Lecture 1
lecture 1
• （4）有时候中文字面的意思表达不充分，部分信息被省 略了或被隐藏起来了。翻译时要加以拓展。例如，特区是 个窗口，是技术的窗口，管理的窗口，知识的窗口，也是 对外政策的窗口。有人把它翻译为：The special zone is a window. It is a widow for introducing technology, management and knowledge. It is also a window for foreign policy. 这样的翻译外国人是无法理解的，我们必 须把那些被省略了或被隐藏起来的信息都翻译出来：The special economic zones are a window opening onto the outside world. They are a window through which to bring in from abroad sophisticated technology, advanced managerial expertise and up-to-date know-hows. They are also a window through which to disseminate China’s foreign policies.
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上述各种能力和意识的培养，可以通过不同的 具体途径来实现。
• （1）深刻认识翻译的重要性。翻译的对与错、好 与坏有时会产生绝然不同的效果。例如，把海南 岛的“天涯海角”翻译成了“the End of the World（世界末日）”（应为Land’s End / End of the Earth）。再如某航空公司广告中的承诺 “一小时内免费送机票上门”被译成了“We give you tickets free of charge within one hour.（一小 时内送免费机票上门。）”（应为We offer free delivery of your air tickets within one hour after your booking confirmation.）。
lecture 1
1、关于应用文本的范围
应用类文本可分为法规或成文法类应用文本 （Texts of Rules and Regulations，TRR）和对 外宣传类应用文本(Practical Texts for Foreign Recipients，PTFR)两大类，前者包括法律、合 同、政策条文等文本，后者指宣传介绍或公告类 文本及商务文本，包括各级政府新闻发布会的信 息通报、我国政治经济、文化教育等发展状况的 对外介绍、投资指南、旅游指南、城市/乡镇/企 业/公司介绍、各种大型国际性活动宣传、企业 产品/服务广告宣传、商务函电、商务单证表格 等。
4.化冗为简(形式与内容的和谐或形神结合所产生的美 感)： 我们所讲的微笑，是发自内心的诚挚和善良的笑容，而 不是讨好别人的媚笑，也不是存心不良的奸笑或皮笑肉 不笑，更不是带有杀机的笑里藏刀。（“多一点微笑”） V1) What we refer to here is a sincere and goodnatured smile that comes from the bottom of one’s heart. We do not mean a smile specially put on to please others, or a false one harboring a sinister design, much less a grin with murderous intent behind. 改译：What we refer to here is a sincere and goodnatured smile, instead of a flattering one. We do not mean a sinister-harbored grin, much less a daggerhidden one.
lecture 1 翻译标准
g. 我认为他不够格。 I don’t think he is qualified. h. 人们来五台山，目的可不都是一样。 People do not come to Wutai Mountain with one and the same purpose.
3) 译文应体现英语遣词造句的特点，同时 又应因文体而有变化。 a. 名词使用频率高，特别是含有动作性质 的抽象名词等，可以既包含丰富的信息又 十分简洁。 b. 被动形式使用率高，表现能力强。 c. 语法要求严，一般来说句子较长。 d. 介词、非谓语动词、形容词和独立结构 非常活跃。
教心理学的老师觉察到这件事， 就假冒一个男生的名义，给她 写了封匿名的求爱信，这封信 的末尾是：一个希望得到您的 青睐的极其善良的男同胞。就 这么一封信，也就一举改造了 一个人。
Having detected what was happening, her psychology teacher got an idea. In the name of a boy, he wrote an anonymous letter of love which ended with “a kind gentleman awaiting your favor.” The letter brought about transformation.
A Course in Chinese – English Translation
李洋
II. 汉英翻译的原则
汉语译成地道英语的难度， 出现各种各样的缺失：“中 国式”英语（解决办法，阅 读大量原作，观察、揣摩、 总结并模仿英语的特点、规 律和表达方法）。
1．遵循三条原则：
1) 译文必须符合英语的语法：三种轴心 结构： a. 主－系－表结构 (S+V+P) 例： a) 人类在地球上已存在多久了？ How long has man been on earth? b) 牛奶变酸了。 Milk turns sour.
托福听力tpo40 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo40lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (5)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (11)Lecture3 (13)原文 (13)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (20)原文 (20)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (24)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.MALE PROFESSOR:Last class I passed out your assignment for your first paper,and today I want to spend some time going over it.Mm…most people never take any art history until they get to college,so many of you have probably never written an art history paper before.I gave you a list of appropriate works of art for you to write about.So your next step in this process needs to be to go look at the work you've selected as your topic.And bring a pencil and a notepad with you,because I don't mean you should just drop by at the museum and glance at it so you can say you've seen it in real life.You need to go and sit in front of the work and really look at it—carefully and slowly.And keep careful notes about what you see—you’ll need them for the kind of art history paper you're going to be writing…it's what we call a formal analysis.A formal analysis of a work of art,any kind of art,is based on its formal qualities, which means qualities related to the form—things like color…texture…line…shapes…proportion…and composition.Probably the closest thing to a formal analysis you might have written is for an English class.If you've…say…written an analysis of a poem,you've used the same skills—you've given an analysis of the poem by describing and analyzing its form and meter.A formal analysis paper in art history is very similar.Now,before you begin writing your formal analysis,you'll want to start with a summary of the overall appearance of the work—a brief description of what you see. Are there figures—people?What are they doing?Or is it a landscape…or an abstract representation of something?Tell what the subject is,and what aspects are emphasized in the painting.This will give your reader an overview of what the work looks like before you analyze it.The next part of your paper—the actual formal analysis—will be the longest and most important section of your paper,where you describe and analyze individual design elements.For this portion of the paper,you're going to rely on the notes you took at the museum,because you should be able to describe in detail the design elements the artist uses,and how they are used.For example,does the artist use harsh lines or soft lines—are the colors bright or muted?Focus on the design elements that you feel are most strongly represented in that particular work of art. And if you don't know where to begin,take note of where your eye goes first.Then describe things in the order in which your eye moves around the work.This will help you understand how one part relates to another—the interaction between the different parts of the work.OK,this kind of analysis should occur throughout the main portion of the paper.In the last section of your paper—and this goes beyond formal analysis—you comment on the significance of what you have seen.What details of the work convey meaning?Some significant details will not be apparent to you right away,but if you look long enough,you realize how important they are for your interpretation of the work.Many years ago,I was writing a formal analysis of a painting of a little boy.In the painting,a little boy was standing in his nursery,and he was holding a toy bird in his hand,and there were more toys around him in the background of the painting. Because of the bird he was holding,I assumed at first that the painting was about the innocence of children.But as I looked at the painting longer,I realized that the boy's eyes looked sad even though there was no discernable expression on his face.And then it dawned on me that,even though he was surrounded by toys,he was all alone in his nursery.The boy's eyes were a significant detail in the painting,that I didn't notice at first.题目1.What point does the professor make about the writing of a formal analysis in art history?A.Its objective is to identify common features of several works of art.B.Its most important part is the explanation of an artwork's significance.C.Several styles of writing a formal analysis are used by art historians.D.A particular approach is required to present Information about an artwork.2.According to the professor,what will students need to do before writing the art history paper?A.Look at examples of formal analysis in textbooksB.Take notes on the artwork they will write aboutC.Go to different museums before selecting a topic for the paperD.Study the historical context of the artwork they will write about3.Why does the professor mention an English class?A.To explain the difference between visual language and written languageB.To explain that students need good writing skills for their assignmentC.To point out similarities between a poetry paper and the students'assignmentD.To point out that many art historians become writers4.What does the professor recommend as a way to understand the relationship between different parts of an artwork?A.Looking for lines that connect different parts of the workB.Examining the artwork from several different anglesC.Looking for similar colors the artist used throughout the workD.Determining how the viewer's eyes move around the work5.Why does the professor talk about his own experience analyzing the painting of a little boy?A.To point out a common misconception about formal analysisB.To stress the importance of looking at an artwork thoroughlyC.To show why a formal analysis should not emphasize small detailsD.To provide an example of an artwork that is easy to analyze6.The professor describes three sections the art history paper should contain.Place them in the order in which they should appear in the paper.Click on a phrase.Then drag it to the space where it belongs.A.Analysis of the design elements the artist usesB.Discussion of the meaning of the artworkC.Summary of the appearance of the artwork答案D B C D B CAB译文旁白：下面听一段艺术史课程的片段。
Lecture_1_Introduction
Life in the United States
Life in the United States
The Size of the US
– Imagine that you drove from New York to Los Angeles, stopping only for gas, to eat, and sleep. It would take you four or five days – It takes two days to drive from New York to Florida
Population by Ethnicity
White 71% Black 13% Hispanic 10% Asian 4% Native American 2%
A Nation of Immigration
Immigration is the act of coming to a foreign country to live. The act of leaving one's country to settle in another is called emigration. Immigrants who flee their country because of persecution(迫害), war, or such disasters as famines or epidemics are known as refugees or displaced persons.
Lecture_1
Chapter 2 Properties of materials §2.1 Mechanical property §2.2 Electrical property §2.3 Thermal property §2.4 Magnetic property §2.5 Optical property
§ 1.1 Concept and classification 1. Definition 定义 Functional materials：with excellent
electric, magnetic, thermal, sonic, mechanical, chemical and biochemical properties, can be transferred from each other and used as non-structural materials.
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1. 1 Nano metallic materials
Size: < 100nm Types: 纳米晶稀土永磁材料： 纳米晶稀土永磁材料 2000年，日本三荣化成株式会社 铁粉附着钕，磁场中烧结＋真空烧结 制得各向异性磁体 各向异性磁体
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磁性液体：铁磁流体，具有磁性及 具有磁性及 磁性液体 流动性（我国，钢铁研究总院） 流动性 由纳米级得脆性颗粒分散在载液中 形成稳定的胶体，在重力、离心力 在重力、 在重力 及强磁场作用下不分离。 及强磁场作用下不分离 1963年美国宇航局：解决太空服头 盔转动密封问题
35
1. Functionally metallic materials
Some are developed and widely applied: 形状记忆合金：军事、汽车 Some are less developed but with potential opportunities: 超导合金材料、减振合金材料
托福听力tpo51 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo51lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (20)原文 (20)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (24)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a botany class.FEMALE PROFESSOR:So,continuing with crop domestication,and corn—or,um, maize,as it's often called.Obviously it's one of the world's most important cropstoday.It's such a big part of the diet in so many countries,and it's got so many different uses,that it's hard to imagine a world without it.But because it doesn't grow naturally,without human cultivation,and because there's no obvious wild relative of maize…uh,well,for the longest time,researchers weren’t able to find any clear link between maize and other living plants.And that's made it hard for them to trace the history of maize.Now,scientific theories about the origins of maize first started coming out in the 1930s.One involved a plant called teosinte.Teosinte is a tall grass that grows wild in certain parts of Mexico and Guatemala.When researchers first started looking at wild teosinte plants,they thought there was a chance that the two plants—um, maize and teosinte—were related.The young wild teosinte plant looks a lot like the corn plant,and the plants continue to resemble each other—at least superficially—even when they're developed.But when the scientists examined the fruits of the two plants,it was a different story. When you look at ripe corn,you see row upon row of juicy kernels…um,all those tiny little yellow squares that people eat.Fully grown teosinte,on the other hand, has a skinny stalk that holds only a dozen or so kernels behind a hard,um,almost stonelike casing.In fact,based on the appearance of its fruit,teosinte was initially considered to be a closer relative to rice than to maize.But there was one geneticist,named George Beadle,who didn't give up so easily on the idea that teosinte might be…well…the“parent”of corn.While still a student in the1930s,Beadle actually found that the two plants had very similar chromosomes—very similar genetic information.In fact,he was even able to make fertile hybrids between the two plants.In hybridization,you remember,the genes of two species of plants are mixed to produce a new,third plant—a hybrid.And if this offspring—this hybrid—is fertile,then that suggests that the two species are closely related genetically.This new,hybrid plant looked like an intermediate,right between maize and teosinte.So,Beadle concluded that maize must've been developed over many years,uh,that it is a domesticated form of teosinte.Many experts in thescientific community,however,remained unconvinced by his conclusions.They believed that,with so many apparent differences between the two plants,it would have been unlikely that ancient—that prehistoric peoples could’ve domesticated maize from teosinte.I mean,when you think about it,these people lived in small groups,and they had to be on the move constantly as the seasons changed.So for them to selectively breed,to have the patience to be able to pick out just the right plants…and gradually—over generations—separate out the durable,nutritious maize plant from the brittle teosinte that easily broke apart…it's a pretty impressive feat,and you can easily see why so many experts would have been skeptical.But,as it turns out,Beadle found even more evidence for his theory when he continued his experiments,producing new hybrids,to investigate the genetic relationship between teosinte and maize.Through these successive experiments,he calculated that only about five specific genes were responsible for the main differences between teosinte and maize—the plants were otherwise surprisingly similar genetically.And more recently,botanists have used modern DNA testing to scan plant samples collected from throughout the Western Hemisphere.This has allowed them to pinpoint where the domestication of maize most likely took place—and their research took them to a particular river valley in southern Mexico.They've also been able to estimate that the domestication of maize most likely occurred about9,000 years ago.And subsequent archaeological digs have confirmed this estimate.In one site,archaeologists uncovered a set of tools that were nearly9,000years old.And these tools were covered with a dusty residue…a residue of maize,as it turns out…thus making them the oldest physical evidence of maize that we've found so far.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.A research study that compares wild and domesticated plantsB.Problems with a commonly held hypothesis about the origin of teosinteC.Reasons why wild plants are usually unsuitable for agricultureD.The process used to identify the ancestor of a modern crop2.What evidence seemed to indicate that maize and teosinte are not related?A.Young teosinte plants do not physically resemble young maize plants.B.Preliminary DNA evidence indicated that teosinte was related to rice.C.Maize and teosinte usually grow in significantly different climates.D.Maize and teosinte have very different types of kernels.3.Why does the professor discuss hybrids?A.To explain how a geneticist confirmed that maize was widely grown9,000years agoB.To indicate the earliest method used by geneticists to identify plant originsC.To explain a method used to demonstrate a link between two plant speciesD.To describe how geneticists distinguish between wild plants and domesticated plants4.What was most researchers'initial view of George Beadle's theory about teosinte?A.They accepted it but questioned the evidence cited.B.They rejected it because of conflicting archaeological evidence.C.They questioned it because it implies that ancient farmers were sophisticatedplant breeders.D.They questioned it because genetic research was viewed with skepticism at that time.5.What did Beadle conclude about maize and teosinte?A.Both plants lack particular genes that are common in most domesticated plants.B.Both plants have particular genes that enable them to adapt to varying climates.C.Only a small number of genes are responsible for the differences between the two plants.D.The genetic composition of both plants is very similar to that of rice.6.According to the professor,why was the discovery of stone tools important?A.It proved that teosinte was simultaneously domesticated in multiple locations.B.It helped to confirm the period in which maize was first domesticated.C.It suggested that maize required farming techniques that were more complex than experts had previously assumed.D.It provided evidence that maize plants were used for more purposes than experts had previously assumed.答案D D C C C B译文旁白：请听一段植物学讲座的节选。
Lecture 1-绪论
loose or minor sentences (松散句), contracted sentences (紧缩句), elliptical sentences, run-on sentences (流水句), and composite sentences (并列句). English sentence building is featured by an “architecture style” (楼房建筑 法) with extensive use of longer or subordinate structures, while Chinese is marked by a “chronicle style” (流水记事法) with frequent use of shorter or composite structures.
2. Compact vs. Diffusive
English is rigid in S-V concord, requiring a complete formal cohesion. Chinese has flexible sentence structures through semantic coherence.
他的讲话并无前后矛盾之处。 There is no inconsistency in what he said. There is nothing inconsistent in what he said 她闪亮的眼睛说明她非常激动。 Her sparkling eyes betrayed her great excitement. The sparkle of her eyes betrayed her great excitement.
Lecture 1
– Lecture 15 Dickens………….4 periods – Lecture 16 Emily Bronte……4 periods – Lecture 17 Hardy……………4 periods
2. What ?
• Part 7 The 20th century literature（20世纪
• Lecture 2 Beowulf……2 periods • Lecture 3 Chaucer……4 periods – Part 2 Renaissance (文艺复兴时期英国文学) • Lecture 4 The English Bible……4 periods • Lecture 5 Shakespeare ………..6 periods
– General Literary Trends
– Representative Writers
• Life Story
• Major Works • Representative works
3. How ?
• (2) What the students should do? • A. Prepare a notebook • B. Classroom rules
英国文学)
– Lecture 18 Yeats……2 periods
– Lecture 19 Joyce……2 periods
• Lecture 20 The middle and late 20th
century literature…….2 periods
• Lecture 21 Review…...2 periods
understanding of plots
of novels and dramas
【托福听力备考】TPO17 听力文本——Lecture 1
【托福听力备考】TPO17 听力文本——Lecture 1众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。
相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。
TPO 17 Lecture 1 Art History(Prehistoric Art Dating)Narrator ：Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.Professor ：Good morning, ready to continue our review of prehistoric art?Today, we will be covering the Upper Paleolithic Period, which I am roughlydefining as the period from 35,000 to 8,000 BC. A lot of those cave drawings youhave all seen come from this period. But we are also be talking about portableworks of art, things that could be carried around from place to place. Here isone example. This sculpture is called the Lady with the Hood1 , and it wascarved from ivory, probably a mammoth’s tusk. Its age is a bit of a mystery.According to one source, it dates from 22,000 BC. But other sources claimed ithas been dated closer to 30,000 BC. Amy?Amy ：Why don’t we know the exact date when this head was made?Professor ：That’s a fair question. We are talking about prehistory here. Soobviously the artists didn’t put a signature or a date on anything they did. Sohow do we know when this figure was carved?Tom ：Last semester I took an archaeology class and we spent a lot time on,studying ways to date things. One technique I remember was using the location ofan object to date it, like how deep it was buried.Professor ：That would be Stratigraphy. Stratigraphy is used for dating portable art. When archaeologists are digging at a site, they make very careful notes about which stratum(strata), which layer of earth they find things in. And, you know, the general rule is that the oldest layers are at the lowest level. But this only works if the site hasn’t been touched, and the layers are intact. A problem with this dating method is that an object could have been carried around, used for several generations before it was discarded. So it might be much older than the layer or even the site where it was found. The stratification technique gives us the minimum age of an object, which isn’t necessarilly its true age. Tom, in your archaeology class, did you talk about radiocarbon dating?Tom ：Yeah, we did. That had to do with chemical analysis, something to do with measuring the amount of radiocarbon that’s left in organic stuff. Because we know how fast radiocarbon decays, we can figure out the age of the organic material.Professor ：The key word there is organic. Is art made of organicmaterial?Tom ：Well, you said the lady with the hood was carved out of ivory. That ’s organic.Professor ：Absolutely. Any other examples?Amy ：Well, when they did those cave drawings. Didn’t they use, like chacoalor maybe colors, dyes made from plants?Professor ：Fortunately, they did, at least some of the time. So it turns outthat radiocarbon dating works for a lot of prehistoric art. But again there’s aproblem. This technique destroys what it analyzes, so you have to chip off bits of the object for testing. Obviously we are reluctant to do that in some cases.And apart from that, there’s another problems. The date tells you the age of thematerial, say, a bone or a tree, the object is made from, but not the date when the artist actually created it. So, with radiocarbon dating, we get the maximum possible age for the object, but it could be younger.Ok, let’ s say our scientific analysis has produced an age range. Can we narrow it down?Amy ：Could we look for similar styles or motives? You know, try to find things common to one time period.Professor ：We do that all the time. And when we see similarities in pieces of art, we assume some connection in time or place. But is it possible that we could be imposing our own values on that analysis?Tom ：I am sorry. I don’t get your point.Professor ：Well, we have all kinds of pre-conceived ideas about how artistic styles develop. For example, a lot of people think the presence of details demonstrates that the work was done by a more sophisticated artist. While a lack of detail suggests a primitive style. But trends in art in the last century orso certainly challenge that idea. Don’t get me wrong though, analyzing the styles of prehistoric art can help dating them. But we need to be careful with the idea that artistic development occurs in a straight line, from simple to complex representations.Amy ：What you are saying is, I mean, I get the feeling that this is like a legal process, like building a legal case, the more pieces of evidence we have, the closer we get to the truth.Professor ：Great analogy. And now you can see why we don’t have an exact date for our sculpture, the lady with the hood.。
托福听力TPO1原文 Lecture 1
托福听力TPO1原文Lecture 1下面就让小编来为大家介绍一下托福听力TPO1原文中Lecture 1的文本内容吧，大家要好好把握，这些都是非常有价值的材料，希望能够给准备托福听力的同学带来帮助。
TPO 1 Lecture 1Contemporary artListen to part of a lecture in a contemporary art class.ProfessorOk, I’m going to begin this lecture by giving you your next assignment. Remember I said that at some point during this semester I wanted you to attend an exhibit at the Fairy Street Gallery and then write about it? Well, the exhibit that I want you to attend is coming up. It’s already started in fact, but it’ll be at the gallery for the next month, which should give you plenty of time to complete this assignment.The name of the artist exhibiting there is Rose Frantzen. Frantzen’s work may be unfamiliar to you since she’s a relatively young artist. But she’s got a very unusual style, compared to some of the artists we’ve looked at this term. But anyway, Frantzen’s style is what she herself calls Realistic Impressionism. So you’ve probably studied both of these movements separately, separate movements, Realism and Impressionism, in some of your art history courses. So who can just sum these up?StudentWell, Impressionism started in the late 19th century. Um…the basic impressionist style was very different from earlier styles. It didn’t depict scenes or models exactly as they looked. Um… Impressionist painters tended to apply paint really thickly, and in big brushstrokes, so the texture of the canvas was rough.ProfessorGood. What else? What were the subjects?StudentWell, a lot of impressionist artists painted everyday scenes, like people on the streets and in cafes, uh, lots of nature scenes, especially landscapes.ProfessorGood. So when you go to the exhibit, I really want you to take a close look at a certain painting. It’s a farm scene. And you will see it right as you enter the gallery. The reason I think this painting is so important is that it stresses the impressionist aspect of Frantzen’s style. It’s an outdoor scene, an everyday scene. It’s kind of bleak, but you can really see those broad brushstrokes and the blurry lines. The colors aren’t quite realistic. The sky is kind of, well an unnatural pinkish yellow. And the fence in the foregroundis blue, but somehow the overall scene gives an impression of a cold, bleak winter day on a farm. So that’s the impressionist side of her work.Oh, and speaking about farms, that reminds me. One interesting thing I read about Franzten is that when she first moved back to Iowa after living abroad, she often visited this place in her town called the Sales Barn. And the Sales Barn, it was basically this place where the local farmers bought and sold their cattle, their farm animals. And the reason Frantzen went there, and she later on would visit other places like dance halls, was to observe people and the ways that they moved. She really found that this helped her work---that it gave her an understanding of body movements and actions, how humans move, and stand still, what their postures were like, too.So, what about Realism? What are the elements of Realism we should be looking for in Frantzen’s work?StudentUm… real honest depictions of subject matter, pretty unidealized stuff, and pretty everyday subject matter, too.ProfessorGood. One other painting I really want you to look at is of a young woman surrounded by pumpkins. You will notice that the woman’s face is so realistic looking that it’s almost like a photograph. The woman’s nose is a little less than perfect and her hair is kind of messed up. This is realism. But then, the background of the painting, this woman with the pumpkins is wrapped in a blanket of broad thick brushstrokes, and, it’s all kinds of zigzagging brushstrokes and lines, kind of chaotic almost when you look at it close. And there are vibrant colors. There’s lots of orange, with little hints of an electric blue peeking out.I find Frantzen to be a very accessible artist. I mean, some artists, to appreciate them, you have to know their life story. But here’s a little bit about Rose Frantzen’s life anyway. She attended art school, but was told by one of her instructors that she was not good at illustration, that she should go into advertising instead. So she took advertising classes and fine arts classes too, until she was convinced by the head of an advertising agency that her work was really good, that she could be an artist. But of course, it’s not as easy as that, and so Frantzen had to paint other people’s portraits at places like art fairs just to make money to buy paint for her more serious art work. No matter what, she never stopped painting. And now, Frantzen is doing extremely well. And her work is being shown all over the country. So I think most of us would be discouraged if we had to face challenges and difficulties like that. But what’s important is that you keep at it that you don’t give up. That’s what is really important to remember.《当代艺术》独白：听一段节选自当代艺术课堂的讲座。
托福听力tpo41 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo41lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (5)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (12)Lecture3 (13)原文 (13)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (20)原文 (20)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (24)Lecture1原文FEMALE PROFESSOR:Many organisms have developed the ability to survive in harsh environmental conditions—extreme heat or cold,or,very dry conditions....Like, plants in the desert—your textbook doesn’t have much about the specifics on desert plants,but I think that desert plants are great examples of specialized adaptations to extreme environmental conditions.So with desert plants,there are basically three different adaptive strategies.And I should point out that these strategies are not specific to any particular species—many different species have developed each of the adaptations.So,first off,there are succulent plants.There are many different species of succulent plants,but they all can absorb and store a lot of water.Obviously,opportunities to get water in the desert are few and far between.Generally,rains are light and short,so the rain doesn’t seep too far down into the soil…and there's a limited window of time for any plant to get the water before it evaporates.But succulent plants have a spread-out and shallow root system that can quickly pull in water from the top inch of soil,though the soil has to be saturated,since succulents aren't good at absorbing water from soil that’s only a little moist.Succulent plants also are well suited to retaining water—important in an environment where rainy days are rare.Succulent plants can store water in their leaves,in their stems,or in their roots.And to keep that moisture from evaporating in the hot desert sun,most succulent plants have a waxy outer layer that makes them almost waterproof when their stomates are closed.They also preserve water by minimizing their surface area—the more of the plantthat’s out in the sun,the more potential there is to lose stored-up water—and that means that most succulent plants have few,if any,leaves.Now besides succulent plants,there are also drought-tolerant plants. Drought-tolerant plants are like bears in a way.You know how bears mostly sleep through the winter?They can survive without eating because their metabolism slows down.Well,drought-tolerant plants also go into a dormant state when resources—in their case,water—runs short.A drought-tolerant plant can actually dry out without dying.I said before that most desert rains are light and brief,but occasionally there's a heavy one.Drought-tolerant plants revive after one of these significant rainfalls—and they're able to absorb a good bit of the rainfall due to their deep roots.Actually the root system for drought-tolerant plants is more extensive than the root systems of many plants that live in wetter climates.Drought-tolerant plants can even absorb water from relatively dry soil because of their deep roots,in contrast to succulent plants.The third adaptive strategy is to avoid the drought conditions altogether.Yes,there are plants that do this—annual plants.An annual plant will mature and produce seeds in a single season that will become the next generation of annual plants.In desert conditions,annual plants grow in the fall or spring to avoid the heat of summer and the cold of winter.Of course,these plants could face a serious problem if a particular fall or spring happened to be very dry—they would have difficulty growing and could die before producing seeds.But they have a mechanism to prevent one year of low rainfall from wiping them out. Not all seeds an annual plant puts out will grow the following year.Some seeds remain dormant in the ground for several years.It's a type of insurance that protects the annual plants from a season of poor growing conditions,of unfavorable weather.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.The growth rates of plants in different geographical regionsB.Different ways that plants have adapted to desert environmentsC.The different mechanisms that plant roots use to absorb waterD.Different kinds of succulent plants2.What are two features of succulent plants that help them survive in deserts?[Click on2answers.]A.Succulent plants store water in their leaves and stems.B.Succulent plants become dormant until the next rainfall.C.Succulent plants have short stems.D.Succulent plants have few leaves.3.Why does the professor mention bears?A.To remind students of information from a previous lectureB.To point out a feature common to all desert plantsC.To reinforce a point about drought-tolerant plantsD.To help students understand the concept of adaptation4.What is one ability that drought-tolerant plants have that succulent plants do not have?A.The ability to absorb water from dry soilB.The ability to absorb water through their leavesC.The ability to prevent moisture from being lost through their leavesD.The ability to shed leaves5.Why can annual plants grow in a desert even after a year of no rainfall?A.Annual plants have an extensive root system that can absorb water from far away.B.Annual plants produce seeds all year long.C.Seeds of annual plants can store water for a long time.D.Seeds of annual plants can survive in the ground for a long time without water.5.Listen again to part of the lecture.Then,answer the question.(PROFESSOR)The third adaptive strategy is to avoid the drought conditions altogether.Yes,there are plants that do this.Why does the professor say this: (PROFESSOR)Yes,there are plants that do this.A.To correct a previous statementB.To acknowledge a potentially surprising factC.To anticipate the types of questions that students might have about the topicD.To make sure that students are paying attention答案B ADC AD B译文教授：许多生物已经发展了在恶劣环境中生存的能力：酷热、严寒，或者非常干燥的环境。
Lecture 1(introduction)
(2) Factors concerned with cultural background: The way of life of Celts, Anglo-Saxons and Normans; The blend of different cultures of the tribes.
(3) Factors related to religious background: the spread and establishment of Christianity
8. The Victorian Period ⅰ Critic Realism Dickens, Thackeray ii Women Novelists: The Bronte Sisters
9. The Twentieth-Century English Literature ⅰ Modernism (1900-1950)
Assessment
General performance (class participation,class attendance…) 30% Term paper (1000-1500 words)70%
Teaching schedule
(18 weeks, 2 classes/1 week): Introduction (2) Part I and Part II (2) Part III (2) Part Ⅳ (4) Part V (4) Part Ⅵ (6) Part Ⅶ (8) Part Ⅷ (4) Part Ⅸ (2)
Q5: What benefits do we get from this course?
A good command of the target language; General knowledge of the culture , literature and history of the country; A profound mind and an insight for English literature
托福听力TPO5学习笔记之lecture1-智课教育旗下智课教育
智 课 网 托 福 备 考 资 料托福听力TPO5学习笔记之lecture1-智课教育旗下智课教育以下是小编的托福听力TPO5学习笔记中关于lecture1的内容，针对难词注解、长难句分析以及考题对应考点这三大方面展开，仅供参考。
下面就让小编来为大家介绍一下这篇托福听力TPO5学习笔记的相关内容吧，这是小编的一些见解，以便帮助大家更加充分的理解TPO真题，希望能够给正在准备托福听力的考友们带来帮助。
一、难词注解Alligator n. 短吻鳄(产于美国及中国);短吻鳄皮革;鳄口式工具adj.鳄鱼般的;鳄鱼皮革的;鳄鱼皮纹的vi. 皱裂;裂开sewer n. 下水道;阴沟;裁缝师vt.为…铺设污水管道;用下水道排除…的污水vi. 清洗污水管twinkle n. 闪烁vt. 使闪耀;闪耀vi. 闪烁;发亮Meme 模因transmission n. 传动装置，[机] 变速器;传递;传送;播送Replicators n. [遗] 复制基因;重复符Fecundity n. [生物] 繁殖力;多产;肥沃mutation n. [遗] 突变;变化;转变二、长难句分析the whole point of defining this familiar process as transmission of memes is so that we can explore its analogy with the transmission of genes.将这种人们熟悉的过程定义为模因的传递的重点在于我们能够可以将它与基因的传递相类比。
难句类型：介词短语做定语，so that 句式难句拆分：the whole point of+介词短语，so that+句子三、考题对应考点6.A meme is defined as a piece of information copied from person to person. By this definition, most of what you know,ideas, skills, stories, songs are memes. All the words you know, all the scientific theories you’ve learned, the rules your parents taught you to observe, all are memes that have been passed on from person to person. 开头原则中的背景引入式，讲座开头举出两个例子，都是为了今天讲课的主题—meme，而memes that have been passed on from person to person，对应B选项7. "Well we’ve all heard this song. Where am I going with this? Well, both the song and the story are examples of memes"举例原则，当教授介绍完这两个例子之后，说了前面这句话，both the song and the story are examples of memes，所以答案选择C8.在教授介绍完meme的含义之后，说“By this definition, most of what you know, ideas, skills, stories, songs are memes. All the words you know, all the scientific theories you’ve learned, the rules your parents taught you to observe, all are memes”，By this definition看出是强调原则，所以答案是AD9. 教授之前举了一个alligator的例子，之后又提到"If you takethe alligator story, it can exist for a long time in individual memory, let’s say, my memory".说明她记住这个 alligatorstory很多年，所以选择B10. Fecundity is the ability to reproduce in large numbers. For example, the common housefly reproduces by laying several thousand eggs, so each fly gene gets copied thousands of times. Memes, well, they can be reproduced in large numbers as well. How many times have you sung the‘twinkle, twinkle song’ to someone? Each time you replicated that song, and maybe passed it along to someone who did not know it yet, a small child maybe.举例原则，For example，前后两个例子互相对比，所以选择D11.Other memes are replicated with higher fidelity though, like the twinkle, twinkle song. It had the exact same words 20 years ago as it does now. Well, that’s because we see songs as something that has to be performed accurately each time. If you change a word, the others will usually bring you in line. They’llsay, ‘that’s not how you sing it’, right?，结尾原则，当别人说错的是后你会改正，课件人们在传播时不会改变太多。
Lecture 1 英语语法导论
• （根据构词法分类）
2) Classification in terms of grammatical function （根据语法功能分类）
2009-9
9
1）简单词、派生词、复合词 In terms of word-formation, words
e.g. He spoke loudly and clearly. Be a man. Do not act so slowly. She spoke very clearly indeed.
21
• 5) The prepositional phrase （介词词组）
The prepositional phrase is a phrase with a preposition as its head. The general pattern of a prepositional phrase is: (modifier+) preposition + complementation
• 词： Paul, one, schoolboys, I, of, nicest, know, is, the
• 词素：Paul, one, school, boy, -s, I, is, know, the, nice,
-est
3
Sentence
Clause
NP
VP
Prep P
Det
N
Aux Adv MV Prep Det N
• （分为两大类） • free morphemes and • bound morphemes.
5
lecture 1
Ps: 这种共性也会随着人类历史演变，民族文化五彩斑斓而变 化纷呈。不同文化环境的人对自然和社会认识的角度不一，深 浅也不同，这种语言特性使得汉语中的某些词语在英语中只能
找到部分相应的词语，甚至出现词语空缺，即在英语中无对
应的成分。
i.e.红茶－black tea 红眼病－pink eye/to be greeneyed 媒人－go-between 白酒－liquor/spirits
·蕴含意义:connotative meaning 词语内含的情感、联想和
文化意义，体现各个民族的思维方式和社会文化，即使是同 一指称，在不同语言里其蕴含意义也有天壤之别。
i.e.醋罐子 －vinegar (jealousy) 凤凰－phoenix 龙－dragon
Ps:汉语指称较为笼统，英语却有明确的区分 i.e.税：duty (关税) tax(税、税额) tariff(进出口税额)
词语翻译的几种基本方法
·直译（literal translation）
在不违背英语文化传统的前提下，在英译文本中完全保留汉语 词语的指称意义，使其内容和形式都与原文本相符的方法。
1. 组织、机构、公司名称
海关总署：General Customs administration 世界卫生组织：World Health Organization 中国商品检验局：Commodity Inspection Bureau of the
4.政治、财经专用词汇
中国共产党：The Communist Party of China (CPC) 中国工商银行: Industrial and Commercial Bank of China
（ICBC） 中国建设银行：China Construction Bank （CCB） 中国农业银行：Agricultural Bank of China 中国人民银行：The People’s Bank of China 中国银行：The Bank of China 国有商业银行：Commercial State Bank 所得税：income tax 假冒伪劣产品：fake and poor quality commodities
【托福听力备考】TPO12听力文本——Lecture 1
【托福听力备考】TPO12听力文本——Lecture 1众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。
相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。
TPO12 Lecture 1 BiologyNarrator:Listen to part of a lecture in a Biology Class.ProfessorAs we learn more about the DNA in human cells and how it controls thegrowth and development of cells, then maybe we can explain a very importantobservation, that when we try to grow most human cells in a laboratory, theyseem programmed to divide only a certain number of times before they die.Now this differs with the type of cell. Some cells, like nerve cells, onlydivide seven to nine times in their total life. Others, like skin cells, willdivide many, many more times. But finally the cells stop renewing themselves andthey die. And in the cells of the human body itself, in the cells of everyorgan, of almost every type of tissue in the body, the same thing will happeneventually.OK, you know that all of a person’s genetic information is contained onvery long pieces of DNA called Chromosomes. 46 of them are in the human cells,that’s 23 pairs of these Chromosomes of various lengths and sizes.Now if you’ll look at this rough drawing of one of them, one Chromosomeabout to divide into two. You see that it sort of looks like, well actually it’smuch more complex than this, but it reminds us a couple of springs linkedtogether, two coiled up pieces of DNA. And if you stretch them out you will find they contain certain genes, certain sequences of DNA that help determine how the cells of the body will develop. When researchers look really carefully at the DNA in Chromosomes though, they were amazed, we all were, to find that only afraction of it, maybe 20-30%, converts into meaningful genetic information. It’sincredible; at least it was to me. But if you took away all the DNA that codes for genes, you still have maybe 70% of the DNA left over. That’s the so-called JUNK DNA. Though the word junk is used sort of tongue-in-cheek.The assumption is that even if this DNA doesn’t make up any of the genes, it must serve some other purpose. Anyway, if we examine these ends of these coils of DNA, we will find a sequence of DNA at each end of every humanChromosome, called a telomere.Now a telomere is a highly repetitious and genetically meaningless sequenceof DNA, what we were calling JUNK DNA. But it does have an important purpose; itis sort of like the plastic tip on each end of a shoelace. It may not help you tie your shoe but that little plastic tip keeps the rest of the shoelace, the shoe string from unraveling into weak and useless threads. Well, the telomeres at the ends of Chromosomes seem to do about the same thing--- protect the genes, the genetically functional parts of the Chromosome, from being damaged. Every time the Chromosome divides, every time one cell divides into two. Pieces of theends of the Chromosome, the telomeres, get broken off. So after each division,the telomeres get shorter and one of the things that may happen after a while isthat pieces of the genes themselves get broken off the Chromosomes. So the Chromosome is now losing important genetic information and is no longerfunctional. But as long as the telomeres are a certain length, they keep this from happening. So it seems that, when the, by looking at the length of the telomeres on specific Chromosomes, we can actually predict pretty much how long certain cells can successfully go on dividing.Now, there are some cells that just seem to keep on dividing regardless, which may not always be a good thing if it gets out of control.But when we analyze these cells chemically, we find something veryinteresting, a chemical in them, an enzyme called telomerase. As bits of the telomere break off from the end of the Chromosome, this chemical, thistelomerase can rebuild it, can help reassemble the protective DNA, the telomere that the Chromosome has lost. Someday we may be able to take any cell and keep it alive functioning and reproducing itself essentially forever through the use of telomerase. And in the future we may have virtually immortal nerve cells and immortal skin cells or whatever, because this chemical, telomerase, can keep the telomeres on the ends of Chromosomes from getting any shorter.希望这些对你的托福备考有帮助，预祝大家托福考试能取得理想成绩。
【托福听力备考】托福TPO1听力文本——Lecture 1
【托福听力备考】托福TPO1听力文本——Lecture 1众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。
相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。
Lecture 1 PsychologyNarrator：Listen to part of a psychology lecture. The professor isdiscussing behaviorism.Professor：Now, many people consider John Watson to be the founder ofbehaviorism. And like other behaviorists, he believed that psychologists shouldstudy only the behaviors they can observe and measure. They’re not interested inmental processes. While a person could describe his thoughts, no one else can see or hear them to verify the accuracy of his report. But one thing you can observe is muscular habits. What Watson did was to observe muscular habits because he viewed them as a manifestation of thinking. One kind of habits that he studied are laryngeal habits.Watson thought laryngeal habits . . . you know, from larynx, in otherwords, related to the voice box . . . he thought those habits were an expression of thinking. He argued that for very young children, thinking is really talking out loud to oneself because they talk out loud even if they’re not trying to communicate with someone in particular. As the individual matures, that overt talking to oneself becomes covert talking to oneself, but thinking still shows up as a laryngeal habit. One of the bits of evidence that supports this is thatwhen people are trying to solve a problem, they, um, typically have increased muscular activity in the throat region. That is, if you put electrodes on the throat and measure muscle potential—muscle activity—you discover that when people are thinking, like if they’re diligently trying to solve a problem, that there is muscular activity in the throat region.So, Watson made the argument that problem solving, or thinking, can be defined as a set of behaviors—a set of responses—and in this case the response he observed was the throat activity. That’s what he means when he calls it a laryngeal habit. Now, as I am thinking about what I am going to be saying, my muscles in my throat are responding. So, thinking can be measured as muscle activity. Now, the motor theory . . . yes?Student： Professor Blake, um, did he happen to look at people who sign? I mean deaf people?Professor：Uh, he did indeed, um, and to jump ahead, what one finds in deaf individuals who use sign language when they’re given problems of various kinds, they have muscular changes in their hands when they are trying to solve a problem . . . muscle changes in the hand, just like the muscular changes going on in the throat region for speaking individuals.So, for Watson, thinking is identical with the activity of muscles. A related concept of thinking was developed by William James. It’s called ideomotor action.Ideomotor action is an activity that occurs without our noticing it,without our being aware of it. I’ll give you one simple example. If you think oflocations, there tends to be eye movement that occurs with your thinking aboutthat location. In particular, from where we’re sitting, imagine that you’reasked to think of our university library. Well, if you close your eyes and thinkof the library, and if you’re sitting directly facing me, then according to thisnotion, your eyeballs will move slightly to the left, to your left, ‘cause thelibrary’s in that general direction.James and others said that this is an idea leading to a motor action, andthat’s why it’s called “ideomotor action”—an idea leads to motor activity. Ifyou wish to impress your friends and relatives, you can change this simpleprocess into a magic trick. Ask people to do something such as I’ve justdescribed: think of something on their left; think of something on their right.You get them to think about two things on either side with their eyes closed,and you watch their eyes very carefully. And if you do that, you’ll discoverthat you can see rather clearly the eye movement—that is, you can see themovement of the eyeballs. Now, then you say, think of either one and I’ll tellwhich you’re thinking of.OK. Well, Watson makes the assumption that muscular activity is equivalentto thinking. But given everything we’ve been talking about here, one has to ask:are there alternatives to this motor theory—this claim that muscular activitiesare equivalent to thinking? Is there anything else that might account for this change in muscular activity, other than saying that it is thinking? And the answer is clearly yes. Is there any way to answer the question definitively? I think the answer is no.。
LECTURE 1 单词记忆法教材
图示
Part 2 偏旁部P首a法rt（1音形义法）
1、 morose 郁闷 记忆方法：mo（没有）+rose（玫瑰）=没有玫瑰，
情人节没有玫瑰，当然很郁闷！ 2、prose 散文、单调的 记忆方法： p（扑）+rose（玫瑰）=扑在玫瑰上写情书， 这种感觉下写的文字一般都比较悠扬，即散文的味道。
3、plight 困境 记忆方法： p（扑）+light（光）=把光都给扑灭了，困境来了！
（法国人把他丢进壕沟里，而我把他扭伤了。） 3、s—蛇。Sway蛇一样的走路方式——摇摆
Part 9 字母读Pa音rt联1想法
4、ee—眼睛；L—大高个子；g—哥哥；m—妹妹。 loom高高个子大大眼睛的妹妹（难找啊）——若隐若现的； bloom不若隐若现了——————遍地开花的 gloom哥哥想找高高个子大大眼睛的妹妹找不到————郁闷 groom屋里等候的哥哥—————— 新郎
前面加b，含义不变， 前面加鬼，真恐怖， 前面加t才，修剪整齐。
Part 10 读音拼Pa音rt口1诀法
oil 油 toil/moil 辛苦（两个词含义一样） foil 锡纸、挫败 boil 沸腾，blood boil 热血沸腾 记忆方法：toil音似“淘油”，当然很辛苦了！ foil即：f（非常）+oil，非常油，就要用锡纸擦，擦来擦去真麻烦， 干点活都能弄的满桌子是油，伤心了，挫败了。 所以记住一个口诀: toil and moil，（辛辛苦苦）
e.g. peer at sb. peeping Tom 偷窥狂 多像两个眼睛眯成一条缝
4、gaze（凝视）——gape（吃惊的看）
Part 9 字母读Pa音rt联1想法
1、i—爱—isolate——爱得如此晚（那么大了还没谈恋爱）——孤立。 2、T—他、w—我。French—法国、trench—壕沟 、wrench—扭伤。
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Why Thesis?
New or original
Dreiser is not a naturalist writer. At undergraduate level, you are not so much required to be original.
Argumentation
Most argumentation begins with a statement of an idea or opinion, which is then supported with logical evidence.
2.Proposing a Hypothesis
your reader expects a clear statement of your position. Typically, this summary statement comes in the first paragraph or the first part of the essay, though there is no rigid rule about position. It is the starting point of your writing.
A point of view
1) Translation is an artistic rather than scientific process. 2) Polite principle is not a governing rule of human communication. 3) Dreiser is a naturalist writer. 4）On American Culture
Dickens’ Style / Dickens’ Characterization / his characterization in David Copperfield / his characterization of David Copperfield
The questions cannot be too broad, for a topic must have focus. The Age of Realism / The Principles of Language / Cultural Differences between the U various linguistic phenomena
Translation—study of translation thoeries
Culture of English-speaking Countries—analysis of certain cultural
assessment; an aid to critical thinking, understanding and memory; customary way of thinking— random, spontaneous to improve communication skills; to train students as future professionals Marketing Research Paper / Annual Summery Report
Nor can it be too narrow since the goal of a good thesis is to express thoughts of general importance through detailed analysis of a specific case or cases. Characterization of David Copperfield
phenomenon
Teaching Methodology—proposal
and evaluation of certain teaching method
Much of the persuasive purpose of academic argument is accomplished through synthesising past research and presenting evidence to back up claims or points of view.
3. Four Study Fields for Students of the English Major
Linguistics—pragmatics, semantics, Literature—British & American
Literature—theme or style or strategies
A topic is best formulated as a question.
For example: How does relevance functions in communication? What is the theme of Sister Carrie
A topic with appropriate size
Lecture One
Choosing an Appropriate Topic and Proposing your Hypothesis
1. Choosing a Topic
A topic of interest The first step—determine your primary areas of interest from your own interests /stay focused & motivated
Research / different from a thought paper
an active, diligent and systematic process of inquiry in order to discover, interpret or revise facts, events, or theories. a systematic process of collecting information about a particular subject.
One Issue Only
One of the most common problems with previous student papers is “floating topics”, that is, the paper has no focus, discussing several related issues at a time. For example: both theme and style of a literary work,
Academic Writing
Introduction:
Nature, Task and Importance
What’s special about Thesis?
to persuade readers to your point of view through a well-constructed argument which lays out logical reasoning and evidence; advancing a NEW point of view resulting from research; elaborating on ORIGINAL research, arguing a SPECIFIC view. usually a requirement for an advanced academic degree