summary
专八写作SUMMARY指南
summary的主要内容。
保留原文语义
准确理解原文
在撰写summary时，应准确理解 原文的含义，确保所写内容与原 文意思一致。
保留原文风格
在转述原文时，应尽量保留原文 的语言风格和表达方式，以体现 原文的特色。
保持原文逻辑
在概括文章内容时，应保持原文 的逻辑关系，确保summary的条 理清晰。
02
03
时间监控
在写作过程中，要时刻监控时间，确 保按照计划进行，避免因时间不足而 影响写作质量。
文章结构
主体部分
对原文中的主要观点和论据进行概括和总结， 注意保持逻辑性和条理性。
开头部分
பைடு நூலகம்简明扼要地概括原文的主题和要点，为下文 做铺垫。
结尾部分
对全文进行总结，呼应开头部分，强调原文 的核心观点。
高分策略
撰写summary
根据提炼的要点，用自己的语言简洁明了地撰写summary。 注意保持原文的主旨和重要信息，同时避免引入新的观点或细
节。
检查summary是否符合要求
检查summary是否符合专八写作考试的要求，如字数、语 言规范、逻辑结构等。
反馈与修改
获取反馈
请教老师或同学对summary的意见和建议，以便更好地改进和提高。
无个人观点
Summary应客观中立，避免表 达个人观点或对原文进行价值 评判。
常见错误
遗漏重要信息
Summary中遗漏了原文的重要观点或 信息，导致读者无法全面理解原文内容。
冗余和无关信息
Summary中包含了过多的冗余和无 关信息，导致读者无法快速理解原文
的核心内容。
引入个人观点
Summary中表达了个人观点或对原 文进行了价值评判，违反了客观中立 的原则。
summary范文
Summary范文引言本文将以一篇范文的形式介绍如何撰写一个完整的summary，并通过使用Markdown文本格式进行展示。
summary是对某个主题或文章进行简洁、准确的描述和总结。
通过阅读本文，读者将了解到如何组织summary的结构、选择重要信息以及使用合适的语言描述等技巧。
正文1. 选择合适的文章选择一个合适的文章是撰写summary的第一步。
这篇文章应该与要写的summary的主题相关，并且内容应当丰富、有足够的信息量。
文章可以从报纸、杂志、学术论文等各种渠道获取。
2. 阅读并理解文章在开始撰写summary之前，首先需要仔细阅读并理解所选择的文章。
对文章的主题、结构和观点有清晰的理解是撰写一个好的summary的重要基础。
3. 确定summary的结构一个有效的summary应该有清晰的结构，包括引言、主要内容和结论三个部分。
引言部分应该简要介绍文章的主题和目的；主要内容部分应该总结文章的核心观点和关键信息；结论部分则总结summary的要点。
4. 提取关键信息在总结文章内容时，需要提取并准确表达关键信息。
关键信息通常包括文章的主题、目的、观点、论证和结论等。
对重要的信息进行概括和精炼是写好一个summary的重要技巧。
5. 使用准确的语言描述一个好的summary应该使用简洁、准确的语言描述文章的内容。
避免使用术语、俚语或复杂的句子结构。
选择恰当的词汇和句式可以增强summary的可读性和理解性。
6. 使用Markdown文本格式Markdown是一种轻量级的标记语言，广泛用于撰写文档和博客。
使用Markdown文本格式可以使summary更加清晰、易读，并且方便转换成其他格式。
以下是一个使用Markdown 格式写的summary的示例：引言：这篇文章是关于阅读的益处以及为什么阅读对每个人都很重要的。
文章强调了阅读对个人发展和思维能力的积极影响。
主要内容：文章指出了阅读对人类大脑的益处，包括拓宽视野、增强思维能力和提高语言表达能力。
SUMMARY 格式及模板.
SUMMARY的最常见格式是总分总.开头笼统的介绍以下,给读者一个大概的概念,然后分段总结这个你好总结的东东的各个方面.关键看你要写多少字,概括的是什么,再决定中间这部分是分小段还是一大段内,分开概括.最后就是总结了.有的时候你会感觉总结和开篇介绍很相似,确实是这样,但是总结只是更近一步的对这个事物进行了概括.这个时候,读者就应该对你所总结的事物有一种整体上的认识了.一段好的摘要必须包括main idea和supporting details。
main idea说明文章的主旨，作者主要诉说的故事是关于什么？supporting details则帮助发展或说明主题。
如何写英文摘要英文摘要如何写如何写摘要一、概述文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。
美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。
通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数，包括摘要部分不超过1万字。
而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。
因此，写摘要时，应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。
论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。
国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等，一般为200字-500字。
而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。
摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，内容上涵盖全文，并直接点明全旨。
语言上要求尽量简炼。
摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。
科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要，这样可以节省读者的时间，使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。
书籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三；论文和学术报告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。
摘要应做到简明扼要，切题，能独立成文，使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。
写摘要时，最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句，文长一般不超过200个词。
摘要分陈述性的（Deｓｃｒｉｐｔive）和资料性的（Informational）两类。
陈述性摘要只陈述书籍或文章的主题，不介绍内容。
资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外，还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。
10篇英语summary范文
10篇英语summary范文1. A Summary of "The Great Gatsby""The Great Gatsby" is a classic novel written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, set in the 1920s during the Roaring Twenties. The story is narrated by Nick Carraway, a young man from a wealthy family who moves to West Egg, a wealthy suburb of New York City. He becomes neighbors with the enigmatic Jay Gatsby, a mysterious millionaire known for his lavish parties. As Nick becomes more involved in Gatsby's life, he learns about Gatsby's obsession with his lost love, Daisy Buchanan, and his efforts to win her back.The novel explores themes of love, wealth, and the American Dream. Gatsby's relentless pursuit of Daisy and his extravagant lifestyle reflect the superficiality and materialism of the era. The characters' moral decay and disillusionment serve as a critique of the Jazz Age. The tragic ending of the novel, with Gatsby's death and the disillusionment of the characters, highlights the emptiness of the American Dream and the hollowness of the pursuit of wealth and status.2. A Summary of "To Kill a Mockingbird""To Kill a Mockingbird" is a novel written by Harper Lee, set in the 1930s in the fictional town of Maycomb, Alabama. The story is narrated by Scout Finch, a young girl who grows up with her brother Jem and their father, Atticus Finch. The novel explores themes of racism, injustice, and morality through the trial of Tom Robinson, a black man falsely accused of raping a white woman.Atticus, a lawyer, defends Tom Robinson in court, despite facing backlash and prejudice from the townspeople. Through the trial, the novel exposes the deep-seated racism and prejudice in the town, as well as the courage and integrity of Atticus in standing up for what is right. The novel also addresses the loss of innocence and the coming-of-age of Scout and Jem as they witness the harsh realities of the world around them.3. A Summary of "1984""1984" is a dystopian novel written by George Orwell, set in a totalitarian society ruled by the Party and its leader, Big Brother. The story follows the protagonist, Winston Smith, as he rebels against the oppressive regime and seeks truth and freedom. The novel exploresthemes of surveillance, propaganda, and the power of language.In the world of "1984," the Party controls every aspect of people's lives, using surveillance and propaganda to maintain its grip on power. Winston, disillusioned with the Party's lies and oppression, begins a secret love affair with Julia, a fellow rebel. As they seek to defy the Party and find a sense of individuality and truth, they are eventually captured and tortured by the Thought Police.The novel serves as a warning against the dangers of totalitarianism and the erosion of individual freedom. It also highlights the manipulation of truth and language by those in power, as well as the resilience of the human spirit in the face of oppression.4. A Summary of "Pride and Prejudice""Pride and Prejudice" is a novel written by Jane Austen, set in 19th century England. The story follows the romantic entanglements of the Bennet sisters, particularly Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy. The novel explores themes of love, marriage, and social class.The main plot revolves around the developing relationship betweenElizabeth and Mr. Darcy, which is initially hindered by their pride and prejudice towards each other. As they navigate the obstacles of misunderstandings and societal expectations, they ultimately overcome their differences and find true love. The novel also delves into the lives of the other Bennet sisters and their pursuit of marriage and happiness.Through its witty social commentary and engaging characters, "Pride and Prejudice" offers a nuanced portrayal of the societal norms and expectations of the time. It critiques the superficiality and materialism of the upper class, while also celebrating the power of love and individual agency in shaping one's destiny.5. A Summary of "The Catcher in the Rye""The Catcher in the Rye" is a novel written by J.D. Salinger, narrated by the teenage protagonist, Holden Caulfield. The story follows Holden's experiences after being expelled from his prep school and his aimless wandering around New York City. The novel explores themes of adolescence, alienation, and the search for authenticity.Holden is disillusioned with the phoniness and hypocrisy of the adultworld, and he struggles to find his place in society. As he encounters various people and situations, he grapples with his own identity and the complexities of growing up. The novel also delves into the loss of innocence and the pain of Holden's past, as he grapples with the death of his younger brother, Allie."The Catcher in the Rye" is celebrated for its authentic portrayal of teenage angst and rebellion. It captures the universal experience of coming-of-age and the challenges of navigating the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Holden's candid and introspective voice resonates with readers, making the novel a timeless classic.6. A Summary of "The Old Man and the Sea""The Old Man and the Sea" is a novella written by Ernest Hemingway, set in Cuba. The story follows an aging fisherman, Santiago, as he embarks on a challenging fishing expedition in the Gulf Stream. The novella explores themes of perseverance, resilience, and the struggle against nature.Santiago, once a great fisherman, has fallen on hard times and struggles to catch fish. Despite his recent misfortune, he sets out ona journey to catch a giant marlin. The novella depicts his arduous battle with the marlin and the physical and emotional toll it takes on him. As he fights to bring the marlin back to shore, he faces numerous obstacles, including sharks that attack his catch."The Old Man and the Sea" is a timeless tale of human endurance and the indomitable spirit of man. Santiago's unwavering determination and courage in the face of adversity serve as a powerful metaphor for the human condition. The novella's poignant portrayal of the triumph of the human spirit has made it a classic in literature.7. A Summary of "Brave New World""Brave New World" is a dystopian novel written by Aldous Huxley, set in a futuristic society where technology and conditioning are used to control and manipulate people. The story follows the protagonist, Bernard Marx, as he rebels against the conformity and artificial happiness of the World State. The novel explores themes of individuality, freedom, and the dehumanizing effects of technology.In the World State, people are genetically engineered andconditioned to fit into predetermined social roles. They are kept docile and content through the use of pleasure-inducing drugs and mind control. Bernard, an outsider in this society, becomes disillusioned with the lack of genuine human connection and seeks to find meaning and authenticity in his life."Brave New World" serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of a society driven by technology and consumerism. It raises thought-provoking questions about the nature of happiness and the price of conformity. The novel's exploration of the tension between individuality and societal control continues to resonate with readers today.8. A Summary of "The Scarlet Letter""The Scarlet Letter" is a novel written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, set in 17th century Puritan New England. The story follows Hester Prynne, a woman who is publicly shamed and ostracized for committing adultery and bearing a child out of wedlock. The novel explores themes of sin, guilt, and redemption.Hester is forced to wear a scarlet letter "A" as a mark of her shame,and she struggles to rebuild her life in the face of judgment and condemnation. The novel also delves into the inner turmoil of the Reverend Dimmesdale, who is secretly the father of Hester's child and grapples with his guilt and hypocrisy. The character of Pearl, Hester's daughter, serves as a symbol of both sin and innocence."The Scarlet Letter" is a powerful exploration of the human condition and the complexities of morality. It delves into the consequences of societal judgment and the search for redemption and forgiveness. The novel's timeless themes and rich symbolism continue to captivate readers and provoke thought and reflection.9. A Summary of "The Outsiders""The Outsiders" is a novel written by S.E. Hinton, set in the 1960s in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The story follows the rivalry between two groups of teenagers, the Greasers and the Socs, and the struggles of the protagonist, Ponyboy Curtis, to find his place in the world. The novel explores themes of class conflict, identity, and the bonds of friendship.Ponyboy and his friends, including his brothers Sodapop and Darry,navigate the challenges of growing up in a tough neighborhood and facing prejudice and violence from the Socs. The novel delves into the dynamics of the Greaser gang and their loyalty to each other, as well as the complexities of their relationships with the Socs. Through the characters' experiences, the novel offers a poignant portrayal of the impact of social class on individual identity and relationships."The Outsiders" is celebrated for its authentic portrayal of teenage life and the universal struggles of adolescence. It addresses the themes of friendship, loyalty, and the search for belonging, resonating with readers of all ages. The novel's enduring relevance and powerful storytelling have solidified its status as a classic in young adult literature.10. A Summary of "Animal Farm""Animal Farm" is a novella written by George Orwell, serving as a satirical allegory of the Russian Revolution and the rise of totalitarianism. The story is set on a farm where the animals, led by the pigs, revolt against the oppressive human farmer and establish their own society based on the principles of equality and freedom. The novella explores themes of power, corruption, and themanipulation of language.Initially, the animals' rebellion leads to a utopian society where all animals are equal and free. However, the pigs, led by Napoleon, gradually seize power and establish a dictatorship, exploiting and oppressing the other animals. The novella depicts the pigs' manipulation of the principles of Animalism and their betrayal of the original ideals of the revolution."Animal Farm" serves as a powerful critique of the dangers of totalitarianism and the corruption of power. It also highlights the manipulation of language and propaganda to control and deceive the masses. The novella's timeless themes and allegorical storytelling continue to resonate with readers, offering a compelling commentary on the nature of political power and human nature.。
summary怎么写
1.英语中的SUMMARY怎么写具体格式步骤是什么英语中的SUMMARY撰写的具体格式步骤如下： 1、写之前，需要认真仔细地读几遍原文材料，让理解更深刻。
2、遵循原文的逻辑顺序，对重要部分的主题、标题、细节进行概括，全面清晰地表明原文信息。
3、给摘要起一个好标题，比如：可以采用文中的主题句。
4、尽量使用自己的话完成，不要引用原文的句子，篇幅控制在原文的三分之一或四分之一长。
5、写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：（1）筛选1-2个例子。
（2）避免重复，删除细节，只保留主要观点。
（3）把长段描述压缩变成短小精悍的句子。
如下例：“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” (5)你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
（6）使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.” 可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.” (7) 使用最短的连接词。
2.summary怎么写summary一般是英文作业中的总结或者摘要。
下面是我从meeloun教育网摘抄的summary写作方法，你可以看看，或许对你有用第一步：阅读 A.认真阅读给定的原文材料。
如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。
阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B.给summary起一个标题。
英语summary的要素
英语summary的要素？
答：英语summary（摘要）的要素主要包括以下几点：
1.原文来源：需要注明摘要所依据的原文的标题、作者、出版物等信息。
2.背景信息：简要介绍原文的背景信息，包括研究主题、目的、方法等。
3.主要内容：概括原文的主要观点、发现或结论，注意要保留原文的核心信息，避免遗漏重要内容。
4.语言简洁明了：使用简洁、明了的语言表达原文的信息，避免冗长和复杂的句子结构。
5.客观中立：在撰写摘要时，要保持客观中立的立场，避免加入个人主观意见或解释。
6.逻辑连贯：确保摘要的逻辑结构清晰、连贯，使读者能够顺畅地理解原文的主旨。
7. 关键词：可以列出几个与原文主题相关的关键词，有助于读者更快地了解摘要所涉及的内容。
英文Summary写作方法、范例及常用句式
摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。
它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。
写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。
第一步：阅读A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。
如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。
阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B．给摘要起一个标题。
用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。
也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。
主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。
一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。
C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。
对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。
第二步：动手写作A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。
因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。
摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。
B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。
不要引用原文的句子。
C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。
这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
1 / 19D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：1) 删除细节。
只保留主要观点。
2) 选择一至两个例子。
原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。
如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
4) 避免重复。
在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。
但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。
应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
5) 压缩长的句子。
如下列两例：“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
summary 和 conclusion 的用法区别
summary 和conclusion 意思相近，用法却差十万八千里。
一、summary 也叫executive summary 执行摘要，意为“总结，概括，摘要“，是包含整个文档的思想或要点的简短文本，它通常出现在研究报告、论文等中。
所有的文学作品，如剧本，小说或故事都有一个摘要，他们给读者一个特权，让他们在没有阅读整篇文章的情况下获取整个故事的情节。
使用summary 的主要目的是为了节省读者的时间，所以summary 必须涵盖了全文的所有要点、中心思想和概念。
例如：The following is a summary of our conclusions.现将我们的几点结论综述如下。
What follows is a brief summary of the process.接下来是对此流程的一个简短概括。
在商业中，summary 简要概述了一份很长的报告，节省了管理人员的时间，并在短时间内突出了业务计划或报告，通常一份summary 的平均长度是整个文档长度的10%，差不多是1到10页，而且一份好的，有用的summary 可以为公司获取潜在的生意。
二、conclusion 意为“结论，结果，结尾，结局”，是一篇简短而简明的文章，总结了一篇文章的要点，通常放在句尾，它的主要目的是提醒读者报告的目的。
在一份研究报告中，conclusion 浓缩了重点和调研结果，并简要提到了其要点，说明了研究结果和研究报告结果所采用的方法。
conclusion 还让我们知道研究实现的目标，它的篇幅通常不长，而且不能超过一页。
例如：The conclusion of the book was disappointing.这部书的结尾令人失望。
Be careful not to introduce new ideas in the conclusion of your essay.注意不要在文章的结尾处引入新的观点。
summary 总结
如何写一篇英语文章的summarysummary是一种对原始文献（或文章）的基本内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的短文。
它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的，不加主观评论和解释，但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容。
摘要写作（summary writing）是一种控制性的作文形式，它能使学生通过阅读原文，吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处，写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文。
另外，对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助，有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到，事无巨细，一一罗列的不良倾向。
这种写作既要准确理解原文，又要能综合概括；既能培养欣赏能力，又能训练书面表达能力。
因此，用英文写摘要，对学习英语写作的学生来说，不失为一种切合实际的方法。
下面谈谈怎么写好英文摘要。
1）细读原文。
首先要仔细阅读全篇作品，然后对作品进行整体分析，掌握原文总的意思和结构，明确全文的主题（the maintheme）和各段的段落大意（the main idea）。
2）弄清要求。
搞清楚是写全文概要，还是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。
3）列出原文要点。
分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。
在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4）草拟写作提纲并写出初稿。
将挑选出的要点作为框架草拟详细的提纲，以所列的提纲为依据写出摘要的初稿。
在写作时要特别注意下面几点：（1）摘要应包括原文中的主要事实（main facts）；略去不必要的细节（unnecessary details）。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例。
摘要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意段落的连贯和句子的衔接。
要用适当的转折词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子。
（4）尽可能用自己的话来写，但不排斥用原文的某些词句。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。
它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。
(完整word版)SUMMARY 格式及模板
SUMMARY的最常见格式是总分总.开头笼统的介绍以下,给读者一个大概的概念，然后分段总结这个你好总结的东东的各个方面。
关键看你要写多少字，概括的是什么,再决定中间这部分是分小段还是一大段内,分开概括。
最后就是总结了。
有的时候你会感觉总结和开篇介绍很相似,确实是这样，但是总结只是更近一步的对这个事物进行了概括.这个时候，读者就应该对你所总结的事物有一种整体上的认识了.一段好的摘要必须包括main idea和supporting details.main idea说明文章的主旨,作者主要诉说的故事是关于什么？supporting details则帮助发展或说明主题。
如何写英文摘要英文摘要如何写如何写摘要一、概述文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。
美国人称摘要为“Abstract”，而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。
通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数,包括摘要部分不超过1万字.而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。
因此，写摘要时，应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。
论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。
国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等，一般为200字—500字。
而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。
摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，内容上涵盖全文，并直接点明全旨.语言上要求尽量简炼.摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写.科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要，这样可以节省读者的时间,使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容.书籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三；论文和学术报告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。
摘要应做到简明扼要，切题，能独立成文,使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。
写摘要时,最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句，文长一般不超过200个词.摘要分陈述性的(Deｓｃｒｉｐｔive）和资料性的(Informational）两类。
陈述性摘要只陈述书籍或文章的主题,不介绍内容。
资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外，还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容. 它可以包括三个组成部分①点明主题,解析文章或书籍的目的或意图；②介绍主要内容,使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌；③提出结论或建议,以供读者参考.二、常见句型1）This paper deals with.。
完整版英文Summary写作方法范例及常用句式
摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。
它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。
写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。
第一步：阅读A .认真阅读给定的原文材料。
如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。
阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B .给摘要起一个标题。
用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。
也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。
主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。
一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。
C.现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。
对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
D.简要地记下主要观点主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。
第二步：动手写作A.摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。
因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。
摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。
B.摘要应全部用自己的话完成。
不要引用原文的句子。
C.应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。
这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
D.摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
E.写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧: 1）删除细节。
只保留主要观点。
2）选择一至两个例子。
原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
3）把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。
如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
4）避免重复。
在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。
但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。
应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
5）压缩长的句子。
如下列两例:“ His courage in battle might without exaggerati on be called lionke. ” 可以概括为：” He was very brave in battle.“ He was hard up for money and was being p ressed by his creditor.可以概括为：“ He was in financial difficulties.6）你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
summary写法
写作小技巧
删除细节，保留主要观点；
选择一至两个例子即可； 把长段描述变成短小简单的句子； 避免重复； 用词组代替长句子； 使用最短的连接词；
5
注意事项
精准清晰地组织和书写； 用自己的话简要概括文章； 指出文章所有主要观点（完整性）； 陈述写作顺序及重点； 对于较长的文章，应该包括重要的插图和例子；
Summary写作方法
第三组汇报
L/O/G/O
Contents
1. Summary的定义 2. Summary与Abstract的区别
3. 如何写summary 4. 写作小技巧
5. 注意事项 6. 检查判断
Summary定义
Summary 是一种对原始文献（或文章）的基本
内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的短文。
不应包含任何自己的想法、意见和结论（客观性）
6
检查判断
是否囊括了文章所有重要思想？ 有没有省略不必要的单词和短语？ 读起来是否顺畅？ 读过的人能不能在没看这篇文章的情
况下对文章有个清晰的概念？
7
Thank You!
L/O/G/O
强调的是对文字本身的概括。
一般摘要允许 200 - 300 字。
句式和用词很讲究，用简洁的描述概括文章内容。
摘要都是放在文前。
3
如何写Summary
1
阅读：阅读—起标题—观点概括
2
写作：字数—自己的话—逻辑顺序—全面清晰
3
修改：涵盖所有观点—删除不必要词汇短语句子 —拼写语法检查
4
它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的，不加主观评
论和解释，但必须简明、确切 地表述原文的重要
内容。
summary写作技巧
第4页，共11页。
2.1.怎么写summary
Summary书写步骤
阅读
写作
修改成文
第5页，共11页。
✓ 认真阅读给定的原文材料
阅 ✓ 给摘要起一个标题 读 ✓ 对重要部分的主要观点进行概括
✓ 简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你 认为对概括摘要重要的东西
summary writing是一种控制性的作文形式，它能使学生通过 阅读原文，吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处，写出内容一 致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文。另外，对培养学生善于抓住文 章重点的能力也有很大帮助，有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面 俱到，事无巨细，一一罗列的不良倾向。这种写作既要准确理解 原文，又要能综合概括；既能培养欣赏能力，又能训练书面表达 能力。因此，用英文写摘要，对学习英语写作的学生来说，不失
论 文 里 的 summary 是
指对该论文的概括，可以 先提出你在这片论文中要 表达的观点。然后可以写 你在文章各个部分要表达 的分论点。最后总结一、 两 句 话 。 一 般 summary 只
有一段。放在文章的最开始
第3页，共11页。
二、怎么写summary
How to write summary?
3
注意段落的连贯和句子的衔接。要用适当的转折词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出
一些互不相干的句子
4
尽可能用自己的话来写，但不排斥用原文的某些词句
5
计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求
第10页，共11页。
第11页，共11页。
1
包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人
summary写作模板
当写summary 时，你需要准确地传达原始文本的主要内容和要点。
下面是一些summary 写作的模板和提示：
首先，在阅读文本时，请确保你完全理解了文章的主题和要点，这样你就可以更容易地总结出主要信息。
掌握文章的结构和逻辑，这可以帮助你在写作时建立更好的框架。
用自己的话来表达摘要，避免直接复制原始文本中的句子。
尽可能简明扼要地总结文章，通常只需要几句话。
确保你的总结是准确的，并传达了原始文本中的主要信息。
下面是一些常用的summary 写作模板：
1.本文介绍了……
2.本文探讨了……
3.本文指出了……
4.本文总结了……
5.本文提出了……
6.本文讨论了……
7.本文分析了……
这些模板可以帮助你开始写summary，但是请记住，最重要的是准确传达原始文本中的主要信息。
summary范文十篇
Summary范文十篇介绍本文将为您提供十篇summary范文，每篇都涵盖了不同的主题和领域。
这些文章旨在为读者提供全面、详细、完整且深入的讨论，帮助读者更好地理解和掌握所涉及的主题。
文章一：人工智能在医学领域的应用简介本文将介绍人工智能在医学领域的应用情况，包括图像识别、疾病诊断和医疗决策等方面。
主要内容1.人工智能在医学图像识别中的应用–使用深度学习算法进行疾病的早期诊断–自动检测和分类肿瘤2.人工智能在疾病诊断中的应用–基于大数据的医学数据分析，帮助医生提供准确的诊断结果–智能助手系统辅助医生做出治疗决策3.人工智能在医疗决策中的应用–基于数据分析和机器学习算法，提供个性化的治疗方案–帮助医生评估治疗效果和预测患者的长期疗效文章二：可再生能源的发展与应用简介本文将探讨可再生能源的发展和应用情况，包括太阳能、风能和水能等。
1.太阳能的发展与应用–太阳能电池的工作原理和研发进展–太阳能发电的应用领域和发展趋势2.风能的发展与应用–风力发电的原理和技术–风能发电的优势和挑战3.水能的发展与应用–水力发电的工作原理和类型–水能发电的可持续性和经济性文章三：大数据在商业领域的应用简介本文将介绍大数据在商业领域的应用情况，包括市场调研、客户关系管理和供应链优化等方面。
主要内容1.大数据在市场调研中的应用–利用大数据分析市场趋势和消费者行为–通过数据挖掘发现新的市场机会2.大数据在客户关系管理中的应用–基于用户数据提供个性化的产品和服务–分析客户反馈和行为，改进营销策略3.大数据在供应链优化中的应用–预测需求，减少库存和运输成本–分析供应链数据，优化物流和生产流程文章四：人工智能和物联网的融合简介本文将探讨人工智能和物联网的融合，包括智能家居、智慧城市和智能工厂等方面。
1.人工智能在智能家居中的应用–基于语音识别和图像识别的智能家居控制系统–智能家电设备的自学习和智能调控2.人工智能在智慧城市中的应用–基于传感器和数据分析的城市交通管理–基于大数据的城市安全监控和预警系统3.人工智能在智能工厂中的应用–自动化生产线的智能控制和优化–数据分析和机器学习在工厂管理中的应用文章五：区块链技术的发展和应用简介本文将介绍区块链技术的发展和应用情况，包括数字货币、供应链管理和身份验证等方面。
summarize的形容词
summarize的形容词一、主题：summary（“summarize”的形容词形式）1. 中文翻译与英语解释- 中文翻译：概括的；扼要的；总结性的。
- 英语解释：containing or stating briefly the main points. For example, a summary report gives the main ideas without going into too much detail.2. 词干（词根）、前缀、后缀的使用情况- 词干（词根）：“sum”有“总数、总计”的含义，例如“sum”本身可表示总和。
在“summary”中，“sum”的这种表示整体、总数的概念被延伸，用来表示概括出整体的主要内容。
- 没有特殊的前缀，后缀“ - ary”，通常用于构成形容词，表示“与……有关的”，如“revolutionary”（革命的，与革命有关的），“elementary”（基本的，与元素有关的基本概念），这里“ - ary”加在“sum”后面，就将“sum”的概念转化为形容词，变成“summary”（概括的）。
3. 不同词式造句及翻译- 作为形容词修饰名词：- The summary report was very helpful for us to quickly understand the project.（这份总结报告对我们快速了解这个项目非常有帮助。
）- She gave a summary account of the meeting.（她对会议作了简要的叙述。
）- The summary statement clearly showed the company's financial situation.（这份简要的报表清晰地显示了公司的财务状况。
）- 作为名词（虽然本题主要讨论形容词，但它也可作名词，以更全面展示这个词）：- Can you give me a summary of the book?（你能给我这本书的一个摘要吗？）- The summary at the end of the article sums up the main points.（文章末尾的摘要总结了要点。
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A Brief History of English Literature▪Old English Literature (450 – 1066)▪Medieval (Middle) English Literature(1066---1500)▪Renaissance (----16th Century)▪17th Century (Revolution )▪18th Century (The Age of Reason)▪Romantic Period (1798—1832)▪Victorian (1832—1901)▪Modern (20th Century)一、Old English Literature▪Old English: tribal(449: Angles, Saxons and Jutes)-- heathens christianized in the 7th century---feudal (1066: Norman Conquest)▪Old English: Anglo-Saxon English▪Old English Literature:1.pagan poetry by scops (Old English poets or bards. 游唱诗人2. religious poetry by literary monksBeowulf（裴欧沃夫）：1》national epic叙事诗of the Anglo-Saxon and the English people;2》Historical significance: It reflects the features of the tribal society of ancient times.3》Subject matter: A Scandinavian hero4》Striking features：alliteration, metaphors and understatements二、Medieval English Literature▪一》General Background of the Medieval Literature1. William the Conqueror became the King of England.2. Feudalism was established in England3. There were different literary forms: romance, popular literature4. The literature was a combination of French and Anglo—Saxon elements▪二》Medieval Literature▪ 1.Poetry is the main genre体裁:epics; long narrative poems; lyric poems ballads etc▪ 2.Types ：1>c hurch literatureLanguage used: Latin, Greekcontents：Bible stories, stories of the apostles, prayer books, hymns,religious narrative poems,religious plays etc. Most originated from theBible and describe God’s omnipotence, Virgin Mary’s miracle, theapostle’s preaching and practicing.2>Epics: 史诗Beowulf (England); Song of Roland (France); Song of Cid (Spain); 《尼伯龙根之歌》(Germany); 《伊戈尔远征记》(Russian).All of them shows patriotism and heroism3> Ballad: 民谣（名词解释）1. A short narrative poem with stanzas（段，节）of two or four lines andusually a refrain. The story , folklore popular legends. Straightforward易懂的verse, s with graphic simplicity and force. Suitable for singing generally written in ballad meter, with the last words of the second and fourth lines rhyming.2. the subjects of Ballad:(1) the struggle of young lovers who are fight against the feudalism(2) the conflict between love and wealth(3) the cruelty of jealousy(4) the criticism of the civil war(5) the matters of class struggles.Character of Robin Hood1.Robin Hood--- A legendary English hero of many ballads, who robbed the rich to give to the poor; a popular model of courage, generosity and justice.2. strong, brave, clever, tender-hearted, affectionate. Hatred to the cruel oppressors, love for the poor and the downtroddenGeoffrey Chaucer桥搜:founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)•A>Life: Chaucer’s active career as courtier, soldier, diplomat, and civil servant provided him not only with knowledge but also experiences which accounted for the wide range of his writings.•B>Literary career:1.The French period. He translated many French works and also familiarizedwith writings in Latin esp. Virgil and Ovid2.The Italian period. a. He immersed himself in the works of Dante, Petrarchand Boccaccio. b. Here he wrote Troilus and Criseyde, the first modern novel, which also became the subject of Shakespeare and Dryden.3.The Mature period. The Canterbury Tales•Religious attitude: a devout and orthodox ChristianC>Chaucer’s position in English literature●a> Messenger of humanism: He affirm ed man’s right to pursue earthly happinessand opposed Asceticism, praised man’s energy, quick wit and love of life.● b.>The first realistic writer: Compared with romance’s religious poetry andLangland’s dream vision, Chaucer, for the first time, presented a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all works of life.● C.>“Father ” of English poetry and novel:Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas to replace the Old English alliterative verse. Heroic couplet and octosyllabic couplet were employed in many of his poems.His Troilus and Criseyde was called the first modern novel for he developed the art of literature that could not be found in medieval literatured>Master of the English languageBetween the Norman conquest and 1200, languages used by educated men were French and Latin, Chaucer was the first great poet who wrote in the current English. He greatly increased the prestige of English as a literary language and extended the range of its poetic vocabulary.e>For the Renaissance, he was the English Homer. Spenser called him master;many of Shakespeare’s plays show assimilation of Chaucer’s comic spirit4>Creeds of the knights:being loyal to his lord; fighting for the church, protecting the weak; respecting women of noble birth5>The standardized plot:adventures or(and) love stories of the knights3genres：Lyric poems & Romance▪Romance（名词解释）(1).The basic material of medieval romance is knightly activity and adventure; we might best define medieval romance as a story of adventure--fictitious, frequently marvelous or supernatural--in verse or prose.(2).A long composition describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The central character was the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapons who was very devoted to the king or to the church.(3).One who wanted to be a knight should serve patiently until he was admitted to the knighthood with solemn ceremony and the swearing of oaths.The Nature of the Romance:(4).The Nature of the Romance:Themes: Loyalty to the king and the lord, which was the corner-stone of feudal morality.The audience was of noble people from the court or the castle.The Romance had nothing to do with the common people.The Romance were written for the noble, of the noble and in most cases by the poets patronized by the noble.▪Romance Cycles:Matters of Britain, France, and RomeKing Arthur 君主& His Knights骑士of the Round TableSir Gawain & the Green Knight (culmination)三、Renaissance Period文艺复兴时期（14th-17th）一>Renaissance（名词解释）▪―Renaissance‖ means ―revival‖, the revival of interest in Ancient Greek and Roman culture and getting rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introducing new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie.▪It started in Italy and ended in England and Spain▪ a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences (translation of classical works into English)▪ a cultural movement of the rising bourgeoisie▪key note: humanism, which emphasizes the belief in man, his environment and doings and his brave fight for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.▪aim: to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval age and introduce new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie.二>background1.the humanism in Europe:1>The introduction of printing led to an enlarged reading public and acommercial market for literature;2>The great economic and political changes led to the rise of democracy;3> The spirit of nationalism;4>The growing of "new science” etc2.Renaissance in England1>The time: mainly from the reign of Henry VIII, Edward, Mary and then toQueen Elizabeth and Jacobean Era2>Characteristics of the Elizabethan Age:An age of comparative religious tolerance; /An age of comparativesocial contentment; /An age of dreams, of adventures of unbounded enthusiasm;/An age of intellectual liberty, of growing intelligence and comfort among all classes and of unbounded patriotism.3.The main artistic stylestranslation: Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Homer’s Iliad, Montaigne’s Essaystravel book s:More’s UtopiaThomas More and his Utopia:▪Forerunner of utopian socialism▪An imaginative travel narrative written in the form of conversation between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager describing an ideal state governed by reason, influenced by Plato’s Republic▪The subject is the search for the best possible form of government: Utopia---a community of property---a pure, pre-Marx form of communism)poetry:Thomas Wyatt, Henry Howard; Phlip Sidney; Walter Raleigh;Edmund SpenserPoetry: Edmund Spenser and his works▪The Shepherd’s Calendar:12 pastoral poems and eclogues, one for each month, mainly for his loss of Rosalind▪Amoertti: a series of 88 sonnets in honor of his lover Elizabeth.All except one was written in the Spenserian sonnet, a linked quatrains rhyming abab,bcbc, cdcd,ee.▪Epithlamion: marriage hymns to celebrate his marriage with Elizabeth.▪The Faerie Queene(《仙后》):▪The blending of religious and historical allegory with chivalric romance: Gloriana for Queen Elizabeth I, 12 knights for the qualities of thechivalric virtues--- the six completed books are holiness, temperance,chastity, friendship, justice and courtesy, with Prince Arthur andGloriana in all.▪Spenserian stanza:it is a nine-line stanza with the first 8 lines iambic pentameter and the ninth, iambic hexameter rhyming ababbcbcc whichis the typical verse in The Faerie Queene.▪essay: Francis Bacon● A philosopher, essayist and statesment●Major works are: The Advancement of Learning; The New Method andEssays.●Some quotations:1. Knowledge is power.2.The monuments of wit survive the monuments of power.3.Young men are fitter to invent than to judge, fitter for execution than forcounsel, and fitter for new projects than for settled business.4. Reading makes a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exactman.5. Wives are young men’s mistresses, companions for middle-age, and oldmen’s nurses.6. There is no excellent beauty that has not some strangeness in theproportion●“Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays: it analyzes whatstudies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies and how studies exert influence over human character.---Studies serve of delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in private- ness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.drama:“University Wits”, Shakespearethey were the humanist dramatists in late 16th century England such as John Lily, Robert Greene, Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, all of whom were from Oxford or Cambridge.They were all of humble birth and struggled for a livelihood through writing, reformed the drama in some waythey paved the way for Shakespeare▪三》。