG)of the character strokes is firstly used to optimize the orientations of Gabor filter, then Gauss Markov Random Field(GMRF)models are developed for every filtered image to describe the different local spatial structures, and finally it obtains the overall style characteristics of the handwriting images. With the four most famous regular script writers’original samples and the collected English scripts as the experimental data, the minimum weighted Euclidean distance classifier is applied to classify handwriting samples, respectively achieving correct classification rates of 97.6% and 88.3% with five-fold cross validation method, which shows that the extracted features have strong ability to characterize the handwriting, and the proposed method is effective in handwriting feature extraction.%提取有效的特征一直是笔迹鉴别的关键问题,针对传统Gabor滤波器特征提取方法存在的不足,充分利用Gabor滤波系数间的相关关系,提出一种融合全局特征和局部特征的特征提取方法。

Gabor滤波特征提取

Gabor滤波特征提取

1 Gabor 滤波器组特征提取方法大量心理和生理学研究发现,在人类的低级视觉中,输入信号被一系列具有不同频率和方位的线性空间滤波器分解成一组频率和方位通道,Gabor 变换可以很好地描述这一信号分解过程,它具有两个很重要的特征:一是其良好的空间域与频率域局部化性质;二是无论从空间域的起伏特性上,方位选择特性上,空间域与频率域选择上,还是从正交相位的关系上,二维Gabor 基函数具有与大多数哺乳动物的视觉表皮简单细胞的二维感知域模型相似的性质。

因此,我们可以借鉴人类处理信号的特性,用包含多个Gabor 滤波器的滤波器组来对图像进行不同中心频率和方位的滤波处理,从而提取包含不同频率成分和不同方位的特征,作为目标的非参数化特征,研究其不同分辨率目标的特征与图像分辨率的关系。

考虑到计算效率的问题,不可能在Gabor 滤波器组中包含所有中心频率的滤波器,实际应用中通常根据经验选取某几个中心频率和方位。

2 二维Gabor 滤波器表达式一维Gabor 滤波器的空间域公式是:()⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=222exp 21,,σσπωσx x f f x ()x j f πω2exp (4-10)其中,σ是空间尺度因子,f ω是中心频率。

将它分解可以得到两个实滤波器:余弦Gabor 滤波器和正弦Gabor 滤波器,它们的形式如下:()⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=222exp 21,,σσπωσx x f f x r ()x f πω2cos (4-11)和()⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=222exp 21,,σσπωσx x f f x i ()x f πω2sin (4-12)与一维Gabor 滤波器类似,二维Gabor 滤波器的空间域描述为:()2222,,,,,(cos sin )(sin cos )1exp 222x y f f f f f f x y x y f x y x y x y σσωθθθθθπσσσσ=⎧⎫⎛⎫+-+⎪⎪-+ ⎪⎨⎬ ⎪⎪⎪⎝⎭⎩⎭(4-13)其中,x σ和y σ分别代表水平和垂直方位的空间尺度因子,f ω和f θ分别表示中心频率及方位。

康乃尔笔记法

康乃尔笔记法

康乃尔笔记法康乃尔笔记法,又称Cornell Note-taking System,是一种有效的笔记方法,广泛应用于学习和整理资料的过程中。

该方法灵感来源于美国康奈尔大学,被认为是一种提高知识获取和记忆效率的有效工具。

在使用康乃尔笔记法之前,首先需要准备一张标准的笔记本纸,将纸张划分为三个区域:笔记区、关键词区和总结区。

其中,笔记区占据了页面的大部分内容,用于记录讲座、阅读材料或视频中的重要信息。

为了保证笔记的有效性,我们需要遵循以下几个原则。

首先,在笔记区域中,我们要用自己的话语进行记录,避免简单的抄写。

这样可以加深对知识的理解,并且便于以后的回顾和复习。

其次,在笔记区域的边缘,我们可以使用关键词区域来记录重要的概念、定义、关键词或者问题。

将这些信息用关键词的形式呈现,可以帮助我们快速回忆相关内容,提高记忆效果。

最后,在页面底部的总结区域,我们要对整个笔记进行概括和总结。

可以用自己的话归纳主要观点、案例或者答案,这样可以加深对知识的理解和记忆。

同时,在总结区域中,我们可以列出一些问题,帮助自己回顾和检查自己对知识的掌握程度。

康乃尔笔记法的优势在于能够提高学习效率和整理笔记的准确性。

通过使用这种方法,我们可以更有目的地去学习和记录知识,在复习和考试时也更加得心应手。

总之,康乃尔笔记法是一种简单易行且高效的方法,可以帮助我们更好地学习和整理笔记。

通过合理利用笔记区、关键词区和总结区,我们可以更加系统地掌握所学知识,提高学习效果。

希望大家在学习和整理资料时能够尝试使用康乃尔笔记法,为自己的学习之路增添一份助力。

康奈尔笔记法及做评估技巧

康奈尔笔记法及做评估技巧

康奈尔笔记法及做评估技巧介绍康奈尔笔记法是一种高效的笔记方法,适用于研究、工作和做评估。

本文将介绍康奈尔笔记法的基本原理及如何运用该方法来提高研究和评估效果。

康奈尔笔记法的基本原理康奈尔笔记法最初由康奈尔大学的学生Walter Pauk提出,旨在帮助学生更好地记录、整理和复课堂笔记。

该方法鼓励学生将笔记分成三个主要部分:笔记区、关键词区和总结区。

笔记区在康奈尔笔记法中,笔记区是用来记录课堂内容或其他信息的主要区域。

在这个区域中,学生可以用他们自己的方式来记录信息,例如写下老师讲解的重点、课堂讨论的要点或自己的思考和理解。

重要的是要以简洁和有条理的方式来记录信息,以方便后续的整理和复。

关键词区关键词区是用来记录关键词、问题或思考的区域。

学生可以用这个区域来记录他们的问题、对课堂内容的思考或需要进一步了解的关键词。

这个区域可以帮助学生更好地理解和回顾笔记内容,并且可以作为复的重点和提示。

总结区总结区是用来总结和归纳笔记内容的区域。

这个区域提供了一个机会,让学生对整个课堂或某个主题进行总结,并从中提取出最重要的信息。

通过总结区,学生可以更好地理解和记忆课堂内容,同时也可以帮助他们在复和评估时快速回顾和找到需要的信息。

应用康奈尔笔记法进行评估康奈尔笔记法不仅适用于课堂研究,也可以应用于评估和研究活动。

以下是一些使用康奈尔笔记法进行评估的技巧:1. 阅读和理解评估材料时,使用康奈尔笔记法将关键信息记录在笔记区,并在关键词区记录引起思考和问题。

2. 在评估过程中,使用总结区对已经获得的信息进行总结和记忆,同时将最重要的发现和结论写在总结区。

3. 使用关键词区包含评估活动中的关键词、指标或问题,以帮助评估者更好地组织和分析信息。

通过应用康奈尔笔记法进行评估,评估者可以更好地记录和组织信息,整理思路,并更有效地进行评估和输出。

结论康奈尔笔记法是一种简单而高效的笔记和评估方法。

通过合理运用这一方法,我们可以更好地记录和整理信息,提高研究和评估的效果。

第四讲__富氏变换在L2空间和Gabor变换

第四讲__富氏变换在L2空间和Gabor变换
IR
Δ = 2π ∫∫ [ f (u + x) f (u )du ]g a ( x)dx
IR
Δ = 2π ∫ F ( x)g a ( x)dx
IR
// F ( x)偶函数
Δ = 2π ∫
+∞
−∞
F (0 − x) g a ( x)dx
+∞
2
Δ = 2π F * g a (0)
∴ lim Δ = lim g a ( x) f ( x) dx = 2π F (0) + + ∫
1 R
2
= {∫ ( g − ( x)) 2 dx}2
f
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故有
=
1 4π
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ˆ g
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ˆ >: 最后我们观察 < g , f ˆ − ( x) > ˆ >=< g , f ˆ >=< g , f < g, f
ˆ − ( x)dx = g − ˆ >= g ⋅ f < g, f ∫ ∫ ˆ ⋅ f ( x)dx
+∞ +∞ −∞ −∞
+∞
−∞
f (u )eiux du ⋅ g a ( x)]dx
Δ=∫
+∞
−∞
f ( y)∫
f (u )[ ∫ e jx (u − y ) g a ( x)dx ]dudy
因为前有: 1 − ixy − ay 2 ⎧ ⎪ g ( y ) = 2π e e ⎨ ∧ ⎪ g ⎩ ( y ) = ga ( x − y)
∵ f ( x) =
1 +∞ ∧ 1 +∞ f (ω )eiω x dω = g (ω )eiω x d ω ∫ ∫ −∞ −∞ 2π 2π +∞ 1 +∞ 1 1 − f ( x) = g (ω )eiω x dω = g (−ω )e − iω x d (−ω ) =: g ( x) ∫ ∫ 2π −∞ 2π −∞ 2π

康奈尔笔记法的关键步骤

康奈尔笔记法的关键步骤

康奈尔笔记法的关键步骤
康奈尔笔记法的关键步骤如下:
1、记录。

在听讲或阅读过程中,在主栏内尽量多记有意义的讲课内容。

2、简化。

结束记录以后,尽早将一些论据、概念简明扼要地概括在回忆栏,即副栏。

3、背诵。

把主栏遮住,只用回忆栏中的摘记提示,尽量完整地叙述记录过的内容。

4、思考。

将自己的感想、意见、经验体会之类的内容,与讲课内容区分开,写在卡片或笔记本的某一单独部分,加上标题和索引,编制成提纲、摘要,分成类目。

5、复习。

每周花一段时间,快速复习笔记。

先看回忆栏,适当看主栏。

康奈尔笔记流程

康奈尔笔记流程

康奈尔笔记流程Taking effective notes is a key part of the learning process. Cornell Note-taking System, developed by Walter Pauk in the 1940s, is a method used to take structured notes. 康奈尔笔记法是一种实用的笔记方法,旨在帮助学生更好地理解和记忆学习内容。

The Cornell Note-taking System is divided into three sections: a cue column, a notes column, and a summary section. 这个系统被分成三个部分:线索栏,笔记栏和总结栏。

线索栏用来记录问题或关键词,笔记栏用来记录详细信息,总结栏用来总结笔记的重点。

One major benefit of using the Cornell Note-taking System is that it encourages active engagement with the material. 这个方法的一个主要好处是可以帮助学生更积极地与学习材料互动。

通过提出问题和总结笔记,学生可以更好地理解和内化知识。

In addition to aiding comprehension, the Cornell Note-taking System also facilitates review and memorization. 除了帮助理解知识,康奈尔笔记法也有助于复习和记忆。

通过总结栏,学生可以快速浏览笔记的重点,并为考试做准备。

Another advantage of the Cornell Note-taking System is that it promotes organization and structure in note-taking. 康奈尔笔记法的另一个优点是可以帮助学生组织和结构化他们的笔记,使得信息更易于理解和运用。

康奈尔笔记模板

康奈尔笔记模板

康奈尔笔记模板康奈尔笔记模板是一种广泛应用于学习和记笔记的方法论。

这个方法论最早由美国康奈尔大学教育心理学家沃尔特·康奈尔提出并命名,旨在帮助学生更好地整理、梳理和深化学习内容。

该模板具有逻辑清晰、结构简练、易于复习和认记的特点,被许多学生和教育工作者广泛采用。

康奈尔笔记模板的基本结构包括三个主要部分:笔记区、问题区和总结区。

下面将详细介绍这三个部分的作用和使用方法。

1. 笔记区笔记区是康奈尔笔记模板中最主要的部分,用来记录听讲或阅读时的核心内容。

使用者可以将重点概念、关键词、例子、事实等信息记录在这一区域,以便日后复习和回忆。

在记录时应保持简洁明了,核心思想完整,内容不宜过于冗长。

2. 问题区问题区是为了帮助激发思考和加深理解而设置的。

在学习的过程中,我们常常会遇到一些疑问、不懂的地方或者自己的思考点。

将这些问题记录在问题区可以促使自己主动思考,激发思维,同时也为之后的复习提供了一些思考方向。

3. 总结区总结区是康奈尔笔记模板的最后一个部分,用于总结和归纳学习内容。

在这一区域中,使用者可以对笔记区的内容进行回顾、概括和总结,以加深对知识的理解和记忆。

总结区可以是几个关键词、一句话或一段几句话的总结,重点是要将之前的学习内容进行整合和梳理。

康奈尔笔记模板的使用技巧和注意事项有以下几点:1. 注重整理和归类在记录笔记的过程中,要注重整理和归类。

可以使用不同的颜色或符号来标注不同类型的信息,增加笔记的可读性和整体性。

2. 留白和补充康奈尔笔记模板的一页通常是一张纵向的A4纸,在记录笔记时要合理地利用空白区域,留下足够的空间用于之后的复习和补充。

如果在笔记过程中有什么补充或者新的想法,可以在空白区域添加。

3. 反复复习和加深理解康奈尔笔记模板是为了更好地记忆和理解知识而设计的,所以在复习过程中要反复查阅和回顾自己的笔记。

通过多次的复习和思考,可以加深对知识的理解和记忆。

4. 个性化调整每个人的学习方式和需求不同,可以根据自己的实际情况随时对康奈尔笔记模板进行调整和改进。

美国大学最流行的5种记笔记的科学方法,拿走不谢

美国大学最流行的5种记笔记的科学方法,拿走不谢

美国大学最流行的5种记笔记的科学方法,拿走不谢本文由拥有十六年美国律所背景的兆龙移民整理不论是上学的学生还是已经工作的成年人,在学习的时候都需要记录笔记。

笔记的工整与富有条理将大大提高学习质量,给大家推荐下面这些美国最流行的记笔记的方法和技巧,希望大家受益。

1、康奈尔笔记法第一个要说的就是大名鼎鼎的康奈尔笔记法。

这种笔记法是在上个世纪50年代由康奈尔大学教育学教授Walter Pauk首创的,详细的操作方法被写入了教授的一本畅销书How to Study in College。

后来这种笔记法被美国中学生和大学生广泛使用,简称为康奈尔笔记法。

如何使用:1. 首先把页面分为两列,较窄的一列置于左端,较宽的一列置于右端。

一般来说,右列是左列的两倍宽。

然后在整个页面的最下面留出大概5、6行的空间。

这样,我们就一共划出了三个空间。

2. 记笔记时,在左端较窄的列里记录关键词或者相关的问题,起到帮助掌握大框架的提示作用;在右端较宽的列里记录与关键词或问题相对应的内容,要尽量简洁明晰;最下端的空白处不需要在课堂听讲时使用,而是在听完课程后的24小时之内完成,主要用于根据笔记内容进行总结,帮助记忆和理解。

3. 在记录笔记时,如果关键词或问题不明确,可以先记录右端的内容,然后在整理笔记时归纳对应的关键词或问题。

4. 在复习时,把右端的列遮挡起来,仅根据左端列里的关键词和问题来进行回忆,试着复述出全部内容。

举例:下面的例子是物理学中物体三种形态的笔记,左端记录的是三个关键词“固体”、“液体”和“气体”,右端则对应地记录下这三种形态的特点,最下端应该在课后插入一段简短的总结。

2、提纲笔记法提纲笔记法是我们中国学生比较常用的,主要是通过“缩进”来实现信息分级的,同时也可以使用数字、字母等作为辅助来区分各项内容的上下级关系。

比较类似我们在写论文时使用Word编辑的文档。

如何使用:1. 把最笼统的分级从页面的最左边写起,然后根据分级依次缩进,同时可使用数字(如一,(一),1,(1),1)或字母(如A,(A),a,(a))等辅助分级。

康奈尔笔记法及做笔记技巧

康奈尔笔记法及做笔记技巧

康奈尔笔记法及做笔记技巧康奈尔笔记法如何记笔记记笔记的目的1.记忆记笔记最基本的一个作用,就是再一次加深你对内容的记忆。

古人也说“手抄一遍,胜读十遍”不是没道理的,在我们运用多种感知器官同时投入识记的效果好,而多种感知又以手到为佳。

2.复习便于阶段复习,高三的数轮复习等等。

笔记记下来的都是课堂上的重要知识点,是课本浓缩后的精华,以后复习时可以加快效率。

3.理解能力抄写耗时的同时让我们的思维慢了下来。

手写的时候,眼睛在看,大脑在想,在这样的慢频率下,你可以仔细揣摩,会加深对知识的理解。

4.注意力课堂笔记可以防止溜号走神,集中注意。

但应该处理好听课和记笔记的关系。

5.归纳整合能力整理笔记可以锻炼我们对文本归纳总结能力。

在整理笔记的过程中,又是一次对内容的理解和整合。

到底在记什么?可能很多同学记笔记,都会陷入一种矛盾之中,课堂上又要记笔记,又要听课,一心真的没办法二用呀?所以这个问题应该如何解决?你可能需要先来了解一下,记笔记到底在记什么?1、记知识点的框架上课的时候时间比较紧,如果没办法及时做记录,建议大家先听老师讲,然后记录老师的纲要部分和重点部分,这样可以将知识体系一目了然,其他地方课余时间再根据自己的理解或者其他同学的笔记去补充,如果没懂得,正好趁下课梳理笔记时候弄懂,再巩固一遍。

2、记思维记笔记,如果仅仅是把老师黑板上的板书抄一遍,效率会低很多。

尤其是理科,可能基础的知识点倒不是重点,重要的是老师在推导某一个公式时候的思路,以及老师解题的小技巧。

3、记重难点和易错点在记笔记的过程中,也很需要你对笔记的内容进行分层,将其中的重难点和易错点,用不同颜色的笔给标注出来,便于时刻提醒自己。

4、记补充老师讲课过程中,除了课本上的知识点,肯定还会有很多额外延伸的东西,老师的补充讲解内容、老师独创的东西(你在各种教辅以及课本上没有看到过的)、上课讲的非常经典的例题和模型、老师反复强调的点(哪怕是设直线前要考虑斜率这样的小点),这些都是是需要大家加以注意的,自然不能错过。

手帐玩法我们来看TED——一些关于TED的听记方法

手帐玩法我们来看TED——一些关于TED的听记方法

手帐玩法我们来看TED——一些关于TED的听记方法本文由作者梅花澈。

授权转载版权归作者所有,转载请联系原作相信很多同学不管是为了学英语还是为了提升自我,多多少少对TED这个英语演讲平台有不少了解,并且也看过TED的一些著名演讲。

但很多时候一个演讲看了一遍之后就渐渐遗忘了,对于英文单词的记忆也没有特别大的帮助。

为了加强英语,同是也是对演讲的内容有更好的记忆,我在看TED的时候会记笔记,这样一段时间以后也可以重温当时看演讲的收获。

加上在国外读书,经常会有几百人的大课,学会边听边记也是非常重要的,听TED也给了我练习的机会。

下面就以听TED的笔记练习为例,给大家介绍边听边记的方法。

第一种:康奈尔笔记相信大家对于康奈尔笔记法应该都不陌生,但是在这里我还是放一张康奈尔笔记的基本构成。

其实这张图上的内容已经基本概括了康奈尔笔记法的要点。

根据我自己的TED笔记,我又总结了几点适合于TED的记录要点。

1.TED演讲常根据时间点来讲述,时间点可以按顺序列在开篇的位置。

2.不会的生词写在总结的部分,方便日后复习查看。

这里是一份我听TED用康奈尔笔记的例子。

当然康奈尔笔记法也有自己的缺陷,例如需要很好地排版,组织整理能力,下面给大家介绍第二种方法来克服排版的问题。

第二种:子弹式这种方式非常随性,一次到底,不需要什么格式的限制,最大的特色就是使用bullet point.记录的时候用bullet point引导一个大的话题,在换行写下平行的小点。

和康奈尔笔记法相比,子弹式笔记的缺点在于没有专门的总结板块,可能不是那么便于复习。

其实大家可以在笔记的最后再写上自己的总结,也可以弥补这一缺点。

关于听TED的方法现在正是假期,我基本都在早晨听TED。

起床以后的时间特别能吸收正能量。

由于TED是英文演讲,对于刚刚开始的同学可能会觉得语速偏快。

这个时候用康奈尔笔记法可能不那么合适,因为需要很好地组织整理能力。

如果刚开始你更偏向于练习英语的话,推荐使用子弹式笔记。

gabor 函数

gabor 函数

gabor 函数Gabor函数又称为Gabor-Mehler函数,是由弗里德里希纳森加博尔(Friedrich Natterer Gabour)于1946年发明的一种函数,它是一种非分离函数,它有助于描述和表示计算机图像中的空间频率特征。

加博尔函数通常用于图像分割,模板匹配和识别,它表达了图像中特定区域(或特征)的空间频率特征,因此它很容易用于机器学习和模式识别。

Gabor函数的空间表达式可以表示为:$$g(x,y) = Ae^{-frac{x^2+y^2}{2sigma^2}}cos(2pi f x)$$ 其中,A是幅度参数,$sigma$是标准差,f是频率参数,x和y 分别代表空间坐标x和y(这个函数可以描述一个圆形)。

Gabor函数有两个自变量:频率和形状参数。

频率参数决定了函数的周期性,它定义了空间频率的大小,形状参数决定了函数的形状,例如圆形,长方形等等。

由于Gabor函数的形状参数可以很容易地调节,所以它能够表示出不同的图像空间特征,这也是为什么它常常用于图像处理的原因。

此外,Gabor函数还有一个重要的特征:它可实现简单的图像增强功能。

Gabor函数可用于改变图像的形状,以提高图像的细节度和对比度,以及抑制图像中干扰噪声的影响。

由于这个原因,Gabor函数经常用于图像处理技术中,用来消除图像中的噪声,以提高图像的质量。

Gabor函数的应用不仅仅是图像处理,它还可以用于声学信号处理和生物信号处理。

它在声学信号处理中,可用来建立音频特征。

而在生物信号处理中,它可以用来检测和分析生物信号,帮助科学家了解人体基因遗传机制。

总而言之,Gabor函数是一种十分重要的数学函数,它有助于描述和表示计算机图像中的空间频率特征,它能够帮助科学家们进行图像处理和声学、生物信号处理。

gabor 函数

gabor 函数

gabor 函数Gabor函数,也叫做Gabor信号,是由芬兰物理学家Dennis Gabor 在1946年提出的,它是一种在时间和频率空间中经常使用的双变量函数。

它可以用来描述图像的时域信号和频域特征,可以用来检测图像中的纹理。

Gabor函数被广泛应用于数字图像处理,机器视觉,模式识别,信号处理和计算机视觉领域。

Gabor函数是一种基于余弦频率变化函数,它把一个正弦波叠加到另一个正弦波上,以模拟复杂的信号。

它可以以一种数学表达式的形式来定义,它有一个宽度参数和两个位置参数,可用来表示给定路径的振荡信号。

Gabor函数可以用来提取图像中纹理信息和细节。

它可以通过使用不同的宽度参数和位置参数来提取图像中的细节,例如纹理,边缘,颜色,噪声或其他形状信息。

它可以用来提取图像中纹理的均匀性或不均匀性,因此常常被用于探索图像纹理的特性。

Gabor函数也可以被用于频率分辨率的检测。

例如,可以使用低频和高频区域的Gabor函数来检测图像中的低频和高频细节,以及它们之间的关系,从而更轻松地检测图像中的细节。

Gabor函数是一种非常强大而有用的信号处理工具,因为它可以灵活地拓展到几乎任何处理领域。

它的优势在于可以对时间序列的频率分辨率进行灵活评价,从而使在不同频率下的信号可以被识别,从而有利于更好地提取信号特征。

Gabor函数的缺点在于其计算量较大,无法获得更好的复杂度约束,而且无法得到较高的收敛性。

尽管Gabor函数的缺点,但仍然有许多应用。

例如,可以用Gabor 函数来研究图像中的纹理,可以帮助诊断医学图像,还可以用来分析声音及其他信号。

综上所述,Gabor函数是一种在时间和频率空间中常用的双变量函数,可用于描述图像的时域信号和频域特征,并可以用来检测图像中的纹理,它可以用来提取图像中细节,以及频率分辨率的检测,广泛应用于数字图像处理,机器视觉,模式识别,信号处理和计算机视觉领域。

另外,Gabor函数的缺点主要在于其计算量较大,无法获得更好的复杂度约束,而且无法得到较高的收敛性。

gabor 函数

gabor 函数

gabor 函数
Gabor数是1946年由DennisGabor发明的一种函数,它是一种
类似于正弦的分布曲线,有时也被称为高斯函数。

Gabor数人们常用来描述或模拟二维视觉空间中的光照分布情况,它主要用于信号处理、语音识别、图像处理和计算机视觉等领域。

Gabor数有一种特殊的特性,就是它能够很好地模拟二维空间中的光照分布,可以被用来表示光照形状和强度。

Gabor数也可以被用来描述图像中的方向和粗糙度,它可以被用于物体检测、提取和跟踪等功能。

Gabor数也可以被用于语音识别,它可以提取语音的特征,帮助识别出语音的特定特征。

Gabor数也被用于数字图像处理,可以用来提取图像的细节和特定的特征。

Gabor数的另一个重要的应用就是在计算机视觉中,它可以被用来识别形状、检测物体和跟踪运动。

它以准确地提取物体的细节和特征,并以可计算的格式表达出来,以便于进一步处理。

Gabor数在当今计算机科学中也可以被用来模拟神经网络或人工智能,它可以提取图像的细节和特征,帮助构建更好的神经网络和人工智能系统。

Gabor函数可以整合多种信息,帮助人们进行智能化推理和做出正确的决定。

总之,Gabor数是一种模拟空间中光照分布的非常有用的工具,它能够有效地提取图像中的特征,并可以应用于多个领域,比如语音识别、数字图像处理和计算机视觉等,Gabor数将继续在当今计算机
科学中发挥重要作用,一直到未来。

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Gabor 学习笔记1.傅里叶变换 1) 简介数字图像处理的方法主要分成两大部分:空域分析法和频域分析法。

空域分析法就是对图像矩阵进行处理;频域分析法是通过图像变换将图像从空域变换到频域,从另外一个角度来分析图像的特征并进行处理。

频域分析法在图像增强、图像复原、图像编码压缩及特征编码压缩方面有着广泛应用。

如果一个信号f(t)在(,)-∞+∞上满足: ①f(t)在任一有限区间上满足狄氏条件;② f(t)在(,)-∞+∞上绝对可积即()|()|f t dt +∞-∞<∞⎰就可以通过傅里叶变换把时域信号f(t)转化到频域进行处理:[])()()(t f F dt e t f F t j ==⎰∞∞--ωω然后再通过傅里叶反变换把频域信号转化到时域:()[])(21)(1t f F d e F t f t j -∞∞-==⎰ωωπω傅里叶变换是线性系统分析的有力工具,提供了一种把时域信号转换到频域进行分析的途径,时域和频域之间是一对一的映射关系。

图像的频率是表征图像中灰度变化剧烈程度的指标,是灰度在平面空间上的梯度。

如:大面积的沙漠在图像中是一片灰度变化缓慢的区域,对应的频率值很低;而对 于地表属性变换剧烈的边缘区域在图像中是一片灰度变化剧烈的区域,对应的频率值较高。

傅立叶变换在实际中有非常明显的物理意义,设f 是一个能量有限的模拟信号,则其傅立叶变换就表示f 的 谱。

从纯粹的数学意义上看,傅立叶变换是将一个函数转换为一系列周期函数来处理的。

从物理效果看,傅立叶变换是将图像从空间域转换到频率域,其逆变换是将 图像从频率域转换到空间域。

换句话说,傅立叶变换的物理意义是将图像的灰度分布函数变换为图像的频率分布函数,傅立叶逆变换是将图像的频率分布函数变换为 灰度分布函数。

2) 不足之处经典Fourier 变换只能反映信号的整体特性(时域,频域)。

对傅里叶谱中的某一频率,无法知道这个频率是在什么时候产生的。

从傅里叶变换的定义也可看出,傅里叶变换是信号在整个时域内的积分,因此反映的是信号频率的统计特性,没有局部化分析信号的功能。

另外,要求信号满足平稳条件。

傅里叶变换时域和频域是完全分割开来的。

● 由式dx e x f fx i ⎰∞∞--=ωω)()(ˆ可知,要用Fourier 变换研究时域信号频谱特性,必须要获得时域中的全部信息;● 信号在某时刻的一个小的邻域内发生变化,那么信号的整个频谱都要受到影响,而频谱的变化从根本上来说无法标定发生变化的时间位置和发生变化的剧烈程度。

也就是说,Fourier 变换对信号的齐性不敏感。

不能给出在各个局部时间范围内部频谱上的谱信息描述。

然而在实际应用中齐性正是我们所关心的信号局部范围内的特性。

如,音乐,语言信号等。

即:局部化时间分析,图形边缘检,地震勘探反射波的位置等信息极重要。

为解决傅里叶变换的局限性,产生了Gabor 变换和小波变换。

关于傅里叶变换的详细分析可见:/1078692293/infocenter#!app=2&via=QZ.HashRefresh&pos=13529791442.Gabor 变换Gabor 变换是D.Gabor 1946年提出的。

为了由信号的Fourier 变换提取局部信息,引入了时间局部化的窗函数,得到了窗口Fourier 变换。

由于窗口Fourier 变换只依赖于部分时间的信号,所以,现在窗口Fourier 变换又称为短时Fourier 变换,这个变换又称为Gabor 变换。

1) Gabor 优点Gabor 小波与人类视觉系统中简单细胞的视觉刺激响应非常相似。

它在提取目标的局部空间和频率域信息方面具有良好的特性。

虽然Gabor 小波本身并不能构成正交基,但在特定参数下可构成紧框架。

Gabor 小波对于图像的边缘敏感,能够提供良好的方向选择和尺度选择特性,而且对于光照变化不敏感,能够提供对光照变化良好的适应性。

上述特点使Gabor 小波被广泛应用于视觉信息理解。

Gabor 滤波器和脊椎动物视觉皮层感受野响应的比较:第一行代表脊椎动物的视觉皮层感受野,第二行是Gabor 滤波器,第三行是两者的残差。

可见两者相差极小。

Gabor 滤波器的这一性质,使得其在视觉领域中经常被用来作图像的预处理。

2) Gabor 定义① 具体窗函数――Gaussaion 的 Gabor 变换定义式Gabor 变换的基本思想:把信号划分成许多小的时间间隔,用傅里叶变换分析每一个时间间隔,以便确定信号在该时间间隔存在的频率。

其处理方法是对f(t)加一个滑动窗,再作傅里叶变换。

设函数f 为具体的函数,且)(2R L f ,则Gabor 变换定义为dt e b t g t f b a G t i a f ωω-∞∞-*-=⎰)()(),;(其中,)4exp(21)(2a t at g a -=π,是高斯函数,称为窗函数。

其中a>0,b>0.)(b t g a -是一个时间局部化的“窗函数”。

其中,参数b 用于平行移动窗口,以便于覆盖整个时域。

对参数b 积分,则有⎰∞∞-∈=R fdb b a G f ωωω),(ˆ),,( 信号的重构表达式为⎰⎰∞∞-∞∞--=db d e b t g b a G t f t i a f ωωπω)(),;(21)(Gabor 取g(t)为一个高斯函数有两个原因:一是高斯函数的Fourier 变换仍为高斯函数,这使得Fourier 逆变换也是用窗函数局部化,同时体现了频域的局部化;二是Gabor 变换是最优的窗口Fourier 变换。

其意义在于Gabor 变换出现之后,才有了真正意义上的时间-频率分析。

即Gabor 变换可以达到时频局部化的目的:它能够在整体上提供信号的全部信息而又能提供在任一局部时间内信号变化剧烈程度的信息。

简言之,可以同时提供时域和频域局部化的信息。

② 窗口的宽高关系经理论推导可以得出:高斯窗函数条件下的窗口宽度与高度,且积为一固定值。

][()()()222221,1,,41,,=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛==⎢⎣⎡⎥⎦⎤--⨯+-a a a wb a w b g g H G a a a a a b a b ∆∆∆∆ωω矩形时间――频率窗:宽为a 2,高a 1。

由此,可以看出Gabor 变换的局限性:时间频率的宽度对所有频率是固定不变的。

实际要求是:窗口的大小应随频率而变化,频率高窗口应愈小,这才符合实际问题中的高频信号的分辨率应比低频信号的分辨率要低。

3) 离散Gabor 变换的一般求法① 首先选取核函数可根据实际需要选取适当的核函数。

如,如高斯窗函数;222)(⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=T t e T t g π则其对偶函数)(t γ为()∑>++-⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=Tn n nT t e e K T t /12/1)21(2302122121)(πππγ② 离散Gabor 变换的表达式dt t g t dt emT t g t G mn tjn mn ⎰⎰∞∞-∞∞--=-=)()()()(**φφω∑∑∑∑∞-∞=∞-∞=∞-∞=∞-∞==-=m n mn mnm n tjn mnt GemT t Gt )()()(γγφω其中,t jn m n e mT t g t g ω)()(-=)(t γ是)(t g 的对偶函数,二者之间有如下双正交关系。

⎰∞∞--=-n m t jn dt e mT t g t δδγω)()(*4) Gabor 变换的解析理论Gabor 变换的解析理论就是由g(t)求对偶函数)(t γ的方法。

定义g(t)的Zak 变换为∑∞-∞=--==k k j ek t g t gt g Zak ωπω2)(),(ˆ)]([可以证明对偶函数可由下式求出:⎰=1*),()(ωωγt g d t 有了对偶函数可以使计算更为简洁方便。

5) 适用条件① 临界采样Gabor 展开要求条件:T Ω=2π; ② 过采样展开要求条件:T Ω≤2π;当T Ω>2π时,欠采样Gabor 展开,已证明会导致数值上的不稳定。

6) 应用① 暂态信号检测如果对信号波形有一定的先验知识且可以据此选取合适的基函数,可以用Gabor 变换对信号作精确的检测统计计量。

② 图象分析与压缩二维Gabor 变换可以应用到图象分析与压缩中。

3. 二维Gabor 滤波器用Gabor 函数形成的二维Gabor 滤波器具有在空间域和频率域同时取得最优局部化的特性,因此能够很好地描述对应于空间频率(尺度)、空间位置及方向选择性的局部结构信息。

Gabor 滤波器的频率和方向表示接近人类视觉系统对于频率和方向的表示,并且它们常备用于纹理表示和描述。

在图像处理领域,Gabor 滤波器是一个用于边缘检测的线性滤波器。

,在空域,一个2维的Gabor 滤波器是一个正弦平面波和高斯核函数的乘积。

Gabor 滤波器是自相似的,也就是说,所有Gabor 滤波器都可以从一个母小波经过膨胀和旋转产生。

实际应用中,Gabor 滤波器可以在频域的不同尺度,不同方向上提取相关特征。

1) 定义空域来看:是高斯核函数调制正弦平面波s(x,y)是复杂的正弦函数,相当于载波;w(x,y)是2维高斯函数包迹。

(u0,v0)定义了正弦平面波的时域频率,在极坐标中可用f 和Θ来表示。

222000000000=cos tan /sin f u v u f u v v f θθθ+------>==----->=a,b 为x 和y 方向的椭圆高斯的方差 K=1/ab 为高斯包迹的参数 r 为角度旋转的下标 Θ为旋转角度(x0,y0)为函数峰值,也是接受域的中心f(x,y) f(x',y')Gabor 滤波器的傅里叶变换:峰值响应在复正弦的空域频率(u0,v0)()()()()00222200000000,,,,exp((2()))(,)exp((()()))()()cos ()sin ()()sin ()cos r rr r g x y s x y w x y s x y j u x v y w x y K a x x b y y x x x x y y y y x x y y ππθθθθ==-+=--+--=-+--=--+-00(,)xyGabor滤波器示意图,3种角度5种方向:2)分析生成2维Gabor滤波器的matlab 代码:/s/blog_80853788010103wx.html/weixingstudio/article/details/7872764Opencv实现:/polly-yang/archive/2012/07/14/183327.aspx。

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