论文三翻译
英文学术论文翻译-中英文对照(三)
二、 无主句 汉语中有众多的无主句，译成英语时或视 情况补加主语（祈使句可以不补），译成 完整的句子；或译为被动语态句。 1)为建设一个伟大的社会主义国家而奋斗！ Strive to build a great socialist country! 2) 剩下的时间不多了。 There is very little time left.
• 3）希望今后上海能够与更多 的外国城市结为友好城市。 It’s hoped that Shanghai will establish friendly relations with more foreign cities in the future.
• 5、Personification
• 1）世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。
331当前经济改革的重点是要以我国国民经济的支柱国有企业为重点配套推进社会保障体制的改革巩固和完善宏观管理体制改革的措施进一步转变政府职能培育市场体系沿着建设社会主义经济体制的方向继续前进
主语的选择(Options for subjects)
• 1 、 对 等 (Equivalence)( Follow the Chinese topic-comment order, use noun phrases etc.)
• 6、There Be
• 1）自1983年以来，已经建立了一 百多个这样的组织。 There have been established more than one hundred organizations of such kind since 1983.
2）古今中外，在商贸市场上历来都是 大鱼吃小鱼。 There exists a law at all times and in all countries that the great fish eat up the small in the world of business.
论文翻译
はじめに世界上的颜色是无限多样，代表颜色词不是无限的。
人类的色彩科学，系统的辨别颜色，颜色是不可能代表所有。
是什么颜色的颜色出现在语言无限的，这已经建立了一定的框架放置。
在这里关于中日色彩语内包的意义的不同，通过从语言的表面集聚事例考察的事，研究想向(以)日中两国的色彩词汇的差异放了眼的这个课题。
一、研究の意義日本和中国是在所有国家的广泛的词汇，其中有许多颜色，包括词汇量。
日中语言中的色彩词汇，说不定各自的比喻的表现的意义和用法变成怎样，两者在哪个点是相符着，再在哪里还是不同，时代的变化沿着，有新的比喻的意义和用法。
日中语言一般认为也有在这个点中是有怎样的异同，哪里还是有等的那个异同的原因，问题。
为此，笔者把前人的研究做为原来，分析想日中的色彩词汇的异同点，充分理解确实的用法预先显示象运用一样的方向性。
这，是本文的意义・研究价值・目标。
二、先行研究作为关于色彩语最早点研究了的人一人英国的学者，政治家W．能提高Gladstone(Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age,1858)。
他指出了因为是发现荷马时代的希腊语色彩语的词汇数少的事，那些的色彩语抽象的，意义暧昧，那个古代希腊人的色彩辨别能力没有现代人那样发达。
这个发现拉出了德国的语言学者Geiger的兴趣。
主张了有对指出由于对在1867年他德国动物，植物学者学会古代与人现代人的察觉器官的不同着眼，古代人持(有)的抽象的色彩语和色彩语的意义的未确定性色彩辨别能力的不足，色彩语的普通的发生顺序的假设一人的色彩的感觉顺序在色彩谱的排列顺序和关系的事。
他后边在『人类发展史探求』(Contributions to the History of the Development of the Human Race,3)中发表了这个假设。
同年德国眼科专家(H．Magnus)发表「原始民族视觉调查」(Untersuchungenuber den Farbensinn der Narurvolker,1880)，在那个中Geiger的理论反驳了。
毕业论文外文翻译格式【范本模板】
因为学校对毕业论文中的外文翻译并无规定，为统一起见,特做以下要求：1、每篇字数为1500字左右，共两篇；2、每篇由两部分组成:译文+原文.3 附件中是一篇范本，具体字号、字体已标注。
外文翻译（包含原文)(宋体四号加粗）外文翻译一（宋体四号加粗）作者：(宋体小四号加粗）Kim Mee Hyun Director, Policy Research & Development Team，Korean Film Council（小四号）出处：(宋体小四号加粗)Korean Cinema from Origins to Renaissance(P358～P340) 韩国电影的发展及前景（标题：宋体四号加粗）1996～现在数量上的增长(正文:宋体小四）在过去的十年间，韩国电影经历了难以置信的增长。
上个世纪60年代，韩国电影迅速崛起，然而很快便陷入停滞状态,直到90年代以后，韩国电影又重新进入繁盛时期。
在这个时期，韩国电影在数量上并没有大幅的增长，但多部电影的观影人数达到了上千万人次。
1996年，韩国本土电影的市场占有量只有23.1%。
但是到了1998年，市场占有量增长到35。
8%，到2001年更是达到了50%。
虽然从1996年开始，韩国电影一直处在不断上升的过程中，但是直到1999年姜帝圭导演的《生死谍变》的成功才诞生了韩国电影的又一个高峰。
虽然《生死谍变》创造了韩国电影史上的最高电影票房纪录，但是1999年以后最高票房纪录几乎每年都会被刷新。
当人们都在津津乐道所谓的“韩国大片”时，2000年朴赞郁导演的《共同警备区JSA》和2001年郭暻泽导演的《朋友》均成功刷新了韩国电影最高票房纪录.2003年康佑硕导演的《实尾岛》和2004年姜帝圭导演的又一部力作《太极旗飘扬》开创了观影人数上千万人次的时代。
姜帝圭和康佑硕导演在韩国电影票房史上扮演了十分重要的角色。
从1993年的《特警冤家》到2003年的《实尾岛》，康佑硕导演了多部成功的电影。
毕业论文外文翻译(中英文)
译文交通拥堵和城市交通系统的可持续发展摘要:城市化和机动化的快速增长,通常有助于城市交通系统的发展，是经济性，环境性和社会可持续性的体现,但其结果是交通量无情增加，导致交通拥挤。
道路拥挤定价已经提出了很多次，作为一个经济措施缓解城市交通拥挤，但还没有见过在实践中广泛使用，因为道路收费的一些潜在的影响仍然不明。
本文首先回顾可持续运输系统的概念,它应该满足集体经济发展,环境保护和社会正义的目标.然后,根据可持续交通系统的特点，使拥挤收费能够促进经济增长，环境保护和社会正义。
研究结果表明,交通拥堵收费是一个切实有效的方式，可以促进城市交通系统的可持续发展。
一、介绍城市交通是一个在世界各地的大城市迫切关注的话题。
随着中国的城市化和机动化的快速发展,交通拥堵已成为一个越来越严重的问题,造成较大的时间延迟,增加能源消耗和空气污染，减少了道路网络的可靠性．在许多城市,交通挤塞情况被看作是经济发展的障碍.我们可以使用多种方法来解决交通挤塞,包括新的基础设施建设，改善基础设施的维护和操作,并利用现有的基础设施,通过需求管理策略,包括定价机制,更有效地减少运输密度.交通拥堵收费在很久以前就已提出，作为一种有效的措施,来缓解的交通挤塞情况。
交通拥堵收费的原则与目标是通过对选择在高峰拥挤时段的设施的使用实施附加收费,以纾缓拥堵情况．转移非高峰期一些出行路线,远离拥挤的设施或高占用车辆，或完全阻止一些出行,交通拥堵收费计划将在节省时间和降低经营成本的基础上,改善空气中的质量，减少能源消耗和改善过境生产力。
此计划在世界很多国家和地方都有成功的应用。
继在2０世纪70年代初和8０年代中期挪威与新加坡实行收费环,在20０３年2月伦敦金融城推出了面积收费；直至现在,它都是已经开始实施拥挤收费的大都市圈中一个最知名的例子。
然而,交通拥堵收费由于理论和政治的原因未能在实践中广泛使用。
道路收费的一些潜在的影响尚不清楚,和城市发展的拥塞定价可持续性,需要进一步研究。
论文常用翻译
V型配体二苄胺（n-allylbenzimidazol-2-ylmethyl）和Ag（Ⅰ）配合物的合成，晶体结构，DNA结合特性及抗氧化作用摘要一种新的双核Ag（Ⅰ）复合物，[ Ag2L2 ]（Pic）2，是由V型槽配体与（n-allylbenzimidazol-2-ylmethyl）苄胺（L）与Ag（PIC）（PIC =苦味酸）合成的。
配体（银）配合物进行了表征基础上的元素分析，紫外–VIS，IR，NMR光谱和X射线晶体学。
单晶X射线显示，该配合物是通过他们的benzimidazol-1-yl氮原子在一个接近线性的方式二配位到中央Ag（I），和一个中心对称的双核孔道结构是在离散[Ag2L2】2+ 构造的。
自由配体L与Ag（I）复合物的DNA结合特性已经进行了电子吸收，荧光，和粘度的测量。
结果支持配体Ag（I）的结合模式为Dna嵌插插入结合模式，DNA的亲和力中Ag（1）的配体复合物与ligandL相比更强。
此外，Ag（Ⅰ）复合物也具有潜在的抗氧化性能体外研究。
1.简介由于配位化学结构的多样性，其对银（Ⅰ）的配位化合物的超分子化学研究是一个充满活力的，繁荣的领域增加近几十年来的研究兴趣。
除了令人迷惑的银类和神奇的光致发光性能[ 4 ]，很长一段时间，银离子具有非常重要的作用，因其在许多工业领域和生物学领域扮演重要角色而不断收到较大的关注，如抗菌活性，抗癌，抗病毒[ 5 ]。
因此，随着越来越多的使用银配合物的新型结构已被合成，人们探讨它的结构与性能的关系，尤其是生物学特性，这成为另一种流行的和极有前途的领域[ 6,7 ]。
（废话）苯并咪唑类是以氮作为施主原子的一个典型的杂环配体。
由于认识到这些材料可以作为模型模拟生物系统的结构和金属位点的活性且还具有广谱的生物活性，人们探索苯并咪唑衍生物及其金属配合物的兴趣在不断地增加[ 8,9 ]。
由于其特殊的结构与性能[ 10 ]，苯并咪唑及其衍生物具有显著的生物学活性如抗肿瘤药理活性，抗病毒[ 11 ]，抗癌，抗菌[ 12 ]，抗原生动物，和抗炎或镇痛活性[ 13 ][ 14 ]。
毕业设计论文外文文献翻译
毕业设计(论文）外文文献翻译院系：财务与会计学院年级专业：201＊级财务管理姓名:学号：132148*＊*附件: 财务风险管理【Abstract】Although financial risk has increased significantly in recent years risk and risk management are not contemporary issues。
The result of increasingly global markets is that risk may originate with events thousands of miles away that have nothing to do with the domestic market。
Information is available instantaneously which means that change and subsequent market reactions occur very quickly。
The economic climate and markets can be affected very quickly by changes in exchange rates interest rates and commodity prices。
Counterparties can rapidly become problematic。
As a result it is important to ensure financial risks are identified and managed appropriately. Preparation is a key component of risk management。
【Key Words】Financial risk，Risk management，YieldsI. Financial risks arising1.1What Is Risk1.1.1The concept of riskRisk provides the basis for opportunity. The terms risk and exposure have subtle differences in their meaning. Risk refers to the probability of loss while exposure is the possibility of loss although they are often used interchangeably。
《典论·论文》全文、注释、翻译和赏析
《典论·论文》全文、注释、翻译和赏析曹丕文人相轻，自古而然。
傅毅之于班固(1)，伯仲之间耳(2); 而固小之(3)，与弟超书曰(4)：“武仲以能属文，为兰台令史(5)，下笔不能自休(6)。
”夫人善于自见，而文非一体，鲜能备善(7)。
是以各以所长，相轻所短。
里语(8)曰：“家有弊帚，享之千金(9)。
”斯不自见之患也。
今之文人，鲁国孔融文举(10)、广陵陈琳孔璋(11)、山阳王粲仲宣(12)、北海徐干伟长(13)、陈留阮瑀元瑜(14)、汝南应玚德琏(15)、东平刘桢公干(16)，斯七子者(17)，于学无所遗，于辞无所假(18)，咸以自骋骥騄于千里，仰齐足而并驰(19)。
以此相服，亦良难矣(20)。
盖君子审己以度人，故能免于斯累，而作《论文》(21)。
王粲长于辞赋，徐干时有齐气，然粲之匹也(22)。
如粲之《初征》、《登楼》、《槐赋》、《征思》，干之《玄猿》、《漏巵》、《圆扇》、《橘赋》(23)，虽张、蔡不过也(24)。
然于他文，未能称是(25)。
琳、瑀之章表书记，今之隽也(26)。
应玚和而不壮(27)。
刘桢壮而不密(28)。
孔融体气高妙，有过人者; 然不能持论，理不胜辞，以至乎杂以嘲戏(29)。
及其所善，扬、班俦也(30)。
常人贵远贱近，向声背实，又患闇于自见(31)，谓己为贤。
夫文，本同而末异(32)。
盖奏议宜雅，书论宜理，铭诔尚实，诗赋欲丽(33)。
此四科不同，故能之者偏也(34);唯通才能备其体(35)。
文以气为主，气之清浊有体，不可力强而致(36)。
譬诸音乐。
曲度虽均，节奏同检(37)，至于引气不齐(38)，巧拙有素(39)，虽在父兄，不能以移子弟(40)。
盖文章，经国之大业(41)，不朽之盛事。
年寿有时而尽，荣乐止乎其身(42)。
二者必至之常期(43)，未若文章之无穷。
是以古之作者，寄身于翰墨(44)，见意于篇籍(45)，不假良史之辞，不托飞驰之势，而声名自传于后(46)。
故西伯幽而演《易》(47)，周旦显而制《礼》(48)，不以隐约而弗务(49)，不以康乐而加思(50)。
论文中英文翻译(译文)
编号：桂林电子科技大学信息科技学院毕业设计(论文)外文翻译（译文）系别：电子工程系专业：电子信息工程学生姓名：韦骏学号：0852100329指导教师单位：桂林电子科技大学信息科技学院姓名：梁勇职称：讲师2012 年6 月5 日设计与实现基于Modbus 协议的嵌入式Linux 系统摘要：随着嵌入式计算机技术的飞速发展，新一代工业自动化数据采集和监测系统，采用核心的高性能嵌入式微处理器的，该系统很好地适应应用程序。
它符合消费等的严格要求的功能，如可靠性，成本，尺寸和功耗等。
在工业自动化应用系统，Modbus 通信协议的工业标准，广泛应用于大规模的工业设备系统，包括DCS，可编程控制器，RTU 及智能仪表等。
为了达到嵌入式数据监测的工业自动化应用软件的需求，本文设计了嵌入式数据采集监测平台下基于Modbus 协议的Linux 环境采集系统。
串行端口的Modbus 协议是实现主/从式，其中包括两种通信模式：ASCII 和RTU。
因此，各种药膏协议的设备能够满足串行的Modbus通信。
在Modbus 协议的嵌入式平台实现稳定和可靠。
它在嵌入式数据监测自动化应用系统的新收购的前景良好。
关键词：嵌入式系统，嵌入式Linux，Modbus 协议，数据采集，监测和控制。
1、绪论Modbus 是一种通讯协议，是一种由莫迪康公司推广。
它广泛应用于工业自动化，已成为实际的工业标准。
该控制装置或不同厂家的测量仪器可以链接到一个行业监控网络使用Modbus 协议。
Modbus 通信协议可以作为大量的工业设备的通讯标准，包括PLC，DCS 系统，RTU 的，聪明的智能仪表。
随着嵌入式计算机技术的飞速发展，嵌入式数据采集监测系统，使用了高性能的嵌入式微处理器为核心，是一个重要的发展方向。
在环境鉴于嵌入式Linux 的嵌入式工业自动化应用的数据，一个Modbus 主协议下的采集监测系统的设计和实现了这个文件。
因此，通信设备，各种药膏协议能够满足串行的Modbus。
论文标题汉译英翻译三原则
课程教育研究 外语外文 ·20· follow her footstep and being deserted by her husband, we can conclude that Amanda’s miserable sufferings and tragic fate is doomed as long as she lives in the patriarchal society. And to make things even more pathetically, women in this play, including Laura, they didn’t realize the bondage and limitation the patriarchal society imposed on them. Williams’ reveal of the tragic fate of Amanda attract our attention to study feminism and advocate to build a equal society. Reference： [1]Beauvoir,Simone de. The Second Sex. Trans. Constance Borde and Sheila Malovany-Chevallier.Random House: Alfred A. Knopf,1949. [2]Bloom, Harold. Tennessee Williams. New York: Chelsea House Publishers,1987. [3]Showalter, Elaine.1995. The New Feminist Criticism[M]. New York: Pantheon Books. [4]Williams, Tennessee.1987. The Glass Menagerie[M]. New York: Penguin Group. [5]柏 棣.2007.西方女性主义文学理论[M].桂林：广西师范大学出版社。
典论·论文翻译
典论·论文翻译Company number：【0089WT-8898YT-W8CCB-BUUT-202108】典论·论文（原文）曹丕文人相轻，自古而然。
傅毅之于班固，伯仲之间耳，而固小之，与弟超书曰：“武仲以能属文为兰台令史，下笔不能自休。
”夫人善于自见，而文非一体，鲜能备善，是以各以所长，相轻所短。
里语曰：“家有弊帚，享之千金。
”斯不自见之患也。
今之文人：鲁国孔融文举、广陵陈琳孔璋、山阳王粲仲宣、北海徐干伟长、陈留阮瑀元瑜、汝南应瑒（yáng）德琏（lin）、东平刘桢公干，斯七子者，于学无所遗，于辞无所假，咸自以骋骥騄于千里，仰齐足而并驰。
以此相服，亦良难矣！盖君子审己以度人，故能免于斯累，而作《论文》。
王粲长于辞赋，徐干时有齐气，然粲之匹也。
如粲之《初征》、《登楼》、《槐赋》、《征思》，干之《玄猿》、《漏卮》、《圆扇》、《橘赋》，虽张、蔡不过也，然于他文未能称是。
琳、瑀之章表书记，今之隽也。
应瑒和而不壮；刘桢壮而不密。
孔融体气高妙，有过人者；然不能持论，理不胜辞；至于杂以嘲戏；及其所善，扬、班俦也。
常人贵远贱近，向声背实，又患闇（àn）于自见，谓己为贤。
夫文本同而末异，盖奏议宜雅，书论宜理，铭诔尚实，诗赋欲丽。
此四科不同，故能之者偏也；唯通才能备其体。
文以气为主，气之清浊有体，不可力强而致。
譬诸音乐，曲度虽均，节奏同检，至于引气不齐，巧拙有素，虽在父兄，不能以移子弟。
盖文章，经国之大业，不朽之盛事。
年寿有时而尽，荣乐止乎其身，二者必至之常期，未若文章之无穷。
是以古之作者，寄身于翰墨，见意于篇籍，不假良史之辞，不托飞驰之势，而声名自传于后。
故西伯幽而演《易》，周旦显而制《礼》，不以隐约而弗务，不以康乐而加思。
夫然，则古人贱尺璧而重寸阴，惧乎时之过已。
而人多不强力；贫贱则慑于饥寒，富贵则流于逸乐，遂营目前之务，而遗千载之功。
日月逝于上，体貌衰于下，忽然与万物迁化，斯志士之大痛也！融等已逝，唯干着论，成一家言。
论文英文翻译
论文英文翻译Essay 1 - College EducationIn recent years, college education has become a topic of great debate. Some people argue that a college degree is essential for success in today's society, while others believe that it is not necessary. This essay will argue that college education is indeed important and beneficial for several reasons.Firstly, obtaining a college degree can provide individuals with better career opportunities. In today's competitive job market, employers often prioritize candidates with a higher education background. College graduates are more likely to find stable employment and earn higher salaries compared to those without a degree. Furthermore, many professions require specific knowledge and skills that can only be acquired through a college education. For example, doctors, engineers, and lawyers must complete several years of study in order to obtain the necessary qualifications for their respective fields.Secondly, college education can help individuals develop important life skills. During their time at college, students are exposed to a variety of subjects and experiences, which enable them to develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills. College also provides opportunities for students to engage in extracurricular activities and interact with a diverse group of individuals. This fosters social and cultural awareness, as well as teamwork and leadership skills. These skills are valuable not only in the workplace but also in everyday life.Moreover, college education promotes personal growth and lifelong learning. The college environment encourages students to explore new ideas, challenge their assumptions, and discover their passions. It provides a platform for intellectual development and self-discovery. Students are exposed to a wide range of subjects, perspectives, and cultures, which broadens their knowledge and worldview. College education also instills a sense of curiosity and a desire for continuous learning, which are essential qualities in today's rapidly changing world.In conclusion, college education is important and beneficial for several reasons. It provides better career opportunities, helps individuals develop important life skills, and promotes personal growth and lifelong learning. While it is true that college education may not be necessary for everyone, obtaining a degree can significantly enhance one's chances of success in both personal and professional aspects of life.。
论文外文翻译
论文外文翻译Title: The Impact of Technology on EducationAbstract:The rapid development of technology has drastically transformed various sectors, including education. This paper aims to explore the impact of technology on education and how it has revolutionized teaching and learning methodologies. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of incorporating technology in classrooms, as well as the role of educators in effectively integrating technology into their teaching practices. The paper also highlights the need for a balance between traditional teaching methods and technology-based learning.Introduction:Technology has become an indispensable tool in modern classrooms, offering numerous opportunities for educators and students. It has enhanced the learning experience by providing interactive and engaging resources. This paper focuses on analyzing the impact of technology in education and how it has influenced teaching methods.Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology in Education:One of the significant advantages of technology in education is the availability of multimedia resources that facilitate active learning. Students can access a wide range of videos, interactive simulations, and virtual laboratories, enabling them to learn complex concepts more effectively. Furthermore, technology allows for personalized learning, where students can progress at their own pace and receive immediate feedback. This method improves students' motivation,engagement, and understanding of the subject matter.However, there are also disadvantages to consider when incorporating technology in education. Firstly, there is a digital divide where not all students have access to technology due to socioeconomic factors. This can create inequality among students and affect their learning outcomes. Additionally, excessive reliance on technology can lead to reduced face-to-face interaction between students and teachers, hindering social development and interpersonal skills.The Role of Educators:To effectively integrate technology into education, educators play a crucial role. They need to be proficient in using technology tools and platforms to create an interactive learning environment. Educators should also focus on guiding students in using technology responsibly and critically evaluating online resources. Furthermore, teachers should adapt their instructional approaches to cater to diverse learning styles and provide individualized support.Balancing Traditional Teaching Methods and Technology:While technology brings numerous benefits, it is essential to strike a balance between traditional teaching methods and technology-based learning. Traditional teaching methods, such as face-to-face interaction and discussions, should not be disregarded, as they promote critical thinking, collaboration, and communication skills. Educators should leverage technology as a complementary tool to enhance the learning experience rather than replacing traditional methods entirely.Conclusion:Technology has revolutionized education by providing numerous advantages, such as interactive resources, personalized learning, and increased engagement. However, challenges such as the digital divide and reduced face-to-face interaction need to be addressed. Educators should play a significant role in effectively integrating technology into teaching practices and maintaining a balance between traditional and technology-based learning. Through strategic implementation, technology can enhance the learning experience and prepare students for the digital age.。
笔译三级英语作文模板
笔译三级英语作文模板英文回答：I. Introduction。
Translation is a complex and multifaceted process that requires a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as the cultural and linguistic context of the text being translated. As a translator, it is essential to possess strong linguistic skills, cultural sensitivity, and a thorough understanding of the subject matter being translated. In addition, translators must be able to work independently and meet deadlines, while maintaining high standards of accuracy and quality.II. The Process of Translation。
The process of translation typically involves the following steps:1. Analysis: The translator carefully examines the source text to identify its meaning, structure, and style.2. Interpretation: The translator interprets the meaning of the source text into the target language, taking into account the cultural and linguistic differences between the two languages.3. Drafting: The translator creates a draft translation that is faithful to the meaning of the source text, while also being clear, concise, and stylistically appropriate in the target language.4. Revision: The translator carefully reviews the draft translation, checking for accuracy, completeness, and consistency.5. Proofreading: Once the translation is complete, it is proofread by a second translator or editor to ensurethat it is free from errors.III. Challenges in Translation。
毕业论文英文文献及翻译
Based on GSM module and AT89C51 connectiondesign and application---From 《GSM principle and its network optimization》chapter one---From 《New single chip microcomputer interface device and technology》chapter sixAbstractThis article through analyzed the GSM module and the monolithic integrated circuit connection design simply introduced the TC35i module commonly used instruction and the coding rule, introduced emphatically the TC35i module and the AT89C51 principle of work, the periphery connection electric circuit, the software control technology, at the same time has produced some TC35i module and the AT89C51 connection application procedure, proposed AT89C51 when receive data should pay attention question, thus designed has the GSM module the data transmission terminal.Key words: GSM network1 Summarize:Along with correspondence technique of development, according to the service function of the NTT DoCoMo net, just to industry control and control from a distance the realm have continuously extension of trend.Is orientation this kind of demand, Siemens company released a new generation wireless correspondence GSM mold piece-TC35i, according to should the short news function of the mold piece, can fast safety credibility realization customer information processing etc. function, special be applicable to control centre and terminal equipments distance very far, or inconvenience adoption wired correspondence lie quality etc. situation, for example the oil well information collect behind of deliver, the long range copy form system, city transportation direction etc. all according to the TC35i mold piece to realization.2 The application of GSM network:GSM is Global System for Mobile Communications acronym, which means Global System for Mobile Communications is the world's leading cellular systems inthe world. GSM is based on narrowband TDMA standard that allows radio frequency in a group call at the same time 8. GSM80 during the rise in Europe, put into use in 1991. The end of 1997, has operations in more than 100 countries, Europe and Asia has become the standard in fact, that by 2001, the world's 162 countries have already built a 400 GSM communications network. But the GSM system capacity is limited, users in the network overload, it had to construct additional network facilities. What is gratifying is that GSM performance in other areas, which in addition to providing a standardized list and signaling systems, but also opened up some of the more intelligent of the business such as international roaming and so on. The convenience of GSM mobile phone is that it provides a smart card, known as SIM cards, and card could be separated, so that the replacement of mobile phone users and custom personal information in this area are facilitated.GSM network to improve after years of development, is now very mature, less blind spots, signal stability, automatic roaming, and the communication distance from the impact of the surrounding environment. GSM short message in particular, flexible and convenient, you can cross-market, inter-provincial and even cross-border transmission, and each send a short message as long as one dime, very reliable and affordable. In addition, the mobile phone SIM card in recent years can apply for 0, some packages use lower cost than fixed. Therefore the use of mobile phone message to achieve alarm, ultra long-range remote control for industrial equipment, transmission of data is a very good choice.GSM module, is a similar mobile communication module, integrates a number of mobile phone functions on a single small circuit board, it can send SMS messages, calls and so on, the module is small, but it has a lot of mobile phone functionality, with its have equal is the core of the mobile phone, and it is in a lot of applications have a wide range of applications, GSM module through the use of AT commands to control it, modules can be connected to computer RS232 serial port, can also be used to carry out single-chip control . Below we cite some typical applications:2.1 mobile phone access control system:GSM Access Control System used to control the electric lock control, if you need to enter, as long as the cell phone call using GSM modules mobile number, will automatically open the door, and only you can set up cell phone numbers to open the door, and no costs.2.2 three billboard over the weather disaster emergency turn off:Over three billboards are constantly flip through the motor to achieve a number of ads displayed, because installed in the outdoors, when there is wind, hail and other weather disasters, billboards could easily be blown bad or damaged card die, when in need of emergency shut down, You can normally closed relay contact to control the power of advertising, when you need to do is send "turn off" control message, the billboard will automatically turn off, and automatically after a certain time delay automatically return to normal job (generally disastrous weather will not continue for a long time) in advance if you want to open a billboard, you can send "Open" control message.2.3 engineering system balance reminders:Some works are safe after the completion of the normal operation after a period of time to settle the balance, if the encounter malicious clients the outstanding purchase price, often installed side very headache, because equipment has been installed, if the loss of a great come back down, particularly in the field customer very costly when the client system can be installed in the GSM module, use it all the way to control system or the way some of the key points, when the customer paid in arrears when the malicious message can turn off some features, forcing customers to pay the purchase price then immediately open message, if you have a smooth recovery of the purchase price can also be the name of system maintenance by the GSM module removed from the client system.2.4 monitoring systems or Web servers and reset the alarm:Monitoring system or web server running after a long period after death may be wrong, this time to power on reset is the only solution at this time through the GSM module can control system power, and set to open automatically after 3 seconds turn off mode, can achieve power reduction, in addition, GSM module in some special application areas also played a very large role, such as: the disappearance of the main power supply, memory errors, fan shutdown, fuel depletion, it was the invasion and other information, are not people the ideal choice for monitoring the engine room.the remote control of home appliances:Through the message can easily achieve the remote control to open rice cookers, water heaters and other appliances by remote control or switch to repair mode can also control the air-conditioning GSM global wireless mobile communication network control alarm host, using the global GSM short message data transmission mode and voice-enabled platform for the completion of intelligent data transmission and remotecontrol alarm, set the host family, shops, office safety, electrical control, remote monitoring, such as Intelligent home functions, because of the global GSM wireless mobile communication network signal coverage area of Canton, and truly realize the low-cost high-quality ultra-long-distance convenient and flexible intelligent wireless control and alarm, to solve the fixed-line telephone or cable broadband network wired alarm limitations. GSM global wireless mobile communications network in popularity all over the world, the GSM global wireless mobile communication network control alarm can be widely used in a single host family, community property, electricity, transportation, petroleum, coal, railway, municipal and public security departments of the security industry prevention devices, data monitoring and remote monitoring system. Wireless Road, with 11 defense areas, 2-way Cable Standoff, different defense area alarm, alarm and message control, separate from a defended position, remote control, home appliance control, linkage to take photographs with the latest alarm center network characteristics.Features:1. Wireless suspects under strict surveillance, no wiring, and ease of installation.2. Cable suspects under strict surveillance, safe and reliable.3. Wireless remote control security / from a defended position, easy to operate.4. Adaptability widely used global-band wireless mobile networks.5. Password settings, confidentiality stronger.6. Alarm, the high-decibel alarm sound to deter thieves.7. Host automatically to six groups of mobile numbers to send SMS alerts. Alarm message and a telephone can be set up8. Host automatically dial the six groups of mobile or fixed telephone warning, start-site monitoring.9. Preset scene alarm and alarm message10. With emergency alarm function, can prevent thieves burglary, detection of gas leaks and smoke fire.11. Communicate electric missing Detect and alarm, to prevent the intentional destruction of the power system and power failure monitoring.12. Communicate after the loss of electricity automatically switch to a back-up battery. 13. Available through GSM network platform and networking alarm center.14. Supported message in Chinese or English instructions.15. Handset intercom mode: Matching intercom calls, and alarm can be two-wayintercom, real-time clear police intelligence to prevent unnecessary alarm.3 The TC35i mold piece introductionCurrently, domestic already beginning usage of the GSM mold piece have a lot, and these of function, method of using difference not big.What this design adoption is a Siemens TC35 the TC35i of the series.On this kind of wireless mold piece function and TC35 and permit, design tightly packed, consumedly contracted the physical volume of customer's product.The TC35i and GSM2/2 and permit,dual-band(GSM900/GSM1800), RS232 the data connect, should mold piece and radio frequency electric circuit and Ji take and integral whole, provide toward the customer standard of AT order connect, is data, speech, short news and fax provide fast, credibility, safety of deliver, convenience customer of application development and design.3.1 The GSM AT instruction introduction that the mold has something to do with SMS in the piec e:The order for provide of the GSM- powered mold piece match GSM07.05 and GSM07.07 norm.In the GSM07.07 definition of the AT Command connect and provided a kind of which GSM AT Instruction TC35i AT89C51move terrace and data terminal equipments of in general use connect;The GSM07.05 made to the short news detailed of provision.At short news mold piece receive network hair of short news, can send out a designation information through a string of, the data terminal equipments can send out toward the GSM mold piece various order.The instruction of GSM AT having something to do with SMS such as List1 to show.The instruction of GSM AT gather, is signed letter, Motorola and HP etc. factory house by Nokia, love to together develop for the GSM system of, among them include control SMS(Short Message Service).3.2 The PDU code rule:Send out short news in common use Text and PDU(Protocol Data Unit, agreement data unit) mode currently.The usage Text mode receive and dispatch a message code simple, realization get up very easy, but the biggest weakness be to can't receive and dispatch Chinese message;But PDU mode not only support Chinese message, also the ability send out English message.The PDU mode receive and dispatch a message can the usage be 3 kinds of to code:7-bit, 8-bit and UCS2 code.7-the bit code to used for send out common of ASCII character list, 8-bitcode Be usually used for sending out data news, UCS2 code used for sending out Unicode character list.General PDU's code is constitute by ABCDEFGHIJKLM 13.A:The address length of the message center, 216 enter to make number(one word stanza)B:The number type of the message center, 216 enter to make number.C:Message center number, B+C length will from the data decisionD:Document head word stanza, 216 enter to make number.E:Information type, 216 enter to make number.F:Drive call number length, 216 enter to make number.G:Drive call number type, 216 enter to make number, take value togetherH:Drive call number, length from data within F decision.I:Agreement marking, 216 enter to make number.J:The data code a project, 216 enter to make number.K:Term of validity, 216 enter to make number. L:Customer data length, 216 enter to make number.M:Customer's data, its length from the data decision in the L.Enactment in J adoption UCS2 code, here is the Unicode character list of Chinese-English.4 the hardware of the TC35i and list slice machine connect a people'selectric circuitThe TC35i mold piece is main to save according to the processor, GSM radio frequency mold piece, power supply mold piece, Shan from the GSM, the ZIF conjunction machine, antenna connect six part constitute.Connect machine with a list slice machine realization electric circuit to connect through a ZIF, should connect read or send out the TC35i mold piece in of data.5 list slice the software of the machine and TC35i connect and controlprinciple8051 one-chip computer have four 8 walk abreast I/O port, call P0, P1, P2 and P3. Each port is 8 accurate two-way mouths, accounts for 32 pins altogether. Every one I/O line can be used as introduction and exported independently. Each port includes a latch (namely special function register ), one exports the driver and a introduction buffer . Make data can latch when outputting, data can buffer when making introduction , but four function of passway these self-same. Expand among the system of memory outside having slice, four port these may serve as accurate two-way mouth of I/O in common use. Expand among the system of memory outsidehaving slice, P2 mouth see high 8 address off; P0 mouth is a two-way bus, send the introduction of 8 low addresses and data / export in timesharingList slice the software of the machine and TC35i connect in fact be list slice the machine pass AT instruction control cellular phone of control technique, first constitution the TC35i mold piece of work mode:AT+CMGF=n, n=0 is a PDU mode;N=1 write an article this mode;Usually the constitution is a PDU mode, under this kind of mode, ability transmission or accept a transparent data.(customer from definition data)AT+CMGR=n in order to read the short news data of the TC35i mold piece, the n is a short news number.AT+CMGL=n in order to list the short news in the TC35i mold piece, n=0 is the short news which read, n=a the short news which have been already read, n=2 short news which sent out, n=3 for have already send out of short news n=4 is all short news.AT+CMGD=the n is the short news which delete the TC35i mold piece and the n is a short news serial number.6 Master routineThe software plait distance pass to write in toward the TC35i dissimilarity of AT instruction ability completion variety function, such as network debarkation, read SIM card top telephone number, send out SMS news and receive SMS news etc..The instruction sign, constant, PDU data...etc. of AT instruction all code form transmission by ASCII;The transmission transparent data have to pair of the TC35i mold piece of work mode constitution is PDU mode;List slice machine toward the TC35i mold piece after send out each instruction have to with return to car sign conduct and actions should instruction of be over, for example list slice the machine send out instruction in"AT+ CMGF=0" toward the cellular phone, its ASCII code sequence is"41 H, 54 H, 2 BH, 42 H, 4 DH, 47 H, 46 H, 3 DH, 30 H, 0 DH", the last word stanza 0 DH is to return to car sign, mean that instruction be over, if have no this to return to car sign, the cellular phone won't identify this instruction.When the AT instruction which receive to an integrity of the TC35i mold piece after, the TC35i mold piece not summary execution should instruction, but first just receive of the ASCII of the AT instruction code sequence all anti- send out;(contain 0 DH)Secondly send out a the ASCII which return to car sign with a carriage return sign to code, namely 0 DH with 0 AH;Then performance should instruction.The list slice machine read the PDU data of the TC35i mold piece, originality data should is 16 enter make number, but read back of data still is an ASCII mean of 16 enter make number.So a word stanza of 16 entered to make number and thenbecame 2 word stanza of ASMII code.But the PDU data data word stanza length within pack part still is actual character list length.But isn't the word stanza which become ASCII code length, this at plait distance should special attention, otherwise receive of data not integrity.The list slice machine is after receiving a PDU data pack data have to its instauration become 16 enter make a data, its calculate way as follows:Establish a for the ASCII code receive, b for the conversion is behind of 16 enter make number.So if a<39 H,b=a-30 H;If a>39 H, b=h-07 H a-30.End pair of in front and back two pieces merger is a word stanza.Concluding remark The usage cellular phone mold piece benefit is at the system integration, the cost be lower.Install correspondence circuit in secluded region etc. difficulty or uneconomical place, engineering service facilities can freedom vivid of constitution, no longer be subjected to geography condition of restriction.In fine, GSM mold piece the price be cheap, application extensive, application the foreground be captivating, pass with cellular phone mold the piece connect can very convenience of design customer demand of the data receive terminal.基于 GSM 模块与 AT89C51 的接口设计及应用的接口设计及应用-----摘自《GSM 原理及其网络优化》第一章-----摘自《新型单片机接口器件与技术》第六章摘要本文通过分析 GSM 模块与单片机的接口设计简单介绍了 TC35i 模块的常用指令及摘编码规则，着重介绍了 TC35i 模块与 AT89C51 的工作原理、外围接口电路、软件控制技术，同时给出了一些 TC35i 模块与 AT89C51 接口的应用程序，提出了 AT89C51 在接收数据时应该注意的问题，从而设计出具有 GSM 模块的数据传输终端。
毕业论文外文翻译报告范文
毕业论文外文翻译报告范文AbstractThis report presents a translation of an academic article titled "The Impact of Technology on Education." The article discusses the various ways in which technology has transformed the field of education, particularly in terms of teaching methods, student engagement, and access to educational resources. The translation aims to accurately convey the content and meaning of the original article, while ensuring clarity and coherence for the readers.IntroductionTechnology has revolutionized nearly every aspect of our lives, including the field of education. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the use of technology in classrooms and educational institutions worldwide. This article explores the impact of technology on education, highlighting its benefits and potential challenges.Teaching MethodsOne of the key effects of technology on education is the transformation of traditional teaching methods. With the introduction of interactive whiteboards, online learning platforms, and educational apps, teachers now have access to a wide range of tools and resources to enhance their teaching. These technologies enable teachers to create dynamic and engaging lessons, integrating multimedia content and interactive activities, which enhance student understanding and participation.Student EngagementTechnology has also had a profound impact on student engagement in the learning process. With the use of digital tools, students can now actively participate in their education and take ownership of their learning. Interactive quizzes, online discussions, and collaborative projects allow students to actively engage with the subject matter, promoting critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Moreover, technology enables personalized learning experiences, catering to individual student needs and preferences.Access to Educational ResourcesAnother significant benefit of technology in education is the increased access to educational resources. Online libraries, open educational resources, and digital textbooks provide students with a vast amount of information at their fingertips. This access to a wide range of resources goes beyond what traditional textbooks and classrooms can offer, empowering students to explore and learn at their own pace.Challenges and ConsiderationsWhile the impact of technology on education is largely positive, there are also some challenges and considerations that need to be addressed. One concern is the potential for technology to create a divide between students who have access to technology and those who do not. It is essential to ensure equitable access to technology and training for all students to prevent further disparities in education.Additionally, the integration of technology in the classroom requires teachers to adapt and acquire new technological skills. Adequate training and support must be provided to empower teachers to effectively incorporate technology into their teaching practices.ConclusionIn conclusion, technology has had a transformative impact on education. It has revolutionized teaching methods, enhanced student engagement, and provided increased access to educational resources. However, it is important to address the challenges and considerations that arise with the integration of technology in education. By doing so, we can ensure that technology continues to benefit and enhance the learning experience for all students.References:[Original Article Reference]。
毕业论文的外文翻译怎么写
毕业论文的外文翻译怎么写毕业论文的外文翻译是许多学生在撰写论文过程中面临的一个重要环节。
它不仅要求对原文进行准确的翻译，还需要保持语言的流畅和逻辑的连贯。
在本文中，我将分享一些关于如何写好毕业论文的外文翻译的经验和技巧。
首先，毕业论文的外文翻译需要准确地理解原文的含义。
在翻译之前，仔细阅读原文，确保对其中的每个词语和句子都有清晰的理解。
如果遇到不熟悉的词汇或概念，可以通过查阅词典或参考其他相关文献来帮助理解。
其次，翻译时要注意语言的流畅性和逻辑的连贯性。
外文翻译不仅仅是将原文的词语逐字逐句地翻译成目标语言的词语，更重要的是要将原文的意思准确地传达给读者。
因此，在翻译过程中，要注意句子的结构和语法，使其在目标语言中自然流畅，读者容易理解。
此外，毕业论文的外文翻译还需要注意专业术语的翻译。
在学术论文中，专业术语的准确性非常重要。
在翻译过程中，要确保专业术语的翻译准确无误，并且与学术界的惯用术语保持一致。
可以参考相关的学术文献或咨询专业人士来确保专业术语的正确翻译。
此外，对于一些特定的表达方式和文化背景，也需要进行适当的调整和转换。
不同的语言和文化有不同的表达方式和习惯，因此在翻译过程中，要注意将原文的意思转化为适合目标语言和文化的表达方式。
这样可以使翻译更加贴近读者的习惯和理解，增强文章的可读性和可理解性。
另外，毕业论文的外文翻译还需要注意格式和排版。
在翻译过程中，要保持原文的格式和排版，使翻译后的文本与原文保持一致。
这包括字体、字号、段落间距等方面的保持一致。
同时，还要注意标点符号的准确使用，以及文本的分段和缩进等格式要求。
最后，进行毕业论文的外文翻译时，要充分利用各种资源和工具。
可以使用在线翻译工具来辅助翻译，但要注意工具的局限性和不准确性。
最好是将工具翻译的结果作为参考，再进行适当的修改和调整。
此外，还可以请教导师或其他专业人士来进行审校和修改，以确保翻译的准确性和质量。
总之，毕业论文的外文翻译是一项需要耐心和技巧的工作。
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译译文
本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译译文学生姓名：院（系）：油气资源学院专业班级：物探0502指导教师：完成日期：年月日地震驱动评价与发展：以玻利维亚冲积盆地的研究为例起止页码：1099——1108出版日期：NOVEMBER 2005THE LEADING EDGE出版单位：PanYAmericanYEnergyvBuenosYAiresvYArgentinaJPYBLANGYvYBPYExplorationvYHoustonvYUSAJ.C.YCORDOVAandYE.YMARTINEZvYChacoYS.A.vYSantaYCruzvYBolivia 通过整合多种地球物理地质技术，在玻利维亚冲积盆地，我们可以减少许多与白垩纪储集层勘探有关的地质技术风险。
通过对这些远景区进行成功钻探我们可以验证我们的解释。
这些方法包括盆地模拟，联井及地震叠前同时反演，岩石性质及地震属性解释，A VO/A V A,水平地震同相轴，光谱分解。
联合解释能够得到构造和沉积模式的微笑校正。
迄今为止，在新区有七口井已经进行了成功钻探。
基质和区域地质。
Tarija/Chaco盆地的subandean 褶皱和冲断带山麓的中部和南部，部分扩展到玻利维亚的Boomerange地区经历了集中的成功的开采。
许多深大的泥盆纪气田已经被发现，目前正在生产。
另外在山麓发现的规模较小较浅的天然气和凝析气田和大的油田进行价格竞争，如果他们能产出较快的油流而且成本低。
最近发现气田就是这种情况。
接下来，我们赋予Aguja的虚假名字就是为了讲述这些油田的成功例子。
图1 Aguja油田位于玻利维亚中部Chaco盆地的西北角。
基底构造图显示了Isarzama背斜的相对位置。
地层柱状图显示了主要的储集层和源岩。
该油田在Trija和冲积盆地附近的益背斜基底上，该背斜将油田和Ben i盆地分开（图1），圈闭类型是上盘背斜，它存在于连续冲断层上，Aguja有两个主要结构：Aguja中部和Aguja Norte,通过重要的转换压缩断层将较早开发的“Sur”油田分开Yantata Centro结构是一个三路闭合对低角度逆冲断层并伴随有小的摆幅。
本科毕业论文外文文献翻译
本科毕业论文外文文献翻译本科毕业论文外文文献翻译随着全球化的加速发展，外文文献在本科毕业论文中的重要性日益凸显。
外文文献翻译作为一种重要的研究方法，对于本科论文的撰写和论证具有重要的意义。
本文将探讨本科毕业论文外文文献翻译的意义、方法和技巧。
一、外文文献翻译的意义1. 拓宽研究视野：外文文献翻译可以让本科生接触到更广泛的学术研究成果，了解国际前沿的研究动态，拓宽研究视野，提高自身的学术素养。
2. 提高论文的质量：外文文献翻译可以为本科毕业论文提供更多的理论支持和实证研究，从而提高论文的质量和可信度。
3. 培养语言能力：外文文献翻译可以提高本科生的英语水平，培养语言能力，提高阅读和写作的能力。
二、外文文献翻译的方法1. 熟悉论文主题：在进行外文文献翻译之前，应该对本科毕业论文的主题进行深入了解，明确所需翻译的内容和重点。
2. 选择合适的文献：根据本科毕业论文的研究目标和需求，选择与主题相关、权威可信的外文文献进行翻译。
3. 精读和理解原文：在进行翻译之前，应该对原文进行仔细阅读和理解，确保对原文的意思有准确的理解。
4. 翻译和校对：根据理解的原文意思，进行翻译，并在翻译完成后进行校对，确保翻译的准确性和流畅性。
5. 结合上下文：在翻译过程中，应该结合上下文的语境，确保翻译的准确性和通顺性。
三、外文文献翻译的技巧1. 学会使用翻译工具：在进行外文文献翻译时，可以借助一些翻译工具，如谷歌翻译、有道翻译等，辅助翻译和理解。
2. 注重词汇的准确性：在翻译过程中，应该注重词汇的准确性，尽量选择与原文意思相符的词汇进行翻译。
3. 简化句子结构：在翻译过程中，可以适当简化句子结构，使翻译更加通顺和易懂。
4. 注意语法和语态：在进行外文文献翻译时，应该注意语法和语态的正确使用，避免语法错误和语态混乱。
5. 保持原文风格：在进行外文文献翻译时，应该尽量保持原文的风格和特点，使翻译更加贴近原文。
四、外文文献翻译的注意事项1. 避免机械翻译：在进行外文文献翻译时，应该尽量避免机械翻译，注重翻译的准确性和流畅性。
英文学术论文翻译-中英文对照(三)
•These new measures will, we believe, increase the people’s purchasing power and lead to thriving financial and commercial conditions rather than make a mess of the country’s finances as some people argue.
一、主谓单句
汉语的主谓单句，从外形结构 上来看，跟英语的“主谓”结构是 相似的，但它的主语和谓语表达却 与英语有许多不同的地方。所以翻 译汉语主谓单句时，至少应注意几 个问题。
1、防止主语的机械对应。 中国近几年来发生了巨变。 ①There have been great changes in China these years. ②These years have seen (witnessed) great changes in China. ③Great changes have taken place in China these years. ④China crackles with the dynamics of changes these years.
汉语的基本句型及其翻译
汉语造句以名词为重心，以词组、散句和 分句为手段，善于按时间、逻辑顺序进行横 排式叙述，有时断句不严，外形松散。有人 称汉语是时间型的动态结构，主要体现于形 式自由，富于弹性。
英语则以“主—谓”主干结构为重心来统 领各种语言成分，句界分明，外形严密。 因此，汉语各种句型译成英语时，不仅在 逻辑关系上而且在外形上都应该体现出英语 句法结构的特点。
2-3 Reversing • 1）沿路都是小商店。 Small shops dot the way. • 2）他这样悍然行事使我们非常气恼。 Hot anger burned in our minds against him at his rashness.
袁宗道《论文》原文及翻译译文
袁宗道《论文》原文及翻译译文1、袁宗道《论文》原文及翻译译文袁宗道《论文》原文及翻译袁宗道原文：口舌，代心者也;文章，又代口舌者也。
展转隔碍，虽写得畅显，已恐不如口舌矣，况能如心之所存乎?故孔子论文曰：“辞达而已。
”达不达，文不文之辨也。
唐、虞、三代之文，无不达者。
今人读古书，不即通晓，辄谓古文奇奥，今人下笔不宜平易。
夫时有古今，语言亦有古今，今人所诧谓奇字奥句，安知非古之街谈巷语耶?左氏去古不远，然《传》中字句，未尝肖《书》也。
司马去左亦不远，然《史记》句字，亦未尝肖左也。
至于今日，逆数前汉，不知几千年远矣。
自司马不能同于左氏，而今日乃欲兼同左、马，不亦谬乎?中间历晋、唐，经宋、元，文士非乏，未有公然挦扯古文，奄为己有者。
昌黎好奇偶一为之如《毛颖》等传一时戏剧他文不然也。
空同①不知，篇篇模拟，亦谓“反正②”。
后之文人，遂视为定例，尊若令甲③。
凡有一语不肖古者，即大怒，骂为“野路恶道”。
不知空同模拟，自一人创之，犹不甚可厌。
迨其后一传百，以讹益讹，愈趋愈下，不足观矣。
且空同诸文，尚多己意，纪事述情，往往逼真，其尤可取者，地名官衔，俱用时制。
今却嫌时制不文，取秦汉名衔以文之，观者若不检《一统志》④，几不识为何乡贯矣。
且文之佳恶，不在地名官衔也，史迁之文，其佳处在叙事如画，议论超越;而近说乃云，西京⑤以还，封建宫殿，官师郡邑，其名不雅驯，虽史迁复出，不能成史。
则史迁佳处，彼尚未梦见也，而况能肖史迁也乎?或曰：信如子言，古不必学耶?余曰：古文贵达，学达即所谓学古也。
学其意，不必泥其字句也。
今之圆领方袍，所以学古人之缀叶蔽皮也;今之五味煎熬，所以学古人之茹毛饮血也。
何也?古人之意，期于饱口腹，蔽形体;今人之意，亦期于饱口腹，蔽形体，未尝异也。
彼摘古字句入己著，是无异缀皮叶于衣袂之中，投毛血于肴核之内也。
大抵古人之文，专期于达，而今人之文，专期于不达。
以不达学达，是可谓学古者乎?(取材于袁宗道《论文》)【注】①空同：李梦阳，号空同子，明代文学家。
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二重奏：均衡硬件和软件的云规模负载
摘要
负载均衡是数据中心基础设施的基本功能，而且对托管在数据中心的网络服务的性能非常关键。
随着云服务需求的增长，昂贵的而且难以规模化的专用硬件负载均衡器正在被软件负载均衡器取代，软件负载均衡器通过使用一个运行在商用服务器上的分布式数据平面可以达到规模化。
软件负载均衡器提供低成本，高可用性和高灵活性，但是苦于高延迟和每一个负载均衡器低容量，使它们对于既要求高吞吐量又要求低延迟的应用不太理想。
在这篇文章中，我们提出DUET，它提供了软件负载均衡器的所有优点，以及低延迟和高可用性___没有其他成本。
为此，我们利用了一个迄今为止在数据中心网络中被忽视的资源__交换机本身。
我们展示了，如何将负载均衡功能嵌入到现存的硬件交换机，从而在不增加成本的情况下获得有机的可扩展性。
对于灵活性和高可用性，DUET无缝隙地将基于交换机的负载均衡器和一个小部署的软件负载均衡器整合。
为了建造这样一个混合的负载均衡器，我们列举和解决了几个架构上的和算法的挑战。
我们使用一个模型实现，以及由来自生产数据中心的痕迹所驱动的大量模拟，来评估DUET。
我们的评估表明，DUET提供比一个软件负载均衡器多10倍的容量，只要很小的成本，同时将延迟减少了10倍以上，而且能够快速地适应网络动态，包括故障。
类别和主题描述符：C.2.4[计算机通信网络]：分布式系统，网络运营系
统。
一般条款：设计，性能。
关键字：负载均衡，数据中心，SDN。
1.介绍
高性能的负载均衡器是云服务基础设施的最重要的部件之一。
在数据中心中的服务通过运行在多个服务器上进行扩展，每一个服务器都有一个个人直接IP（DIP）。
这个服务将一个或更多的虚拟IP地址（VIP）暴露在服务边界之外。
负载均衡器接收去往VIP的流量，在DIP中进行分流，而且使用IP —in—IP的封装将它路由给个人DIP。
这样，负载均衡器可以接触到每一个从互联网进入数据中心的数据报，以及一部分重要的帧内直流流量。
这个流量会对负载均衡器的数据平面和控制平面引发严重的负载。
负载均衡器的性能和可靠性直接影响到延迟，吞吐量和托管在DC中的云服务的可用性。
传统的负载均衡器是专用的硬件中间件，非常的昂贵。
与此相反，Ananta是一个运行在商用服务器上的软件负载均衡器。
Ananta由一个中央控制器和几个软件Muxes(SMuxes)组成，SMuxes提供了一个分布式数据平面。
每一个SMuxes保留了所有的VIP-to-DIP的映射，而且在软件中实现了分流和封装功能。
Ananta架构是灵活的，高度可扩展的，并确保高可用性。
然而，软件负载均衡器有两个基本的限制，这两个限制都源于它们在软件中处理数据报。
首先，在软件中处理数据报限制了容量。
实验表明，一
旦传入的流量超过每秒中300K数据报，个人Ananta SMuxe的CPU将变成一个瓶颈。
竟管，软件负载均衡器的总容量可以通过增加更多的服务器得到扩展，但是却提高了成本。
例如，传递15Tbps的流量（一般为中型DC）要求超过4000个 SMuxes,耗资超过1000万美元。
其次，在软件中处理数报带来很高的可变延迟。
一个Ananta SMux,每秒处理少达100K的数据报，随时随地可以增加200微秒到1毫秒的延迟。
有些应用，例如算法股票交易和高性能分布式内存缓存，在数据中心内要求极低的延迟（几微妙）。
对于这样的应用，被软件负载均衡器引起的延迟膨胀是不能被接受的。
在这篇文章中，我们提出了DUET,解决了软件负载均衡器的这两个缺点。
DUET用在数据中心中现存的交换机硬件去建立一个高性能，现场的，有机可扩展的硬件负载均衡器，而且无缝隙地将它和一个小规模部署的软件负载均衡器联合，为的是提升可用性和灵活性。
DUET基于两个关键概念。
第一个观点是，从在数据中心网络中现存的交换机建立一个负载均衡器。
关键点是，实现一个负载均衡器所需的两个核心功能___分流和数据包封装___在部署在数据中心网络中的商用交换机中一直可用。
使用ECMP实现分流，同时，使用管道实现数据报封装。
然而，就在最近，交换机制造商已经制造了可用的APIs，可以对数据结构提供详细的，细粒度的控制（ECMP表和管道表），数据结构控制着这两项功能。
我们在这些表中重新确定未使用的条目去维持一个VIP-to-DIP的映射的数据库，从而使交换机除了具备常规的转发功能外，还能充当一个Mux。
这给了我们一个现成的，硬件Mux(HMux)__无需新的硬件。
由于分流和封装是在数据平面中被处理的，因此基于交换机的负载均衡器带来低延迟（几微妙）和高容量（500Gbps）。
竟管HMuxes提供高容量，低延迟和低成本，但是它的架构没有软件负载均衡器灵活。
具体来说，处理某些交换机故障的情况非常具有挑战性。
因此，我们的第二个观点是将HMuxes和一个小部署的SMuxes整合，以获得两全其美的方法。
我们用简单的选路机制使这个整合没有缝隙。
在这个联合设计中，基于交换机的硬件负载均衡器处理大部分的流量，同时软件负载均衡器充当一个支持，以确保高可用性，提供灵活性。
相对于专用的硬件负载均衡器，或纯粹的软件负载均衡器（Ananta），DUET是非常划算的。
它使用现存的交换机（HMuxes）负载均衡大部分流量，而且仅仅需要一个小部署的软件负载均衡器作为支撑。
因为大部分的流量都是由HMuxes处理，因此DUET有比软件负载均衡器更低的延迟。
同时，软件负载均衡器的使用使DUET继承了软件负载均衡器的高可用性和灵活性。
为了设计DUET，我们解决了两个挑战。
首先，在数据中心中的个人交换机没有足够的存储器以容纳整个的VIP到DIP映射数据库。
因此，我们需要在交换机中区分映射。
我们设计了一个简单的贪婪算法来做这项工作，试图最小化这个“剩余”流量（这个必然由软件负载均衡器处理），同时要考虑对交换机内存的限制和各种流量流的要求。
第二个挑战是，这个映射必须随着条件的改变有规律的更新。
例如，VIP或DIP被顾客添加或移除，交换机和链路故障和恢复等等。
我们设计了一个迁移方案，避免内存死锁，而且最大限度地减少不必要的VIP运动。
我们使用一个测试平台实验以及大量的、大规模的模拟来评估DUET。
我们的结果展示，DUET提供的容量是纯粹的软件负载均衡器的10倍以上，是SMUX成本的一小部分，同时也减少了延迟膨胀10倍以上。
此外，我们展示，DUET在数据中心中快速地适应网络动态，包括故障。
综上所述，本文做出了以下三点贡献。
第一，我们描述了条件、设计挑战和设计原则，为的是直接将负载均衡功能移入硬件交换机，硬件交换机提供比软件服务器更低的延迟和更高的容量。
第二，我们提出了一个基于交换机的负载均衡器的设计和实施。
据我们所知，这是第一个这样的设计。
第三，我们展示了怎样无缝隙地将基于交换机的负载均衡器和软件负载均衡器联合，去获得高可用性和灵活性。
再次，据我们所知，这是第一个“混合”负载均衡器设计。