lecture3翻译的基本步骤
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Lecture 3 翻译的标准
Lecture 3 翻译的标准翻译标准：目前翻译界普遍接受的，也是作为一般翻译学习者必须努力掌握的标准，简而言之是两条：忠实(Faithfulness) 和流畅(Smoothness)。
外语腔是初学翻译者不知不觉地会在汉语译文中表现出来的一种不当倾向。
翻译时所要表达的内容来自外语原文，原文的词语和结构形式随着内容一起进入到我们的大脑，于是原文的语言形式被带入译文，造成了译文的外语腔。
The only concession he made to the climate was to wear a white dinner jacket.【译文】气候变化，他仅稍稍作了一点变通，赴宴时穿了件白色的短礼服。
翻译标准：忠实和流畅好的译文还必须保持原文的风格包括民族风格、时代风格、语体风格、作者个人的语言风格等。
即：译者不能破坏或改变原文的风格，不能以译者的风格代替原作的风格。
课堂练习：•She couldn't have come at a better time.•She has been a widow only six months.•I believe the speech was needlessly stubborn.•The Englishman feels no less deeply than any other nationality.•From a physical standpoint, there ought to be as many colours as there are different wave lengths.•As a human being, we should demonstrate our intellectual and moral superiority by respecting others for who they are -- instead of rejecting them for who/what they are not.1. 她来得正是时候。
EST-3
句子成分分析
在弄清句子的主干后,还要识别句中各个成分的作用及语法 关系;在复合句中,要根据从属连词,并列连词,关系代词 或关系副词等理清主句和从句及其语法和逻辑关系,如: The diode consists of a tungsten filament(钨丝), which gives off electrons when it is heated, and a plate(极 板)toward which the electrons migrate when the field is in the right direction. 句子的主干是:
句子的翻译
Lecture 3 (March 15,2010)
I.句子的翻译基本步骤 句子的翻译基本步骤
– –
原文理解
提炼主干 句子成分分析
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译文表达
直译 意译←句子成分的找出句子中的主,谓,宾,表等主干成分,从而凸 现句子的主体框架,为理解句子的完整涵义打下基础. The application of just a fraction of a volt across the ends of a copper conductor can produce a large current flow. 上述句子中只有一个谓语动词can produce,因此可知该句为简 单句,并且是一个简单长句.同时,句中的次要成分和层次较复 杂.但若提炼主干,其主体框架就很明显了: application…can produce…current flow.所以其骨架涵义为 "应用……会产生……的电流".
The fatigue life test is over . 疲劳寿命试验结束了. If one generator is out of order, the other will produce electricity instead. 如果一台发电机发生故障,另一台便代替 代替它发电. 代替 As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on. 他跑出去时,忘记了穿鞋子. Mr. Nixon had said repeatedly that the American War in Indochina would soon be over. 尼克松先生屡次声称,美国在印度支那的战争即将结束. That day he was up before sunrise 那天他在日出以前就起来了. She opened the window to let fresh air in. 她把窗于打开,让新鲜空气进来.
201403第三次-多动句和兼语式的翻译
第一个动词也可用分词结构来翻译，如：
他打开抽屉拿出词典来。 Opening the drawer, he took out a dictionary.
2. 有“目的”关系的连动式，翻译 时通常是 把前一个动词词翻译成谓语，而后一个动 词即表示目的的词，则用不定式译成目的 状语。
去年我和弟弟回乡去看朋友。 Last year I went home with my brother to visit our friends. 特别是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门
3. 有伴随动作的多动句，用分词。例如:
他站在门口笑。 He stood at the door, grinning. 这时植树树苗存活率高，之后长得也快，因 此清明节也是植树的好时候。 从上空来看，长城像一条蛇。 Seen from the sky, the Great Wall is like a snake. 做完了家庭作业，孩子们就回家了。 Having finished their homework, the children went home.
预测题9 --译改编简
• 香港中文大学成立于1963年，是一所研究 型综合大学，以“结合传统与现代，融汇 中国与西方”为创校使命。 • Founded in 1963, the Chinese University of Hong Kong is a research-oriented comprehensive university. • Its mission is to combine tradition with modernity and bring together China and the west.
6. He came back home with some books under
翻译的三个基本过程
翻译的三个基本过程翻译是一项技能，让人们能够理解和传播各种语言之间的文本。
虽然翻译的规则和方法有很多，但是大部分翻译都会遵守三个基本过程，包括句法分析、语义分析和文体分析，它们一起构成了翻译领域中被广泛接受的翻译理论。
第一个基本过程是句法分析。
它是一种在翻译过程中，源语言句子在语法层面上的分析和模型化，也就是句法树。
语法结构是被翻译的句子或者片段的第一步探索，它可以帮助翻译者更好地理解原文，把握句子的意思，并且找到有效的翻译方法。
第二个基本过程是语义分析，也被称作概念分析。
语义分析是指在翻译过程中，源语言句子的意味上的分析和模型化，它帮助翻译者把握句子里含有的语义信息，比如句子意思的含义、语篇的总体意思、以及句子里的修辞手法。
语义分析可以让翻译者更好地理解和表达句子的修辞意图以及深层的含义，把握翻译的主要方向。
最后一个基本过程是文体分析，也称作语用分析。
文体分析是指在翻译过程中，源语言句子的文体特征的分析和模型化，它帮助翻译者把握实际文本中使用熟练的文体特色。
翻译者可以从源语言句子中作出文体上的判断，根据文体上的判断合理使用语言，使翻译后的文本更加符合文体上的要求。
总而言之，翻译的三个基本过程是句法分析、语义分析和文体分析，它们一起构成了翻译领域中被广泛接受的翻译理论。
句法分析帮助翻译者把握句子的结构，语义分析帮助翻译者把握句子里的语义信息，文体分析帮助翻译者把握文本的文体特征。
掌握这三个基本过程对提高翻译水平具有重要意义。
首先，句法分析有助于翻译者了解源语言句子的基本结构，从而更好地理解原文的意思，并找到有效的翻译方法。
其次，语义分析可以揭示句子中的深刻含义，帮助翻译者把握句子的意思，并表达准确、优雅的翻译。
最后，文体分析可以帮助翻译者理解源文中文体特色，从而在翻译中能够合理运用语言，使翻译后的文本更加符合文体上的要求。
翻译是一项技术，它的基本要素是三个基本过程：句法分析、语义分析和文体分析。
lesson three转换译法
十二、 十二、副词转译成形容词 英语副词在句子中的位置也比较灵活， 英语副词在句子中的位置也比较灵活，有 时在句首，有时在动词前后， 时在句首，有时在动词前后，有时在词语 中间翻译时首先要弄清它的修饰关系， 中间翻译时首先要弄清它的修饰关系，正 确理解其含义， 确理解其含义，然后根据汉语习惯灵活处 英语形容词或动词转译成汉语名词时， 理。英语形容词或动词转译成汉语名词时， 原来修饰形容词或动词的副词往往随着转 译成汉语形容词。 译成汉语形容词。 I suppose boys think differently from girls. 我想男孩和女孩的思维方式不同 不同。 我想男孩和女孩的思维方式不同。
由动词派生的名词可转译成动词（ ③ 由动词派生的名词可转译成动词 （ 政论 文体中较常出现） 文体中较常出现） Speakers called for the liberation of the oppressed（被压迫） of the world. （被压迫） 发言人表示要解放世界上的被压迫者。 解放世界上的被压迫者 发言人表示要解放世界上的被压迫者。 Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. 火箭已经被用来探索宇宙。 被用来探索宇宙 火箭已经被用来探索宇宙。
七、动词转译成名词 由名词派生出来的动词，可转译成汉语名词。 ① 由名词派生出来的动词，可转译成汉语名词。 如 characterize, symbolize, design, cost, behave等 ， 这些动词在英语中用得很普遍 ， 但 等 这些动词在英语中用得很普遍， 是翻译成汉语时却很难找到与之对等的词因此， 是翻译成汉语时却很难找到与之对等的词因此， 译成汉语时，常常转译为名词。 译成汉语时，常常转译为名词。 Such materials are characterized by good insulation（绝缘 ） and high resistance to （ 绝缘） wear. 这些材料的特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强。 这些材料的特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强。 英语中的某些感觉动词， ② 英语中的某些感觉动词 ， 如 look, sound, taste, smell, feel等，在译成汉语时，常转化为 等 在译成汉语时， 名词。 名词。 The flowers smell sweet. 这些花气味芬芳。 气味芬芳 这些花气味芬芳。
Lecture Three
2. I wrote four books in the first three years，a record never touched before ． 我头三年写了四本书，打破了以往的记录。
分词短语
1. She sat with her hands cupping her chin，staring at a corner of the little kitchen． 她坐在那儿双手托着下巴，眼睛凝视着小厨 房的一角。
3.Despite their differences , their love will conquer. 尽管他们之间存在着分歧，他们之间的爱会 战胜一切。（让步分句）
4.I found the house suddenly, and stood there with my heart beating fast and tears coming to my eyes. 我突然找到那所房子。 我站在那里，心剧 烈地跳着，泪水也涌上眼睛。 （并列分句）
友好的， 热情的
2. He had long been held in cordial contempt by his peers, now that contempt was no longer cordial.
长期以来，他的同事虽有些看不起他，却还是 对他还比较友好；现在，除了看不起外，友好 也没有了。
Exercise
1. It was an uphill work. 2. His announcement got a mixed reaction. 3. She as pardonably proud of her wonderful cooking. 4. You cannot legally conclude a peace treaty with West Germany alone.
lecture翻译技巧八顺序和逆序法
技巧7-语态变换法翻译练习：
1. The dockers were seen unloading the chemical fertilizer from S.S. “Apollo”.
2. The Finnish Trade Mission was given a warm welcome by their counterparts.
我们天天在教室里认真学习。
2. His address is 518 Wenhua Road, Guzan Town, PA626001, Kangding. 他的地址是康定县姑咱镇文化路518号，邮编编码 626001。
3. They were badly defeated at Luding in November, 1945. 他们于1945年11月在泸定附近大败。
+post-) both his two sisters (pre- + central + post-)
我的三位朋友 她的许多本书
Fourth, general principal for placing several attributive modifiers before noun in Chinese:
predeterminer + central determiner + postdeterminer
all the four teachers (pre- + central + post-) all your three books (pre- + central + post-) all these last few days (pre-+central+post-
1. The dockers were seen unloading the chemical fertilizer from S.S. “Apollo”.
2. The Finnish Trade Mission was given a warm welcome by their counterparts.
我们天天在教室里认真学习。
2. His address is 518 Wenhua Road, Guzan Town, PA626001, Kangding. 他的地址是康定县姑咱镇文化路518号，邮编编码 626001。
3. They were badly defeated at Luding in November, 1945. 他们于1945年11月在泸定附近大败。
+post-) both his two sisters (pre- + central + post-)
我的三位朋友 她的许多本书
Fourth, general principal for placing several attributive modifiers before noun in Chinese:
predeterminer + central determiner + postdeterminer
all the four teachers (pre- + central + post-) all your three books (pre- + central + post-) all these last few days (pre-+central+post-
lecture 3 科技英语的翻译
1、词汇层面 （1） 专业术语多。这些专业术语的特点是： a. 词形较长，大多含有源于拉丁语、希腊语和法语的词 根、词缀。 如：nucleonics (核子学)， semisomnus (半昏迷)， excoriation (表皮脱落)等。 b. 多复合词。人们常常通过各种构词方法创造出一些 复合词来表示科技发展中出现的新事物， 如radiophotography (无线电传真)， c. 多缩略词。为使用便利和节省时间，科技英语同经 贸英语一样，也有许多缩略词， FM (frequency modulation调频)
（6） 介词词组连用多。为了较为简练地反映 各事物(即各句子成分)之间的时空、所属、因果 等逻辑关系，科技英语中介词词组(短语)连用较 多。例如： The action of air on an airplane in flight at low altitude is greater than that at high altitude. 空气对于低空飞行飞机的作用力大于高空飞 行的飞机。
Lecture 3
Translation of English for Science and Technology (EST)
科技英语(English for Science and Technology，简称EST)是从事科学技术活动时 所使用的英语，是英语的一种变体(科技文体)。 科技英语自70年代以来引起了人们的广泛关注和 研究，目前已发展成为一种重要的英语语体。 I. 科技英语的文体特点 科技英语由于其内容、使用域和语篇功能的 特殊性，也由于科技工作者长期以来的语言使用 习惯，形成了自身的一些特点，使其在许多方面 有别于日常英语、文学英语等语体。这些特点主 要表现在词汇和句法两个层面上：
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from observations. ➢ 得出结论 4.Until the domain theory of magnetism was developed, they
did not have much success. ➢ 提出理论. 5.Modern aircraft are so heavy that the wings must develop a
1. Several attempts have been made through the years to develop the deposit.
➢ 开采矿产 2.As young Tom grew into manhood, he developed tuberculosis. ➢ 患上结核病 3.A hypothesis is a specific statement developed by a scientist
➢ 控制噪音的理想方法是消除噪音源，但这在许多情 况下是不可能的。
3. The author recognizes that his statement in this
article is arbitrary and does not correspond to generally agreed standard. ➢ 作者声明，文中的说法系个人意见，与通常公认的 观点不尽一致。
4. Let us drop the matter for the time being. ➢ 我们暂时别再谈这个问题吧。 5. At the beginning of yesterday’s meeting Tom
made a slip of the tongue, and thereafter Mary dropped a brick. ➢ 在昨天的会议上，汤姆一开始讲话失口 了， 之后玛丽讲话又失口了。
词义选择
一词多义
1.1a 词性与词义 1.1b 语境与词义
1.1c 语体与词义
1.1d 色彩与词义 1.1e 文体与词义
1.1a 词性与词义
1. They were determined to fight to the last drop of their blood, despite the marked numerical superiority of the aggressors.
chic
1. Edison invented the gramophone and the electric light. ➢ 爱迪生发明了留声机和电灯。
very large lift force in order to sustain the aircraft. ➢ 产生升力
6.To develop the capabilities of the geophysical prospecting,
the renewal of techniques and equipment is the first thing to be considered. ➢提高能力
1.1d 色彩与词义
褒义 commendatory sense 中性 neutral sense 贬义 derogatory sense
褒义词 famous
贬义词 notorious
compliment envy
flatter jealousy
statesman
politician
fashionable
POWERPOINT TEMPLATE
翻译的基本步骤 POWERPOINT TEMPLATE POWERPOINT TEMPLATE POWERPOINT TEMPLATE
Basic Steps in POWERPOINT TTEMrPLaATnE slating
POWERPOINT TEMPLATE
8.咱们打的吧。 ➢ Let’s take a taxi. 9.杯子打了。 ➢ The glass cup is broken. 10.你打哪儿来？ ➢ Where did you come from? 11. 他在我背上打了一拳。 ➢ He beat me on the back with his fist. 12. 打铃了。该上课了。 ➢ The bell is ringing. It's time for class. 13. 到家别忘了给我打电话。 ➢ Don't forget to make/place a call to me when you get home. 14. 他高兴地打起手鼓。 ➢ He was so happy that he couldn‘t help striking the hand
a new word. (Firth, British linguist)
1. a broken man ➢穷困潦倒的人
2. a broken soldier ➢残废的士兵 3. a broken time ➢零星的时间 4. a broken road ➢崎岖不平的道路
1. 看报纸 ➢read a newspaper 2. 看电影 ➢see a movie/film 3. 看电视 ➢watch TV 4. 看黑板 ➢look at the blackboard 5. 瞪大眼睛惊讶地看 ➢stare 6. 饶有兴趣地看 ➢gaze 7. 愤怒地看 ➢glare 8. 吃力地看 ➢peep/peer 9. 偷看 ➢peek
emancipating the productive forces. 11. 他走错了一着。 ➢ He has made a false move. 12. 老王说他没着了。 ➢ Lao Wang said he was at the end of his tether.
1.1b 语境与词义
Each word, when used in a new context, is
➢开发资源
9.Inspired by these ideas, in 1752 Franklin developed a
practical lightning rod. ➢发明避雷针
10.Most of the money came from selling the secret of a new type of potato he had developed.
➢培育新品种
1. 她在打毛衣。 ➢She was knitting a sweater. 2.他在句尾打了个问号。 ➢He put a question mark at the end of the sentence. 3.他们正在打扑克。 ➢They are playing cards. 4.我打票了。 ➢I bought a ticket. 5.他没打伞。 ➢He didn’t hold up an umbrella. 6.我已打好草稿。 ➢I have worked out a draft. 7.他在给水稻打农药。 ➢He is spraying insecticide on the rice.
1. I respect them; they are good citizen, good husband, and good fathers.
➢ 我尊重这些人；他们是守法的公民、尽职的丈夫、 慈祥的父亲。
2. Though the ideal cure for noise is to stop it at its source, this may in many cases be impossible.
7. In developing a design, the engineer must apply his knowledge of engineering and material science.
➢进行设计
8.We must develop all the natural substance in our country which can make us rich.
Contents
1 准确理解原文 2 正确表达译文 3 仔细校对译文 4 Practice
理解与表达
翻译过程中两个各自不同但又密切相关的阶段
在理解的基础上进行表达，在表达的过程中加 深理解。
理解是表达的前提，表达是理解的结果。
原文是翻译的出发点和基础，没有对原文的准 确理解就不会有准确的表达。
➢ 尽管侵略者在数量上占很大优势，他们决心血战 到底。
2. The entire drop of lambs this year is twice that of last year.
➢ 今年羊羔的总产量为去年的两倍。
3. He hasn’t a drop of sense in his head. ➢ 他毫无头脑。
6. “I wish he wouldn’t drop in on me so often,” she murmured.
➢ 她低声说道：“我希望他不要老是到我这儿 来串门。”
7. During consideration of the Draft Text, the G-77 spokesman stated that the phrase “to review national development strategies” should be dropped, as that formulation would lead to violation of a nation’s sovereignty.
理解要尽量准确，表达要力求充分
1.准确理解原文
1.1 词义理解 1.2 语句法分析 1.3 逻辑分析 1.4 文体风格
1.1 词义理解
弄清词的概念意义和关联意义
了解文化特征、历史演变、社会发展和 科技进步对语言的影响
把握语言的随意性和约定俗成性
注意词语的搭配关系、逻辑关系和上下 文关系
did not have much success. ➢ 提出理论. 5.Modern aircraft are so heavy that the wings must develop a
1. Several attempts have been made through the years to develop the deposit.
➢ 开采矿产 2.As young Tom grew into manhood, he developed tuberculosis. ➢ 患上结核病 3.A hypothesis is a specific statement developed by a scientist
➢ 控制噪音的理想方法是消除噪音源，但这在许多情 况下是不可能的。
3. The author recognizes that his statement in this
article is arbitrary and does not correspond to generally agreed standard. ➢ 作者声明，文中的说法系个人意见，与通常公认的 观点不尽一致。
4. Let us drop the matter for the time being. ➢ 我们暂时别再谈这个问题吧。 5. At the beginning of yesterday’s meeting Tom
made a slip of the tongue, and thereafter Mary dropped a brick. ➢ 在昨天的会议上，汤姆一开始讲话失口 了， 之后玛丽讲话又失口了。
词义选择
一词多义
1.1a 词性与词义 1.1b 语境与词义
1.1c 语体与词义
1.1d 色彩与词义 1.1e 文体与词义
1.1a 词性与词义
1. They were determined to fight to the last drop of their blood, despite the marked numerical superiority of the aggressors.
chic
1. Edison invented the gramophone and the electric light. ➢ 爱迪生发明了留声机和电灯。
very large lift force in order to sustain the aircraft. ➢ 产生升力
6.To develop the capabilities of the geophysical prospecting,
the renewal of techniques and equipment is the first thing to be considered. ➢提高能力
1.1d 色彩与词义
褒义 commendatory sense 中性 neutral sense 贬义 derogatory sense
褒义词 famous
贬义词 notorious
compliment envy
flatter jealousy
statesman
politician
fashionable
POWERPOINT TEMPLATE
翻译的基本步骤 POWERPOINT TEMPLATE POWERPOINT TEMPLATE POWERPOINT TEMPLATE
Basic Steps in POWERPOINT TTEMrPLaATnE slating
POWERPOINT TEMPLATE
8.咱们打的吧。 ➢ Let’s take a taxi. 9.杯子打了。 ➢ The glass cup is broken. 10.你打哪儿来？ ➢ Where did you come from? 11. 他在我背上打了一拳。 ➢ He beat me on the back with his fist. 12. 打铃了。该上课了。 ➢ The bell is ringing. It's time for class. 13. 到家别忘了给我打电话。 ➢ Don't forget to make/place a call to me when you get home. 14. 他高兴地打起手鼓。 ➢ He was so happy that he couldn‘t help striking the hand
a new word. (Firth, British linguist)
1. a broken man ➢穷困潦倒的人
2. a broken soldier ➢残废的士兵 3. a broken time ➢零星的时间 4. a broken road ➢崎岖不平的道路
1. 看报纸 ➢read a newspaper 2. 看电影 ➢see a movie/film 3. 看电视 ➢watch TV 4. 看黑板 ➢look at the blackboard 5. 瞪大眼睛惊讶地看 ➢stare 6. 饶有兴趣地看 ➢gaze 7. 愤怒地看 ➢glare 8. 吃力地看 ➢peep/peer 9. 偷看 ➢peek
emancipating the productive forces. 11. 他走错了一着。 ➢ He has made a false move. 12. 老王说他没着了。 ➢ Lao Wang said he was at the end of his tether.
1.1b 语境与词义
Each word, when used in a new context, is
➢开发资源
9.Inspired by these ideas, in 1752 Franklin developed a
practical lightning rod. ➢发明避雷针
10.Most of the money came from selling the secret of a new type of potato he had developed.
➢培育新品种
1. 她在打毛衣。 ➢She was knitting a sweater. 2.他在句尾打了个问号。 ➢He put a question mark at the end of the sentence. 3.他们正在打扑克。 ➢They are playing cards. 4.我打票了。 ➢I bought a ticket. 5.他没打伞。 ➢He didn’t hold up an umbrella. 6.我已打好草稿。 ➢I have worked out a draft. 7.他在给水稻打农药。 ➢He is spraying insecticide on the rice.
1. I respect them; they are good citizen, good husband, and good fathers.
➢ 我尊重这些人；他们是守法的公民、尽职的丈夫、 慈祥的父亲。
2. Though the ideal cure for noise is to stop it at its source, this may in many cases be impossible.
7. In developing a design, the engineer must apply his knowledge of engineering and material science.
➢进行设计
8.We must develop all the natural substance in our country which can make us rich.
Contents
1 准确理解原文 2 正确表达译文 3 仔细校对译文 4 Practice
理解与表达
翻译过程中两个各自不同但又密切相关的阶段
在理解的基础上进行表达，在表达的过程中加 深理解。
理解是表达的前提，表达是理解的结果。
原文是翻译的出发点和基础，没有对原文的准 确理解就不会有准确的表达。
➢ 尽管侵略者在数量上占很大优势，他们决心血战 到底。
2. The entire drop of lambs this year is twice that of last year.
➢ 今年羊羔的总产量为去年的两倍。
3. He hasn’t a drop of sense in his head. ➢ 他毫无头脑。
6. “I wish he wouldn’t drop in on me so often,” she murmured.
➢ 她低声说道：“我希望他不要老是到我这儿 来串门。”
7. During consideration of the Draft Text, the G-77 spokesman stated that the phrase “to review national development strategies” should be dropped, as that formulation would lead to violation of a nation’s sovereignty.
理解要尽量准确，表达要力求充分
1.准确理解原文
1.1 词义理解 1.2 语句法分析 1.3 逻辑分析 1.4 文体风格
1.1 词义理解
弄清词的概念意义和关联意义
了解文化特征、历史演变、社会发展和 科技进步对语言的影响
把握语言的随意性和约定俗成性
注意词语的搭配关系、逻辑关系和上下 文关系