公共管理英语
公共管理(英文)
1.2 A new paradigmOstromThere are two opposing form of organization –bureaucracy and markets. The key difference between the two form of organization is that between choice and compulsion ;allowing the market to find an agreed result or having it imposed by a bureaucratic hierarchy.The public management paradigm has the very different underlying theoretical bases of economics and private management. As an OECD paper argues, ‗this new management paradigm emphasises results in terms of ―value for money‖, to be achieved through management by objectives, the use of markets and market-type mechanisms, competition and choice , and devolution to staff through a better matching of authority, responsibility and accountability‘(1998).1.3 The emergence of a new approachreformThe new approach:Emphasize resultsFocus on clients, outputs and outcomesManagement by objectives and performance measurementThe use of markets and market-type mechanisms in place of centralized command-and-control-style regulationCompetition and choiceDevolution with a better matching of authority, responsibility and accountabilitySome views.Rhodes saw managerialism in Britain as a ‗determined effort to implement the ―3Es‖ of economy, efficiency and effectiveness at all levels of Br itish government‘(1991).Horton would argue ‗during the 1980s and 1990s the civil service moved form an administered to a managed bureaucracy and from a system of public administration to one of new public management (NPM)‗ (1999).The Gore Report which was clearly influenced by Osborne and Gaebler set out to change the culture of American federal government through four key principles: (i) cutting red tape ‗shifting from systems in which people are accountable for following rules to systems in which they are accountable for achieving results‘; (ii) putting customers first; (iii) empowering employees to get results; (iv) cutting back to basics and ‗producing better government for less (1993).1.4 Public administration andpublic managementAdministration essentially involves following instructions and service;Management involves: first, the achievement of results, and secondly, personal responsibility by the manager for results being achieved.Management does include administration.Public administration andpublic managementPublic administrationBeside being an activity and a profession, it referred to the study of the public sector.Public administration is the use of managerial, political, and legal theories and processes to fulfil legislative, executive and judicial governmental mandates for the provision of regulatory and service functions for the society as a whole or for some segments of it.Public managementPublic management as a branch of the larger field of public administration or public affairs. Overviews the art and science of applied methodologies for public administrative program design and organisational restructuring, policy and management planning, resource allocations through budgeting systems, financial management, human resources management, and programme evaluation and audit.They was regarded as competing paradigms.1.5 Imperatives of changeThe changes in the public sector have occurred as a response to several interrelated imperatives:(1) The attack on the public sector;(2) Changes in economic theory;(3) The impact of change in the private sector ,particularly globalization as an economic force;(4)Changes in technology.(1)The attack on the public sector(i) The scale of the public sector was simply too large: consuming too many scarce resources. (ii) There were governmental responses to argument about the scope of government.(iii) There was a sustained attack on the methods of government, with bureaucracy in particular becoming highly unpopular.(2)Economic theory(i) Public choice theory.Public choice is a sub-branch of economic thought concerned with the application of microeconomics to political and areas (Mueller,1989). Public choice theorists generally conclude that the ‗best‘ outcome will involve a maximum role for market forces and a minimal role for government. Even if this view is often ideological, and not an axiom of the theory itself, they argue there is a substantial body of evidence that private markets are better than government or political markets. If the role of government in supplying goods and services could be reduced, the economy as a whole would benefit. Markets are also argued to have better mechanisms for accountability as opposed to a bureaucracy accountable to no one.(ii) Principal/agent theory.The economic theory of principal and agent has also been applied to the public sector, especially concerning its accountability. The theory was developed for the private sector to explain the divergence often found between the goals of managers (agents) in private firms and shareholders (principals).(iii) Transaction cost theory.As set out by Williamson (1986), this challenges the notion that transaction are without cost and specifies the circumstances where a firm many prefer market-testing or contracting to in-house provision. The same applies to the public sector; there are some transactions which would be less costly if contracted out to reduce administrative cost and provide some competition.(3)Private sector changeA further imperative for public sector change has been the rapid change in the private sector and the realization that the management and efficiency of the public sector affects the private economy and national competitiveness. A concern with national competitiveness leads fairly naturally to a need for reform of the public sector.(4)Technological changeTechnological change affects management, including the management of government. This should be regarded as one of the main driving forces both towards new forms of public management and away from traditional bureaucracy.Chapter 2.The Traditional Model of Public Administration2.1 Early administrationAdministrative systems existed in ancient Egypt to administer irrigation from the annual flood of Nile and to build the pyramids.China in the Han dynasty adopted the Confucian precept that government should be handled by men chosen, not by birth, but by virtue and ability.In Europe the various Empires controlled form the centre by rules and procedures. Characteristic :(1) ‗personal‘, based on loyalty to a particular individual such as a king or a minister.(2) ‗impersonal‘ ,based on legality and loyalty to the organization and the state.2.2 The reforms of the nineteenth century(1) ‗The Northcote -Trevelyan Report ‘, 1854.Appointment by merit through examinations, and non-partisan, neutral administration.It signals the start of merit- based appointments to the public service and the gradual decline of patronage.2.3 Weber‘s theory of bureaucracyWeber argued there were three types of authority:The charismatic – the appeal of an extraordinary leaderThe traditional - such as the authority of a tribal chief;Rational/legal authority.(1)Six principles for modern systems of bureaucracy set out by Weber.(i) Authority derives from the law , and from rules made according to law.(ii) The hierarchy.(iii) The organization is something with an existence separate from the private lives of its employees; it is impersonal.(iv) Administration is a specialist occupation .(v) Working for the bureaucracy was a fulltime occupation .(vi) Office management was an activity that could be learned as it followed general rules.(2)The position of the officialThe official is to be part of an elite with status higher than that of ordinary citizens.Web er‘s theory required recruitment by merit, not by election or by patronage, into a position normally held for life in exchange for impartial service. Part of the lifetime and full-time career of the public servant is the principle of fixed salary and the prospect of advancement through the hierarchical structure.The two principles – the model of bureaucracy and position of the official - had specific purposes.A formal, impersonal system offers ‗ the optimum possibility for carrying through the principle o f specialising functions according to purely objective considerations‘.The hierarchy of authority and the system of rules make for certainty in decision; and the impersonality of the system implies that the same decision can be repeated in the same circumstances; decisions are not made arbitrarily.2.4 Wilson and political controlWilson believed that the evils of the spoils system resulted from the linking of administrative question with political ones.The politics/ administration dichotomy.The worlds of the politician and the public official were to be separate.Political officesMake the rule.Be filled competitively in the political arena.Be selected on the basis of their political competence.Be judged by the electorate or their political peers.Be of limited tenure and subject to frequent elections.Bureaucratic officesDo their bidding.Be filled competitively in the bureaucratic arena.Be selected on the basis of their bureaucratic competence.Be judged by their political overseers or their bureaucratic peers.Be of unlimited tenure, subject to good behaviour.2.5 Taylor and managementScientific management-Frederick Taylor(i) Time-and-motion studies to decide a standard for working;(ii) A wage-incentive system that was a modification of the piecework method already in existence;(iii) Changing the functional organization.(2) Human relationThe theory‘s founder was Elton Mayo.(i) The social context of the work group was the most important factor in management.(ii) Conflict was pathological and to be avoided, and there was no necessary antagonism between management and workers.(iii) Productivity increased most by taking an interest in the workers.(3) A continuing debateSome people regard the theories of Taylor and Mayo as mutually exclusive-at one time theory is pre-eminent while at other times the other is-but this would be misleading.The same pointThey both did not favour unions orindustrial democracy.The goal of both-increased productivity-was the same.Both continue to influence managementin the public sector.(4)The Golden Age of public administrationThe Golden Age of public administration was from around 1920 to the early 1970s.One variation was the ‗POSDCORB‘ set of functions set out by Gulick and Urwick (1937).POSDCORBPlanning: goal setting techniques/methods applied by executives as a means of preparing future courses of organizational action;Organizing: arranging the organizational structure and processes in an appropriate manner essential to achieving these ends;Staffing: recruiting and hiring personal to carry out the essential agency work;Directing: supervising the actual processes of doing the assignments;Coordinating: integrating the various detailed elements of the work within the organization; Reporting: tracking and communicating the progress of the work within the organization; Budgeting: fiscal and financial activities necessary to economically support the completion of these programmes, services, or activities.2.6 Problems with the traditional modelThe problem of political controlThe problem of one best wayThe problem of bureaucracyThe public choice critique(1) The problem of political controlA strict separation between politicians and administrators, between policy and administration ,was never realistic in its original home.Peters(1989)Administration and policy, instead of being discrete phenomena, are actually interrelated. In both an objective and subjective manner, the nature of the administrative system can influence the policy outputs of the political system. Administration does make policy, although these policies are not always written and promulgated in the same manner as the rules made by legislatures and executives. Moreover, the operational rules developed by administrators can be more telling for the actual outcomes for individuals than are the formally promulgated rules.(2) The problem of one best wayTedious , trivial, copious, inflexible.Gulick‘s POSDCORBTaylor‘s scientificManagement(3) The problem of bureaucracyThe problems with the theory of bureaucracy.The problematic relationship between bureaucracy and democracy;Formal bureaucracy could not longer be considered as a particularly efficient form of organization.The problematic relationship between bureaucracy and democracyWith its formal rationality, secrecy, rigidity and hierarchy, it seems inevitable that there would be some conflict between bureaucracy and democracy.It did not make sense for a democracy to have a distinct elite acting secretively.There was and is some conflict between bureaucracy and democracy.Formal bureaucracy could not longer be considered as a particularly efficient form of organization There were always some extreme interpretations of Weberian principles, particularly in the personnel system, which was made more rigid, more formal and less elitist than Weber imagined, and this tended to reduce its efficiency.New theories of organizational behaviour argue that formal bureaucratic models are no longer particularly efficient or effective in any sense, when compared to more flexible forms of management .(4)The public choice critiqueThe confrontation of bureaucracy theory andpublic choice theory.The bureaucracyThe theory of publicChoice.Two main claims:Government bureaucracy greatly restricted the freedom of the individual and its power needed to be reduces in the name of ‗choice.Market economists argued that the traditional bureaucracy model did not provide an equivalent structure of incentives and rewards to those of the market. It was less efficient than market processes.Chapter 3. Public Management3.1 IntroductionThe 1980s and 1990s saw the emergence of a new managerial approach in the public sector, in response to what many regarded as the inadequacies of the traditional model of administration.Public management(1) It paid more attention to the achievement of results and the personal responsibility of managers.(2) There is an expressed intention to move away from classic bureaucracy .(3) Organizational and personal objectives are to be set clearly.(4) Senior staff are more likely to be politically committed to the government of the day.(5) Government functions are more likely to face market tests; in separating the purchaser of government services from the provider.(6) There is also a trend towards reducing government functions.3.2 The meaning of managementAdministration means following instructions .Management means the achievement of results and taking personal responsibility for doing so. 3.3 Functions of general management‗Functions of general management ‘—Allison(1982)STRA TEGY(1) Establishing objectives and priorities for the organization.(2) Devising operational plans to achieve these objectives.MANAGING INTERNAL COMPONENTS(3) Organizing and staffing.(4) Directing personnel and the personnel management system.(5) Controlling performance.MANAGING EXTERNAL CONSTITUENCIES(6) Dealing with ‗external units‘ of the organization.(7) Dealing with independent organization.(8) Dealing with the press and public.(1)Public management is management of the external environment of the organization;Public administration is within the context of the organization.(2) Traditional public administration tended to consider short-term goals within the organization. Public management aim at the longer term and at the relationship between the organization and the external environment.(3) Traditional public administration‘s some functions was not carried out to its fulles t.(4) Under the traditional model, the concepts of public service anonymity and neutrality. New public management focus on external environment, and public service anonymity has declined.3.4 The beginnings of management approachBetween 1950s to 1980s, one starting point is the 1968 Fulton Report in the United Kingdom. This report noted concerns with the management capability of the public service.Four aspects made up the total management task of the Civil Service:(1) Formulation of policy under political direction.(2) Creating the ‗machinery‘ for implementation of policy(3) Operation of the administrative machine.(4) Accountability to Parliament and the Public.3.5 The public management reformsInstead of there being reforms to the public sector, new public management represents a transformation of the public sector and its relationship with government and society.3.6 The managerial programmeThere are various ideas of what is involved in the public management of reforms.(1)Most countries are fol lowing ‗two broad avenues‘ to improve production and delivery of publicly provided goods and services(OECD,1991).① Raise the production performance of public organization.②Make greater use of the private sector.(2) ‗New public management‘ is comprised of seven main points:① Hands-on professional management in the public sector.② Explicit standards and measures of performance .③ Greater emphasis on output controls.④ A shift to disaggregation of units in the public sector.⑤ A shift to greater competition in the public sector.⑥ A stress on private sector styles of management practice.⑦ A stress on greater discipline and parsimony in resource use.--Hood 1991.(3)Holmes and Shand ,1995‗Good managerial approach‘:① A more strategic or results-oriented approach to decision-making.②The replacement of highly centralized hierarchical hierarchical organizational structures with decentralized management environment.③Flexibility to explore alternatives to direct public provision which might provide more cost-effective policy outcomes.④ Focusing attention on the matching of authority and responsibility.⑤ The creation of competitive environments within and between public sector organizations.⑥ The strengthening of strategic capacities at the centre to ‗steer‘ government.⑦ Greater accountability and transparency through requirement.⑧ Service-wide budgeting and management systems to support and encourage these changes.(4) Pollitt argued there were a number of general elements of the new model accepted by most commentators(2001).① A shift in the focus of management systems and management systems and management effort from inputs and processes to outputs and outcomes.② A shift towards more measurement.③ A performance for more specialized, ‗lean‘, ‗flat‘ and autonomous organization forms.④ A widespread substitution of contract or contract-like relationships for hierarchical relationships.⑤ A much wider than hitherto use of market or market-like mechanisms for the delivery of public services.⑥ A broad ening and blurring of the ‗frontier‘ between the public and private sectors.⑦ A shift in value priorities away from universalism, equity, security and resilience and towards efficiency and individualism.The main points involved in the public management reforms including those emerging from the various formulations.A strategic approach. Government have aimed to develop better methods for long-term planning and strategic management.Management not administration. Public management now requires professional management where administration did not.A focus on results. The organization must focus on outcomes or outputs, instead of inputs.Managerial reforms have stressed performance by individuals and by agencies.Improved financial management. The most important change in this area has been performance and programme budgeting systems to replace the older line-item budget and accounting systems. Flexibility in staffing. There has been a consistent trend away from position classification towards flexibility in arrangements for filing senior positions.Flexibility in organization. One aspect of organizational flexibility is disaggregation, which means splitting large departments into different parts by setting up agencies to deliver services for a small policy department.A shift to greater competition. Competition for provision through contracting, is seen as reducing costs compared to bureaucratic provision.The new contractualism. Under what has been called ‗contractualism‘ , any conceivable government service can be provided by contract.A stress on private sector styles of management practice. This includes staffing changes designed to better fit staff for their positions, to appraise their performance and to reward them accordingly with merit pay.Relationships with politicians. In the traditional, model the relationship with the political leadership was narrow and technical, of master and servant, of those giving the orders and those carrying them out. Under the public management model the relationship between politician and manager is more fluid and is closer than before.Relationships with the public. There is recognition of the need for direct accountability between managers and the public, as the result of demands for a ‗client focus‘ and for greater responsiveness to outside groups and individuals.Separation of purchaser and provider. Even if government is involved in an activity it does not need to be the final provider.Re-examining what government does. One important part of the public management reform process has been to examine and reexamine government programmes to ascertain if they are meeting their goals. (Six tests, public interest test, role of government test, federalism test, partnership test, efficiency test, affordability test.)Traditional public administration was based on two theories, the theory of bureaucracy and the theory of separation between politicians and administrators. There are also two main theoretical bases to new public management. These are economics and private management.There are two key assumptions in economics.First, there is the assumption of individual rationality, that individuals can be assumed to prefer more of something rather than less.Secondly, the individual rationality assumption allows the elaboration of models that can extend to high levels of abstraction. The second theoretical basis for public management can be found in private management. There are several managerial changes with antecedents in the private sector.3.8 Criticisms of managerialism(1) The economic basis of managerialismThere are two main criticisms of the economic basis of managerialism.① Economics is a flawed social science and its application to government is similarly flawed.②Economics has some validity as the basis for the economic system and private sector, its application to government is ill-conceived.(2) The basis in private management.The derivation of managerialism from a private business model is a source of criticism. The public sector might be so different that generic or private sector models of management become irrelevant to its operations.(3) ‗Neo- Taylorism‘.With its emphasis on the control of government spending and decentralizing management responsibilities with targets and performance measurement systems, Pollitt sees a management philosophy in the new model that he describes as ‗neo- Taylorian‘ (1993).(4) Politicization.There are two sides to the question of politicization.① It could be said that those making arguments about ‗politicization‘ ignore th e fact that the public service is fundamentally a political instrument.②Politicization could lead to problems of the kind that Woodrow Wilson and the reform movement in the 1880s tried to repair. Wilson argued that separation between politics and administration would reform the spoils system and reduce the corruption that system engendered.(5) Reduced accountabilityConflicts may occur between the concepts of public management and public accountability.(6) Difficulties with contracting-out.While it is easy to argue private markets are superior and efficiencies will result from privatizing government activities, implementation is not simple.(7) Ethical issues(8) Implementation and morale problemsChapter.5The Role of Government5.1 IntroductionWhat government should or should not doneeds to be of fundamental concern to publicManagers.The debate is now whether governmentsshould have no role, but what that role shouldBe.Public sector and private sector.IntroductionIn mixed economies there must be somedemarcation between those activities that fall ineither the public sector or the private sector.Since the mid-1970s, most OECD nations haveundertaken a reassessment of the role of theirpublic sectors.IntroductionThe current debate on the role of governmentmainly concern its economic aspects: should itprovide the goods and services it does, orshould some be handed to the private sectors?Should it subsidize or regulate to the extent itdoes? Such questions also raise the very politicalmatter of how various members of the communityperceive and value the things government does.5.2 The need for a public sectorBy convention, the economy is divided between the private and public sector.Governments are command-based.Markets are voluntary.Setting up a strict dichotomy between the private and public sectors is rather misleading.The private sector relies on government for infrastructure and the system of laws, without which markets could not operate.Government relies on the private sector for the production and supply of goods and services, and for tax revenue.Private and public managementThere are several reasons why the two sectors are not the same, and cannot be the same.(1) In a way not characteristic of the private sector, public sector decisions may be coercive.(2) The public sector has different forms ofaccountability from the private sector.(3) The public service manager must cope with an outside agenda largely set by the political leadership.(4) The public sector has inherent difficulties in measuring output or efficiency in production.(5) The public sector‘s sheer size and diversity make any control of coordination difficult.‗Government‘ and ‗governance‘Government is the institution itself, is the subset that acts with authority and creates formal obligations.Governance is a broader concept describing forms of governing which are not necessarily in the hands of the formal government. It mean the processes and institution, both formal and informal. It also argue that, with globalization, government is becoming more diffuse and that instead of governments having a monopoly over issues of governance there are many players.5.3 Market failure as the basis for public policyThe market mech anism alone cannot perform all economic functions; public policy is needed ‗to guide, correct, and supplement it in certain respects‘.The key kinds of market failure .Public goods.Externalities.Market transactions often have effects on third parties, or on the environment, that only government action can alleviate.Natural monopolyGovernment involvement need not mean direct government provision, and there is now a worldwide trend to privatization of such services but with some form of government regulation attached.The key kinds of market failure .Imperfect information.Market theory does assume perfect information for buyers and sellers. To the extent that information is not gained, especially by the buyer, markets can be less than optimal.Limitation of market failureSome people think market failure may result in too much government. Other people agree it may artificially reduce the scope of government action.5.4 Instruments of governmentGovernment provision Subsidy Production RegulationGovernment provisionDirect provision by government through the budget forms the major part of its operations.SubsidySubsidies vary widely but could include subsidies to farmers or industry, or to private bus companies or private schools.ProductionUnlike provision, production takes place away from the government budget, and users are charged in the same way as if the items were provided by the private sector.。
MPA《公共管理英语》unit翻译(全)
MPA《公共管理英语》unit翻译(全)————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：Unit 1 Opening administration to the public 政府公共管理向社会开放P3 Para.1安徽省蚌埠市的市民现在有机会参加市政府会议,这主要得益于2001年12月16日正式生效并实施的邀请市民旁听政府一些行政管理方面会议的行政事务公开改革措施。
P3 Para.2每次市政管理会议都邀请10名市民参加。
受邀参加重要会议的人数是可以变化的。
这些旁听者可以是人大代表、政协委员、民主党派的要员、工商联代表及其他人士。
旁听人员必须年满18岁，并且自愿出席旁听。
P3 Para.3旁听者可以通过政府部门以书面形式发表他们的意见。
Increasing Transparency增加透明度P3 Para.4在一些城市和国家试点项目的基础之上，广东省要求省内县或县级以上的政府在今年上半年实现政务公开。
P4 Para.5所有要求人们遵守的法律、规章以及行政决策，只要不涉及到党和中央政府的机密，都应该向公众公开，具体内容如下：具体内容如下：-经济社会发展策略，工作目标和它们的完成情况（成果）；-制定重大决策和政策的程序；-财政预算和执行情况；-特种基金的分配和使用以及重要物资（材料）的购买；-重大建设项目资金和它们的招投标；-政府投资的公共福利项目；-政府审批（审查批准）的工程及完成情况；-政府向公众承诺事项的完成情况；-有关公民、法人、组织权利和利益（权益）的法律实施；-大事故的处理情况；-官员的选拔任用，公务员的录用，先进工作者的表彰，机构改革中员工的调动及公众关注的其他事项；-管理部门的职能和官员的职责；-工作内容、状态条件、流程和处理事务的时间安排表以及工作效果；-工作原则，承担义务、对违反应承担义务的申诉方法及案子的调查处理结果；P4 Para.6除了向社会公开行政事务，广东省政府的各个机构部门也被要求开放其内部体制结构，工作运转方式和管理情况，特别是官员的自律情况；部门的收入和经费开支情况，人力资源的管理，工作人员的收入分配和他们的福利待遇，以及其它事项。
顾建光：《公共管理英语》(修订版)--词汇汇总
Lesson 1citizen 公民 municipal government 市政府 administrative affairs 行政事务transparency 透明度 accomplishment 成就,成绩 financial budget 财政预算implementation 实施,实行 obligation 义务,责任 lag behind 落后于bulletin 公告,公报 natural disaster 自然灾害 to grant 授予,认可license 许可证 booth 货摊,小摊 civil affairs 国内事务domicile registration 居民登记 matrimonial registration 婚姻注册e-government 电子政府 to facilitate 使更容易 regulation 规章制度,条例healthcare 医疗卫生 Handling Affairs Online 在线事务办理to retain 保留,保存Lesson 2bureaucracy 官僚机构,官僚作风 bureaucratic constrain 官僚式约束to inhibit 抑制,约束 citizenry 平民,公民 to espouse 信奉cynic 愤世嫉俗者 to render 表现,使成为 quasi-market 准市场to streamline 使简化,使有效率,使现代化 slacken off 放慢,放缓in conjunction with 与......结合起来 status quo 现状reward and appraisal system 奖励与褒扬制度 to reshuffle 改组commitment 承诺Lesson 3public administration 公共管理,公共行政decentralization 分权化liberalization 自由化 thrust 冲击 centralization 权力集中化diagnosis 诊断,判断 impetus 推动力,刺激 permanent tension 长期的压力revenue 财政收入 revival 复兴,恢复 consolidation 联合,统一autonomy 自治,自治权 infrastructure 基础设施 jurisdiction 司法权,裁判权innovation 创新,革新 responsiveness 回应 interdependence 互相依赖remit 汇出 at odds 争议,争吵 local authority 地方政府central authority 中央政府 ceiling 上限,天花板 performance 绩效,成就emergence 出现 statute 条例,法令Lesson 4private sector 私营部门,民营部门 to generate 产生,造成judicial services 法律服务 know-how 技术秘诀 regulation 管制oversight 疏忽,失察 entrepreneur 企业家gross national income〔GNI〕国民总收入Euromoney 欧洲货币creditworthiness 信贷价值public sector 公共部门vibrant 充满活力的,活跃的 to levy 征税 progressivity 进步 incentive 动机monopoly 垄断 budget 预算 accessibility 可达性,可获得性affordability 可承担,可负担性 stark 完全的,巨大的Lesson 5community 社区 interpersonal 人与人之间的 predisposition 倾向to embody 使具体化,具体表现 indelible 不可或缺的,永恒的to exile 放逐,流散 to transcend 超越 static 静止的,静态的heritage 遗产,继承物Lesson 6performance management 绩效管理to forge 打造,锤炼diagnostic 诊断的integrative 综合的,一体化的 holistic 总体的,全部的 mission 使命unitarist 一元论的 a logical progression 一种逻辑级数performance appraisal 绩效评估 diagnosis 诊断Lesson 7indicator 指标 in aggregate 总起来看,总起来说system of national accounts 国民账户体系 statistics 统计,统计数据currency 流通货币 gross national income〔GNI〕国民总收入unincorporated business 综合经营的商业 multiple exchange rate 多重汇率Lesson 8disparity 不同,差距 coastal 沿海的 interior 内陆的financial sector 经济部门 surge 波动,汹涌 drought 干旱housing mortgage loan 住宅抵押贷款 disposable income 税后收入,可支配收入to trigger 引发,引起 state-owned enterprises 国有企业fiscal revenue 财政收入expenditure 支出,花费allowance 津贴,补助extra-budgetary funds 预算外资金 unauthorized spending 未授权的花费treasury bond 国库券 stock market 股票市场 A-share A股Indices〔index的复数〕指标,指示物 quota 配额 to rebound 反弹tandem 纵列的 consecutive fiscal stimulus 连续的财政鼓励 rebate rate 折扣率aggravate deflationary 加重通货紧缩 phytosanitary 植物检疫的,控制植物病害的Lesson 9well-off 小康的,富裕的 incomprehensive X围有限的 to shake off 摆脱,甩掉to illustrate 例示,说明 multiplication scenario 乘法情境division scenario 除法情境 to conform to the tide of the times 符合时代潮流to endeavor to foster 努力培育 household contract system 家庭联产承包责任制initiative 进取性 to usher in 引进 wrestling 对抗,斗争resource shortage 资源短缺 positive factor 积极因素,有利因素 hegemony 霸权unswervingly boost 坚定不移地推进Lesson 10recipient 接受者 foreign direct investment〔FDI〕外商直接投资momentum 动力,势头 be attributed to 归因于,由于......引起的to lure 吸引,诱惑 conglomerates 联合企业Build-Operate-Transfer model 建设-经营-移交模式〔BOT模式〕securities 有价证券the Global Venture Investor Association 国际风险投资者协会transaction 交易,业务Lesson 11scar 创伤,伤痕 premise 前提,基础 to be embedded in 深植入......,嵌入maldistribution 分配不当 change agents 变革者 ecosystem 生态系统destiny 命运 rational 理性的,合理的 to infuse 注入,灌输integrity 正直,诚实 disguised 伪装的 dysfunctional 功能不良的,功能紊乱的paternalism 家长政治 social betterment 社会改良Lesson 12battered 憔悴的,消瘦的 hospice 收容所social production organization 社会生产组织community development corporations〔CDCs〕社区发展合作组织 empowerment 授权to rekindle 重新燃起,使复苏 to monitor 检测,监督appropriateness 适当,适合Lesson 13unprecedented 史无前例的 to trigger 引发,引起 demographic 人口统计学的fertility 人口出生率 gross domestic product〔GDP〕国民生产总值enhancing security 提高保障水平 household income 家庭收入impoverishing effect 贫困效应 vulnerability 弱点 economic shock 经济冲击human capital 人力资本 enrollment 入学 public sector 公共部门immunization 预防,免疫 sanitation 卫生,卫生设施 public health 公共健康Lesson 14personnel policy 人事政策 personnel manual 人事手册governing board 政府公告 verbal 口头上的 memo 备忘录 variation 差别,差距specificity 特征,特性 to surf 冲浪,浏览〔网页〕 sexual harassment 性骚扰 Court 美国最高法院 to codify 整理,系统化,编成法典overwhelming 至关重要的,势不可当的 timeframe 时间表,进度表periodic review of policies 对政策的定期评估Lesson 15HRD〔human resource development〕人力资源开发 professional 专业人员,行家alien 完全不同的,相异的 assignment 指派,分配,委任 talent 才干,才能consultant 顾问,咨询者 clue 线索 human resource 人力资源physical resource 物力资源 financial resource 财力资源liquid asset 流动资产 liabilities 债务,负债 debt 债务 to hire 雇用to relocate 重组,重新部署 intangible 无形的 to manifest 表明,证明performance improvement 业绩提高,业绩改进Lesson 16to diversify 使多样化public ownership 公有制productivity 生产力malpractice 玩忽职守 reorganization 重组 merger 合并 to lease 批租to contract 制定合同,签订契约 scale 规模,X围 shareholding 股权asset 资产,财产 limited liability company mainstay 支柱to propel 推进 personnel arrangement 人事安排 income distribution 收入分配to embody 实现,体现,使具体化 to be conducive to 对......有帮助,有助于ensure preservation 保值 appreciation 升值 joint-stock 合资clear-cut equity structure 清晰的资产结构 equity transfer 资产转移stagnant 呆滞的 ambiguous interests 模糊的利益 supervision 监督restraint 限制Lesson 17cultivated land 可耕地 coinciding approximately with 大致与......相同arable area 可用于耕作的地域 surplus labor 剩余劳动力 to thrive 繁荣发展vitality 生机,活力 to outstrip 超过,超越 prominent 突出的,显眼的to omit 忽视,忽略 off-payroll 额外收入,隐形收入 to impede 妨碍lay-off 下岗,失业 hukou 户口 to tighten 加强,加紧excessive 过度的,过分的 social security 社会保障Lesson 18pack of 一群,一批 severe acute respiratory syndrome 严重急性呼吸综合症sign 迹象,征兆 capital influx 资本流入 giant 巨头〔本课最后一个单词〕investment liberalization 投资自由化 preferential policies 优惠政策banking 银行业 insurance 保险 wholesale 批发 retail 零售apparatus 仪器,设备 hotspot 热点,焦点 tariff 关税transnational mergers and acquisitions〔TMA〕跨国兼并收购 to plummet 暴跌intermediary agencies 中介机构 to promulgate 公布,颁布solely foreign-funded 外商独资的 joint ventures 合资企业cooperative corporation 合作企业 transnational corporation 跨国公司market-oriented 以市场为导向的 to radiate 辐射,扩散 to cancel 取消Lesson 19transformation 转型,转变 well-off 小康的,富裕的 promise 承诺,许诺to quadruple 增长三倍,达到四倍量 proficient 成熟的,精通的industrialization 工业化 complementarity 互补 to marginalize 使处于边缘economic aggregate 经济总量 integration 一体化,整合 euro zone 欧元区sluggish 缓慢的,迟缓的 superiority 杰出,优越 elasticity 弹性structural adjustment 结构调整 per-capita GDP 人均国内生产总值economic entity 经济体 annual growth rate 年增长率Lesson 20to cluster 集聚,丛生,类聚 proximate 最近的 tannery 制革厂quantifiable 可以计量的 spillover 溢出 metropolitan area 都市区economies of scale 规模经济 spatial configuration 空间结构agglomeration economies 集聚经济Lesson 21measure 量度标准 consumption 消费 to disaggregate 分解 literature 文献gender 性别 imputation 归咎 well-being 康乐,福利 to pursue 追求,追赶WHO〔World Health Organization〕世界卫生组织Lesson 22linear 线的,线性的 lateral 旁边的,侧面的 dome 圆顶 node 交点,交叉点foci 〔focus的复数〕 epitome 梗概,摘要 to partake 分担,分享,参与junction 连接,接合Lesson 23to stimulate 刺激 inter alia 在其他因素中的 sustainable manner 可持续的方式exponentially 指数的 high fertility 高生育率 high mortality 高死亡率vector 遗传媒介 prenatal 出生前的,天生的 maternal 母亲的deficiency 缺陷,缺乏environmental 环境的degradation 恶化,退化indigenous 当地的,本土的domain 领域poverty alleviation 缓解贫困reduction of poverty 贫困程度的降低 quality of life 生活质量client 客户,委托人 lending operation 借贷操作 public policy 公共政策facet 方面Lesson 24indicator 指标 to hamper 妨碍,限制 shrinking 收缩的,减少的biodiversity 生物多样性timber 木材,木料mammal species 哺乳类动物terrestrial 陆地的 aquatic 水生的,水栖的 scarcity 匮乏,短缺millennium 一千年 carbon dioxide 二氧化碳 anthropogenic 人类造成的hazard 冒险,危险 stock 贮备 emission 释放,散发。
公共管理英语(修订版)-顾建光-教学内容 8
学生试译：
8. The Economic Perspective for the People's Republic of China
• In the next 5 years or so, the most important challenge for the PRCs policy makers is job creation, because, as the country continues its economic restructuring and reform of SOEs, more workers will be laid off. These workers will join about 8 million new labor market entrants and rural migrants in their search for jobs each year.
学生试ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้：
8. The Economic Perspective for the People's Republic of China • To promote the development of an integrated national market and fair competition between enterprises in different regions, the government changed the methodology of income tax sharing between the central and local governments.
8. The Economic Perspective for the People's Republic of China
公共管理英语(修订版)-顾建光-教学内容 4ppt课件
4. State and Market
• 学生试译：
4. State and Market
• Telecommunications has received the largest share of investment in projects with private participation (44 percent of the total in 1990 2001), with water and sanitation, considered a “basic needs” sector, receiving only a small fraction (5 percent).
介绍公共管理的英语作文
介绍公共管理的英语作文Public administration is a field that encompasses the implementation of government policies and the management of public programs and services. It involves the coordination and supervision of public agencies and the allocation of resources to meet the needs of the community. Public administrators play a crucial role in ensuring theeffective and efficient delivery of public services, as well as in promoting transparency and accountability in government operations.One of the key functions of public administration is to manage public resources in a way that maximizes their impact on the community. This includes budgeting, financial management, and procurement, as well as the evaluation of public programs and policies. By effectively managingpublic resources, public administrators can ensure that government initiatives are cost-effective and produce meaningful outcomes for the public.In addition to managing resources, public administrators also play a critical role in policy development and implementation. They work to identify and address the needs of the community, and to develop and implement policies and programs that address those needs. This involves working with stakeholders, conducting research, and analyzing data to inform decision-making. By engaging with the public and other stakeholders, public administrators can ensure that policies and programs are responsive to the needs of the community and are implemented in a way that is inclusive and equitable.Transparency and accountability are also central to the practice of public administration. Public administrators are responsible for ensuring that government operations are conducted in an open and transparent manner, and thatpublic officials are held accountable for their actions. This includes promoting access to information, engaging with the public, and adhering to ethical standards in decision-making. By promoting transparency and accountability, public administrators can build publictrust and confidence in government institutions, and canhelp to prevent corruption and misuse of public resources.Public administration also plays a crucial role in emergency management and disaster response. Public administrators are responsible for coordinating the response to emergencies and disasters, and for ensuringthat the public is informed and protected. This involves developing emergency plans, coordinating with other agencies and organizations, and providing support and resources to affected communities. By effectively managing emergency situations, public administrators can help to minimize the impact of disasters and protect the safety and well-being of the public.Furthermore, public administration is essential for promoting social equity and justice. Public administrators work to ensure that government policies and programs are inclusive and address the needs of all members of the community, including those who are marginalized or disadvantaged. This involves advocating for social justice, promoting diversity and inclusion, and addressing systemic barriers to access and opportunity. By promoting socialequity and justice, public administrators can help to create a more just and equitable society for all members of the community.In conclusion, public administration is a dynamic and multifaceted field that plays a critical role in the functioning of government and the delivery of public services. Public administrators are responsible for managing resources, developing and implementing policies, promoting transparency and accountability, managing emergencies, and promoting social equity and justice. By fulfilling these responsibilities, public administrators can contribute to the well-being of the community and help to build a more effective, responsive, and inclusive government.。
【复试必看】MPA专业单词
【复试必看】MPA专业单词专业名词公共管理硕士master of public administration公共组织public organization公共部门public sector政府改革government reform治理governance善治good governance管理者Manager行政者administrator公共行政Public administration公共管理public management公共政策public policy公共事务public affair公共物品public goods私人物品private goods非政府组织/非营利组织NGO/NPO Non-governmental Organization/Non-Profit Organization组织organization第三部门the third sector经合组织OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development政府间关系IGR intergovernmental relations绩效管理performance management战略管理strategic management问责制government accountability政府工具governmental tool全面质量管理TQM total quality management目标管理MBO management by objectives标杆管理benchmarking management政府作用government role公共政策public policy人力资源管理HRM human resource management 公共经济管理public economy management公共管理伦理public administration ethics政府工具governmental tool政府失败government failures新公共管理new public management绩效评估performance evaluation流程再造process re-engineering专业短语▪面临挑战face the challenge；▪抓住机遇seize the opportunity；▪迎接挑战meet the challenge；▪建立健全establish and improve；▪采取有效措施take effective measures；▪源于derive from；▪深化改革deepen the reform；▪维护社会稳定maintain social stability；▪加大力度strengthen the efforts to；▪转变职能adjust the government functions；▪合同外包contract services；连接短语在…条件下on condition that；20世纪70年代末/初the late/early 1970s（念the seventieth of the 20th century）；加大力度strengthen the effort to；加快改革accelerate the reform；在20世纪in the 20th century；与……相比compared with；主要体现在mainly embodies at；由于as a result of/due to/because of；主要类型如下the principal types are as follows；解决……矛盾resolve the contradiction of；根据……标准according to the standard of；把……分类为classify…as…；一方面，另一方面on one hand,on the other hand。
公共管理专业英语 Microsoft PowerPoint 演示文稿
Its jurisdiction encompasses public schools all across the country. In addition, it not only affects the education of the children, but also the lives of working parents. 它的管辖范围包括全国各地的公立学校。此 外，它不仅会影响孩子的教育，而且会影响 工作的父母的生活。 Jurisdiction：n.管辖权 Jurisdiction：n.管辖权 Encompass：v.包围，环绕，包含或包括某 Encompass：v.包围，环绕，包含或包括某 事物
Relying heavily on appraisals of efficiency and effectiveness, government agencies are incorporating systems of user-pay basis, userincreasing competition by allowing companies to bid for contracts, developing resultresult-oriented budgets, and offering incentives to public servants to improve work performance. 严重依赖效率和效益的评估，政府机构都纳 入到以用户支付为基础，通过使企业竞投合 约来增加竞争，发展结果为导向的预算，并 提供激励措施使公务员提供工作绩效的系统。
The lack of competition for governments, as opposed to the anti-monopoly laws faced by anticompanies, also affects how public projects are managed. 和企业所面临的反垄断法律相反，政府之间 缺乏竞争，也影响了公共项目的管理 the anti-monopoly laws：反垄断法律 antilaws：反垄断法律
顾建光：《公共管理英语》(修订版)--词汇汇总培训讲学
顾建光：《公共管理英语》(修订版)--词汇汇总Lesson 1citizen 公民 municipal government 市政府 administrative affairs 行政事务transparency 透明度 accomplishment 成就，成绩 financial budget 财政预算implementation 实施，实行 obligation 义务，责任 lag behind 落后于bulletin 公告，公报 natural disaster 自然灾害 to grant 授予，认可license 许可证 booth 货摊，小摊 civil affairs 国内事务domicile registration 居民登记 matrimonial registration 婚姻注册e-government 电子政府 to facilitate 使更容易 regulation 规章制度，条例healthcare 医疗卫生 Handling Affairs Online 在线事务办理to retain 保留，保存Lesson 2bureaucracy 官僚机构，官僚作风 bureaucratic constrain 官僚式约束to inhibit 抑制，约束 citizenry 平民，公民 to espouse 信奉cynic 愤世嫉俗者 to render 表现，使成为 quasi-market 准市场to streamline 使简化，使有效率，使现代化 slacken off 放慢，放缓in conjunction with 与。
结合起来 status quo 现状reward and appraisal system 奖励与褒扬制度 to reshuffle 改组commitment 承诺Lesson 3public administration 公共管理，公共行政 decentralization 分权化liberalization 自由化 thrust 冲击 centralization 权力集中化diagnosis 诊断，判断 impetus 推动力，刺激 permanent tension 长期的压力 revenue 财政收入 revival 复兴，恢复 consolidation 联合，统一autonomy 自治，自治权 infrastructure 基础设施 jurisdiction 司法权，裁判权innovation 创新，革新 responsiveness 回应 interdependence 互相依赖remit 汇出 at odds 争议，争吵 local authority 地方政府central authority 中央政府 ceiling 上限，天花板 performance 绩效，成就emergence 出现 statute 条例，法令Lesson 4private sector 私营部门，民营部门 to generate 产生，造成judicial services 法律服务 know-how 技术秘诀 regulation 管制oversight 疏忽，失察 entrepreneur 企业家gross national income（GNI）国民总收入Euromoney 欧洲货币 creditworthiness 信贷价值 public sector 公共部门 vibrant 充满活力的，活跃的 to levy 征税 progressivity 进步incentive 动机monopoly 垄断 budget 预算 accessibility 可达性，可获得性affordability 可承担，可负担性 stark 完全的，巨大的Lesson 5community 社区 interpersonal 人与人之间的 predisposition 倾向to embody 使具体化，具体表现 indelible 不可或缺的，永恒的to exile 放逐，流散 to transcend 超越 static 静止的，静态的heritage 遗产，继承物Lesson 6performance management 绩效管理 to forge 打造，锤炼 diagnostic 诊断的 integrative 综合的，一体化的 holistic 总体的，全部的mission 使命unitarist 一元论的 a logical progression 一种逻辑级数performance appraisal 绩效评估 diagnosis 诊断Lesson 7indicator 指标 in aggregate 总起来看，总起来说system of national accounts 国民账户体系 statistics 统计，统计数据currency 流通货币 gross national income（GNI）国民总收入unincorporated business 综合经营的商业 multiple exchange rate 多重汇率Lesson 8disparity 不同，差距 coastal 沿海的 interior 内陆的financial sector 经济部门 surge 波动，汹涌 drought 干旱housing mortgage loan 住宅抵押贷款 disposable income 税后收入，可支配收入to trigger 引发，引起 state-owned enterprises 国有企业fiscal revenue 财政收入 expenditure 支出，花费 allowance 津贴，补助 extra-budgetary funds 预算外资金 unauthorized spending 未授权的花费treasury bond 国库券 stock market 股票市场 A-share A股Indices（index的复数）指标，指示物 quota 配额 to rebound 反弹tandem 纵列的 consecutive fiscal stimulus 连续的财政鼓励 rebate rate 折扣率aggravate deflationary 加重通货紧缩 phytosanitary 植物检疫的，控制植物病害的Lesson 9well-off 小康的，富裕的 incomprehensive 范围有限的 to shake off 摆脱，甩掉to illustrate 例示，说明 multiplication scenario 乘法情境division scenario 除法情境 to conform to the tide of the times 符合时代潮流to endeavor to foster 努力培育 household contract system 家庭联产承包责任制initiative 进取性 to usher in 引进 wrestling 对抗，斗争resource shortage 资源短缺 positive factor 积极因素，有利因素hegemony 霸权unswervingly boost 坚定不移地推进Lesson 10recipient 接受者 foreign direct investment（FDI）外商直接投资momentum 动力，势头 be attributed to 归因于，由于。
MPA《公共管理英语》unit翻译(全)
MPA《公共管理英语》unit翻译(全)————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：Unit 1 Opening administration to the public 政府公共管理向社会开放P3 Para.1安徽省蚌埠市的市民现在有机会参加市政府会议,这主要得益于2001年12月16日正式生效并实施的邀请市民旁听政府一些行政管理方面会议的行政事务公开改革措施。
P3 Para.2每次市政管理会议都邀请10名市民参加。
受邀参加重要会议的人数是可以变化的。
这些旁听者可以是人大代表、政协委员、民主党派的要员、工商联代表及其他人士。
旁听人员必须年满18岁，并且自愿出席旁听。
P3 Para.3旁听者可以通过政府部门以书面形式发表他们的意见。
Increasing Transparency增加透明度P3 Para.4在一些城市和国家试点项目的基础之上，广东省要求省内县或县级以上的政府在今年上半年实现政务公开。
P4 Para.5所有要求人们遵守的法律、规章以及行政决策，只要不涉及到党和中央政府的机密，都应该向公众公开，具体内容如下：具体内容如下：-经济社会发展策略，工作目标和它们的完成情况（成果）；-制定重大决策和政策的程序；-财政预算和执行情况；-特种基金的分配和使用以及重要物资（材料）的购买；-重大建设项目资金和它们的招投标；-政府投资的公共福利项目；-政府审批（审查批准）的工程及完成情况；-政府向公众承诺事项的完成情况；-有关公民、法人、组织权利和利益（权益）的法律实施；-大事故的处理情况；-官员的选拔任用，公务员的录用，先进工作者的表彰，机构改革中员工的调动及公众关注的其他事项；-管理部门的职能和官员的职责；-工作内容、状态条件、流程和处理事务的时间安排表以及工作效果；-工作原则，承担义务、对违反应承担义务的申诉方法及案子的调查处理结果；P4 Para.6除了向社会公开行政事务，广东省政府的各个机构部门也被要求开放其内部体制结构，工作运转方式和管理情况，特别是官员的自律情况；部门的收入和经费开支情况，人力资源的管理，工作人员的收入分配和他们的福利待遇，以及其它事项。
顾建光：《公共管理英语》(修订版) 词汇汇总
Lesson 1citizen 公民 municipal government 市政府 administrative affairs 行政事务transparency 透明度 accomplishment 成就，成绩 financial budget 财政预算implementation 实施，实行 obligation 义务，责任 lag behind 落后于bulletin 公告,公报 natural disaster 自然灾害 to grant 授予，认可license 许可证 booth 货摊，小摊 civil affairs 国内事务domicile registration 居民登记 matrimonial registration 婚姻注册e-government 电子政府 to facilitate 使更容易 regulation 规章制度，条例healthcare 医疗卫生 Handling Affairs Online 在线事务办理to retain 保留，保存Lesson 2bureaucracy 官僚机构，官僚作风 bureaucratic constrain 官僚式约束to inhibit 抑制，约束 citizenry 平民，公民 to espouse 信奉cynic 愤世嫉俗者 to render 表现，使成为 quasi—market 准市场to streamline 使简化，使有效率，使现代化 slacken off 放慢，放缓in conjunction with 与。
..。
结合起来 status quo 现状reward and appraisal system 奖励与褒扬制度 to reshuffle 改组commitment 承诺Lesson 3public administration 公共管理,公共行政decentralization 分权化liberalization 自由化 thrust 冲击 centralization 权力集中化diagnosis 诊断，判断 impetus 推动力，刺激 permanent tension 长期的压力revenue 财政收入 revival 复兴，恢复 consolidation 联合,统一autonomy 自治,自治权 infrastructure 基础设施 jurisdiction 司法权,裁判权innovation 创新，革新 responsiveness 回应 interdependence 互相依赖remit 汇出 at odds 争议，争吵 local authority 地方政府central authority 中央政府 ceiling 上限,天花板 performance 绩效，成就emergence 出现 statute 条例,法令Lesson 4private sector 私营部门,民营部门 to generate 产生，造成judicial services 法律服务 know-how 技术秘诀 regulation 管制oversight 疏忽,失察 entrepreneur 企业家gross national income（GNI）国民总收入Euromoney 欧洲货币creditworthiness 信贷价值public sector 公共部门vibrant 充满活力的，活跃的 to levy 征税 progressivity 进步 incentive 动机monopoly 垄断 budget 预算 accessibility 可达性，可获得性affordability 可承担，可负担性 stark 完全的，巨大的Lesson 5community 社区 interpersonal 人与人之间的 predisposition 倾向to embody 使具体化，具体表现 indelible 不可或缺的,永恒的to exile 放逐，流散 to transcend 超越 static 静止的，静态的heritage 遗产，继承物Lesson 6performance management 绩效管理to forge 打造,锤炼diagnostic 诊断的integrative 综合的，一体化的 holistic 总体的，全部的 mission 使命unitarist 一元论的 a logical progression 一种逻辑级数performance appraisal 绩效评估 diagnosis 诊断Lesson 7indicator 指标 in aggregate 总起来看，总起来说system of national accounts 国民账户体系 statistics 统计，统计数据currency 流通货币 gross national income（GNI）国民总收入unincorporated business 综合经营的商业 multiple exchange rate 多重汇率Lesson 8disparity 不同,差距 coastal 沿海的 interior 内陆的financial sector 经济部门 surge 波动,汹涌 drought 干旱housing mortgage loan 住宅抵押贷款 disposable income 税后收入,可支配收入to trigger 引发，引起 state—owned enterprises 国有企业fiscal revenue 财政收入 expenditure 支出,花费 allowance 津贴，补助 extra —budgetary funds 预算外资金 unauthorized spending 未授权的花费treasury bond 国库券 stock market 股票市场 A-share A股Indices（index的复数）指标，指示物 quota 配额 to rebound 反弹tandem 纵列的 consecutive fiscal stimulus 连续的财政鼓励 rebate rate 折扣率aggravate deflationary 加重通货紧缩 phytosanitary 植物检疫的，控制植物病害的Lesson 9well-off 小康的，富裕的 incomprehensive 范围有限的 to shake off 摆脱，甩掉to illustrate 例示，说明 multiplication scenario 乘法情境division scenario 除法情境 to conform to the tide of the times 符合时代潮流to endeavor to foster 努力培育 household contract system 家庭联产承包责任制initiative 进取性 to usher in 引进 wrestling 对抗，斗争resource shortage 资源短缺 positive factor 积极因素,有利因素 hegemony 霸权unswervingly boost 坚定不移地推进Lesson 10recipient 接受者 foreign direct investment(FDI）外商直接投资momentum 动力，势头 be attributed to 归因于，由于。
介绍公共管理专业的英语作文
介绍公共管理专业的英语作文Public Administration.Public administration is the study of how government works. It is a multidisciplinary field that draws on political science, economics, sociology, and other disciplines. Public administrators work in a variety of settings, including local, state, and federal government agencies, as well as non-profit organizations and international organizations.The goal of public administration is to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of government. Public administrators work to develop and implement policies that meet the needs of the public. They also work to ensure that government programs are operated efficiently and effectively.Public administration is a challenging and rewarding field. It offers opportunities to make a real difference inthe world. If you are interested in a career in public service, then Public Administration may be the right field for you.公共管理。
公共管理英语短句大全
公共管理英语短句大全English:"Public administration involves a broad range of activities and concepts, each critical to effective governance and leadership. Among these, understanding the principles of public management, policy analysis, and organizational behavior are vital. Effective communication in English can enhance clarity and professionalism in this field. For instance, phrases like 'leveraging stakeholder input,''enhancing service delivery,' and 'prioritizing fiscal responsibility' encapsulate key objectives in public administration. Moreover,'adopting sustainable practices,' 'ensuring transparency and accountability,' and 'advocating for public interest' are also pivotal. These expressions help in articulating the mission and vision of public entities. Additionally, discussing 'strategic planning' and'policy implementation' is crucial when addressing long-term goals and immediate actions. Public administrators must also focus on'community engagement' and 'public safety,' which are essential for maintaining public trust and ensuring effective governance. To foster innovation and adaptability, it's important to use phrases like'integrating technological advancements' and 'encouraging participatory governance.' This lexicon not only aids in international discussions but also in crafting policies that are inclusive and forward-thinking. The ability to communicate these concepts clearlyin English supports cross-border collaboration and enhances the efficiency of public administration globally."中文翻译:"公共管理涉及广泛的活动和概念，每一个都对有效的治理和领导至关重要。
公共管理专业英语 课程简介
公共管理专业英语课程简介Public Administration English Course OverviewThe field of public administration has become increasingly important in today's complex and ever-changing global landscape. As governments and public organizations strive to address the pressing challenges of our time, the need for skilled professionals who can effectively manage and administer public resources has never been greater. The Public Administration English Course is designed to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the principles, theories, and practices that underlie the effective management of public affairs.At the core of this course is the recognition that public administration is a multifaceted discipline that encompasses a wide range of responsibilities and skills. From policy development and implementation to budgeting and human resource management, public administrators must possess a deep understanding of the various aspects of public sector operations. This course aims to equip students with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate the complex and ever-evolving world of public administration.One of the key focuses of the course is on the role of language and communication in the public sector. As public administrators often interact with diverse stakeholders, including elected officials, government agencies, and the general public, the ability to effectively communicate in English is essential. The course will explore the nuances of professional communication in the public domain, covering topics such as report writing, policy briefs, and public speaking.Moreover, the course will delve into the theoretical foundations of public administration, exploring the historic evolution of the field and the various schools of thought that have shaped its development. Students will examine the core principles of public administration, such as accountability, transparency, and equity, and learn how these principles can be applied in real-world settings.In addition to the conceptual foundation, the course will also emphasize the practical aspects of public administration. Students will have the opportunity to engage in case studies and simulations that will allow them to apply their knowledge to realistic scenarios. This hands-on approach will enable students to develop the critical thinking and problem-solving skills that are essential for success in the public sector.The curriculum will also cover the changing role of technology inpublic administration. As governments and public organizations increasingly rely on digital tools and platforms to streamline operations and enhance service delivery, students will explore the implications of technological innovations on public management. They will learn about the opportunities and challenges presented by emerging technologies, such as data analytics, e-governance, and social media, and how to leverage these tools effectively.Throughout the course, students will have the opportunity to engage with experienced practitioners and industry experts, who will share their insights and perspectives on the ever-evolving landscape of public administration. This exposure to real-world experiences will provide students with a deeper understanding of the practical challenges and considerations that public administrators face on a daily basis.In conclusion, the Public Administration English Course offers a comprehensive and dynamic learning experience that prepares students for the exciting and rewarding field of public service. By developing a strong foundation in the principles and practices of public administration, as well as the linguistic and communication skills necessary to thrive in the public sector, students will be well-equipped to make a meaningful contribution to their communities and the world at large.。
公共事务管理 英语
公共事务管理英语English:Public administration, also known as public affairs or public management, involves the implementation of government policies and programs. It encompasses a wide range of activities such as budgeting, human resources management, public policy analysis,and the delivery of public services. Public administrators work in various settings including local, state, and federal government agencies, as well as non-profit organizations and international bodies. The field of public administration is critical for ensuring the efficient and effective functioning of government institutions and the delivery of essential services to the public.中文翻译:公共事务管理，也称为公共事务或公共管理，涉及政府政策和程序的实施。
它涵盖了诸如预算编制、人力资源管理、公共政策分析和公共服务提供等广泛的活动。
公共管理人员在各种环境中工作，包括地方、州和联邦政府机构，以及非营利组织和国际机构。
公共管理领域对于确保政府机构的高效和有效运作以及向公众提供基本服务至关重要。
顾建光：《公共管理英语》(修订版) 词汇汇总
Lesson 1citizen 公民 municipal government 市政府 administrative affairs 行政事务transparency 透明度 accomplishment 成就，成绩 financial budget 财政预算implementation 实施，实行 obligation 义务,责任 lag behind 落后于bulletin 公告，公报 natural disaster 自然灾害 to grant 授予，认可license 许可证 booth 货摊，小摊 civil affairs 国内事务domicile registration 居民登记 matrimonial registration 婚姻注册e—government 电子政府 to facilitate 使更容易 regulation 规章制度,条例healthcare 医疗卫生 Handling Affairs Online 在线事务办理to retain 保留，保存Lesson 2bureaucracy 官僚机构，官僚作风 bureaucratic constrain 官僚式约束to inhibit 抑制,约束 citizenry 平民，公民 to espouse 信奉cynic 愤世嫉俗者 to render 表现,使成为 quasi—market 准市场to streamline 使简化，使有效率，使现代化 slacken off 放慢，放缓in conjunction with 与.。
.。
结合起来 status quo 现状reward and appraisal system 奖励与褒扬制度 to reshuffle 改组commitment 承诺Lesson 3public administration 公共管理，公共行政decentralization 分权化liberalization 自由化 thrust 冲击 centralization 权力集中化diagnosis 诊断，判断 impetus 推动力，刺激 permanent tension 长期的压力revenue 财政收入 revival 复兴，恢复 consolidation 联合，统一autonomy 自治，自治权 infrastructure 基础设施 jurisdiction 司法权，裁判权innovation 创新，革新 responsiveness 回应 interdependence 互相依赖remit 汇出 at odds 争议，争吵 local authority 地方政府central authority 中央政府 ceiling 上限，天花板 performance 绩效，成就emergence 出现 statute 条例，法令Lesson 4private sector 私营部门,民营部门 to generate 产生,造成judicial services 法律服务 know—how 技术秘诀 regulation 管制oversight 疏忽,失察 entrepreneur 企业家gross national income（GNI）国民总收入Euromoney 欧洲货币creditworthiness 信贷价值public sector 公共部门vibrant 充满活力的，活跃的 to levy 征税 progressivity 进步 incentive 动机monopoly 垄断 budget 预算 accessibility 可达性,可获得性affordability 可承担，可负担性 stark 完全的，巨大的Lesson 5community 社区 interpersonal 人与人之间的 predisposition 倾向to embody 使具体化，具体表现 indelible 不可或缺的,永恒的to exile 放逐，流散 to transcend 超越 static 静止的，静态的heritage 遗产，继承物Lesson 6performance management 绩效管理 to forge 打造，锤炼 diagnostic 诊断的integrative 综合的,一体化的 holistic 总体的,全部的 mission 使命unitarist 一元论的 a logical progression 一种逻辑级数performance appraisal 绩效评估 diagnosis 诊断Lesson 7indicator 指标 in aggregate 总起来看，总起来说system of national accounts 国民账户体系 statistics 统计，统计数据currency 流通货币 gross national income（GNI) 国民总收入unincorporated business 综合经营的商业 multiple exchange rate 多重汇率Lesson 8disparity 不同，差距 coastal 沿海的 interior 内陆的financial sector 经济部门 surge 波动,汹涌 drought 干旱housing mortgage loan 住宅抵押贷款 disposable income 税后收入,可支配收入to trigger 引发，引起 state-owned enterprises 国有企业fiscal revenue 财政收入 expenditure 支出，花费 allowance 津贴，补助 extra —budgetary funds 预算外资金 unauthorized spending 未授权的花费treasury bond 国库券 stock market 股票市场 A—share A股Indices（index的复数）指标,指示物 quota 配额 to rebound 反弹tandem 纵列的 consecutive fiscal stimulus 连续的财政鼓励 rebate rate 折扣率aggravate deflationary 加重通货紧缩 phytosanitary 植物检疫的,控制植物病害的Lesson 9well-off 小康的,富裕的 incomprehensive 范围有限的 to shake off 摆脱,甩掉to illustrate 例示，说明 multiplication scenario 乘法情境division scenario 除法情境 to conform to the tide of the times 符合时代潮流to endeavor to foster 努力培育 household contract system 家庭联产承包责任制initiative 进取性 to usher in 引进 wrestling 对抗，斗争resource shortage 资源短缺 positive factor 积极因素，有利因素 hegemony 霸权unswervingly boost 坚定不移地推进Lesson 10recipient 接受者 foreign direct investment(FDI) 外商直接投资momentum 动力，势头 be attributed to 归因于,由于.。
公共管理英语[修订版]_顾建光_全文翻译Unit
![公共管理英语[修订版]_顾建光_全文翻译Unit](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/ebb38b5a48d7c1c709a14516.png)
Why Public Management Reform?为什么要进行公共管理改革？Public management reform is usually thought of as a means to an end, not an end in itself. 公共管理改革通常被认为是一种达到目的的手段，而并非目的本身。
To be more precise we should perhaps say that it potentially a means to multiple ends. 更准确说，我们可以认为它是一种潜在地达到多种目的的手段。
These include making saving (economies) in public expenditure, improving the quality of public services, making the operation of government more efficient, and increasing the chances that the policies which are chosen and implemented will be effective. 这些目的包括：节约公共开支（经济），提高公共服务的质量，使政府的运作更加有效，增加被选用的和实施的政策变得有效的机会。
On the way to achieving these important objectives, public management reform may also serve a number of intermediate ends, including those of strengthening the control of politicians over the bureaucracy, freeing public officials1from bureaucratic constrains which inhibit their opportunities to manage and enhance the government’s accountability to the legislature and the citizenry for its policies and programs. 在实现这些重要目标的同时，公共管理改革还可能为一系列中间目标提供服务，包括强化政治家对官僚的控制和把公务员从官僚政治的束缚中解放出来，这些束缚阻碍了他们在政策和计划实施1公务员、国家公职人员、政府官员中管理和提升政府对立法部门和公民所负责任的机会。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
公共管理英语
公共管理是指政府或非政府组织对公共事务进行规划、组织、指导、监督和评估的过程。
公共管理英语是指在公共管理领域中使用的英语词汇、语法和表达方式。
随着全球化和信息化的发展，公共管理英语的重要性越来越突出。
一、公共管理英语的基础知识
公共管理英语的基础知识包括词汇、语法和表达方式。
常见的公共管理英语词汇包括：administration（行政管理）、policy（政策）、budget（预算）、planning（规划）、evaluation（评估）、performance （绩效）、accountability（问责）、transparency（透明度）、stakeholder（利益相关者）等。
公共管理英语的语法和表达方式要
求准确、简明、清晰、客观、中肯。
例如，应该避免使用复杂的句子结构和过多的修辞手法，而应该使用简单明了的语言表达观点和意见。
二、公共管理英语的应用领域
公共管理英语的应用领域包括政府机构、非政府组织、国际组织、企业和媒体等。
在政府机构中，公共管理英语被广泛应用于政策制定、行政管理、公共服务、社会保障、环境保护、司法审判等领域。
在非政府组织中，公共管理英语被广泛应用于社会福利、慈善事业、志愿服务、人权保护、环境保护等领域。
在国际组织中，公共管理英语被广泛应用于国际援助、国际合作、国际交流、国际标准等领域。
在企业中，公共管理英语被广泛应用于公共关系、社会责任、环境保护、人力资源、市场营销等领域。
在媒体中，公共管理英语被广泛应用于
新闻报道、评论分析、舆情监测、公众教育等领域。
三、公共管理英语的发展趋势
公共管理英语的发展趋势主要有以下几个方面：
1. 多元化：公共管理英语将更加多元化，涵盖更多的领域和主题，以满足不同的需求和目标。
2. 专业化：公共管理英语将更加专业化，针对不同的专业领域和职业需求，开发更加精细和专业的英语词汇和表达方式。
3. 国际化：公共管理英语将更加国际化，以适应全球化和信息化的趋势，涵盖更多的国际组织、国际标准和国际合作。
4. 创新化：公共管理英语将更加创新化，以适应时代的变化和需求，引领公共管理领域的发展和变革。
四、公共管理英语学习的建议
公共管理英语学习需要掌握一定的方法和技巧。
以下是一些公共管理英语学习的建议：
1. 建立英语学习的兴趣和动力，充分利用各种资源和机会进行英语学习。
2. 注重基础知识的掌握，包括词汇、语法和表达方式等方面。
3. 多读多听多说多写，通过各种途径提高英语听、说、读、写的能力。
4. 注重实践和应用，通过实际操作和应用，提高英语应用能力。
5. 多交流多合作，通过与他人的交流和合作，提高英语沟通和协作能力。
6. 多参加培训和学习活动，通过专业的培训和学习活动，提高
英语专业能力。
7. 注重自我评估和反思，通过自我评估和反思，不断提高英语
学习和应用能力。
总之，公共管理英语是一项重要的技能和能力，在公共管理领域的发展和变革中起着重要的作用。
通过系统的学习和应用，可以提高公共管理英语的水平和能力，为公共管理事业的发展和进步做出贡献。