Planning and Matchmaking in a Multi-Agent System for Software Integration

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法国区域与地方城市规划中的乡村景观风貌规划管控

Rural Landscape Character Planning and Management in Regional and Local Planning in France法国区域与地方城市规划中的乡村景观风貌规划管控李振燊黄莹黎均文周向频 LI Zhenshen, HUANG Ying, LI Junwen, ZHOU Xiangpin乡村景观风貌是法国区域与地方城市规划的共同线索，在政策方向上具有保护自然生态与保护历史文化两个显著特点。

法国央地分权的政府组织架构发挥了“国家体制的顶层引导”和“地方自治的横向协作”双重优势，中央通过景观立法和派驻、审查制度在严守生态和历史文化底线方面有力地传导了国家意志，发展出一系列成熟的规划管理工具；地方通过加盟、协议关系在规划的目标认同、资源整合、行动协同上形成合力。

景观风貌类专项规划与主干规划呈现多种灵活的关系，对其形成有效的补充，最终落实到清晰具体的实施行动与管控要求中。

法国乡村景观风貌保护的目标理念、发展路径和规划管控做法可为我国相关工作提供借鉴。

Rural landscape character is the common thread of regional and local urban planning in France, and it has two notablefeatures of protecting natural ecology and protecting historical culture in terms of policy direction. Central-regional decentralization has given full play to the dual advantages of "top-level guidance of the national system" and "horizontal cooperation of local autonomy". The central government has effectively conveyed the national will in strictly adhering to the bottom line of ecology, history, and culture through landscape legislation, accreditation and review system, and developed a series of mature planning management tools. Through alliances and agreement relationships, local governments form joint forces in planning target recognition, resource integration, and action coordination. The special planning of landscape character presents a variety of flexible relationships to main planning, forming an effective supplement to it, and finally leads to clear and specific implementation actions and control regulations. The concept, the approach, and the planning control of rural landscape protection in France can provide references for related work in China.乡村规划；景观风貌规划；城市规划；法国rural planning; landscape character planning; urban planning; France摘要Abstract 关键词Key words 作者简介李振燊广州市城市规划设计有限公司规划研究所规划师，硕士黄莹广州市城市规划勘测设计研究院城市更新所规划师，硕士黎均文广州市城市规划设计有限公司规划研究所所长，高级工程师乡村景观风貌既包括体现乡村历史遗产、社会人文特征的“风”，也包括体现自然生态格局、农业生产、城镇建设等物质空间的“貌”，是人文景观与自然景观的统一体，高品质的景观风貌是乡村振兴的必然要求。

工作分析和工作计划英文版

Introduction
Definition of Work Analysis
Work Analysis is a process of studying the nature, characteristics, and requirements of work tasks.
It involves breaking down work into its constituent elements and analyzing them to understand their relationships and dependencies.
Identifies the human, technical, and material resources required for project execution.
Identifies potential risks and how they will be mitigated or managed.
Case Study 2: Work Plan in a Software Development Project
总结词
需求分析、时间管理、团队协作
详细描述
在软件开发项目中，制定详细的工作计划至关重要。首先，进行需求分析，明确软件的功能和性能要求，为后续开发提供依据。其次，做好时间管理，根据项目复杂度和团队能力，合理安排开发进度，确保项目按时交付。此外，加强团队协作，通过有效的沟通
Analyze work: Break down the project into smaller, manageable tasks and analyze the effort required for each task.
Prioritize tasks:

无人机多机协同航迹规划的研究及发展

第26 卷第 3 期2 0 0 9 年9 月战术导弹控制技术Control Technology of Tactical M issileVol〃26 No〃3Sep 〃2 0 0 9无人机多机协同航迹规划的研究及发展胡中华，赵敏，撒鹏飞（南京航空航天大学自动化学院，南京210016）摘要：构建了无人机协同航迹规划的结构框架，并阐述了其发展，分析了无人机系统约束及威胁场约束，探讨了无人机航迹几何建模方法及协同规划算法的国内外研究概况，并着重分析了协同规划算法如遗传算法、神经网络及蚁群算法。

最后，阐述了无人机协同航迹规划面临的关键问题及发展趋势。

关键词：无人机；协同航迹规划；蚁群算法；遗传算法；神经网络中图分类号：O22文献标识码：A文章编号：（2009）03-050-6Research and development trend of cooperativepath planning for multiple UAVsHU Zhong-hua，ZHAO Min，SA Peng-fei（College of Automation Engineering，Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics，Nanjing 210016）Abst r act：Cooperative path planning is one of the critical technologies of m ulti unm anned air vehicles cooperative operation.The C ooperative P ath planning developm ents of the UAVs and fram ework is developed，constraint o f UAVs self and m enace fields is analyzed.The algorithms of cooperative planning and geometric m odeling hom e and abroad is also discussed.The genetic algorithm，neural networks and ant colony optim ization algorithm are particu- larly studied.Finally，a brief conclusion of the key problem s and the developm ent trend of it are described.Key words：UAV；cooperative path planning；AC O；GA；neural networks无人机（UAV，Unma nne d Air Vehic le s）由于具有重量轻、尺寸小、机动性高、隐蔽性好、适应性强和不必冒生命危险等特点，在民用和军用领域受到广泛关注。

Advanced Mathematical Modeling Techniques

Advanced Mathematical ModelingTechniquesIn the realm of scientific inquiry and problem-solving, the application of advanced mathematical modeling techniques stands as a beacon of innovation and precision. From predicting the behavior of complex systems to optimizing processes in various fields, these techniques serve as invaluable tools for researchers, engineers, and decision-makers alike. In this discourse, we delve into the intricacies of advanced mathematical modeling techniques, exploring their principles, applications, and significance in modern society.At the core of advanced mathematical modeling lies the fusion of mathematical theory with computational algorithms, enabling the representation and analysis of intricate real-world phenomena. One of the fundamental techniques embraced in this domain is differential equations, serving as the mathematical language for describing change and dynamical systems. Whether in physics, engineering, biology, or economics, differential equations offer a powerful framework for understanding the evolution of variables over time. From classical ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to their more complex counterparts, such as partial differential equations (PDEs), researchers leverage these tools to unravel the dynamics of phenomena ranging from population growth to fluid flow.Beyond differential equations, advanced mathematical modeling encompasses a plethora of techniques tailored to specific applications. Among these, optimization theory emerges as a cornerstone, providing methodologies to identify optimal solutions amidst a multitude of possible choices. Whether in logistics, finance, or engineering design, optimization techniques enable the efficient allocation of resources, the maximization of profits, or the minimization of costs. From linear programming to nonlinear optimization and evolutionary algorithms, these methods empower decision-makers to navigate complex decision landscapes and achieve desired outcomes.Furthermore, stochastic processes constitute another vital aspect of advanced mathematical modeling, accounting for randomness and uncertainty in real-world systems. From Markov chains to stochastic differential equations, these techniques capture the probabilistic nature of phenomena, offering insights into risk assessment, financial modeling, and dynamic systems subjected to random fluctuations. By integrating probabilistic elements into mathematical models, researchers gain a deeper understanding of uncertainty's impact on outcomes, facilitating informed decision-making and risk management strategies.The advent of computational power has revolutionized the landscape of advanced mathematical modeling, enabling the simulation and analysis of increasingly complex systems. Numerical methods play a pivotal role in this paradigm, providing algorithms for approximating solutions to mathematical problems that defy analytical treatment. Finite element methods, finite difference methods, and Monte Carlo simulations are but a few examples of numerical techniques employed to tackle problems spanning from structural analysis to option pricing. Through iterative computation and algorithmic refinement, these methods empower researchers to explore phenomena with unprecedented depth and accuracy.Moreover, the interdisciplinary nature of advanced mathematical modeling fosters synergies across diverse fields, catalyzing innovation and breakthroughs. Machine learning and data-driven modeling, for instance, have emerged as formidable allies in deciphering complex patterns and extracting insights from vast datasets. Whether in predictive modeling, pattern recognition, or decision support systems, machine learning algorithms leverage statistical techniques to uncover hidden structures and relationships, driving advancements in fields as diverse as healthcare, finance, and autonomous systems.The application domains of advanced mathematical modeling techniques are as diverse as they are far-reaching. In the realm of healthcare, mathematical models underpin epidemiological studies, aiding in the understanding and mitigation of infectious diseases. From compartmental models like the SIR model to agent-based simulations, these tools inform public health policies and intervention strategies, guiding efforts to combat pandemics and safeguard populations.In the domain of climate science, mathematical models serve as indispensable tools for understanding Earth's complex climate system and projecting future trends. Coupling atmospheric, oceanic, and cryospheric models, researchers simulate the dynamics of climate variables, offering insights into phenomena such as global warming, sea-level rise, and extreme weather events. By integrating observational data and physical principles, these models enhance our understanding of climate dynamics, informing mitigation and adaptation strategies to address the challenges of climate change.Furthermore, in the realm of finance, mathematical modeling techniques underpin the pricing of financial instruments, the management of investment portfolios, and the assessment of risk. From option pricing models rooted in stochastic calculus to portfolio optimization techniques grounded in optimization theory, these tools empower financial institutions to make informed decisions in a volatile and uncertain market environment. By quantifying risk and return profiles, mathematical models facilitate the allocation of capital, the hedging of riskexposures, and the management of investment strategies, thereby contributing to financial stability and resilience.In conclusion, advanced mathematical modeling techniques represent a cornerstone of modern science and engineering, providing powerful tools for understanding, predicting, and optimizing complex systems. From differential equations to optimization theory, from stochastic processes to machine learning, these techniques enable researchers and practitioners to tackle a myriad of challenges across diverse domains. As computational capabilities continue to advance and interdisciplinary collaborations flourish, the potential for innovation and discovery in the realm of mathematical modeling knows no bounds. By harnessing the power of mathematics, computation, and data, we embark on a journey of exploration and insight, unraveling the mysteries of the universe and shaping the world of tomorrow.。

Plays as Team Plans for Coordination and Adaptation Content Areas multiagent systems, robot

Plays as Team Plans for Coordination and Adaptation Content Areas:multiagent systems,robotics,adaptive systemsAbstractCoordinated action for a team of robots is a chal-lenging problem,especially in dynamic,unpre-dictable environments.We examine this problemin the context of robot soccer,a complex domainwith multiple teams of robots in an adversarial set-ting.The adversarial nature creates a great dealof uncertainty,in both the opponent’s behaviorand capabilities.Traditional approaches focus onbuilding reactive systems that use simple or evencomplex evaluation procedures for selecting teamand individual robot actions given the state of theworld.We introduce the concept of a play as ateam plan,combining both reactive and delibera-tive principles.We introduce the concept of a play-book as a method for seamlessly combining manydifferent team plans.The playbook provides a setof alternative team behaviors,and is the basis forour third contribution of play adaptation.We de-scribe how these concepts were concretely imple-mented in the CMDragons robot soccer team,theﬁrst RoboCup robot team to adapt to its opponentduring the game.We also show empirical results ofthe importance of adaptation in adversarial or otherunpredictable environments.1IntroductionCoordination and adaptation are two of the most critical chal-lenges for deploying teams of robots to perform useful tasks. These challenges become especially difﬁcult in environments involving other agents,particularly adversarial ones,not un-der the team’s control.In this paper,we examine these chal-lenges within the context of robot soccer[Noda et al.,1998], a multi-robot goal-driven task in an adversarial environment. The robot soccer task is goal-driven and highly dynamic.The presence of adversaries creates signiﬁcant uncertainty for pre-dicting the outcome of interactions.This is particularly true if the opponent’s behavior and capabilities are unknown a pri-ori,as is the case in a robot soccer competition.As such,this task encapsulates many of the issues found in realistic multi-robot settings.Despite this unpredictability,most robot soccer approaches involve single,static,monolithic team strategies(e.g.,see robot team descriptions in[Birk et al.,2002].)Although these strategies entail complex combinations of reactive and delib-erative approaches,they can still perform poorly against un-known opponents or in unexpected situations.With the un-certainty present in the task,such situations are common. An alternative approach uses models of opponent behav-ior,constructed either before or during the competition[In-tille and Bobick,1999],and then determine the best team response.The model may be used in a reactive fashion to trigger a pre-coded static strategy,or in a deliberative fash-ion through the use of a planner[Riley and Veloso,2002]. Although these techniques have had success,they have limi-tations such as the requirement for an adequate representation of opponent behavior.For a completely unknown opponent team,a prior model of their strategy is impractical.Here,we take a novel approach based on observing our own team’s effectiveness rather than observing the opponent. We replace a single monolithic team strategy,with multiple team plans that are appropriate for different opponents and situations,which we call plays.Each play deﬁnes a coordi-nated sequence of team behavior,and is explicit enough to facilitate evaluation of that play’s execution.A playbook en-capsulates the plays that a team can use.Each execution of a play from the playbook can then be evaluated and this infor-mation collected for future play selection.Successful plays, which may be due to weaknesses in the opponent or particular strengths of our team,are selected more often,while unsuc-cessful plays are ignored.In Section2,we overview our CMDragons’02robot soccer team and the role of plays in the team’s decision making.We then,in Section3,describe plays and the play execution sys-tem in detail.In Section4we describe play adaptation with empirical results demonstrating its importance and effective-ness,and then conclude.2OverviewIn this section,we brieﬂy describe our CMDragons’02robot soccer team,the basis for the work explored in this paper. This overview focuses on how the strategy system,described in Section3,interacts with the system as a whole.The CMDragons are a team of small-size league(SSL) soccer robots that participated at RoboCup2002.SSL robot soccer,part of the RoboCup initiative[Noda et al.,1998], consists of two teams ofﬁve robots that play soccer withFigure1:Overview of the CMDragons’02team architecture. an orange golf-ball on a2.8m by2.3mﬁeld surrounded by short,sloped walls using FIFA-like rules enforced by a hu-man referee.Robots must conform to size and shape speci-ﬁcations,but no standard platforms exist.SSL is character-ized by the allowance of cameras mounted above theﬁeld for shared global perception and additional off-ﬁeld computation resources making a team as a whole autonomous rather than individual robots.SSL robots are typically fast,cruising at speeds of1–2m/s while the ball moves at over2m/s,and oc-casionally much faster.This makes SSL an environment that requires fast response,good long-term strategy,strong indi-vidual robot skills and capable multi-robot coordination,for a team to be successful.Figure1shows the major components of the CMDragons system.The control loop,synchronized with image frames at30Hz,consists of taking an image from the camera via the framegrabber and processing it,determining the control for each robot on the team,and sending these velocity commands using radio communication to the robots.Each robot operates local servo loops to enact its commands.Due to space limi-tations,we refer the reader to our earlier works[Bruce et al., 2002]and[Bruce and Veloso,2002],to describe the system in more detail.Instead,we focus on the tactics and strategy layers of the control software.The tactics and strategy layers,the shaded regions in Fig-ure1,make up the bulk of the system.The tactics layer,en-compasses indvidual robot skills.For each frame,each robot executes a single tactic independently of the others.The strat-egy layer provides the coordination mechanism and executes one instance for the entire team.Thus,the strategy layer must meld individual robot skills into powerful and adaptable team behavior.Here we focus on tactics,leaving discussion of strategy to the remainder of the paper.Tactics are deﬁned to be any behavior executable by a sin-gle robot.Table1shows the list of implemented tactics.Each tactic is highly parameterized and performs a complex,single robot task that itself may consist of many sub-components. Each tactic makes use of the robot control layer that main-tains robot speciﬁc information persistent even after a robot’s tactic changes.The layer transforms tactic commands into target points for navigation.The navigation layer produces short term,obstacle free,waypoints for the motion control system using a fast randomized planner.These waypoints are used by the motion control module to generate the actual ve-locity commands sent to the robot.A tactic,therefore,is a complex interaction between low-levels of navigation and motion control and higher-level skill-based code.For example,consider the posi-tion for deflection tactic.The tactic itself deter-mines the best location within a region for deﬂecting passes into the goal.This requires sampling points over the region and evaluating the deﬂection angles using a deﬂection heuris-tic.The best evaluated point is then fed into the navigation layer and in turn to the motion control layer to generate the actual commands necessary to drive the robot to the calcu-lated position.3Play-Based StrategyThe main question addressed in this work is:“Given a set of effective and parameterized individual robot behaviors, how do we select each robot’s behavior to achieve the team’s goals?”This is the problem addressed by our strategy com-ponent,which is diagrammed by the left-most shaded com-ponents of Figure1.Our team strategy utilizes the concept of a play as a team plan with multiple plays collected into a playbook.3.1GoalsThe main criterion for team strategy is performance.A single, static,monolithic team strategy that maximizes performance, though,is impractical.Indeed,in an adversarial domain with an unknown opponent,a single optimal strategy is unlikely to exist.Therefore we have broken down the performance crite-rion into easier to achieve subgoals.The goals of a strategy system are:1.Coordinates team behavior,2.Executes temporally extended sequences of action,3.Allows for special behavior for certain circumstances,4.Allows ease of human design and augmentation,5.Enables exploitation of short-lived opportunities,and6.Allows on-line adaptation to the speciﬁc opponent. Theﬁrst four goals require plays to be able to express complex,coordinated,and sequenced behavior among team-mates.In addition,plays must be human readable to make strategy design and modiﬁcation simple.These goals also re-quires a powerful system capable of executing the complex behaviors the play describes.Theﬁfth goal requires the exe-cution system to also recognize and exploit opportunities that are not explicitly described by the current play.Finally,the sixth goal requires the system to alter its behavior over time. Notice that these goals,although critical to the robot soc-cer task,are also of general importance for the coordination of agent teams in other unpredictable or adversarial environ-ments.We have developed a play-based team strategy,using a specialized play language,to meet these goals.In the fol-lowing sections,we will describe the three major components of the play-based strategy engine:play speciﬁcation using the play language,the play execution system,and the playbookActive Tactics Non-active Tacticsshoot(Aim|Noaim|Deflect role ) steal[ coordinate ]clearactive def[ coordinate ]pass roledribble to shoot regiondribble to region regionspin to region regionreceive passreceive deflectiondribble to position coordinate theta position for start coordinate theta position for kickposition for penaltycharge ball position for loose ball regionposition for rebound regionposition for pass regionposition for deflection regiondefend line p1 p2 min-dist max-distdefend point p1 min-dist max-distdefend lane p1 p2block min-dist max-dist side-prefmark orole (ball|our goal|their goal|shot) goaliestopvelocity vx vy vthetaposition coordinate thetaTable1:List of tactics along with their parameters. adaptation mechanism used to autonomously alter team strat-egy to a speciﬁc opponent during a competition.3.2Play SpeciﬁcationPlays are speciﬁed using the play language,which is in an easy-to-read text format(e.g.,Tables2and4).Plays use key-words,denoted by all capital letters,to mark different pieces of information.Each play has two components:basic infor-mation and role information.The basic information describes when a play can be executed(“APPLICABLE”),when exe-cution of the play should stop(“DONE”),and some execution details(e.g.,“FIXEDROLES”,“TIMEOUT”,and“OROLE”). The role information(“ROLE”)describes how the play is ex-ecuted,making use of the tactics described above(see Sec-tion2).We describe these keywords below. Applicability.The APPLICABLE keyword denotes when a play can be executed.What follows the keyword is a con-junction of high-level predicates that all must be true for the play to be considered executable.Multiple APPLICABLE keywords can be used to denote different disjunctive condi-tions for when the play may be executed.This allows plays to effectively specify when they can be executed as a logical DNF of high-level predicates.In the example play in Table2, the play can only be executed when the offense predicate is true.The offense predicate is a complex combination of the present and past possession of the ball and itsﬁeld posi-tion.Predicates are easily added and Table3lists the predi-cates in use in our system.A play’s applicability condition is very similar to an opera-tor’s preconditions in classical planning.By constraining the applicability of a play we can design special purpose plays for very speciﬁc circumstances.Table4shows an example play that uses the in their corner predicate to constrain the play to execute only when the ball is in one of the opponent’s corners.The play explicitly involves dribbling the ball out of the corner to get a better angle for a shot on goal. Termination.Unlike classical planning,the level of uncer-tainty in this task makes it difﬁcult to predict the outcome of a particular plan.Although,a play does not have ef-fects,it does have termination conditions.Termination condi-PLAY Two Attackers,PassAPPLICABLE offenseDONE aborted!offenseOROLE0closest_to_ballROLE1pass3mark0from_shotnoneROLE2block320900-1noneROLE3position_for_pass{R{B10000}...receive_passshoot AnoneROLE4defend_line{-14001150}...noneTable2:A complex play involving sequencing of behaviors.offensedefensetheir ballour ballloose balltheir sideour sidemidfieldin our cornerin their cornernopponents our side Nour kickofftheir kickoffour freekicktheir freekickour penaltytheir penaltyball x gt Xball x lt Yball absy gt Yball absy lt YTable3:List of high-level predicates.PLAY Two Attackers,Corner Dribble1APPLICABLE offense in_their_cornerDONE aborted!offenseTIMEOUT15ROLE1dribble_to_shoot{R{B1100800}...shoot AnoneROLE2block320900-1noneROLE3position_for_pass{R{B10000}...noneROLE4defend_line{-14001150}...noneTable4:A special purpose play that is only executed when the ball is in an offensive corner of theﬁeld.tions are speciﬁed by the keyword DONE followed by a result (e.g.,aborted)and a conjunctive list of high-level predi-cates similar to the applicability conditions.Plays may have multiple DONE conditions,each with a different result,and a different conjunct of predicates.Whenever one of these DONE conditions are satisﬁed the play is terminated,and a new play must be selected.In the example play in Table2, the only terminating condition is if the team is no longer on offense.In this case the play’s result is considered to have been aborted.The results for plays are:succeeded,completed, aborted,and failed.These results are used to evalu-ate the success of the play for the purposes of reselecting the play later.This is the major input to the play adaptation sys-tem which we describe in the next section.There are two other ways in which plays can be terminated. Theﬁrst is when the sequence of behaviors deﬁned by the play are completed,which is described with the play ex-ecution system below.The second occurs when a play runs for too long without terminating.The timeout causes the play to terminate with an aborted result and a new play is se-lected.Thus,the team commits to a course of action,but if no progress is made due to unforseen circumstances,another approach will be tried.The timeout period has a team conﬁg-urable default value,however,a play may use the TIMEOUT keyword to override this default timeout limit(e.g.Table4). Roles.Roles are the active component of each play,and each play has four roles corresponding to the non-goalie robots on theﬁeld.Each role contains a list of tactics(also called behaviors)with associated parameters for the robot to perform in sequence.As tactics are heavily parameterized, the range of tactics can be combined into nearly an inﬁnite number of play possibilities.Table4shows an example play where theﬁrst role executes two sequenced tactics.First the robot dribbles the ball out of the corner and then switches to the shooting behavior.Meanwhile the other roles execute a single behavior for the play’s duration.Sequencing implies an enforced synchronization,or coor-dination between roles.Once a tactic completes,all roles move to their next behavior in their sequence(if one is de-ﬁned).Thus,in the example in Table2,when the player as-signed to pass the ball completes the pass,then it will switch to the mark behavior.The receiver of the pass will simulta-neously switch to receive the pass,after which it will try to execute the shooting tactic.Opponent Roles.Some behaviors are dependent on the po-sitions of speciﬁc opponents on theﬁeld.Opponent roles are used to identify a speciﬁc opponent based on an evaluation method for the tactic to use.The example in Table2,shows an opponent role deﬁned using the OROLE keyword and the closest to ball method.Thus,theﬁrst role will try to mark the opponent closest to the ball away from the ensuing shot,after executing the pass.Coordinate Systems.Parameters for tactics are also very general by allowing for a variety of coordinate systems in specifying points and regions on theﬁeld.Coordinates may be speciﬁed as absoluteﬁeld positions or ball relativeﬁeld positions.In addition,a coordinate system’s positive y-axis can be oriented to point towards the side of theﬁeld that the ball is on,the side ofﬁeld the majority of the opponents are on,or even a careful combination of these two factors.This allows tremendousﬂexibility in the speciﬁcation of the be-haviors used in plays and prevents unecessary duplication of plays for symmetricﬁeld situtations.3.3Play ExecutionThe play execution module is responsible for instantiating the active play into actual robot behavior.Instantiation consists of many key decisions:role assignment,role switching,se-quencing tactics,opportunistic behavior,and termination. Role assignment is dynamic,rather than beingﬁxed,and is determined by uses tactic-speciﬁc methods.To prevent con-ﬂicts,assignment is prioritized by the order in which roles appear.Thus,theﬁrst role,which usually involves ball ma-nipulation,is assignedﬁrst and considers all fourﬁeld robots. The next role is assigned to one of the remaining robots,and so on.The prioritization provides the execution system the knowledge to select the best robots to perform each role and also provides the basis for role switching.Role switching is a very effective technique for exploiting changes in the envi-ronment that alter the effectiveness of robots fulﬁlling roles. The executor continuously reexamines the role assignment for possible opportunities to improve it as the environment changes.Although,it has a strong bias toward maintaining the current assignment to avoid oscillation.Sequencing is needed to move the entire team through the list of tactics in sequence.When the tactic executed by the ac-tive player,the robot whose role speciﬁes a tactic related to the ball(see Table1),succeeds then the play transitions each role to the next tactic in their relative sequence.Finally,op-portunistic behavior accounts for unexpected situations where a very basic action would have a valuable outcome.For ex-ample,the play executor evaluates the duration of time andpotential success of each robot shooting immediately.If a robot can shoot quickly enough and with a high likelihood of success,it will immediately switch its behavior to take ad-vantage of the situation.Thus,opportunistic behavior enables plays to have behavior beyond that speciﬁed explicitly.As a result,a play can encode a long sequence of complex behav-ior without encumbering its ability to respond to unexpected short-lived opportunities.Finally,the play executor checks the play’s termination cri-teria,the completion status of the tactics,and the incoming information from the referee.If theﬁnal active tactic in the play’s sequence of tactics completes then the play terminates as completed.If the game is stopped by the referee for a goal, penalty,or free kick,the play terminates.The outcome of the play depends upon the condition.Foals and penalty kicks result in a success or failure as appropriate.A free kick is results in a completion or an abortion as appropriate.3.4Play SelectionTheﬁnal detail of the playbook strategy system is the mech-anism to select plays,and adapt that selection given experi-ence.Our basic selection scheme uses the applicability con-ditions for each play to form a candidate list of executable plays,from which one play is selected at random.To adapt play selection,we modify the probability of selecting a play using a weighting scheme.In the next section we describe this approach and present experimental results to demonstrate the usefulness of a playbook approach and evaluate the effec-tiveness of adaptation.4Playbook AdaptationPlaybook adaptation is the problem of adapting play selection based on past execution toﬁnd the dominant play or plays for the given opponent.We perform this adaptation using the execution outcomes of past selected plays.In order to facili-tate the compiling of past outcomes into the selectin processwe associate with each play a weight,w pi∈[0,∞).Theseweights are then normalized over all the set of all applicable plays,A,to deﬁne a probability distribution,P r(selecting p i)=w pi p j∈A w p j.Playbook adaptation involves adjusting the selection weights given the outcome of a play’s execution.An adaptation rule is a mapping,W(w,p i,o)→[0,∞),from a weight vector,a selected play,and its outcome,to a new weight for that play. These new weights are then used to select the next play. There are a number of obvious properties for an adaptation rule.All things being equal,more successes or completions should increase the play’s weight.Similarly,aborts and fail-ures should decrease the weight.In order for adaptation to have any effect,it also must change weights drastically to make an impact within the short timespan of a single game. The basic rule that we implemented for the RoboCup2002 competition uses a weight multiplication rule,where each outcome multiplies the play’s previous weight by a constant. Speciﬁcally,the rule is,W(w,p i,o)=C o w pi ,where C o is the constant associated with the particular out-come.We nominally set these to,C succeeded=4C completed=4/3C aborted=3/4C failed=1/4.These weights capture the basic described properties above.4.1EvaluationOur strategy system was used effectively during RoboCup2002against a wide range of opponents with vastly differ-ent strategies and capabilities.Although effective,the natureof robot competitions prevent them from being a systematicevaluation in a controlled,scientiﬁc,or statistically signiﬁ-cant way.Therefore,we have constructed a number of sim-pliﬁed scenarios to evalute our play system.These scenariosﬁrst compare whether multiple plays are actually necessary,and also examine the usefulness of playbook adaptation.The scenarios compare the effectiveness of four differentoffensive plays paired against three different defensive be-haviors.To simiplify evaluation,only two offensive robotswere used against one defensive robot.The robots start in theusual“kick off”position in the center of theﬁeld.For eachscenario750trials were performed in our UberSim SSL simu-lator[Browning and Tryzelaar,2003].A trial was considereda success if the offense scored a goal within a20second timelimit,and a failure otherwise.Table5lists the speciﬁcs ofthe offensive plays and defensive behaviors.Theﬁrst two de-fensive behaviors,andﬁrst three offensive plays,formed thecore of the playbook used for RoboCup2002.Table6shows the play comparison results.Each trial isindependent,hence the maximum likeliheood estimate of theplay’s success probability is the ratio of successes to trials.Note that there is no static strategy that is optimal.The beststrategy depends upon the defensive behavior even in thissimpliﬁed scenario.In fact,each of the offensive plays isactually the optimal response for some distribution over de-fense behaviors.These differences are statistically signiﬁcantwith95%conﬁdence using binomial difference tests.Our results support the notion that play-based strategiesare capable of exhibiting many different behaviors with vary-ing degrees of effectiveness.For instance,against a“con-servative”blocking defense,the play where a robot takes thetime to align itself for a good shot performs the best.On theother hand,against more“agressive”defenses,the above playperforms poorly in comparison.Instead,the play where therobots take less time to aim while the assisting robot attemptsto set a screen for the shooter,ismore successful.To explore the effectiveness of playbook adaptation we usean offensive playbook for two robots with all four offensiveplays described above against aﬁxed defender running eitherblock or active def.We initially used the algorithmabove,but discovered an imperfection in the approach.Dueto the strength of the reinforcement for a completed play,it ispossible for a moderately successful but non-dominant playto quickly dominate,and remain dominant,in weight.Thisphenomenon did not occur in competition due to the largerdisparity in plays against a given opponent and lower successprobabilities.The problem is that there is no normalization inthe weight adjustment for plays that have a higher selectionOffensive PlaysName Attacker1Attacker2Shoot1shoot Aim position for rebound Shoot2shoot NoAim position for rebound Screen1shoot Aim mark0from shot Screen2shoot NoAim mark0from shotDefensive Behaviorsblock Positions to block incoming shotsactive def Actively tries to steal ballbrick Defender does not moveTable5:List of offensive and defensive behaviors tested.Play block active def brickShoot172.3%49.7%99.5%Shoot266.7%57.3%43.1%Screen140.8%59.0%92.4%Screen249.2%66.0%72.0%Table6:Play comparison results.For each scenario,the per-centage of successes for the750trials is shown.The bold-faced number corresponds to the play with the highest per-centage of success for each defensive behavior. probability,which are updated more often.Therefore,we in-cluded a normalization factor in the weight updates.Speciﬁ-cally,we used the following rule,W(w,p i,o)= w p i2/Pr(p i)if o=Succeededw piPr(p i)/2if o=Failed, where Pr(p i)is the probability assigned to p i according to w. To evaluate the performance,we compare the expected success rate(ESR)of using this adaptation rule against aﬁxed defensive behavior.We used the results in Table6to simu-late the outcomes of the various play combinations.All the weights are initialized to1.Figure2(a)and(b)show the ESR for play adaptation over100trials,which is comparable to a length of a competition(approximately20minutes).The lower bound on the y-axis corresponds to the ESR of ran-domly selecting plays and the upper bound corresponds to the ESR of the playbook’s best play for the particular defense. Figure2(c)shows the probabilities of selecting each play over time when running the adaptation algorithm.Clearly,the al-gorithm very quickly favors the more successful plays. These results,combined with the RoboCup performances, demonstrate that adaptation can be a powerful tool for iden-tifying successful plays against unknown opponents.Note the contrast here between the use of adaptation to more com-mon machine learning approaches.We are not interested in convergence to an optimal control policy.Rather,given the short time limit of a game,we desire adaptation that achieves good results quickly enough to impact the game.Hence a fast,but non-optimal response is desired over a more optimal but longer acting approach.5ConclusionIn conclusion,we have introduced a novel team strategy en-gine based on the concept of a play as a team plan,which can be easily deﬁned by a play language.Multiple,distinct plays0.570.7211000.580.661100(a)Success Rate v.Block(b)Success Rate v.Active11100Shoot 1Shoot 2Screen 2Screen 1(c)Expected Play Probabilties v.BlockFigure2:(a),(b)show ESR against block and active def, (c)shows expected play success probabilities against block. These results have all been averaged over50000runs of100 trials.can be collected into a playbook were mechanisms for adapt-ing play selection can enable the system to improve the team response to an opponent without apriori knowledge of the opponent’s strategy.The system was fully implemented for our CMDragons robot soccer system and tested at RoboCup 2002,and in the controlled experiments reported here. References[Birk et al.,2002]Andreas Birk,Silvia Coradeschi,and Satoshi Tadokoro,editors.RoboCup2001:Robot Soccer World Cup V.Springer Verlag,Berlin,2002. [Browning and Tryzelaar,2003]Brett Browning and Erick Tryzelaar.Ubersim:A multi-robot simulator for robot soccer.In Proceedings of Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems,2003.[Bruce and Veloso,2002]James Bruce and Manuela Veloso.Real-time randomized path planning for robot navigation.In Proceedings of IROS-2002,Switzerland,October2002. [Bruce et al.,2002]James Bruce,Michael Bolwing,Brett Browning,and Manuela Veloso.Multi-robot team re-sponse to a multi-robot opponent team.In ICRA Workshop on Multi-Robot Systems,2002.[Intille and Bobick,1999]S.S.Intille and A.F.Bobick.A framework for recognizing multi-agent action from visual evidence.In AAAI-99,pages518–525.AAAI Press,1999. [Noda et al.,1998]Itsuki Noda,Sh´o ji Suzuki,Hitoshi Mat-subara,Minoru Asada,and Hiroaki Kitano.RoboCup-97: Theﬁrst robot world cup soccer games and conferences.AI Magazine,19(3):49–59,Fall1998.[Riley and Veloso,2002]Patrick Riley and Manuela Veloso.Planning for distributed execution through use of proba-bilistic opponent models.In ICAPS-02,Best Paper Award, Toulouse,France,April2002.。

multitasking debate阅读解析

Multitasking DebateMultitasking, the ability to handle multiple tasks simultaneously, has been a subject of debate among researchers and professionals alike. Some argue that multitasking is an essential skill in a fast-paced modern world, while others believe it leads to decreased productivity and reduced focus. In this article, I will explore both sides of the multitasking debate and present arguments for and against this practice.The Case for MultitaskingProponents of multitasking argue that it allows individuals to accomplish more in less time. They believe that by performing multiple tasks concurrently, they can maximize efficiency and productivity. Multitasking is often considered a necessary skill in today’s workplaces, where employees are expected to juggle multiple responsibilities and meet tight deadlines.Additionally, proponents point out that multitasking can foster creativity and innovation. By engaging in different activities simultaneously, individuals can make connections between seemingly unrelated concepts and generate new ideas. Multitasking is also seen as a way to enhance problem-solving skills, as it requires the ability to switch between different tasks and adapt to changing circumstances rapidly.Furthermore, multitasking advocates argue that technology has made multitasking a way of life. With the advent of smartphones and other digital devices, people have become accustomed to performing various tasks simultaneously. They argue that multitasking is a necessary adaptation to this fast-paced and interconnected digital environment.The Case against MultitaskingCritics of multitasking argue that it actually reduces productivity and impairs performance. They claim that constantly switching between tasks leads to interruptions, decreased focus, and an overall decline in the quality of work. Research has shown that multitasking can result in increased errors and decreased efficiency, as the brain takes time to refocus and readjust between different tasks.Moreover, opponents argue that multitasking can negatively impact mental health and well-being. It is believed to increase stress levels and contribute to burnout, as individuals constantly feel overwhelmed and pressured to handle multiple tasks simultaneously. Multitasking can also lead to a lack of work-life balance, as individuals struggle to disconnect from work and fully engage in personal activities.Additionally, critics claim that multitasking hinders deep thinking and cognitive processing. By dividing attention and focusing on multiple tasks at once, individualsfail to give their full concentration to any one task. This can limit creativity, problem-solving abilities, and critical thinking skills, as these processes require deep engagement and sustained focus.Finding a BalanceWhile the debate between multitasking advocates and opponents continues, research suggests that the key lies in finding a balance. It is important to recognize that not all tasks are suitable for multitasking and that some require undivided attention. By prioritizing and organizing tasks effectively, individuals can allocate dedicated time for focused work and separate it from more routine or less demanding activities.Furthermore, mindfulness and self-awareness play a crucial role in managing multitasking. Being mindful of one’s mental and emotional state, as well as recognizing when focus is diminishing, can help individuals make informed decisions about when and how to multitask.In conclusion, the multitasking debate is a complex and nuanced one. While there are potential benefits to multitasking, such as increased efficiency and creativity, it is essential to consider the drawbacks, including reduced productivity and impaired focus. Striking a balance between focused work and multitasking, as well as being self-aware of one’s m ental state, can lead to a more productive and fulfilling work-life experience.。

商务英语考试选择题 64题

1. What does the acronym "B2B" stand for in the context of business?A. Business to BusinessB. Business to BuyerC. Buyer to BuyerD. Business to Bank2. Which of the following is a key component of a business letter?A. Personal greetingsB. Informal languageC. Professional toneD. Slang expressions3. In a business meeting, what does "SWOT analysis" refer to?A. A method for strategic planningB. A type of financial reportC. A marketing strategyD. A legal document4. What is the primary purpose of a balance sheet in accounting?A. To show the company's revenueB. To display the company's assets and liabilitiesC. To track daily expensesD. To forecast future profits5. Which term describes the process of evaluating a company's performan ce against its set goals?A. BenchmarkingB. BudgetingC. AuditingD. Performance appraisal6. What does "due diligence" mean in a business context?A. The process of thoroughly investigating a business or person befo re a transactionB. A routine check-up of company assetsC. The act of paying bills on timeD. A legal requirement for all businesses7. Which of the following is an example of a fixed cost in business?A. Raw materialsB. RentC. Sales commissionsD. Shipping fees8. What is the term for the amount of money a company earns from its to tal sales after deducting the cost of goods sold?A. Gross profitB. Net profitC. Operating profitD. EBITDA9. In international trade, what does "CIF" stand for?A. Cost, Insurance, and FreightB. Cash in FrontC. Currency and Foreign InvestmentD. Current International Finance10. What is the main purpose of a business plan?A. To secure fundingB. To decorate the officeC. To entertain employeesD. To comply with legal requirements11. Which of the following is a characteristic of a successful business proposal?A. Vague objectivesB. Lack of detailC. Clear and concise languageD. Use of slang12. What does "ROI" stand for in business?A. Return on InvestmentB. Rate of InterestC. Revenue of IncomeD. Regular Operating Income13. In a business context, what is a "pitch"?A. A type of documentB. A presentation to potential investors or clientsC. A legal termD. A financial report14. What is the main goal of market research in business?A. To increase employee moraleB. To understand customer needs and market trendsC. To reduce costsD. To comply with government regulations15. Which of the following is a key element of a company's marketing mi x?A. ProductB. PriceC. PlaceD. All of the above16. What does "EBIT" stand for in financial terms?A. Earnings Before Interest and TaxesB. Estimated Budget in TimeC. Economic Benefit IndexD. External Business Integration17. In business communication, what is the purpose of a memo?A. To provide a formal record of a decisionB. To inform employees about company newsC. To entertain clientsD. To secure a business loan18. What is a "non-disclosure agreement" (NDA) used for?A. To protect the privacy of company employeesB. To prevent the sharing of confidential informationC. To increase salesD. To comply with tax regulations19. Which of the following is a type of business entity?A. Sole proprietorshipB. PartnershipC. CorporationD. All of the above20. What is the main purpose of a "mission statement" in a business?A. To outline the company's goals and valuesB. To provide legal protectionC. To increase stock pricesD. To comply with environmental regulations21. In business, what does "CRM" stand for?A. Customer Relationship ManagementB. Corporate Resource ManagementC. Cost Reduction MethodD. Central Reporting Mechanism22. What is the primary goal of a "focus group" in market research?A. To increase production efficiencyB. To gather opinions and feedback from a targeted group of consume rsC. To reduce marketing costsD. To comply with safety standards23. Which of the following is a key aspect of "branding"?A. Product qualityB. Customer serviceC. Consistency in marketing messagesD. All of the above24. What is the term for the process of setting prices based on competi tors' prices?A. Cost-plus pricingB. Value-based pricingC. Competitive pricingD. Psychological pricing25. In business, what does "KPI" stand for?A. Key Performance IndicatorB. Key Profit IndexC. Knowledge Process ImprovementD. Key Personnel Information26. What is the main purpose of a "break-even analysis" in business?A. To determine the point at which a company's revenues equal its c ostsB. To forecast future market trendsC. To increase employee productivityD. To comply with legal requirements27. Which of the following is a characteristic of a "lean business mode l"?A. High levels of inventoryB. Minimal waste and efficient processesC. Expensive marketing campaignsD. Complex organizational structure28. What is the term for the process of analyzing financial statements to evaluate a company's financial health?A. AuditingB. BudgetingC. Financial analysisD. Strategic planning29. In business, what does "M&A" stand for?A. Marketing and AdvertisingB. Mergers and AcquisitionsC. Management and AdministrationD. Monetary and Accounting30. What is the main purpose of a "business continuity plan"?A. To ensure the company can continue operating during disruptionsB. To increase sales during holidaysC. To comply with environmental regulationsD. To reduce employee turnover31. Which of the following is a key factor in "supply chain management"?A. Customer satisfactionB. Inventory controlC. Transportation logisticsD. All of the above32. What is the term for the process of converting raw materials into f inished products?A. ManufacturingB. MarketingC. DistributionD. Retailing33. In business, what does "P&L" stand for?A. Profit and LossB. Product and LocationC. Personnel and LogisticsD. Planning and Leadership34. What is the main purpose of a "business model canvas"?A. To provide a visual representation of a business modelB. To increase office spaceC. To comply with legal requirementsD. To reduce marketing costs35. Which of the following is a key element of "strategic management"?A. Daily operationsB. Long-term planningC. Employee moraleD. Customer complaints36. What is the term for the process of setting and achieving goals ina business?A. BenchmarkingB. BudgetingC. Strategic planningD. Performance appraisal37. In business, what does "IPO" stand for?A. Initial Public OfferingB. Internal Process OptimizationC. International Procurement OfficeD. Innovative Product Operation38. What is the main purpose of a "business case"?A. To justify the need for a project or investmentB. To increase employee productivityC. To comply with safety regulationsD. To reduce costs39. Which of the following is a key aspect of "risk management"?A. Ignoring potential threatsB. Identifying and mitigating risksC. Increasing operational costsD. Reducing employee benefits40. What is the term for the process of creating a unique name and image for a product in the consumer's mind?A. BrandingB. MarketingC. AdvertisingD. Public relations41. In business, what does "ERP" stand for?A. Enterprise Resource PlanningB. Economic Recovery ProgramC. Employee Relations PolicyD. Electronic Reporting Platform42. What is the main purpose of a "business strategy"?A. To increase daily salesB. To achieve long-term goalsC. To comply with legal requirementsD. To reduce employee morale43. Which of the following is a key element of "customer service"?A. Providing timely and helpful supportB. Increasing product pricesC. Reducing marketing effortsD. Ignoring customer complaints44. What is the term for the process of planning and executing the conc eption, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and servi ces?A. MarketingB. ManufacturingC. DistributionD. Retailing45. In business, what does "VC" stand for?A. Venture CapitalB. Value ChainC. Virtual CompanyD. Variable Cost46. What is the main purpose of a "business plan"?A. To secure fundingB. To decorate the officeC. To entertain employeesD. To comply with legal requirements47. Which of the following is a characteristic of a successful business proposal?A. Vague objectivesB. Lack of detailC. Clear and concise languageD. Use of slang48. What does "ROI" stand for in business?A. Return on InvestmentB. Rate of InterestC. Revenue of IncomeD. Regular Operating Income49. In a business context, what is a "pitch"?A. A type of documentB. A presentation to potential investors or clientsC. A legal termD. A financial report50. What is the main goal of market research in business?A. To increase employee moraleB. To understand customer needs and market trendsC. To reduce costsD. To comply with government regulations51. Which of the following is a key element of a company's marketing mi x?A. ProductB. PriceC. PlaceD. All of the above52. What does "EBIT" stand for in financial terms?A. Earnings Before Interest and TaxesB. Estimated Budget in TimeC. Economic Benefit IndexD. External Business Integration53. In business communication, what is the purpose of a memo?A. To provide a formal record of a decisionB. To inform employees about company newsC. To entertain clientsD. To secure a business loan54. What is a "non-disclosure agreement" (NDA) used for?A. To protect the privacy of company employeesB. To prevent the sharing of confidential informationC. To increase salesD. To comply with tax regulations55. Which of the following is a type of business entity?A. Sole proprietorshipB. PartnershipC. CorporationD. All of the above56. What is the main purpose of a "mission statement" in a business?A. To outline the company's goals and valuesB. To provide legal protectionC. To increase stock pricesD. To comply with environmental regulations57. In business, what does "CRM" stand for?A. Customer Relationship ManagementB. Corporate Resource ManagementC. Cost Reduction MethodD. Central Reporting Mechanism58. What is the primary goal of a "focus group" in market research?A. To increase production efficiencyB. To gather opinions and feedback from a targeted group of consume rsC. To reduce marketing costsD. To comply with safety standards59. Which of the following is a key aspect of "branding"?A. Product qualityB. Customer serviceC. Consistency in marketing messagesD. All of the above60. What is the term for the process of setting prices based on competi tors' prices?A. Cost-plus pricingB. Value-based pricingC. Competitive pricingD. Psychological pricing61. In business, what does "KPI" stand for?A. Key Performance IndicatorB. Key Profit IndexC. Knowledge Process ImprovementD. Key Personnel Information62. What is the main purpose of a "break-even analysis" in business?A. To determine the point at which a company's revenues equal its c ostsB. To forecast future market trendsC. To increase employee productivityD. To comply with legal requirements63. Which of the following is a characteristic of a "lean business mode l"?A. High levels of inventoryB. Minimal waste and efficient processesC. Expensive marketing campaignsD. Complex organizational structure64. What is the term for the process of analyzing financial statements to evaluate a company's financial health?A. AuditingB. BudgetingC. Financial analysisD. Strategic planning答案：1. A2. C3. A4. B5. D6. A7. B8. A9. A10. A11. C12. A13. B14. B15. D16. A17. B18. B19. D20. A21. A22. B23. D24. C25. A26. A27. B28. C29. B30. A31. D32. A33. A34. A35. B36. C37. A38. A39. B40. A41. A42. B43. A44. A45. A46. A47. C48. A49. B50. B51. D52. A53. B54. B55. D56. A57. A58. B59. D60. C61. A62. A63. B64. C。

Matchmaking among Heterogeneous Agents on the Internet

Matchmaking among Heterogeneous Agents on the Internet
Katia Sycara, Jianguo Luy Matthias Klusch, Seth Wido ,
The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA. fkatia, klusch, swido g@
Result-of-Matching Requester Agent
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IS IS
ConceptDB 1
IS
ConceptDB n
Figure 1: Matchmaking using Larks: An Overview A requester asks some middle agent whether it knows of providers with desired capabilities. The middle agent matches the request against the stored advertisements and returns the result, a subset of the stored advertisements. While this process at rst glance seems very simple, it is complicated by the fact that providers and requesters are usually heterogeneous and incapable of understanding each other. This di culty gives rise to the need for a common language for describing the capabilities and requests of software agents in a convenient way. In addition, one has to devise a mechanism for matching descriptions in that language. This mechanism can then be used by middle agents to e ciently select relevant agents for some given tasks. In the following, we rst describe the agent capability description language, Larks. Then we will discuss the matchmaking process using Larks and give a complete working scenario. The paper concludes with comparing our language and the matchmaking process with related works. We have implemented Larks and the associated powerful matchmaking process, and are currently incorporating it within our RETSINA multi-agent infrastructure framework 18].

多智能体博弈对抗场景英语

多智能体博弈对抗场景英语In a multi-agent adversarial scenario, intelligent agents are pitted against each other in a competitive environment where they must make strategic decisions to outperform their opponents. This type of scenario is commonly found in games, financial markets, and cybersecurity.Intelligent agents in a multi-agent adversarial scenario rely on various techniques such as game theory, reinforcement learning, and evolutionary algorithms to make decisions. These techniques enable the agents to learn from their interactions with the environment and their opponents, and to adapt their strategies accordingly.One of the key challenges in a multi-agent adversarial scenario is the need for the agents to anticipate and respond to the actions of their opponents. This requires the agents to not only make decisions based on their own objectives, but also to take into account the potential actions of their opponents and the impact of those actions on the overall outcome.In a game setting, for example, intelligent agents may use techniques such as minimax search and Monte Carlo tree search to analyze the possible moves of their opponents and to choosethe best course of action. In financial markets, intelligent agents may use predictive modeling and risk analysis to anticipate the actions of other market participants and to optimize their trading strategies accordingly. In cybersecurity, intelligent agents may use anomaly detection and threat modeling to identify and respond to the actions of malicious actors.Overall, the ability of intelligent agents to effectively compete in a multi-agent adversarial scenario depends on their capacity to learn, adapt, and make strategic decisions based on their understanding of the environment and their opponents.在多智能体对抗场景中，智能体被置于一个竞争环境中，它们必须做出战略决策以超越对手。

人教版高一英语上册Welcome unit Reading for Writing 分层练习

Welcome unit Reading for Writing分层练习语言知识一、（2024·高一课时练习）根据汉语提示完成句子1.____ _____ ________ ______, you'll achieve what you want.如果你努力，你会获得你想要的。

2. It is children's nature______ _______ _________ ______the people and things around them.对周围的人和事物感到好奇是孩子们的天性。

3. I wish_______ _________what was going to happen.但愿我（能）知道要发生什么事。

4. ______ _____ _______ ___________to keep me running every day, I think.我认为每天坚持跑步对于我来说是非常重要的。

5._____ _____ ________ _________,you must be calm.无论发生什么事，你都必须镇定。

【答案】1. If you work hard2. to be curious about3. I knew4. It is very important5. No matter what happens二、（2024·高一课时练习）根据汉语提示完成句子1. ____ ____ we moved the sofa over there? Would that look better?把沙发搬到那边怎么样？看上去会更好些吗？2. We find_____ _____to finish the work on time.我们发现我们按时完成工作有困难。

3. The new teacher____ _____ _____ ______on the students by her rich knowledge and humorous talk.那位新老师以她丰富的知识和幽默的语言给同学们留下了好的印象。

多约束复杂环境下UAV航迹规划策略自学习方法

第47卷第5期Vol.47No.5计算机工程Computer Engineering2021年5月May2021多约束复杂环境下UAV航迹规划策略自学习方法邱月，郑柏通，蔡超（华中科技大学人工智能与自动化学院多谱信息处理技术国家级重点实验室，武汉430074）摘要：在多约束复杂环境下，多数无人飞行器(UAV)航迹规划方法无法从历史经验中获得先验知识，导致对多变的环境适应性较差。

提出一种基于深度强化学习的航迹规划策略自学习方法，利用飞行约束条件设计UAV的状态及动作模式，从搜索宽度和深度2个方面降低航迹规划搜索规模，基于航迹优化目标设计奖惩函数，利用由卷积神经网络引导的蒙特卡洛树搜索(MCTS)算法学习得到航迹规划策略。

仿真结果表明，该方法自学习得到的航迹规划策略具有泛化能力，相对未迭代训练的网络，该策略仅需17%的NN-MCTS仿真次数就可引导UAV在未知飞行环境中满足约束条件并安全无碰撞地到达目的地。

关键词：深度强化学习；蒙特卡洛树搜索；航迹规划策略；策略自学习；多约束；复杂环境开放科学（资源服务）标志码（OSID）：中文引用格式：邱月，郑柏通，蔡超.多约束复杂环境下UAV航迹规划策略自学习方法［J］.计算机工程，2021，47（5）：44-51.英文引用格式：QIU Yue，ZHENG Baitong，CAI Chao.Self-learning method of UAV track planning strategy in complex environment with multiple constraints［J］.Computer Engineering，2021，47（5）：44-51.Self-Learning Method of UAV Track Planning Strategy inComplex Environment with Multiple ConstraintsQIU Yue，ZHENG Baitong，CAI Chao（National Key Laboratory for Multi-Spectral Information Processing Technologies，School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation，Huazhong University of Science and Technology，Wuhan430074，China）【Abstract】In a complex multi-constrained environment，the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle（UAV）track planning methods generally fail to obtain priori knowledge from historical experience，resulting in poor adaptability to a variable environment.To address the problem，this paper proposes a self-learning method for track planning strategy based on deep reinforcement learning.Based on the UAV flight constraints，the design of the UAV state and action modes is optimized to reduce the width and depth of track planning search.The reward and punishment function is designed based on the track optimization objective.Then，a Monte Carlo Tree Search（MCTS）algorithm guided by a convolutional neural network is used to learn the track planning strategy.Simulation results show that the track planning strategy obtained by the proposed self-learning method has generalization pared with the networks without iterative training，the strategy obtained by this method requires only17%of the number of NN-MCTS simulation times to guide the UAV to reach the destination safely without collision and satisfy the constraints in an unknown environment.【Key words】deep reinforcement learning；Monte Carlo Tree Search（MCTS）；track planning strategy；strategy self-learning；multiple constraints；complex environmentDOI：10.19678/j.issn.1000-3428.00574920概述战场环境中的无人飞行器（Unmanned Aerial Vehicle，UAV）航迹规划任务需要考虑多方面的因素，如无人飞行器的性能、地形、威胁、导航与制导方法等，其目的是在低风险情况下以更低的能耗得到最优航迹。

Autodesk Fusion 360 CAM Multi-Axis Milling 专业认证指南说

Autodesk Certified Expert in CAM for Multi-Axis MillingExam objectivesTarget audienceThe Autodesk Certified Expert (ACE) certification is a true differentiator for candidates looking to get ahead in their career. Candidates who hold this certification possess not only expert-level knowledge and skill, they’re also leaders in their industries and pioneer innovation in their organizations. Preparing to become an Autodesk Certified Expert typically comes from a progressive development of skills and knowledge of emerging toolsets, equivalent to approximately 400 hours (minimum) to 1,200 hours (recommended) of software experience.Candidates who obtain this certification will have demonstrated expert-level skills in computer-aided Manufacturing (CAM) for multi-axis milling using Fusion 360. The certification exam will also validate a candidate’s abilities in process planning, toolpath creation for complex three-dimensional parts, and output for multi-axis machining. These skills are in demand across a wide range of engineering and design industries, including aeronautical, aerospace, defense, automotive, mechanical, industrial design, manufacturing, medical, and energy.Prerequisite skillsIt’s expected that candidates will already know how to:•Navigate the user interface.•Identify areas of the browser.•Transition through various environments.•Know the available file types.•Display a part or assembly.•Create fully constrained sketches.•Use features such as extrude, hole, and patch.•Identify various planes and axes.•Identify workholding devices for multi-axis computer numerical control (CNC) milling.•Create a distributed design.•Fully constrain assembly parts.•Create a process plan for multi-axis milling.•Create a CAM setup for CNC milling.•Create and manage a tool library.•Create 3-axis toolpaths for roughing and finishing.•Create 3+1 and 3+2-axis toolpaths for roughing and finishing.•Create simultaneous 5-axis toolpaths for finishing.•Explain multi-axis tool control strategies.•Create a numerical control (NC) program to output specific toolpaths.•Create probing operations for inspection.•Create manual NC code.•Create a setup sheet.•Export NC code for a single setup.Exam objectivesHere are some topics and software features that may be covered in the exam.1.Plan and setup work1.1.Interpret supplied drawing to select and plan orders of operation based on multi-axis availability1.2.Apply procedural concepts required to perform stock prep for multi-axisfixturing1.3.Determine how to design fixturing method, ensure collision avoidance, andevaluate cutting forces for multi-axis processes1.3.a.Review design geometry and determine appropriate fixturing method1.3.b.Review design geometry and determine order of operations1.4.Apply procedural concepts required to use multi-axis capabilities to optimizeoperations1.4.a.Review design geometry and determine if a multi-axis machine is a goodchoice1.5.Perform CAM setup with Fusion 360 for multi-axis fixturing1.5.a.Determine Work Coordinate System (WCS) location for multi-axispositioning1.5.b.Determine WCS location for multi-axis machines based on center of rotation1.5.c.Set up a machine configuration for multi-axis machines2.Machine setup2.1.Plan and assemble tools and holders digitally to ensure agreement betweenphysical tool and digital representation2.1.a.Determine appropriate tool and holder for specific geometry orspecifications2.2.Plan and assemble workholding digitally to ensure agreement between physicaland digital representation2.2.a.Determine appropriate workholding required based on specifications orgeometry2.3.Establish work offsets and operation parameters for multi-axis machines2.3.a.Determine appropriate strategy for WCS positioning for multiple-fixturemachining3.Program toolpaths3.1.Select the appropriate machining strategy3.1.a.Select the appropriate toolpath based on geometry3.2.Define tool orientation for multi-axis positioning3.2.a.Determine axis of rotation for a 3+1 and 3+2 toolpaths3.2.b.Understand tool axis control for wrapped 2D toolpaths3.3.Determine toolpath containment geometry and approach3.3.a.Define toolpath containment by selection of edges, sketches, or surfaces3.3.b.Define toolpath slope limits3.4.Define tool orientation for simultaneous multi-axis machining3.4.a.Determine tool tilt angles for optimal tool contact3.5.Determine collision avoidance strategy3.5.a.Understand Shaft and Holder optionse Collisions Avoidance in a Steep and Shallow toolpath3.5.c.Apply toolpath trimming3.5.d.Adjust toolpath retraction policy to limit rapid movements3.6.Determine strategies to optimize individual multi-axis machining toolpaths3.6.a.Determine program order of operation changes for efficiency or precision3.6.b.Apply multi-axis swarf toolpath options3.6.c.Apply smoothing options in a Steep and Shallow toolpath4.Verify and simulate4.1.Apply concepts required to perform toolpath and machine simulation4.2.Validate and confirm stock removal strategies for multi-axise stock compare simulation options to validate stock removal4.3.Review collisions for toolpath adjustments and confirm tool holder clearance4.3.a.Review simulation results and determine collisions4.4.Apply lessons learned from verifications to toolpaths4.4.a.Determine toolpath adjustments based on simulation results5.Output code5.1.Verify the axis work coordinate setup against the posted code5.2.Troubleshoot output errors6.Part inspection6.1.Given features in a multi-axis domain, validate feature location and size, andupdate machine parameters based on probing cycle outpute probing and manual inspections to validate model features6.2.Apply concepts required to perform program prove out in a multi-axis machine。

Planning and Acting in Partially Observable Stochastic Domains

y
This work was supported in part by NSF grants IRI-9453383 and IRI-9312395. This work was supported in part by Bellcore.
1
the robot to take actions for the purpose of gathering information, such as searching for a landmark or reading signs on the wall. In general, it will take actions that ful ll both purposes simultaneously.ຫໍສະໝຸດ 1 Introduction
In this paper, we bring techniques from operations research to bear on the problem of choosing optimal actions in partially observable stochastic domains. Problems like the one described above can be modeled as partially observable Markov decision processes pomdps. Of course, we are not interested only in problems of robot navigation. Similar problems come up in factory process control, oil exploration, transportation logistics, and a variety of other complex real-world situations. This is essentially a planning problem: given a complete and correct model of the world dynamics and a reward structure, nd an optimal way to behave. In the arti cial intelligence AI literature, a deterministic version of this problem has been addressed by adding knowledge preconditions to traditional planning systems 34 . Because we are interested in stochastic domains, however, we must depart from the traditional AI planning model. Rather than taking plans to be sequences of actions, which may only rarely execute as expected, we take them to be mappings from situations to actions that specify the agent's behavior no matter what may happen. In many cases, we may not want a full policy; methods for developing partial policies and conditional plans for completely observable domains are the subject of much current interest 13, 11, 22 . A weakness of the methods described in this paper is that they require the states of the world to be represented enumeratively, rather than through compositional representations such as Bayes nets or probabilistic operator descriptions. However, this work has served as a substrate for development of more complex and e cient representations 6 . Section 6 describes the relation between the present approach and prior research in more detail. One important facet of the pomdp approach is that there is no distinction drawn between actions taken to change the state of the world and actions taken to gain information. This is important because, in general, every action has both types of e ect. Stopping to ask questions may delay the robot's arrival at the goal or spend extra energy; moving forward may give the robot information that it is in a dead-end because of the resulting crash. Thus, from the pomdp perspective, optimal performance involves something akin to a value of information" calculation, only more complex; the agent chooses between actions that di er in the amount of information they provide, the amount of reward they produce, and how they change the state of the world. Much of the content of this paper is a recapitulation of work in the operations-research literature 28, 33, 48, 50, 54 . We have developed new ways of viewing the problem that are, perhaps, more consistent with the AI perspective; for example, we give a novel development of exact nite-horizon pomdp algorithms in terms of policy trees" instead of the classical algebraic approach 48 . We begin by introducing the theory of Markov decision processes mdps and pomdps. We then outline a novel algorithm for solving pomdps o line and show how, in some cases, a nite-memory controller can be extracted from the solution to a pomdp. We conclude with a brief discussion of related work and of approximation methods. 2

全英交流无障碍学习计划

全英交流无障碍学习计划English has become a global lingua franca, and it plays a crucial role in international communication, trade, education, and technology. In today's interconnected world, mastering English is essential for individuals to thrive in various professional and social settings. However, many non-native speakers still face challenges in achieving fluency and proficiency in English, often due to limited access to resources and support. As a result, it is important to develop a comprehensive study plan to break down language barriers and facilitate effective English communication.This study plan is designed for non-native English speakers who are committed to improving their English communication skills. It encompasses various aspects of language learning, including vocabulary building, grammar improvement, speaking and listening practice, reading comprehension, and writing proficiency. The goal of this plan is to provide a structured and accessible framework for learners to enhance their English language abilities and gain confidence in communicating with native speakers and fellow non-native English speakers.I. Vocabulary BuildingA. Daily vocabulary exercises:1. Start each day with a vocabulary exercise to enhance word recognition and retention.2. Use flashcards or mobile apps to memorize new words and their meanings.3. Create a personal dictionary to record and review new vocabulary regularly.B. Reading comprehension with emphasis on vocabulary:1. Read English newspapers, magazines, and online articles to encounter diverse vocabulary in context.2. Make a habit of highlighting or underlining unfamiliar words and looking up their definitions.3. Use the newfound vocabulary in sentences or conversations to solidify understanding and usage.II. Grammar ImprovementA. Mastering basic grammar rules and structures:1. Begin with a review of basic grammar concepts such as tenses, articles, prepositions, and sentence structure.2. Practice grammar exercises and quizzes to reinforce understanding and application of rules.3. Seek assistance from grammar books, online tutorials, or language learning platforms to clarify any doubts or confusion.B. Immersive language exposure:1. Watch English-language movies, TV shows, and documentaries to observe grammar patterns and usage in natural contexts.2. Engage in English conversations, discussions, or language exchange sessions to put grammar knowledge into practice.3. Stay updated with English grammar rules and trends through reputable language learning websites and resources.III. Speaking and Listening PracticeA. Regular speaking exercises:1. Speak in English as much as possible, even in everyday situations and casual conversations.2. Practice speaking fluently and confidently through role-playing, interactive games, or public speaking exercises.3. Seek feedback and correction from fluent English speakers or language instructors to improve pronunciation and intonation.B. Active listening and comprehension:1. Listen to English podcasts, audio books, or radio programs to train the ear for different accents and speech patterns.2. Engage in active listening during English language interactions by focusing on context, keywords, and non-verbal cues.3. Engage in discussions or debates with fellow learners to improve listening comprehension and critical thinking skills.IV. Reading ComprehensionA. Diverse reading materials:1. Read a variety of English texts, including literature, essays, academic papers, and online blogs, to expand comprehension abilities.2. Dedicate time to read and analyze challenging texts, identifying main ideas, supporting details, and underlying themes.3. Discuss reading materials with peers or mentors to gain multiple perspectives and deeper insights.B. Enhancing reading speed and comprehension:1. Practice speed reading techniques to increase reading fluency and efficiency.2. Take regular reading comprehension tests to monitor progress and identify areas for improvement.3. Incorporate reading into daily routines, such as before bedtime or during breaks, to cultivate a habit of sustained reading.V. Writing ProficiencyA. Structured writing exercises:1. Devote time to daily writing practice, focusing on different genres such as essays, letters, reports, and creative writing.2. Set specific writing goals and challenges to expand writing skills and creativity.3. Seek feedback from peers, teachers, or professional editors to identify strengths and areas for improvement in writing.B. Developing a personal writing style:1. Experiment with different writing styles, tones, and voices to find a personal writing style that resonates with the learner.2. Study accomplished English writers and emulate their techniques and strategies to enhance writing proficiency.3. Reflect on past writing pieces and identify recurring errors or weaknesses for targeted improvement.VI. Enhanced Communication SkillsA. Engaging in meaningful conversations:1. Participate in debates, group discussions, or language exchange activities to engage in meaningful and challenging conversations.2. Seek out opportunities to interact with native English speakers through social events, professional networks, or online communities.3. Embrace diversity in language use by interacting with speakers from different English-speaking regions and cultures.B. Overcoming language barriers:1. Embrace mistakes and learn from them by approaching language barriers as opportunities for growth and improvement.2. Consistently expand vocabulary and grammar knowledge to confidently navigate linguistic challenges.3. Demonstrate patience and empathy when communicating with other non-native English speakers to foster a supportive language learning environment.Conclusion:By diligently following this comprehensive study plan, non-native English speakers can confidently break down language barriers and achieve effective communication in English. It is important to approach language learning with dedication, curiosity, and a growth mindset to overcome challenges and reach proficiency. With continuous practice and exposure to various language components, learners can gradually build confidence, expand their linguistic abilities, and thrive in the global English-speaking community. The key to success lies in a consistent commitment to learning, an open-minded approach to language acquisition, and a willingness to adapt to new linguistic challenges and opportunities.。

爱玛读后感英文

爱玛读后感英文After reading Emma"Emma" is a classic novel written by Jane Austen, which tells the story of a young woman named Emma Woodhouse whois determined to be a matchmaker for her friends and acquaintances. The novel is set in the early 19th century and provides a glimpse into the social customs and expectations of the time. After reading "Emma", I was struck by the timeless themes and insightful characterizations that continue to resonate with readers today.One of the most compelling aspects of "Emma" is the character of Emma Woodhouse herself. She is a complex and flawed protagonist who is both endearing and exasperating. Her well-meaning attempts at matchmaking often result in unintended consequences, and her journey of self-discovery and personal growth is a central focus of the novel. As a reader, I found myself both rooting for Emma and cringingat her missteps, which is a testament to Austen's skill in creating a multi-dimensional and relatable character.In addition to Emma, the novel features a rich cast of supporting characters who each contribute to the story in their own unique way. From the kind-hearted Mr. Knightley to the naive Harriet Smith, each character is carefully crafted and adds depth to the narrative. Austen's keen observations of human nature are evident in theinteractions and relationships between the characters, making "Emma" a compelling study of social dynamics and personal motivations.Another noteworthy aspect of "Emma" is the novel's exploration of social class and gender roles. Set in a time when marriage and social status were of paramount importance, the novel delves into the complexities of love and relationships within the constraints of societal expectations. Emma's own journey to understand her feelings for Mr. Knightley and the consequences of her actions shed light on the limitations placed on women during that era. Austen's sharp wit and incisive commentary on the socialmores of the time make "Emma" a thought-provoking and relevant read, even in the modern day.Furthermore, the novel's setting and atmosphere are vividly depicted, immersing the reader in the world of Highbury and its inhabitants. From the elegant drawing rooms to the picturesque countryside, Austen's detailed descriptions bring the Regency era to life and provide arich backdrop for the characters and their interactions.The attention to detail and the evocative prose contributeto the novel's enduring appeal and make it a pleasure tolose oneself in its world.In conclusion, "Emma" is a timeless classic that continues to captivate readers with its engaging characters, astute social commentary, and immersive setting. JaneAusten's skillful storytelling and insightful observations make the novel a compelling exploration of human nature and the complexities of love and relationships. After reading "Emma", I was left with a deeper appreciation for Austen's literary prowess and a renewed admiration for the enduringrelevance of her work. I would highly recommend "Emma" to anyone seeking a rich and rewarding reading experience.。

高等工程教育学科交叉融合育人的战略计划

英文回答：In order to cultivate engineering students with aprehensive and interdisciplinary education, it is imperative to formulate a strategic plan for the integration of diverse engineering disciplines. This plan must aim to dismantle the barriers between distinct engineering fields and foster collaboration and innovation. A pivotal element of this strategy entails redesigning the curriculum to incorporate courses that integrate elements from multiple engineering disciplines, including bioengineering, environmental engineering, andputer engineering. By exposing students to a wide spectrum of engineering principles, they will be better equipped to address real-world challenges that frequently necessitate a multidisciplinary approach.为了培养有综合和跨学科教育的工程专业学生，必须制定融合多种工程学科的战略计划。

该计划的目标必须是消除不同工程领域之间的障碍，促进合作和创新。

这一战略的一个关键要素是重新设计课程，纳入多种工程学科，包括生物工程、环境工程和人造工。

论辩挖掘研究

论辩挖掘研究宋巍1，魏忠钰21首都师范大学，2复旦大学个人简介：宋巍，首都师范大学信息工程学院，讲师，中国中文信息学会青工委委员，在哈尔滨工业大学计算机系获得学士、硕士和博士学位。

研究方向为信息检索与自然语言处理，主要研究兴趣包括用户分析、文本篇章分析与质量评估以及面向教育领域的自然语言处理等，在SIGIR,WWW,COLING,EMNLP等一流与重要国际会议及相关期刊发表论文10余篇。

魏忠钰，复旦大学大数据学院，青年副研究员，中国中文信息学会青工委委员，美国德州大学达拉斯分校博士后，博士毕业于香港中文大学，在哈尔滨工业大学取得学士和硕士学位。

从事自然语言处理，社会媒体分析，论辩挖掘等方面的研究，在SIGIR，ACL，COLING 等国际一流与重要会议发表论文10余篇。

在刚刚结束的国际计算语言学会议COLING 2016上，剑桥大学的Simone Teufel教授以计算论辩(Computational Argumentation)为主题进行了大会报告，获得强烈反响。

近年来，自然语言处理顶级会议ACL以及人工智能顶级会议IJCAI均曾开设关于论辩挖掘(Argumentation Mining)的讲习班或Workshop。

不经意间，论辩一词开始频繁地出现在我们的视野里。

本文将简要介绍论辩挖掘及相关工作。

1引言论辩(Argumentation)研究辩论和推理的过程，是一个涉及到逻辑、哲学、语言、修辞、法律和计算机科学等多学科的研究领域。

在人工智能领域研究论辩激发产生了一个新的研究方向——计算论辩(Computational Argumentation)[1]。

计算论辩试图将人类关于逻辑论证的认知模型与计算模型结合起来提高人工智能自动推理的能力。

论辩挖掘(Argumentation Mining)是计算论辩中一个重要的任务，它的主要目标是自动地从文本中提取论点(Argument)，以便为论辩和推理引擎的计算模型提供结构化数据。

展会的策划作文英文

展会的策划作文英文Title: Planning for a Successful Exhibition。

Organizing an exhibition requires meticulous planning and execution to ensure its success. From conceptualization to implementation, every step plays a crucial role in attracting attendees, engaging participants, and achieving the desired objectives. In this essay, we delve into the essential aspects of exhibition planning, focusing on strategies to create a memorable and impactful event.First and foremost, defining the purpose and objectives of the exhibition is paramount. Whether it aims to showcase products, promote services, or foster networking opportunities, clarity on the desired outcomes provides a guiding framework for all subsequent decisions. Understanding the target audience is equally vital, as it influences aspects such as theme selection, marketing channels, and engagement activities tailored to their interests and preferences.The choice of venue significantly impacts the overall experience of both exhibitors and attendees. Factors such as accessibility, capacity, amenities, and ambiance should be carefully evaluated to ensure suitability for theevent's requirements. Additionally, negotiating favorable terms and securing necessary permits well in advance contribute to seamless logistics and cost-effective planning.Effective promotion plays a pivotal role in driving attendance and generating buzz around the exhibition. Leveraging a multi-channel approach encompassing digital marketing, social media, email campaigns, and traditional advertising maximizes reach and engagement. Collaborating with industry influencers, media partners, and relevant associations can amplify visibility and credibility, enhancing the event's appeal to the target audience.Creating compelling content and experiences lies at the heart of engaging attendees and leaving a lasting impression. Curating diverse exhibitors representingvarious sectors or themes adds depth and variety to the event, catering to diverse interests and fostering cross-pollination of ideas. Interactive displays, live demonstrations, workshops, and keynote sessions enrich the attendee experience, encouraging active participation and knowledge exchange.Ensuring smooth operations and logistics is essential for the exhibition to run seamlessly. Developing a comprehensive timeline and task list, assigning responsibilities, and establishing clear communication channels facilitate coordination among all stakeholders. Adequate provision for essentials such as signage, registration, security, and technical support enhances convenience and safety for everyone involved.Facilitating meaningful connections and networking opportunities is a key differentiator of successful exhibitions. Incorporating dedicated networking zones, matchmaking services, and structured networking sessions facilitates interactions among exhibitors, attendees, and industry professionals. Providing opportunities forbusiness development, collaboration, and knowledge sharing fosters a vibrant ecosystem conducive to long-term relationships and partnerships.Measuring the success of the exhibition involves evaluating both quantitative and qualitative metricsaligned with the predefined objectives. Tracking metrics such as attendance, leads generated, sales revenue, media coverage, and attendee satisfaction provides valuable insights into the event's impact and ROI. Conducting post-event surveys and gathering feedback from exhibitors and attendees identifies strengths, areas for improvement, and opportunities for future iterations.In conclusion, effective exhibition planning encompasses a comprehensive approach encompassing strategic vision, meticulous organization, creative execution, and continuous evaluation. By focusing on delivering value to both exhibitors and attendees, fostering meaningful interactions, and achieving tangible outcomes, exhibitions can serve as powerful platforms for showcasing innovation, driving industry growth, and fostering community engagement.。

成考学位英语考试

1、What is the primary purpose of writing a business email?A. To express personal emotions.B. To provide detailed instructions on a hobby.C. To communicate professionally and efficiently in a work setting.D. To discuss current events with friends. (答案：C)2、Which of the following is NOT a common feature of academic writing?A. Use of formal language.B. Inclusion of personal anecdotes.C. Clear organization and structure.D. Citation of sources. (答案：B)3、In which situation would you use a SWOT analysis?A. When creating a personal journal entry.B. When evaluating the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of a business or project.C. When writing a fictional short story.D. When planning a casual social gathering. (答案：B)4、What does "ROI" stand for in the context of business and finance?A. Return On InvestmentB. Random Order InputC. Rapid Online InquiryD. Resource Optimization Initiative (答案：A)5、Which of these is an example of active listening in a business meeting?A. Interrupting the speaker to share your own opinion.B. Checking your phone while the other person is talking.C. Nodding and providing verbal cues to show understanding.D. Thinking about your next response without paying attention to the speaker. (答案：C)6、What is the main goal of a marketing strategy?A. To increase production costs.B. To decrease the quality of products.C. To identify and satisfy customer needs and wants.D. To limit competition in the market. (答案：C)7、Which of the following is a key element of effective time management?A. Procrastinating tasks until the last minute.B. Prioritizing tasks based on urgency and importance.C. Multitasking constantly without focus.D. Avoiding planning and spontaneously tackling tasks as they arise. (答案：B)8、In project management, what does the acronym "SMART" stand for when setting goals?A. Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-boundB. Simple, Modern, Accessible, Reliable, TimelyC. Strategic, Minimal, Attractive, Responsive, TechnologicalD. Swift, Meticulous, Ambitious, Resourceful, Tactical (答案：A)9、Which of the following best describes the concept of "supply and demand" in economics?A. The relationship between the quantity of a product available and the desire for that product.B. The process of producing goods and services.C. The study of how money is created and managed.D. The analysis of government spending and taxation. (答案：A)10、What is the purpose of a feasibility study in starting a new business?A. To determine the company's annual revenue.B. To assess the legal requirements for operating the business.C. To evaluate the practicality and potential success of the business idea.D. To design the company's logo and branding. (答案：C)。

城市规划安排与准备英语辩论赛

Urban planning is about the guidance and control of the urban development. It must evaluate the reality and foresee future development of the city. It must prepare for every possible problems that may occur, rather than arrangements.The difference between arrangement and preparative is the dimensionality(尺寸）of time . Preparative is to prepare for the possible direction of urban development, but arrangement is just to arrange the area where we will plan. So, preparative is more flexible（弹性，灵活）,because it can provide more solutions and measures to deal with different situations that would possibly appear in the future.Urban planning should tend to prepare for future development of the city. It must make some preparatives for the city development. Generally speaking, a master planning usually covers 20 years, and a short one covers 5 years at least. If we just deal with the problems that occur today, but not to predicte that what problems will happen in the future and prepare for the problems, our urban planning will be a failure. Such as Guangzhou, whose road planning is an example of urban planning failures. We can see that people are removing roads which have just been built. not to mention widening a narrow road, or building a accessorial road when the form one is congested. But the result of these deeds has never been a solution of traffic jam. And this is just the result of not being prepared for the increase of traffic. Let’s check about the snowstorm last winter again, Southern cities’unpreparative for such a bad snowstorm led it caused the damage to the power grid. and the stoppage of railway and highway, they ignored(忽略）preparing for the major natural disasters but just considered the general winter climate of the south. That led to the lack of ability to deal with the snowstorm and caused the main loss.In society nowadays, in many ways we can see that urban planning should prepare for urban development.1, The growth of population and acceleration of urbanization. The urban planning must prepare for how to accommodate the large number of population.2, The housing crisis.For urban planning it is a big challenge. How can we solve the crisis, and prepare for future housing planning?3, The change of climate. The change of global climate will cause the change of urban planning. We must do preparative job for the city to adapt to the change of climate.J acobs has ever criticized the "garden city” by Howard, she said that he should not eliminate the interrelated,multi-cultural life of a city. Preparative should contain culture, history and the positioning research of the city. It is not the same as arrangements, which just use the classification and separation methods to deal with city function. Jacobs said that "a good planning is a goal planning”, it is not the proper arrangement for city function, but to prepare the conditions for the goal. Therefore, urban planning should play a role which prepare for the city's future.我方认为城市规划……城市规划的意义在于对城市发展的指导(偏向安排)和控制（偏向准备），它必须评估城市的现实状况，并预见城市的未来发展。