英语语法笔记.doc
初中英语语法重点笔记
初中英语语法重点笔记一、词类、句子成分和构词法1. 词类：英语词类包括名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词、代词和感叹词等。
2. 句子成分：一个完整的句子通常包括主语、谓语、宾语、状语和补语等成分。
3. 构词法：英语的构词法包括合成法、转化法和派生法。
二、名词1. 可数名词和不可数名词：可数名词有复数形式，表示数量增加或减少；不可数名词没有复数形式。
2. 名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式通常是在词尾加-s或-es。
3. 特殊名词的复数形式：某些名词的复数形式有特殊变化，如：man-men，woman-women，tooth-teeth等。
三、代词1. 人称代词：人称代词的主格和宾格分别用于不同的语境中，主格用于主语，宾格用于宾语。
2. 物主代词：物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词，形容词性物主代词用于修饰名词，名词性物主代词用于表示某物属于某人。
四、形容词和副词1. 比较级和最高级：形容词和副词的比较级和最高级分别用于表示比较和最高程度。
2. 规则变化和不规则变化：形容词和副词的比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种形式。
五、冠词和数词1. 不定冠词：不定冠词有两个，a 和an，用于可数名词前，表示某个或某些不确定的人或东西。
2. 定冠词：定冠词和名词连用，表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
3. 数词：数词分为基数词和序数词，基数词表示数量，序数词表示顺序。
六、动词1. 动词的基本形式：动词有原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词和现在分词等基本形式。
2. 动词的时态：动词的时态包括现在时态、过去时态和将来时态等。
现在时态包括一般现在时、正在进行时和现在完成时等；过去时态包括一般过去时、过去进行时和过去完成时等；将来时态包括一般将来时、将来进行时和将来完成时等。
七、介词和连词1. 介词：介词用于连接名词或代词与动词或形容词，表示它们之间的某种关系。
常见的介词包括in、on、at、for、from等。
英语语法笔记
(1)动词原形：动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时，情态动词之后，或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。
(2)一般现在时第三人称单数形式（简称现单三）：主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。
(3)过去式：主要用于一般过去时。
(4)现在分词：主要用于进行时态，或语法规定的其他情况。
Is he …?
Has he …?
动词have(表示“拥有”)的否定疑问式和简单回答：
否定疑问式
肯定回答
否定回答
Have I not (haven’t i)…?
Yes, you have.
No, you haven’t.
Have you not (haven’t you)…?
Yes, I have.
+do
Shall/will be
+doing
Shall/will
have + done
Shall/will+have been doing
过去将来时
Should/
would/+do
Would/
should
+be doing
Should/would + have done
Would/should
+ have been doing
Do I study
You do not (don’t) study
必备英语语法笔记整理
必备英语语法笔记整理好长好长的思维导图，真的值得一看，弄这个可是很累的呢。
1.简单句简单句是长难句的基础，只表达了一件事的句子（当然，有的时候存在会加很多修饰，从而使句子看着有些复杂）。
书中主要是从其核心与扩展两方面对简单句进行讲解。
1.1核心核心又分为构成与变化。
1.1.1构成构成中主要是归纳了简单句的五种核心构成（如导图，不累赘。
）其中，主要根据动词的词义分为实义动词与非实义动词。
实义是指，该动词有实际意义，如：swim、play、eat……其中，实义动词又分为及物动词与非及物动词两类。
及物动词（vt.）与非及物动词（vi.）的区别在于该动作主语是否可以独立完成。
若可以，则为不及物动词。
若需要加上对象，则为及物动词。
非实义，自然是指无实际意义的系动词。
总结如下：注：1.简化句子：找到不及物动词，就可以判断出后面不需要接宾语，主谓结构的句子核心已完成，则其后无核心成分，可以忽略不看。
2.找到分裂结构：找到及物动词，就可以判断出需要后接宾语。
在长难句中，本该跟在及物动词后的宾语被移走，造成了动宾的分裂。
3.判断从句：找到及物动词或系动词，就可以判断后面的成分是宾语或表语。
若是接从句，也就可判断从句类型。
1.1.2变化变化主要是指谓语动词的变化，以及指主语、宾语和表语等成分可以由名词、代词、doing、to do等表示。
同时，讲到了多主语与宾语的并列。
时态= 时间+状态。
考研中常考的是一般过去时(did)、一般现在时(do/does)、一般将来时(will do /am,is,are going to do)、一般过去将来时(would do/was,were going to do)、过去进行时(was,were doing)、现在进行时(am,is,are doing)、过去完成时(had done)、现在完成时(have done)。
情态动词用法两种：1.表达“情绪和态度”。
2.表达“推测”。
英语语法笔记大全
以下是一份英语语法笔记的简要概述，涵盖了一些基本的语法知识点：名词：名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的词语。
包括单数和复数形式，以及可数和不可数名词。
动词：动词是表示动作或状态的词语。
包括时态、语态、语气等。
形容词：形容词是用来描述名词的特征或属性的词语。
包括比较级和最高级。
副词：副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子的词语。
介词：介词是用于表示名词或代词与其他词语之间关系的词语。
冠词：冠词是用于限定名词的词语，包括定冠词和不定冠词。
数词：数词是表示数量和顺序的词语。
代词：代词是用来代替名词的词语。
连词：连词是用于连接句子或句子成分的词语。
感叹词：感叹词是用于表达情感或感叹的词语。
初中英语语法精华笔记大全
1、可数名词是指表示人或事物，可以用数来计量的名词，有单复数之分。如：glass-----glasses; book---- books
2、不可数名词是指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。
如：paper, rice, water , milk, tea等。
3、有些名词在特定情况下由不可数变为可数名词。
I have been waiting for an hour.
He is an honest young fellow.
A hammer is a useful fool.
二、冠词的定义
冠词是置于名词之前，说明名词所表示的人或事物的一种虚词，它不能离开名词而单独存在。冠词有两种：
一种是定冠词(the Definite Article)；the
一种是不定冠词(the Indefinite Article). a an
三、不定冠词的用法
a用于辅音音素起首的单词前，an用于元音音素起首的单词前。
1、当第一次提到某人或某物时，用a或an起介绍作用，如：
What is this?It is a bus.
Who is she?She is a doctor.
2、表示泛指一类人或物
A snake is a cold-blood animal.
A plane is a machine that can fly.
以O结尾的名词
potatoes; tomatoes；photos; kilos; bamboos; radios
2、少数名词有不规则的变化形式
policeman---policemen; man---men; woman---women;
tooth---teeth; foot---feet; sheep---sheep; deer---deer;
谢孟媛英语中级语法_第1-120集笔记DOC版
不定词〈第01卷〉名词用法(1)不定词的用法名词用法形容词用法副词用法不定词无非就是比较长的名词、形容词、副词而已，因为它有两个字。
1. I like to eat pizza.翻译：我喜欢吃披萨。
在国语中可以无条件的将两个动词摆在一起。
在英文句子中只能是一个主句配一个动词，多出来的动作就需要连接词。
S：I，V：like，O：to eat这里的to eat 当受词，所以该不定式具有名词的身份。
表示我喜欢吃披萨这件事，所以是名词用法。
动词ing 形式也可以叫做动名词，本句也可以写成：I like eating pizza.2. Give me something to eat.翻译：(你)给我些吃的。
to eat 是修饰something ，修饰名词的具有形容词的功能。
中英文差异一个美丽的女孩a beautiful girl这个刚好是中英文顺序一致，但是这样的概率不到20%；一个站在门口的女孩a girl standing at the door一个字的形容词可以放在名词前面，多个字的形容词就要放在名词后面，所以不定词是两个字的形容词要放在名词的后面。
3. He went to that restaurant to eat pizza.翻译：他去餐厅吃披萨。
S：He，V：went，后面的that restaurant 属于地方副词，形容词才能当补语，本句属于S+V句型，这里的to eat 当副词修饰went 这个动词。
这里的to eat 扮演副词的角色不能用eating 来代换，eating 是动名词只有名词的功能。
副词的作用动词：verb，副词：adverb，显然副词是修饰动词的，同时像总统和副总统那样，副总统不是必须的，所以副词也不是必须的。
一、不定词的名词用法当主词1、在同一时间取悦每个人是不可能的。
“在同一时间取悦每个人”指的是一件事情，人、事、地、物都是名词可以当主词。
同时又可以发现在主词的短语中真正的主词是“取悦每个人”，“在同一时间”只是时间副词，“取悦”是please 但是它是一个动词，要变成名词才能做主词，用不定式 to pleaseTo please everyone at the same time is impossible.2、保护环境是重要的。
英语语法基础知识大全笔记
英语语法基础知识大全笔记（一）主语+谓语（二）主语+谓语+宾语1. 谓语是及物动词（vt）（动宾结构）2. 谓语是不及物动词（vi）1）不及物动词+介词+宾语（介宾结构）All of us work through problemsThinking about what you read（宾从）（三）主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语（补语，用来补充说明宾语的意义和状态）1）形容词做宾补Make cigarettes uncool让抽烟变得不再酷uncool就是cigarette的宾补Made the problem worse2）名词做宾补由名词充当宾补，经常用来补充说明宾语的意义、身份、地位等。
The Internet is making access to scientific results a reality互联网正在使便利获得科研成果变成现实。
宾补动词make的宾语是access to scientific results，句尾的名词a reality就是补充说明宾语的宾补结构3）动词做宾补以动词原形、不带to的不定式和分词结构为主Make the site seem objective 使网站看起来公正客观宾补动词make后面的宾补为动词seem，这就是我们常说的make+某人/某物+动词原形，表示使某人/某物...He hesitanted make his discovery known将自己的发现公之于众犹豫不决To see a woman driving4）常见的宾补动词A. 宾补常为形容词的动词：make，render，find，drive，get等+adj。
B. 宾补常为形容词的动词：make，appoint，elect，crown等+n5）宾语后置当宾语是一个较为复杂的动词不定式结构或者是一个从句时，为了保持句子平衡，习惯上会将宾语后置，会用it 来冲当形式宾语。
The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one 金融危机使得工作还是辞退不好的工作变得更容易接受谓语是make，宾语为to be between jobs or to leave a bad one，但由于宾语较长后面还加上more acceptable 的宾补，考虑到句子平衡所以后置了宾语。
乐乐课堂 英语语法 笔记
乐乐课堂英语语法笔记
乐乐课堂是一个非常有用的学习平台，它提供了许多关于英语语法的有用笔记。
以下是一些乐乐课堂英语语法笔记的摘要：
1. 名词的复数形式：乐乐课堂详细解释了如何在英语中形成名词的复数形式。
规则和不规则变化都有详尽的解释，同时也有一些常见的陷阱和误解。
2. 现在进行时：这个笔记解释了现在进行时的用法，包括它如何表示现在正在进行的动作，以及如何使用助动词“be”和动词的-ing形式来构造这个
时态。
3. 一般过去时：这个笔记详细介绍了如何使用一般过去时来表示过去发生的动作或事件，以及如何使用助动词“did”和动词的过去式来构造这个时态。
4. 形容词的比较级和最高级：乐乐课堂解释了如何使用形容词的比较级和最高级来表示比较关系。
它也提供了一些常见的错误和陷阱，例如不规则的比较级和最高级形式。
5. 主语和谓语的一致性：这个笔记讨论了主语和谓语必须一致的原则。
它解释了如何确定主语的单复数形式，以及如何选择正确的谓语形式。
以上是乐乐课堂提供的英语语法笔记的一部分。
这些笔记都非常详细，包含了大量的例子和练习题，有助于学生理解和掌握这些语法规则。
如果你对这些内容感兴趣，我建议你去乐乐课堂网站上查看完整的课程内容和练习题。
最详细的英语语法笔记
实用英语语法笔记第一部分词法Chapter 1. 主谓一致一、概念：主谓一致是指：1)语法形式上要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2)意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3)就近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语,一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数。
例如：There is much water in the thermos.但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式。
例如：Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.二、相关知识点精讲1、并列结构作主语时谓语用复数,例如：Reading and writing are very important.注：当主语由and连结时,如果表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
例如：The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。
2、主谓一致中的靠近原则1)当there be句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。
例如：There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩,二十三个女孩。
2)当either…or…与neither…nor,连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。
如果句子是由here, there引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。
例如：Either you or she is to go. 不是你去,就是她去。
(完整word版)中考英语语法笔记整理大全
中考英语语法笔记整理大全名词表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念等的名称的词。
知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！有名词前一般不加冠词。
2、有普通名词构成的专有名词前要用定冠词“the”，但它不大写。
3、有些不可数名词有时表示为具体的东西时，则变为可数名词，而且以四上也有了变化。
eg. beer ----a beer 一杯啤酒，work--- a work 工厂，著作，glass---a glass 一个玻璃杯，room空间---a room一个房间二、名词的数：表示可以计算数目的人或物称为可数名词。
1、可数名词有单、复数两种形式：可数名词的单数形式要在名词前加“a或an”；复数形式是在名词后加“-s或-es”。
名词复数形式有规则变化和不规则变化两种，规则2. 可数名词复数的不规则变化①改变单数名词中的元音字母eg. man--men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet, goose—geese, mouse--mice②单复数同形eg. Chinese-Chinese, deer-deer, fish-fish, sheep-sheep,…③由man 和woman构成的合成词, 每个名词都要变复数eg. a man doctor— men doctors, a woman teacher--women teachers 注意: 有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分,在使用时只有复数形式eg. trousers, clothes, glasses, shorts,scissors, etc;有些名词从形式上看是复数,实际上是单数(其后的谓语动词要用单数). eg. maths, phyiscs, politics, news3. 不可数名词：表示不能计算数目的人或物，称为不可数名词。
他们前面不能用a/an,没有复数形式。
物质名词和抽象名词都属于不可数名词。
初中英语语法学习笔记整理概要
1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、 look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump.2 （比较级 + and + 比较级）表示越来越怎么样3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易）4 agree with sb 赞成某人5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you. 我将和你一起去 the students pl anted trees along with their teachers. 学生同老师们一起种树8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样9 as you can see 你是知道的10 ask for ……求助, 向…要…（直接接想要的东西） eg : ask you for my book11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事13 at the age of 在……岁时 eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen.14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始15 at the end of +地点/+时间: 最后,尽头,末尾. eg : At the end of the day16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心,自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test.18 be + doing ：1 现在进行时 2 将来时19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing.20 be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing.21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕…… eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视 I should be allowed to wat ch TV 我应该被允许看电视23 be angry with sb 生某人的气 eg : Don't be angry with me24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高26 be ashamed to27 be away from 远离28 be away from 从……离开29 be bad for 对什么有害 eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好30 be born 出生于31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于……32 be careful 当心；小心33 be different from…… 和什么不一样34 be famous for 以……著名35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好36 be from = come from 来自 eg ：He is from Bejing He comes from Bejing Is he from Bejing ? Does he come from Bejing ?37 be full of 装满……的 be filled with 充满 eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with w ater38 be glad+to+do/从句39 be going to + v(原）将来时40 be good at(+doing) = do well in 在某方面善长, 善于……41 be good for 对什么有好处 eg : Reading aloud is good for your English42 be happy to do 很高兴做某事43 be helpful to sb 对某人有好处 eg : Reading aloud is helpful to you 大声朗读对你有好处 Exercis ing is helpful to your bady 锻炼对你的身体有好处44 be in good health 身体健康45 be in trouble 处于困难中 eg : She is in trouble They are in tronble 46 be interested in 对某方面感兴趣47 be late for = come late to 迟到 eg: Be late for class 上课迟到48 be like 像…… eg : I'm like my mother49 be mad at 生某人的气50 be made from 由……制成 (制成以后看不见原材料)51 be made of 由……制成(制成以后还看得见原材料)52 be not sure 表不确定53 be on a visit to 参观54 be popular with sb 受某人欢迎55 be quiet 安静56 be short for 表**的缩写 eg: 陶 is short for 陶俊杰57 be sick in bed 生病在床58 be sorry to do sth be sorry for sb eg : I am sorry for you59 be sorry to hear that60 be sorry to trouble sb eg : I am sorry to trouble you61 be strict in doing sth 严于做某事 eg : He's strict in obeying noles62 be strict with sb 对某人要求严格 eg: Some students are not strict with them selves 这些学生对自己不严格63 be strict with sb in sth 某方面对某人严格64 be supposed to do 被要求干什么65 be sure 表确定66 be sure of doing sth 对做某事有信心 eg: He is sure of winning I am sure of learning English well67 be sure of sth 对做某事有信心 eg: I'm sure of my head (my teacher 我相信我的大脑（老师）68 be sure that sth 对做某事有信心 eg: I'm suer that he can pass the test 我相信他能通过考试69 be sure to do sth一定会做某事eg: We are sure to pass the test 我们一定会通过这次考试 We are sure t o learn English well 我们一定能学好英语70 be terrified of + 名/动doing 害怕……71 be terrified to do sth 害怕做某事72 be the same as … 和什么一样73 be used to doing sth 习惯做某事 eg: My father is used to getting up early 我爸爸习惯早He is used t o sleeping in class 他习惯上课睡觉74 be worth doing 值得做什么75 be(feel) afraid to do sth 害怕做某事be afraid of sth 害怕某物be afraid that 从句76 because+句子 because of +短语 eg : He was late because he had a headache He was late because of his headache77 begin to do = start to do 开始做某事start…with…=begin…with… 以什么开始什么 eg : Let's begin the game with the song I begin to go home78 between…and… 两者之间79 borrow sth from sb 向……借…… lend sth to sb ( lend sb sth 借给……什么东西 eg : I borrowed a pen from him he lent a pen to me ( he lent me a pen80 both = the same(as) = not different(from) 表相同81 bother 打扰 bother sb to do sth eg : I'm sorry to bother you ,but can you tell me to way to the sta tion 我十分道歉打扰你，但是你能告诉我怎么去车站 the problem has been bothering me for weeks 这个问题困扰了我几个周了 He's bothering me to lend him money82 by the end of 到……为止83 call sb sth eg : We call him old wang84 care 关心 eg : Don't you care about this country's future ?你为什么不关心国家的未来85 catch up with sb 赶上某人86 chat with sb 和某人闲谈 take sb to + 地点带某人去某地87 come in 进88 come over to 过来89 come up with 提出 eg: Can you come up with a good idea 你能想出一个好办法吗？90 communicate with sb 和某人交流91 consider + doing 考虑做什么 eg : Why not consider going to lu zhou 为什么不考虑去泸州？92 dance to 随着……跳舞 eg : She likes dancing to the music 她喜欢随着音乐跳舞93 decide to do sth 决定做某事94 do a survey of 做某方面的调查95 do better in 在……方面做得更好96 do wrong 做错97 Don't forget to do sth 不要忘了做某事98 Don't mind +doing /从句 /名词不要介意……99 each +名（单）每一个…eg : Each student has many books 每一个学生都有一些书100 end up +doing 以……结束101 enjoy +doing喜欢102 escape from 从……逃跑eg: The prisoners have escaped from the prison犯人从监狱里逃跑出来103 expect to do sth 期待做某事104 fall down 摔下来 fall off 从哪摔下来105 fall in love with sb /sth 爱上什么106 far from 离某地远 eg : The school is far from my home107 find +it +adj +to do 发现做某事怎么样108 find sb/sth +adj 发现什么怎么样 eg : I find the book interesting109 finish 完成+doing（名词）110 fit to sb = be fit for sb 适合某人111 forget to do 没有做而忘了 forget doing 做了而又忘了 eg: Don't forget to go home I forget closing d oor112 from…to… 从某某到某某 eg: From me to her113 get /have sth down 做完，被（别人）做…eg: I hav e my hair cut 我理了发(头发被剪了） Tom got his bad to oth pulled out 汤母把他的坏牙拔掉了（被牙医拔掉了）114 get a part-time job= find a part-time job115 get along well with sb = get on well with sb 与某人相处得好116 get along with sb = get on with sb 与某人相处117 get ready for = be ready for为什么而准备eg : I get ready for math I am ready for math118 get sb in to trouble 给某人麻119 get sb to do sth120 get…from… 从某处得到某物121 give a talk 做报告 eg: He is give a tall122 give sth to sb give sb sth 给某人某物123 go fish 钓鱼 go swimming 游泳124 go on to do 去做下一件事 go on doing 继续做这件事125 go out away from go out of126 go to school 上学（用于专业的）go to the school 去学校（不一定是上学）127 good way to 好方法128 hate to do 讨厌没做过的事 hate doing 讨厌做过的事129 have a party for sb 举办谁的晚会130 have a talk 听报告谈一谈131 have been doing 现在完成进行时 eg : You have been talking You have been sleeping since132 have been to …( 地方）……去过某过地方have gone to …（地方）去了某地还没回来133 have fun +doing 玩得高兴134 have sth to do 有什么事要做 eg: I have a lot of homework to do 我有很多家庭作业要做 I have nothing to do 我没什么事情做135 have to do sth 必须做某事136 have trouble (problem) (in) doing sth 做什么事情有麻烦137 have…time +doing138 have…(时间)…off 放……假 eg: I have month off 我请一个月得假139 hear sb +do/doing 听见某人做某事/正在做某事140 help a lot 很大用处141 help sb with sth \one's sth 帮助某人某事（某方面） help sb (to) do sth 帮助某人做某事142 hope to do sth 希望做某事143 How about(+doing) = What about(+doing)144 how do you like = what do you think of 你对什么的看法145 if : 是否＝wether eg: I don't know if (wether) I should go to the party 我不知道我是否应该去参加晚会 He don't know if (wether) we will arrive on time tomorrow morning 他不知道我们明天早上是否能准时到达146 if :如果，假如（全部接一般时态）＋条件语态从句 eg: I'll go to LuZhou if it does't rain 假如明天不下雨，我就去泸州 If they change the plan they will let me know 假如他们要改变计划，他们会让我知道的 I' ll go to England ,if I have enough money next year 如果我明年由足够的钱，我就要去英国147 in one's opinion = sb think 某人认为148 in some ways 在某些方面149 in the end = finally(adv) 最后150 in the north of… 什么在什么的北方（north 北 sowth 南 west 西 east 东）151 in the sun 在太阳下152 increase 增加 eg : They've increased the prece of petrol by 3% 他们把石油价增加了3%153 instead of +（名）代替 eg: I'd like an apple instead of a pear 我想要苹果，而不要梨子 I like English instead of math 我喜欢英语而不喜欢数学154 introduce sb to sb 介绍某人给某人 introduce oneself 自我介绍155 invite sb to do sth 邀请某人做某事156 It takes sb sometime to do sth 做某人花掉某人多少时间 eg : It took me 5 minutes to do my homework It takes me half an hour to cook157 It's +adj +for sb to do sth 对某人来说做某事怎么样158 It's +adj +to do 做某事怎么样159 It's +adj for sb 对于某人来说怎么样 It's +adj of sb 对某人来说太怎么样160 It's +adj(for sb) to do（对某人来说）做某事怎么样 It's +adj of sb to do sth 对某人来说做某事太怎么样 eg : It's nice of you to help me with my English161 It's a good idea for sb to do sth 对…… 来说是个好主意162 It's important to sb 对某人来说很重要 eg: It's important to me163 It's time to do sth It's time for sth 到了该去做某事的时间 eg : It's time to have class It's time for class 该去上课了164 join = take part in 参加165 just now 刚才166 keep +sb /sth +adj /介词短语让什么保持什么样？167 keep out 不让…… 进入168 keep sb adj 让……保持…… eg: I want to keep my mother happy keep healthy 保持健康169 key to +名词表示：某物的钥匙或某题的答案170 key to… anser to … key 可以是答题或钥匙171 laugh at… 取笑…… eg : Don't langh at others We langhed at the joke172 learn by oneslfe 自学173 learn from sb 向某人学习 eg: We should learn from Lei Feng174 learn to do sth 学做某事175 let sb do sth 让某人做某事176 Let sb down 让某人失望 eg ： We shouldn't let our farents down 我们不应该让我们的父母失望177 live from :离某地远178 live in +大地方 /at +小地方居住在某地 eg: I live in LuZhou She lives at XuanTan179 look after = take care of 照顾照看180 lose one's way 谁迷路 eg : Lose your way 你迷路181 make a decision to do sth 决定做某事182 make friends with sb 和谁成为朋友 eg : I want to make friends with you183 make it early 把时间定的早一点 184 make on exhibition of oneself 让某人出洋相185 make sb /n +n 使什么成为什么 eg : I made her my step moller I made you my wife186 make sb /sth +adj 使某人（某物）怎么样 eg : You must made your bed clean187 make sb /sth adj 使某人/某物怎么样188 make sb do sth 让某人做某事 eg : I made him write 我以前让他写189 make up be made up of (被动语态）由……组成190 make…difference to…191 mind sb to do mind one's doing 介意……做什么192 most +名 most of +代193 much too +形容词194 must be 一定195 need +名词需要……196 need sb do sth 需要某人做某事197 need to do (实义动词） need do (情态动词）199 no +名词200 not anymore = no more 再也不…… eg: He didn't cry any more / He cried no more 他再也不哭201 not… (形、副）at all eg: He's not tall at all. She doesn't junp far at all202 not…at all 一点都不203 not…either 表否定，也不 eg : I don't japanse either. I don't have sister, either 我也没有姐姐204 not…until 直到……才…… eg: I didn't sleep until my mother came back . The child didn't stop crying until I give her sugar205 offer / provide sb with sth 给某人提供206 offer sb sth / offer sth to sb 提供什么东西给某人 eg : I offer you water / I offer water to you 我给你提供水207 on one's way to…在去……的路上208 on the one hand 一方面 on the other hand 另一方面209 on the phone = over the phone 用电话交谈210 on time 准时 in time 及时211 one day ＝some day ＝someday 一天，将来有一天212 one of +可数名词的复数形式213 one to another 一个到另一个214 over and over again 一遍又一遍的 eg : He cleaned the floor over and over again215 part-time job 兼职工作 full-time job 全职工作216 pay for…付……钱 pay the bill 开钱，付钱217 please +do218 please help yourself 请随意219 be pleased with sb 对某人感到满意220 pour into 川流不息的涌入，源源而来221 practice +doing 练习做某事222 prefer sth to sth 相对……更喜欢……eg : I prefer physics to chemisty. 在物理和化学中，我更喜欢物理 prefer doing to sth 更喜欢去做…不愿意去做…eg: He prefers riding a bike to diving .他更喜欢骑自行车，不开小车 prefer to do sth rather than do sth 宁愿做…也不愿eg: My unde prefers to buy a now car rather than repaiv the used one. 我叔叔更喜欢买新的车，也不去修旧车。
英语语法学习笔记
一、名词1、单数变复数①f ves小偷的妻子拿小刀把树叶和狼砍成两半，结束了他的生命。
Thief wife knife leaf wolf half life 补：架子shelf②o+es黑人英雄吃土豆、西红柿等于零。
Negro hero potato tomato zero③Englishman Englishmen Frenchman FrenchmenChinese Chinese Japanese JapaneseAmerican Americans GermanGermans④复合词中单变复（有名词的变名词，无名词的变最后）两个名词：women-teachers men-doctors名词+介词：passers-by lookers-on形容词+名词：chief-editors主编们动词+介词：grown-ups成年人 go-betweens媒人们⑤特殊的：foot feet tooth teethchild children⑥单复同形：sheep deer means(方式) works(作品) series(系列)species(种类)集合名词无复数：cattle people family class government team…2、抽象名词具体化（不可数名词可数名词）即：a+adj.+n.A\an+adj.+shame、success、 (failure)、 surprise、 pity 、pleasure、 honour adventure 、difficulity3、永远不加a\an的名词（永远不可数，即：adj.+n.）Adj.+advice 、progress 、news、 information、 equipment、 fun 、furniture weather4、名词所有格①Tom’s(有生命) book=the book（无生命） of Tom②a friend of my father’s\mine.双重所有格③soldiers’ gun 复数用__s’④表示某人的店铺、家、办公室时，所有格后的中心词常常省略。
初中英语语法学习笔记整理30页word文档
1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、 look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump.2 （比较级 + and + 比较级）表示越来越怎么样3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易）4 agree with sb 赞成某人5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界7 along with同……一道，伴随… eg : I will go along with you. 我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers. 学生同老师们一起种树8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样9 as you can see 你是知道的10 ask for ……求助, 向…要…（直接接想要的东西） eg : ask you for my book11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事13 at the age of 在……岁时 eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen.14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始15 at the end of +地点/+时间: 最后,尽头,末尾. eg : At the end of the day16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心,自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test.18 be + doing ：1 现在进行时 2 将来时19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原) 能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing.20 be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing.21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕…… eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视 I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视23 be angry with sb 生某人的气 eg : Don't be angry with me24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高26 be ashamed to27 be away from 远离28 be away from 从……离开29 be bad for 对什么有害 eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好30 be born 出生于31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于……32 be careful 当心；小心33 be different from…… 和什么不一样34 be famous for 以……著名35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好36 be from = come from 来自 eg ：He is from Bejing He comes from Bejing Is he from Bejing ? Does he come from Bejing ?37 be full of 装满……的 be filled with 充满 eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water38 be glad+to+do/从句39 be going to + v(原）将来时40 be good at(+doing) = do well in 在某方面善长, 善于……41 be good for 对什么有好处 eg : Reading aloud is good for your English42 be happy to do 很高兴做某事43 be helpful to sb 对某人有好处 eg : Reading aloud is helpful to you 大声朗读对你有好处 Exercising is helpful to your bady 锻炼对你的身体有好处44 be in good health 身体健康45 be in trouble 处于困难中 eg : She is in trouble They are in tronble 46 be interested in 对某方面感兴趣47 be late for = come late to 迟到 eg: Be late for class 上课迟到48 be like 像…… eg : I'm like my mother49 be mad at 生某人的气50 be made from 由……制成 (制成以后看不见原材料)51 be made of 由……制成(制成以后还看得见原材料)52 be not sure 表不确定53 be on a visit to 参观54 be popular with sb 受某人欢迎55 be quiet 安静56 be short for 表**的缩写 eg: 陶 is short for 陶俊杰57 be sick in bed 生病在床58 be sorry to do sth be sorry for sb eg : I am sorry for you59 be sorry to hear that60 be sorry to trouble sb eg : I am sorry to trouble you61 be strict in doing sth 严于做某事 eg : He's strict in obeying noles62 be strict with sb 对某人要求严格 eg: Some students are not strict with them selves 这些学生对自己不严格63 be strict with sb in sth 某方面对某人严格64 be supposed to do 被要求干什么65 be sure 表确定66 be sure of doing sth 对做某事有信心 eg: He is sure of winningI am sure of learning English well67 be sure of sth 对做某事有信心 I'm sure of my head (my teacher 我相信我的大脑68 be sure that sth 对做某事有信心 eg: I'm suer that he can pass the test 我相信他能通过考试69 be sure to do sth一定会做某事eg: We are sure to pass the test 我们一定会通过这次考试 We are sure to learn English well 我们一定能学好英语70 be terrified of + 名/动doing 害怕……71 be terrified to do sth 害怕做某事72 be the same as … 和什么一样73 be used to doing sth 习惯做某事 eg: My father is used to getting up early 我爸习惯早He is used to sleeping in class 他习惯上课睡觉74 be worth doing 值得做什么75 be(feel) afraid to do sth 害怕做某事 be afraid of sth 害怕某物 be afraid that 从句76 because+句子 because of +短语 eg : He was late because he hada headache He was late because of his headache77 begin to do = start to do 开始做某事start…with…=begin…with… 以什么开始什么 eg : Let's begin the game with the song I begin to go home78 between…and… 两者之间79 borrow sth from sb 向……借…… lend sth to sb ( lend sb sth 借给……什么东西 eg : I borrowed a pen from him he lent a pen to me ( he lent me a pen80 both = the same(as) = not different(from) 表相同81 bother 打扰 bother sb to do sth eg : I'm sorry to bother you ,but can you tell me to way to the station 我十分道歉打扰你，但是你能告诉我怎么去车站 the problem has been bothering me for weeks 这个问题困扰了我几个周了 He's bothering me to lend him money82 by the end of 到……为止83 call sb sth eg : We call him old wang84 care 关心 eg : Don't you care about this country's future ?你为什么不关心国家的未来85 catch up with sb 赶上某人86 chat with sb 和某人闲谈 take sb to + 地点带某人去某地87 come in 进88 come over to 过来89 come up with 提出 eg: Can you come up with a good idea 你能想出一个好办法吗？90 communicate with sb 和某人交流91 consider + doing 考虑做什么 eg : Why not consider going to lu zhou 为什么不考虑去泸州？92 dance to 随着……跳舞 eg : She likes dancing to the music 她喜欢随着音乐跳舞93 decide to do sth 决定做某事94 do a survey of 做某方面的调查95 do better in 在……方面做得更好96 do wrong 做错97 Don't forget to do sth 不要忘了做某事98 Don't mind +doing /从句 /名词不要介意……99 each +名（单）每一个…eg : Each student has many books 每一个学生都有一些书100 end up +doing 以……结束101 enjoy +doing喜欢102 escape from 从……逃跑eg: The prisoners have escaped from the prison犯人从监狱里逃跑出来103 expect to do sth 期待做某事104 fall down 摔下来 fall off 从哪摔下来105 fall in love with sb /sth 爱上什么106 far from 离某地远 eg : The school is far from my home107 find +it +adj +to do 发现做某事怎么样108 find sb/sth +adj 发现什么怎么样 eg : I find the book interesting 109 finish 完成+doing（名词）110 fit to sb = be fit for sb 适合某人111 forget to do 没有做而忘了 forget doing 做了而又忘了 eg: Don't forget to go home I forget closing door112 from…to… 从某某到某某 eg: From me to her113 get /have sth down 做完，被（别人）做…eg: I have my hair cut 我理了发(头发被剪了） Tom got his bad tooth pulled out 汤母把他的坏牙拔掉了（被牙医拔掉了）114 get a part-time job= find a part-time job115 get along well with sb = get on well with sb 与某人相处得好116 get along with sb = get on with sb 与某人相处117 get ready for = be ready for为什么而准备eg : I get ready for math I am ready for math118 get sb in to trouble 给某人麻119 get sb to do sth120 get…from… 从某处得到某物121 give a talk 做报告 eg: He is give a tall122 give sth to sb give sb sth 给某人某物123 go fish 钓鱼 go swimming 游泳124 go on to do 去做下一件事 go on doing 继续做这件事125 go out away from go out of126 go to school 上学（用于专业的）go to the school 去学校（不一定是上学）127 good way to 好方法128 hate to do 讨厌没做过的事 hate doing 讨厌做过的事129 have a party for sb 举办谁的晚会130 have a talk 听报告谈一谈131 have been doing 现在完成进行时 You have been talking You have been sleeping since132 have been to …( 地方）…去过某过地方 have gone to （地方）去了某地还没回来133 have fun +doing 玩得高兴134 have sth to do 有什么事要做 eg: I have a lot of homework to do 我有很多家庭作业要做 I have nothing to do 我没什么事情做135 have to do sth 必须做某事136 have trouble (problem) (in) doing sth 做什么事情有麻烦137 have…time +doing138 have…(时间)…off 放……假 eg: I have month off 我请一个月得假139 hear sb +do/doing 听见某人做某事/正在做某事140 help a lot 很大用处141 help sb with sth \one's sth 帮助某人某事（某方面） help sb (to) do sth 帮助某人做某事142 hope to do sth 希望做某事143 How about(+doing) = What about(+doing)144 how do you like = what do you think of 你对什么的看法145 if : 是否＝wether eg: I don't know if (wether) I should go to the party 我不知道我是否应该去参加晚会 He don't know if (wether) we will arrive on time tomorrow morning 他不知道我们明天早上是否能准时到达146 if :如果，假如（全部接一般时态）＋条件语态从句 eg: I'll go to LuZhou if it does't rain 假如明天不下雨，我就去泸州 If they change the plan they will let me know 假如他们要改变计划，他们会让我知道的 I'll go to England ,if I have enough money next year 如果我明年由足够的钱，我就要去英国147 in one's opinion = sb think 某人认为148 in some ways 在某些方面149 in the end = finally(adv) 最后150 in the north of… 什么在什么的北方（north 北 sowth 南 west 西east 东）151 in the sun 在太阳下152 increase 增加 eg : They've increased the prece of petrol by 3% 他们把石油价增加了3%153 instead of +（名）代替 eg: I'd like an apple instead of a pear 我想要苹果，而不要梨子 I like English instead of math 我喜欢英语而不喜欢数学154 introduce sb to sb 介绍某人给某人 introduce oneself 自我介绍155 invite sb to do sth 邀请某人做某事156 It takes sb sometime to do sth 做某人花掉某人多少时间 eg : It took me 5 minutes to do my homework It takes me half an hour to cook157 It's +adj +for sb to do sth 对某人来说做某事怎么样158 It's +adj +to do 做某事怎么样159 It's +adj for sb 对于某人来说怎么样 It's +adj of sb 对某人来说太怎么样160 It's +adj(for sb) to do（对某人来说）做某事怎么样 It's +adj of sb to do sth 对某人来说做某事太怎么样 eg : It's nice of you to help me with my English161 It's a good idea for sb to do sth 对…… 来说是个好主意162 It's important to sb 对某人来说很重要 eg: It's important to me 163 It's time to do sth It's time for sth 到了该去做某事的时间 eg : It's time to have class It's time for class 该去上课了164 join = take part in 参加165 just now 刚才166 keep +sb /sth +adj /介词短语让什么保持什么样？167 keep out 不让…… 进入168 keep sb adj 让……保持…… eg: I want to keep my mother happy keep healthy 保持健康169 key to +名词表示：某物的钥匙或某题的答案170 key to… anser to … key 可以是答题或钥匙171 laugh at… 取笑…… eg : Don't langh at others We langhed at the joke172 learn by oneslfe 自学173 learn from sb 向某人学习 eg: We should learn from Lei Feng 174 learn to do sth 学做某事175 let sb do sth 让某人做某事176 Let sb down 让某人失望 eg ： We shouldn't let our farents down 我们不应该让我们的父母失望177 live from :离某地远178 live in +大地方 /at +小地方居住在某地 eg: I live in LuZhou She lives at XuanTan179 look after = take care of 照顾照看180 lose one's way 谁迷路 eg : Lose your way 你迷路181 make a decision to do sth 决定做某事182 make friends with sb 和谁成为朋友 eg : I want to make friends with you183 make it early 把时间定的早一点184 make on exhibition of oneself 让某人出洋相185 make sb /n +n 使什么成为什么 eg : I made her my step moller I made you my wife186 make sb /sth +adj 使某人（某物）怎么样 eg : You must made your bed clean187 make sb /sth adj 使某人/某物怎么样188 make sb do sth 让某人做某事 eg : I made him write 我以前让他写189 make up be made up of (被动语态）由……组成190 make…difference to…191 mind sb to do mind one's doing 介意……做什么192 most +名 most of +代193 much too +形容词194 must be 一定195 need +名词需要……196 need sb do sth 需要某人做某事197 need to do (实义动词） need do (情态动词）199 no +名词200 not anymore = no more 再也不…… eg: He didn't cry any more / He cried no more 他再也不哭201 not… (形、副）at all eg: He's not tall at all. She doesn't junp far at all202 not…at all 一点都不203 not…either 表否定，也不 eg : I don't japanse either. I don't have sister, either 我也没有姐姐204 not…until 直到……才…… eg: I didn't sleep until my mother came back . The child didn't stop crying until I give her sugar205 offer / provide sb with sth 给某人提供206 offer sb sth / offer sth to sb 提供什么东西给某人 eg : I offer you water / I offer water to you 我给你提供水207 on one's way to…在去……的路上208 on the one hand 一方面 on the other hand 另一方面209 on the phone = over the phone 用电话交谈210 on time 准时 in time 及时211 one day ＝some day ＝someday 一天，将来有一天212 one of +可数名词的复数形式213 one to another 一个到另一个214 over and over again一遍又一遍的 eg : He cleaned the floor over and over again215 part-time job 兼职工作 full-time job 全职工作216 pay for…付……钱 pay the bill 开钱，付钱217 please +do218 please help yourself 请随意219 be pleased with sb 对某人感到满意220 pour into 川流不息的涌入，源源而来221 practice +doing 练习做某事222 prefer sth to sth 相对……更喜欢……eg : I prefer physics to chemisty. 在物理和化学中，我更喜欢物理 prefer doing to sth 更喜欢去做…不愿意去做…eg: He prefers riding a bike to diving .他更喜欢骑自行车，不开小车 prefer to do sth rather than do sth 宁愿做…也不愿 eg: My unde prefers to buy a now car rather than repaiv the used one. 我叔叔更喜欢买新的车，也不去修旧车。
英语语法笔记大全
英语语法笔记大全英语语法笔记大全1. 词类（Parts of Speech）- 名词（Nouns）- 代词（Pronouns）- 形容词（Adjectives）- 动词（Verbs）- 副词（Adverbs）- 介词（Prepositions）- 连词（Conjunctions）- 冠词（Articles）2. 句子结构（Sentence Structure）- 主语和谓语（Subject and Predicate）- 直接宾语和间接宾语（Direct and Indirect Objects） - 定语和状语（Adjectives and Adverbs）- 主谓一致（Subject-Verb Agreement）- 句子类型（Sentence Types）3. 时态和语态（Tenses and Voices）- 简单时态（Simple Tenses）- 完成时态（Perfect Tenses）- 进行时态（Progressive Tenses）- 将来时态（Future Tenses）- 被动语态（Passive Voice）4. 句子成分（Sentence Elements）- 主语（Subject）- 谓语（Predicate）- 宾语（Object）- 补语（Complement）- 状语（Adverbial）5. 修饰语（Modifiers）- 限定词（Determiners）- 修饰词（Modifiers）6. 从句（Clauses）- 名词性从句（Noun Clauses）- 定语从句（Adjective Clauses）- 副词从句（Adverbial Clauses）7. 并列句（Compound Sentences）- 并列连词（Coordinating Conjunctions）8. 复合句（Complex Sentences）- 主从连词（Subordinating Conjunctions）9. 标点符号（Punctuation）- 句号（Period）- 逗号（Comma）- 隔句号（Semicolon）- 问号（Question Mark）- 感叹号（Exclamation Mark）- 引号（Quotation Marks）- 冒号（Colon）- 括号（Parentheses）以上是英语语法的主要内容，通过系统地学习和掌握这些知识点，可以帮助提高英语写作和口语的准确性和流畅性。
3、英语语法学习笔记-非谓语动词
非谓语动词谓语动词的另一个称谓叫限定性动词（finite verbs），与之相对的非限定性动词（non-finite verbs）不受到主语、人称限制、限定的动词，此类动词失去表达时间和人称的能力。
这样的动词就是非谓语动词。
谓语动词是句子的核心，非谓语动词职能出现在非核心的内容中。
1、动词不定式（infinitive）不定式是指不受人称、时间的限制，通常为to+动词原形。
如：To be or not to be,that is the question.此类句子被称为完全不定式（full infinitive ）但是有时to也会被省略，如:You helped me (to) cook the carrot.此类句子被称为裸不定式（bare infinitive）谓语动词只能作为核心成分，非谓语动词可以做其他成分。
（1）动词不定式做主语To eat a carrot every day is good for the rabbit.划线部分即为句子的主语，如果用it作为形式主语来代替主语，而将主语“To eat a carrot every day”放在谓语动词之后，It is good for the rabbit to eat a carrot everyday.（it is + adj+for sb+to do sth.）这句话也是带形式主语。
（2）动词不定式做宾语The rabbit likes to eat carrots.注意有的动词后面不能接作为宾语的动词不定式。
I consider（复杂及物动词）the rabbit smart.用it作为形式宾语，I consider it important to eat a carrot everyday.（3）动词不定式作为宾语补足语The rabbit expected the wolf to eat a carrot.see、find、watch、have、make、left这类使役动词用不定式作宾语时，必须省略to，如：Carrots make the rabbit feel happy.其他谓语动词接不定式作为宾语补足语时，是否省略to都是正确的表达。
(完整版)英语语法入门笔记(崔荣容)
英语语法入门崔荣容第一讲语序和五种基本句式He learns English every day.他每天学习英语。
（中英语序不同）英语五种基本句式一、主+谓二、主+系+表系动词：起到联系作用的动词，连接主语与表语。
表语：描述主语的身份、性质、特征、状态三、主+谓+宾主语：动作发出者谓语：作出的动作宾语：动作的对象四、主+谓+间宾+直宾间宾：通常是人直宾：通常是物五、主+谓+宾+宾补宾补：对宾语的补充说明一、主+谓The universe remains.宇宙长存中英文语序一致二、主+系+表The food is delicious.这个食物很好吃中英文语序一致三、主+谓+宾He took his bag and left.（left是第二个谓语）他拿着他的包离开了中英文语序一致四、主+谓+间宾+直宾Her father bought her a dictionary. buy sb sth（双宾语）她爸爸给她买了一本词典（her与a dictionary，两个宾语，一个是人、一个是物）中英文语序一致五、主+谓+宾+宾补We made him our monitor.我们选他当班长（him与our monitor，都是指同一个人，our monitor是对him 的补充说明）中英文语序一致Nothing is impossible to a willing heart!有志者事竟成！第二讲 be动词的形式和用法一、be动词的形式：be、am、is、are、was、were、being 、been1、The man is back.2、They are back.3、He was back.4、They were back.5、They have been back.6、I’ll be back.上述“back”是副词，构成主系表结构。
二、be动词的用法：起到联系前后的作用(一般翻译为“是”，或无实意而不作翻译)，多用于主系表结构。
一个英语专业生的英语语法课笔记
第一章名词名词复数Stimulus stimuli 促激因素Crisis crisesPhenomenon phenomena没有单数形式的名词clothes; jeans; pajamas（睡衣）scissors; scales; handcuffsphysics; maths; politics; economicsgoods; whereabouts; remains; findings; belongings可数与不可数I’d like a coffee, please. Do you drink coffeeI’ll buy a chicken for dinner tonight. Would you like some chicken for dinner? tea/a tea; beer/ a beer; lemonade/ a lemonade;ice cream/ an ice cream集体名词familyclassthe United Nationsthe Olympic Gamespolice; cattle; people (人民；人们)量化一群一个一件一条一组Groups一层灰 a film of dust一缕烟 a wisp of smoke一线希望 a ray/glimpse/thread of hope 一绺头发 a lock of hair一点怀疑 a shadow of doubt一片面包 a piece/slice of bread一件家具 a piece/an article of furniture 群星 a constellation of stars狮群 a pride of lions一粒沙子 a grain of sand专四考点–名词辨析The economic recession has meant that job ___ is a rare thing.A. securityB. safetyC. protectionThere was a soft ____ from the polished brass in the deserted building.A. flashB. glareC. glistenD. glow第二章形容词和副词定语形容词和表语形容词ablaze; afloat; afraid; alight; alive; alone; aloof; ashamed; asleep; awake; aware; askew content; glad; ill; pleased; ready; sorry; sure; (un)wellglad tidings The world is certainly in a sorry state.There was a ready supply of drink.表语alive afraid alike asleep ill定语living frightened similar sleeping sick形容词位置和意义concernedThe meeting was full of concerned residents.The students concerned were a small minority.presentThe present chairman is getting on a bit.We took a vote of all members present.专四考点：比较含比较概念的词和词组be inferior/ superior tobe junior/ senior to1、He is three years senior to his cousin.Intellect is to the mind ____ sight is to the body. (TEM4-2001)A. whatB. asC. thatD. likeA is toB whatC is to DThe feet are to a man what the wings are to a bird.2、Fat cannot change into muscle ____ muscle change into fat. (TEM4-1999)A. any more thanB. no more thanC. no less thanD. much more thannot…any more than 正如同…不能…, …也不能…no more … than 两者都不…；A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul.not…any less than/no less … than 两者都…；John is no less hardworking than his sister, but he failed in the exam.3、It is not so much the language _____ the cultural background that makes the book difficult to understand.A. butB. norC. asD. likenot so much…as…与其…不如…The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things as to teach you the art of learning. 授人以鱼不如授人以渔。
4、英语语法学习笔记-系动词和使役动词
系动词（Linking Verb）和使役动词系动词的作用就是赋值。
把后面含义赋予前面。
连接前后的含义。
The carrot smells nice,将nice赋予The carrot,此处smell 作为系动词，也可能作为接宾语的及物动词或不接宾语的不及物动词。
系动词的核心概念是联系起来前后。
The room remained empty.The sky grew dark.系动词还包括：keep、stay、seem、appear、feel、become、turn、prove,上述系动词的作用均系赋值。
使役动词除了接宾语，还需要接宾语补语明确信息。
I make the wolf eat carrots from time to time.make v.使...做...使役动词包括：make、let、have、get1、make（1）make,动词原形/裸不定式（bare infinitive）I make the wolf eat carrots from time to time.eat在此处属于裸不定式The carrot made the wolf full.（宾语补语）2、let，允许某人做某事（1）动词原形/裸不定式（bare infinitive）I’ll let the wolf eat some chocolate.（2）副词Let me out.out在本句作副词3、have含义，有、助动词、也可以做为使役动词（1）动词原形/裸不定式（bare infinitive）I’ll have the wolf wash the dishes.给某人任务/责任做某事。
I had someone wash my car.I had someone do my nails.（2）过去分词I had my car washed.I had my nails done.have+宾语+过去分词也可以表示遭遇不幸I had my carrot stolen yesterday.4、get收到了、明白、使役动词（1）完整不定式I’ll get the wolf to clean the kitchen after she washes the dishes.说服/鼓励某人做某事（2）过去分词I got my nails done.表达含义：使、让、令宾语后接＋动词原形宾语补语裸不定式副词过去分词使役动词make：迫使....做常用使役动词let:允许...做....have：给...责任/任务get：说服/鼓励...做...。
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直接引语与间接引语
引述别人的话语一般采用两种方式：⑴直接引述别人地原话，把它放在引号内，这叫直接引语；⑵用自己的话转述别人的话，这叫间接引语，间接引语相当于一个宾语从句。
（一）主句为过去时态，直接引语变为间接引语时，时态要发生变化。
（二）人称在间接引语中的变化：
直接引语中的人称代词在转化为间接引语时，也要有相应地变化。
一般遵循“一随主，二
（四）句子结构的变化：
①直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连接词that(也可以省略)，同时人称时态，时间状语，地点状语作相应变化。
[ I’ll telephone him this evening ] she said.
改后：she told me that she would telephone him that evening.
Mr Black said [ I made the plan yesterday afternoon ].
改后：Mr Black said that he had made the plan the previous afternoon.
[ I am living here now. ] she said.
改后：She said that she was living there then.
②直接引语是一般疑问句，变为间接引语是，用whether/if 引导，疑问语序变为陈述语序，同时人称、时态、时间状语、地点状语作相应变化。
谓语said通常变为asked。
She asked Tom [ Are you going to Beijing next week? ]
改后：She asked Tom wether he was going to Beijing the next week.
He asked us [ Can I stay here for another two days? ]
改后：He asked us if he could stay there for another two days.
③直接引语是特殊疑问句，变为间接引语时，用原来的疑问句引导，疑问语序变为陈述语序，同时人称，时态，时间状语，地点状语作相应变化。
Mary asked me [ Where are you going tomorrow? ]
改为：Mary asked me where I was going the next day. [ Who has broken my mirror? ] Yu Min asked.
改为：Yu Min asked who had broken her mirror.
My mother asked me [ How long have you been here? ] 改为：My mother asked me how long I had been there.
将来时的表达形式
（一）Will/shall do 表达单纯的将来时，时对未来事情发生的一种预见性，可用于说话时才想到或决定的事情，will用于各种人称，而shall仅用于第一人称。
They will be here by eleven. 他们将在11点之前到达这儿。
My son will be back this evening. 我儿子今晚将回来。
She will be twenty next year. 她明年就20岁了。
①Will 可表示根据当时的情况，临时所做的打算。
Mr Wang is ill in hospital.王先生生病住院了。
——Oh! I’ll go and see him。
哦，我将去看看他。
②表示单纯将来的will通常不用于时间，条件，让步状语从句中，而是用一般现在时代替，
而是用一般现在时代替，从句用一般现在时表将来。
I’ll tell him the truth if I see him tomorrow(see是一般现在时态，表示将来)如果明天见到他，我就告诉他实情。
If引导的条件状语从句使用will时，不表示将来时，而表示意愿。
If you will listen to me，I’ll tell you the truth.（从句中will是情态动词，表示意愿）如果你愿意听我说，我就告诉你实情。
（二）be going to表示将来。
be going to do结构在口语中常用来表示已经决定活安排好要做的事情，还可以表示说话者根据现在的迹象或征兆“预测”不久即将发生的事情。
What are you going to do tonight? 今晚你打算做什么？
I’m going to watch the basketball game on TV. 我想要看电视上的篮球赛。
It’s going to be a fine day for surfing tomorrow. 明天将会是冲浪的好天气。
I’m going to gather some materials about Picasso.我打算搜集有关毕加索的材料。
（三）be to do表示按计划中约定的活按职责，义务，要求必须去做的事或即将发生的动作。
You are to be back by 9 o’clock. 你必须9点以前回来。
（四）be about to do表示眼前地未来，不能和at ten，in an hour等时间状语连用，译为“就要做，正要做”。
be about to do...when...的意思是“正要做....这时...”
You’d better fasten your seat belt. The plane is about to take off.
你最好系好安全带，飞机马上就要起飞了。
I was about to go to bed when the telephone rang.
我刚要上床睡觉，这时电话响了。
（五）be doing表将来，当句子涉及确切的计划，明确的意图或成为将来安排好的活动时，可用进行时表将来，这种用法要带一个将来的时间状语。
有这种用法的动词有：
come/go/leave/stay/arrive/fly/start/travel/walk/ride/drive/take etc.
She is leaving for Singapore tonight. 她今晚将动身去新加坡。
When are you going off for your holiday? 你什么时候起身去度假？
His plane is taking off at 9:20，so he must be at the airport by 8:00.
他乘坐的飞机将于九点二十分起飞，所以他必须在八点三十分之前赶到机场。
另外，除使用上述表示位移的动词外，也可使用某些非位移动词，如：
do/buy/meet/play/have/publish etc.此时句中一般要有表示将来的时间状语。
Jack is meeting his girlfriend this afternoon. Jake今天下午要去见他的女朋友。
I’m pulishing a book this year. 我计划今年要出一本书。
（六）一般现在时表示将来，分两种情况：
①按规定要发生的未来动作，仅限于
go/come/leave/start/stay/return/begin/end/open/close etc.（动词）。
此种形式中的一般现在时表将来，常表示按时刻表、日程表的安排所发生的将来动作。
②用于状语从句中。
New term begins on September 1st. 9月1日新学期开学。
I’ll write to you as soon as I get there. 我一到那儿就给你写信。